EP2691731A1 - Less lethal weapon projectile - Google Patents

Less lethal weapon projectile

Info

Publication number
EP2691731A1
EP2691731A1 EP11718435.8A EP11718435A EP2691731A1 EP 2691731 A1 EP2691731 A1 EP 2691731A1 EP 11718435 A EP11718435 A EP 11718435A EP 2691731 A1 EP2691731 A1 EP 2691731A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
core
base
projectile
projectile according
axis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP11718435.8A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2691731B1 (en
Inventor
Marwan Dannawi
Jean-François JACQUET
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
NOBEL SPORT
Original Assignee
NOBEL SPORT
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by NOBEL SPORT filed Critical NOBEL SPORT
Publication of EP2691731A1 publication Critical patent/EP2691731A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2691731B1 publication Critical patent/EP2691731B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B8/00—Practice or training ammunition
    • F42B8/12—Projectiles or missiles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/34—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect expanding before or on impact, i.e. of dumdum or mushroom type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/76—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B30/00—Projectiles or missiles, not otherwise provided for, characterised by the ammunition class or type, e.g. by the launching apparatus or weapon used
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B30/00—Projectiles or missiles, not otherwise provided for, characterised by the ammunition class or type, e.g. by the launching apparatus or weapon used
    • F42B30/04—Rifle grenades

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to projectiles for a weapon with reduced lethality, capable of impacting a target as would a violent punch while limiting the damage or trauma induced by this impact, particularly on the sensitive and unprotected areas of an individual (especially the head).
  • ALR Reduced Lethal Weapon projectiles are typically used by law enforcement and armed forces in external operations to neutralize or scare off certain individuals, while avoiding harm to them or minimizing injuries or injuries caused.
  • these ALR projectiles have a globally cylindrical shape whose length is of the order of 50 to 70 mm and whose diameter, as specified above, is of the order of 40 mm, with a front end in the form of a cap in general half spherical. They are conventionally made by molding thermoplastic foam.
  • the physical parameter that is important to impact from the point of view of lesional effects is the impact force on the target.
  • the main objective of the invention is to transmit at impact a programmed force which is always the same, or substantially the same, regardless of the terminal speed. , and correlatively regardless of the firing distance (this in conventional speed ranges at the time of impact (ie between about 50 to 100 m / s).
  • the ALR projectile according to the invention which has a generally cylindrical shape of longitudinal axis L, comprising a spherical or approximately spherical cap-shaped front end and a rear end, is characterized in that it comprises:
  • a core made of aluminum foam which core has a generally cylindrical shape centered on said axis L, comprising a front end in the form of a spherical or substantially spherical cap, and a rear end with a rear face,
  • a base assembled with said rear end of the core which base comprises a wall disposed transversely to said axis L, which covers said rear face of said core, and - an outer envelope from covering at least the front end of said core.
  • the base of the projectile is deformed during firing by the scratches of the barrel of the weapon which allows the rotation of the projectile.
  • the aluminum foam core is very lightweight and offers very interesting crushing and energy absorption characteristics, homogeneous and independent of the rate of deformation in all directions; the outer casing makes it possible to optimize the ballistic flight of the projectile and to attenuate the first projectile-target contact at the moment of impact.
  • the impact force of this projectile is constant or almost constant regardless of its speed (in conventional impact velocity ranges, especially between 50 and 100 m / s).
  • This impact force is in particular a function of the density of the aluminum foam, a parameter chosen according to the desired impact force.
  • the density of the aluminum foam used for the core of the ALR projectile according to the invention is between 30 and 300 kg / m 3 .
  • the projectile base is advantageously made of thermoplastic material and its thermoplastic foam envelope.
  • the transverse wall of the base is extended rearwardly by a tubular wall, centered on the longitudinal axis L, delimiting an opening rear cavity.
  • the transverse wall of the base is extended forward by a tubular extension, centered on the longitudinal axis L, to form a housing for receiving the rear end of the aluminum foam core.
  • said rear tubular wall, or said front tubular extension comprises an annular outer guide ring.
  • the transverse wall of the base is extended forward by an axial pin allowing the centering of the front part of the projectile.
  • the outer casing extends to the rear base to cover the entire exposed face of the core.
  • the rear end of the outer casing has an inwardly directed bead which penetrates an annular receiving groove in the aluminum foam core.
  • the front end of the base advantageously covers the rear end of the outer casing, to lock in position said bead in its receiving groove.
  • front end of the base and the rear end of the outer casing preferably cooperate through complementary shoulders.
  • the core may comprise an axial recess opening into its rear face facing the front transverse wall of the base.
  • This recess allows in particular to program two levels of shock force by selecting two densities of aluminum foam. It can remain as is or be filled by a more or less dense aluminum foam, to program the severity of the shock.
  • the projectile comprises an annular narrowing between its front and rear ends, corresponding to a decrease in diameter, which narrows extends forwardly from the front end of the base.
  • This particularity is intended in particular to avoid contact of the base in inclined shock with the target.
  • the projectile according to the invention may comprise a reversible deformation material structure, interposed at the front, on the axis L, between the outer casing and the core.
  • This material may be a thermoplastic foam or consist of microbeads.
  • the base, the core and the outer shell of the projectile are made independently and they are assembled together by any appropriate means.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an ALR projectile according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is an axial sectional view of the projectile of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is an axial sectional view of a first embodiment of the projectile according to the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a second variant of the projectile according to the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is an axial sectional view of the projectile of FIG. 4;
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 are curves illustrating the variation of the force during the impact as a function of time for projectiles according to the invention;
  • FIG. 8 is an axial sectional view of a third variant of the projectile according to the invention.
  • the projectile ALR 1 illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 has a generally cylindrical longitudinal axis L. Its length may be of the order of 50 to 70 mm and its diameter of the order of 35 to 45 mm.
  • the rear end 2 of this projectile 1 ends in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L.
  • an axial recess 3 opening allows conventional reception of a pyrotechnic propulsion cartridge, or other mode of propulsion.
  • Its front end 4 is shaped spherical cap or approximately spherical.
  • This projectile symmetrical about its longitudinal axis L, consists of a rear base 5, extended forwardly by a core 6 whose outer face is substantially completely covered by an envelope 7.
  • the rear base 5 has a cylindrical tubular wall 8, centered on the axis L, which is closed at its front end by a transverse wall 9.
  • the tubular wall 8 is not closed towards the rear, and with the front transverse wall 9, it defines the axial recess 3 above.
  • tubular wall 8 comprises a one-piece annular ring 10 which projects outwardly.
  • the outer surface of this ring 10, of generally cylindrical shape, defines the maximum external size of the projectile and constitutes a guide face inside the barrel of the propulsion weapon.
  • the outer surface of the tubular wall 5 has a diameter a few millimeters smaller than that of the guide surface of the one-piece ring 10.
  • the transverse wall 9 of the base 5 comprises a cylindrical one-piece stud 12, centered on the axis L.
  • This stud 12 has a diameter of the order of half the diameter of the projectile 1; its height is a few millimeters.
  • the base 5, comprising the tubular wall 8, the transverse wall 9, the ring 10 and the pin 12, is made in one piece by molding thermoplastic material (polycarbonate for example).
  • the density of the thermoplastic material used may be of the order of 1200 to 1600 kg / m 3 .
  • the core 6 of the projectile 1 has a generally cylindrical overall shape centered on the axis L.
  • Its rear end 13 has a diameter slightly smaller than the diameter of the guide surface of the ring 10 of the base 5, and its rear face 14 is structured to fit the front face of this base 5, with the pin 12.
  • this rear face 14 extends in the plane of the front face 1 1 of the base 5, and it comprises an axial reservation 15, corresponding to the shape of the post 12.
  • the front end 16 of the core 6 is in the form of a spherical or substantially spherical cap, centered on the axis L.
  • This core 6 may have a length of between 30 and 50 mm. It is made of aluminum foam (honeycomb aluminum structure) whose density is advantageously between 30 and 300 kg / m 3 . The length of the core 6 and the density of the aluminum foam used are a function of the desired impact force and the amount of energy to be absorbed.
  • the core 6 is made by molding or any other method of forming or machining the honeycomb materials.
  • Such a core structure 6 has the function of limiting to impact the predetermined shock force in advance during the absorption of energy, regardless of the shock velocity of the projectile.
  • the shape at the front of this honeycomb structure also makes it possible to maintain the rise time of the impact force, up to the nominal level, below the critical bursting value of the scalp, for example.
  • the rear end 13 of the core 6 is assembled with the front end 11, 12 of the base 5 by any appropriate means, for example by gluing.
  • the front end 16 of the core 6 is covered by the casing 7 advantageously made of thermoplastic foam; the density of this thermoplastic foam is advantageously between 100 and 150 kg / m 3 .
  • the casing 7 advantageously made of thermoplastic foam; the density of this thermoplastic foam is advantageously between 100 and 150 kg / m 3 .
  • rubber, an EPDM material or a nitrile-teflon (registered trademark) mixture may be used.
  • This outer casing 7 has a thickness of a few millimeters (for example 1 to 3 mm, advantageously of the order of 2 mm).
  • the casing 7 covers the entire outer front and side surface of the core 6, with the exception of an annular band 18 of the rear end 13 of said core 6. So that its outer surface is in the extension the outer surface of this annular band "free" 18, the casing 7 is housed in a suitable reserve 19 formed on the outer face facing the core 6.
  • the purpose of the envelope 7 is to improve the ballistic flight of the projectile, to avoid, at the first target-projectile contact, the local bursting of the biological material of the target and to allow pre-crushing of the honeycombed aluminum structure.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the projectile of FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the parts identical to the previous embodiment retain the same reference marks to facilitate comprehension.
  • the core 6 has a blind axial recess 20 which opens into its rear face 14.
  • This recess 20 preferably has a cylindrical shape whose diameter corresponds, with the game, to that of the axial pin 12 of the base 5 Its function is to make it possible to achieve during the shock a profile of impact force at two levels programmed in advance, according to the desired severity.
  • the recess 20 can be filled by an added material.
  • This added material may for example consist of a denser aluminum foam than that used for the periphery of the core 6, so as to increase the impact efficiency of the projectile.
  • the length of the core 6 is less than that of the projectile core 1 of Figures 1 and 2.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate another possible embodiment of a projectile according to the invention.
  • the corresponding projectile 1 "has a rear base 5, extended forwards by a core 6 of aluminum foam whose outer face is covered by an envelope 7.
  • tubular wall 8 of the base 5 extends forward, beyond the transverse wall 9, by a tubular monobloc extension 21.
  • the guide ring 10 extends facing the transverse wall 9 of the base 5, on a portion of the tubular wall 8 and on the majority of the length of the extension 21.
  • This extension 21 and the wall 9 of the base 5 form a housing 22 for receiving the rear end 13 of the core 6.
  • the one-piece stud 12 of the previous embodiments is no longer present.
  • the core 6 and the base 5 are assembled by any appropriate means, preferably by gluing.
  • the envelope 7 covers the entire exposed surface of the core 6; it extends to the base 5, and in particular to the front end of the extension 21.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are also distinguished from the previous ones, by the presence of a necking 23, corresponding to a decrease in diameter, between its rear ends 2 and before 4.
  • This shrink 23 has the function of avoiding, in inclined impact of the projectile, the contact plastic-target base, thus avoiding a level of contact force incompatible with the programming of the efforts by the aluminum foam.
  • necking 23 gives the core 6 a particular longitudinal section, with a rear end 13 of cylindrical shape extended by a front end 16 in the form of bead or bulge, globally spherical.
  • the surface of the front end 4 of this projectile 1 is particular: the spherical end surface 4a is extended by a truncated cone surface 4b itself extended by a cylindrical surface 4c (whose diameter corresponds approximately to the diameter of the ring 10) which is further extended by a "reentrant" surface 4d leading to the constriction 23.
  • This particular shape of the front end 4 of the projectile 1 "makes it possible to calibrate the rate of rise in force (level of the force programmed on the time taken to reach it), thus avoiding the local bursting of the biological structures (scalp for example in cranial shock).
  • FIG. 6 is a curve showing the variation of the force during the impact as a function of the impact time, for the projectiles 1 and 1 "of FIGS. 1 and 2, on the one hand, and 4 and 5, on the other hand.
  • This rate of rise must be less than a critical value in order not to burst the biological structures of surface
  • the constant level of force is programmed by the density of the aluminum foam and the geometry of the core.
  • This level a is calibrated to determine in advance the damage and severity desired.
  • Figure 7 shows the force / time variation for a dual density projectile (as shown in Figure 3).
  • the level d is obtained by the peripheral foam of the nucleus, and the level e is defined by the central core foam whose density is greater than the peripheral foam.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates yet another possible embodiment of a projectile according to the invention.
  • This projectile 1 "'has a rear base 5 which covers the rear part of a core 6 of aluminum foam whose outer face of the front part is covered by an envelope 7.
  • the envelope 7 covers the front part of the core 6, as far as the base 5.
  • this envelope 7 comprises a bead 24 projecting inwards, which penetrates into a reservation or annular groove 25 formed in the core 6 of aluminum foam, ensuring the connection between the two elements 6 and 7.
  • This annular groove 25 of the core 6 extends in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L of the projectile 1 "'.
  • the casing 7 is placed on the front end of the core 6 by force fitting, thanks to the elasticity of the material constituting this casing 7.
  • the base 5 On its side, the base 5 has a rear transverse wall 9, extending forwards by a tubular monobloc extension 21 which covers the rear end 13 of the core 6 of aluminum foam.
  • the inner face of the transverse wall 9 is pressed against the rear face 14 of the core 6.
  • the outer face of the tubular extension 21 comprises the projecting guide ring 10.
  • the extension 21 has an annular shoulder 27 facing inwards. This annular shoulder 27 of the base 5 is complementary to the annular shoulder 26 of the envelope 7.
  • the base 5 is attached at the rear end of the core 6, after placement of the casing 7.
  • its annular shoulder 27 covers the complementary shoulder 26 of the casing 7, so as to lock the casing assembly 7 / core 6.
  • the base 5 is fixed on the rear end of the core 6 by any appropriate means, preferably by gluing.
  • the inner face of the tubular extension 21 preferably comprises ridges or a set of grooves / ribs that optimize the corresponding bonding.
  • the base 5 and the casing 7 are also secured together by gluing, at their complementary shoulders 26 and 27.
  • the outer faces of the front end of the base 5 and the rear end of the casing 7 are located in the continuity of one another.
  • the absence of bonding of the envelope 7 on the front end of the core 6 allows to leave the envelope 7 during crushing and to avoid, or at least limit, the contact between the base 5 and the target , shocks offset from the longitudinal axis L.
  • tubular wall 21 can extend, rearwardly, beyond the transverse wall 9, to form a rear opening cavity, like the cavity 3 present on the embodiments of FIGS. 5.
  • the front end of the core 6 may be truncated to allow the positioning of a structure 28 (shown in dashed lines) for damping the shock impact.
  • This structure 28 can be reported between the casing 7 and the front end of the core 6; it is possible to use any damping material with reversible deformation, for example a thermoplastic foam of suitable hardness, or even microbeads (for example with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 mm, made of elastomeric material or any other material with reversible deformation ).
  • any damping material with reversible deformation for example a thermoplastic foam of suitable hardness, or even microbeads (for example with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 mm, made of elastomeric material or any other material with reversible deformation ).
  • the damping structure 28 can be obtained in one piece with the envelope 7, by the material constituting this envelope 7.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Vibration Dampers (AREA)
  • Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Helmets And Other Head Coverings (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a less lethal weapon projectile having an overall cylindrical shape of longitudinal axis (L) and comprising a front end (4) in the shape of a spherical or approximately spherical cap and a rear end (2). According to the invention, the projectile includes: a core (6) made from aluminium foam, having an overall cylindrical shape centred on the above-mentioned axis (L) and comprising a front end (16) and a rear end (13) with a rear face (14), said front end (16) taking the form of a spherical or substantially spherical cap; a base (5) assembled with the aforementioned rear end (13) of the core (6) and comprising a front wall (9), which is arranged transversely to the axis (L) and which covers the rear face (14) of the core (6); and an outer case (7) that covers at least the front end (16) of the core (6). The centre of gravity and the centre of thrust of the projectile correspond perfectly, so that the projectile has good external ballistics.

Description

PROJECTILE POUR ARME A LETALITE REDUITE  PROJECTILE FOR ARMED LETHALITY
La présente invention concerne les projectiles pour arme à létalité réduite, aptes à impacter une cible comme le ferait un violent coup de poing tout en limitant les dommages ou les traumatismes induits par cet impact, notamment sur les zones sensibles et non protégées d'un individu (en particulier la tête).  The present invention relates to projectiles for a weapon with reduced lethality, capable of impacting a target as would a violent punch while limiting the damage or trauma induced by this impact, particularly on the sensitive and unprotected areas of an individual (especially the head).
Les projectiles ALR (pour Arme à Létalité Réduite) sont classiquement utilisés par les forces de maintien de l'ordre et les forces armées en opérations extérieures, en vue de neutraliser ou de faire fuir certains individus, en évitant de les blesser ou en minimisant les blessures ou lésions occasionnées.  ALR (Reduced Lethal Weapon) projectiles are typically used by law enforcement and armed forces in external operations to neutralize or scare off certain individuals, while avoiding harm to them or minimizing injuries or injuries caused.
Ces projectiles sont tirés au moyen de lanceurs à tube rayé dont les plus courants sont au calibre de 40 mm (désignation OTAN : 40 mm X 46). These projectiles are fired by means of launchers with striped tube of which the most current are with the caliber of 40 mm (designation NATO: 40 mm X 46).
Très généralement, ces projectiles ALR ont une forme globalement cylindrique dont la longueur est de l'ordre de 50 à 70 mm et dont le diamètre, comme précisé précédemment, est de l'ordre de 40 mm, avec une extrémité avant en forme de calotte en général demi sphérique. Ils sont classiquement réalisés par moulage de mousse thermoplastique.  Very generally, these ALR projectiles have a globally cylindrical shape whose length is of the order of 50 to 70 mm and whose diameter, as specified above, is of the order of 40 mm, with a front end in the form of a cap in general half spherical. They are conventionally made by molding thermoplastic foam.
Aujourd'hui, l'état de la technique est assez pauvre dans le domaine de la recherche de nouvelles munitions cinétiques à létalité réduite (LR) et notamment dans l'amélioration de l'effet terminal des projectiles correspondants.  Today, the state of the art is quite poor in the field of the search for new kinetic ammunition with reduced lethality (LR) and in particular in the improvement of the end effect of the corresponding projectiles.
En effet, les réalisations antérieures se sont efforcées de rendre plus ductiles les matériaux constitutifs de ces projectiles en pensant que plus le projectile est « mou » moins il est létal. A la connaissance des demandeurs, aucune réflexion concrète n'a été menée sur la compréhension des relations entre paramètres physiques et effets lésionnels lors de l'impact d'un projectile LR sur cible humaine. L'identification du « bon » paramètre physique permet de rechercher des solutions technologiques pertinentes.  Indeed, previous achievements have striven to make more ductile materials constituting these projectiles thinking that the more the projectile is "soft" less it is lethal. To the applicants' knowledge, no concrete reflection has been made on the understanding of the relationships between physical parameters and lesional effects during the impact of an LR projectile on a human target. The identification of the "good" physical parameter makes it possible to search for relevant technological solutions.
Pour répondre à cet objectif, une étude a été réalisée et a démontré et validé par des essais et simulations : To meet this objective, a study was conducted and demonstrated and validated by tests and simulations:
- que l'énergie n'est pas le paramètre mécanique universel de sévérité  - that energy is not the universal mechanical parameter of severity
- que ce paramètre est en fait la force à l'impact.  - that this parameter is actually the force at impact.
Il est rappelé que la maîtrise de la faible probabilité de provoquer une issue fatale avec un projectile à létalité réduite, des blessures graves ou des lésions permanentes sur un individu n'est pas facile à obtenir du fait d'un phénomène physique bien connu des balisticiens qui est la perte de vitesse sur trajectoire du projectile, causée par la résistance de l'air à l'avancement de ce dernier. Ainsi, avec les projectiles actuels, on pourrait avoir un niveau d'efficacité très faible à une distance de 50 m et un niveau d'effets délétères important à 10 m, ce qui pose d'énormes problèmes d'emploi pour les forces de l'ordre et les forces armées.  It is recalled that the control of the low probability of provoking a lethal outcome with a reduced lethal projectile, serious injury or permanent injury to an individual is not easy to obtain because of a physical phenomenon well known to ballists. which is the loss of velocity on the trajectory of the projectile, caused by the resistance of the air to the advancement of the latter. Thus, with the current projectiles, one could have a very low level of efficiency at a distance of 50 m and a level of deleterious effects important to 10 m, which poses enormous employment problems for the forces of the order and the armed forces.
Comme il a été dit précédemment, le paramètre physique important à l'impact du point de vue des effets lésionnels est la force à l'impact exercée sur la cible Pour améliorer l'efficacité et la non létalité des projectiles à létalité réduite, l'objectif principal de l'invention est de transmettre à l'impact une force programmée qui est toujours la même, ou sensiblement la même, quelle que soit la vitesse terminale, et corrélativement quelle que soit la distance de tir (ceci dans les plages de vitesse classiques au moment de l'impact (à savoir environ entre 50 à 100 m/s). As previously stated, the physical parameter that is important to impact from the point of view of lesional effects is the impact force on the target. In order to improve the effectiveness and non-lethality of the reduced lethal projectiles, the main objective of the invention is to transmit at impact a programmed force which is always the same, or substantially the same, regardless of the terminal speed. , and correlatively regardless of the firing distance (this in conventional speed ranges at the time of impact (ie between about 50 to 100 m / s).
Pour cela, le projectile ALR selon l'invention, qui a une forme générale cylindrique d'axe longitudinal L, comprenant une extrémité avant en forme de calotte sphérique ou approximativement sphérique et une extrémité arrière, est caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend :  For this, the ALR projectile according to the invention, which has a generally cylindrical shape of longitudinal axis L, comprising a spherical or approximately spherical cap-shaped front end and a rear end, is characterized in that it comprises:
- un noyau réalisé en mousse d'aluminium, lequel noyau a une forme globalement cylindrique centrée sur ledit axe L, comprenant une extrémité avant en forme de calotte sphérique ou sensiblement sphérique, et une extrémité arrière avec une face arrière, a core made of aluminum foam, which core has a generally cylindrical shape centered on said axis L, comprising a front end in the form of a spherical or substantially spherical cap, and a rear end with a rear face,
- un culot assemblé avec ladite extrémité arrière du noyau, lequel culot comporte une paroi, disposée transversalement audit axe L, qui vient recouvrir ladite face arrière dudit noyau, et - une enveloppe externe venant recouvrir au moins l'extrémité avant dudit noyau.  - A base assembled with said rear end of the core, which base comprises a wall disposed transversely to said axis L, which covers said rear face of said core, and - an outer envelope from covering at least the front end of said core.
Le culot du projectile est déformé lors du tir par les rayures du tube de l'arme ce qui permet la mise en rotation du projectile.  The base of the projectile is deformed during firing by the scratches of the barrel of the weapon which allows the rotation of the projectile.
Le noyau en mousse d'aluminium est très léger et il offre des caractéristiques d'écrasement et d'absorption d'énergie très intéressantes, homogènes et indépendantes de la vitesse de déformation dans toutes les directions ; l'enveloppe externe permet d'optimiser le vol balistique du projectile et d'atténuer au moment du choc le premier contact projectile-cible.  The aluminum foam core is very lightweight and offers very interesting crushing and energy absorption characteristics, homogeneous and independent of the rate of deformation in all directions; the outer casing makes it possible to optimize the ballistic flight of the projectile and to attenuate the first projectile-target contact at the moment of impact.
La force d'impact de ce projectile est constante ou quasi constante quelle que soit sa vitesse (dans les plages de vitesse d'impact classiques, notamment comprises entre 50 et 100 m/s). Cette force d'impact est notamment fonction de la densité de la mousse d'aluminium, paramètre choisi en fonction de la force d'impact recherchée.  The impact force of this projectile is constant or almost constant regardless of its speed (in conventional impact velocity ranges, especially between 50 and 100 m / s). This impact force is in particular a function of the density of the aluminum foam, a parameter chosen according to the desired impact force.
De préférence, la densité de la mousse d'aluminium utilisée pour le noyau du projectile ALR conforme à l'invention est comprise entre 30 et 300 kg/m3. Preferably, the density of the aluminum foam used for the core of the ALR projectile according to the invention is between 30 and 300 kg / m 3 .
Le culot du projectile est avantageusement réalisé en matériau thermoplastique et son enveloppe en mousse thermoplastique.  The projectile base is advantageously made of thermoplastic material and its thermoplastic foam envelope.
Selon une caractéristique intéressante, la paroi transversale du culot se prolonge vers l'arrière par une paroi tubulaire, centrée sur l'axe longitudinal L, délimitant une cavité arrière débouchante.  According to an interesting characteristic, the transverse wall of the base is extended rearwardly by a tubular wall, centered on the longitudinal axis L, delimiting an opening rear cavity.
Selon une forme de réalisation particulière, la paroi transversale du culot se prolonge vers l'avant par une extension tubulaire, centrée sur l'axe longitudinal L, pour former un logement de réception de l'extrémité arrière du noyau en mousse d'aluminium.  According to a particular embodiment, the transverse wall of the base is extended forward by a tubular extension, centered on the longitudinal axis L, to form a housing for receiving the rear end of the aluminum foam core.
Selon encore une forme de réalisation particulière, ladite paroi tubulaire arrière, ou ladite extension tubulaire avant, comporte une bague extérieure annulaire de guidage. Selon encore une forme de réalisation particulière, la paroi transversale du culot se prolonge vers l'avant par un tenon axial permettant le centrage de la partie avant du projectile. According to yet another particular embodiment, said rear tubular wall, or said front tubular extension, comprises an annular outer guide ring. According to another particular embodiment, the transverse wall of the base is extended forward by an axial pin allowing the centering of the front part of the projectile.
Selon encore une autre particularité, l'enveloppe externe s'étend jusqu'au culot arrière pour recouvrir l'intégralité de la face exposée du noyau.  According to yet another feature, the outer casing extends to the rear base to cover the entire exposed face of the core.
Dans une forme de réalisation particulièrement intéressante, l'extrémité arrière de l'enveloppe externe comporte un bourrelet, orienté vers l'intérieur, qui vient pénétrer dans une rainure d'accueil annulaire ménagée dans le noyau en mousse d'aluminium.  In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the rear end of the outer casing has an inwardly directed bead which penetrates an annular receiving groove in the aluminum foam core.
Dans ce cas, l'extrémité avant du culot vient avantageusement recouvrir l'extrémité arrière de l'enveloppe externe, pour verrouiller en position ledit bourrelet dans sa rainure d'accueil. In this case, the front end of the base advantageously covers the rear end of the outer casing, to lock in position said bead in its receiving groove.
De plus, l'extrémité avant du culot et l'extrémité arrière de l'enveloppe externe coopèrent de préférence par le biais d'épaulements complémentaires. In addition, the front end of the base and the rear end of the outer casing preferably cooperate through complementary shoulders.
D'autre part, le noyau peut comporter un évidement axial débouchant dans sa face arrière en regard de la paroi transversale avant du culot. Cet évidement permet notamment de programmer deux niveaux de force de choc en sélectionnant deux densités de mousse d'aluminium. Il peut rester en l'état ou être comblé par une mousse d'aluminium plus ou moins dense, pour programmer la sévérité du choc.  On the other hand, the core may comprise an axial recess opening into its rear face facing the front transverse wall of the base. This recess allows in particular to program two levels of shock force by selecting two densities of aluminum foam. It can remain as is or be filled by a more or less dense aluminum foam, to program the severity of the shock.
Selon encore une forme de réalisation particulière, le projectile comporte un rétreint annulaire entre ses extrémités avant et arrière, correspondant à une diminution de diamètre, lequel rétreint s'étend vers l'avant à partir de l'extrémité avant du culot.  According to another particular embodiment, the projectile comprises an annular narrowing between its front and rear ends, corresponding to a decrease in diameter, which narrows extends forwardly from the front end of the base.
Cette particularité a notamment pour objectif d'éviter le contact du culot en choc incliné avec la cible. This particularity is intended in particular to avoid contact of the base in inclined shock with the target.
D'autre part, le projectile conforme à l'invention peut comporter une structure en matériau à déformation réversible, interposée à l'avant, sur l'axe L, entre l'enveloppe externe et le noyau. Ce matériau peut être une mousse thermoplastique ou être constitué de microbilles.  On the other hand, the projectile according to the invention may comprise a reversible deformation material structure, interposed at the front, on the axis L, between the outer casing and the core. This material may be a thermoplastic foam or consist of microbeads.
Le culot, le noyau et l'enveloppe externe du projectile sont réalisés indépendamment et ils sont assemblés entre eux par tout moyen approprié.  The base, the core and the outer shell of the projectile are made independently and they are assembled together by any appropriate means.
L'invention sera encore illustrée, sans être aucunement limitée, par la description suivante de plusieurs formes de réalisation possibles, données uniquement à titre d'exemples et représentées sur les dessins annexés dans lesquels :  The invention will be further illustrated, without being limited in any way, by the following description of several possible embodiments, given solely by way of example and represented in the accompanying drawings in which:
- la figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'un projectile ALR conforme à l'invention ; FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an ALR projectile according to the invention;
- la figure 2 est une vue en coupe axiale du projectile de la figure 1 ;  FIG. 2 is an axial sectional view of the projectile of FIG. 1;
- la figure 3 est une vue en coupe axiale d'une première variante de réalisation du projectile conforme à l'invention ;  - Figure 3 is an axial sectional view of a first embodiment of the projectile according to the invention;
- la figure 4 est une vue en perspective d'une deuxième variante du projectile conforme à l'invention ;  FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a second variant of the projectile according to the invention;
- la figure 5 est une vue en coupe axiale du projectile de la figure 4 ; - les figures 6 et 7 sont des courbes illustrant la variation de la force pendant le choc en fonction du temps pour des projectiles selon l'invention ; FIG. 5 is an axial sectional view of the projectile of FIG. 4; FIGS. 6 and 7 are curves illustrating the variation of the force during the impact as a function of time for projectiles according to the invention;
- la figure 8 est une vue en coupe axiale d'une troisième variante du projectile conforme à l'invention.  - Figure 8 is an axial sectional view of a third variant of the projectile according to the invention.
Le projectile ALR 1 illustré sur les figures 1 et 2 a une forme générale cylindrique d'axe longitudinal L. Sa longueur peut être de l'ordre de 50 à 70 mm et son diamètre de l'ordre de 35 à 45 mm.  The projectile ALR 1 illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 has a generally cylindrical longitudinal axis L. Its length may be of the order of 50 to 70 mm and its diameter of the order of 35 to 45 mm.
L'extrémité arrière 2 de ce projectile 1 se termine selon un plan perpendiculaire à l'axe longitudinal L. A ce niveau, un évidement axial débouchant 3 permet la réception classique d'une cartouche pyrotechnique de propulsion, ou autre mode de propulsion. Son extrémité avant 4 est en forme de calotte sphérique ou approximativement sphérique.  The rear end 2 of this projectile 1 ends in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L. At this level, an axial recess 3 opening allows conventional reception of a pyrotechnic propulsion cartridge, or other mode of propulsion. Its front end 4 is shaped spherical cap or approximately spherical.
Ce projectile 1 , symétrique autour de son axe longitudinal L, est constitué d'un culot arrière 5, prolongé vers l'avant par un noyau 6 dont la face externe est pratiquement entièrement recouverte par une enveloppe 7.  This projectile 1, symmetrical about its longitudinal axis L, consists of a rear base 5, extended forwardly by a core 6 whose outer face is substantially completely covered by an envelope 7.
Le culot arrière 5 comporte une paroi tubulaire cylindrique 8, centrée sur l'axe L, qui est fermée au niveau de son extrémité avant par une paroi transversale 9. La paroi tubulaire 8 n'est pas fermée vers l'arrière, et, avec la paroi transversale avant 9, elle délimite l'évidement axial 3 précité.  The rear base 5 has a cylindrical tubular wall 8, centered on the axis L, which is closed at its front end by a transverse wall 9. The tubular wall 8 is not closed towards the rear, and with the front transverse wall 9, it defines the axial recess 3 above.
En regard de cette paroi transversale avant 9, on remarque que la paroi tubulaire 8 comporte une bague annulaire monobloc 10 qui s'étend en saillie vers l'extérieur. La surface extérieure de cette bague 10, de forme générale cylindrique, définit l'encombrement extérieur maximal du projectile et elle constitue une face de guidage à l'intérieur du canon de l'arme de propulsion.  Opposite this transverse front wall 9, it is noted that the tubular wall 8 comprises a one-piece annular ring 10 which projects outwardly. The outer surface of this ring 10, of generally cylindrical shape, defines the maximum external size of the projectile and constitutes a guide face inside the barrel of the propulsion weapon.
La surface extérieure de la paroi tubulaire 5 a un diamètre inférieur de quelques millimètres à celui de la surface de guidage de la bague monobloc 10.  The outer surface of the tubular wall 5 has a diameter a few millimeters smaller than that of the guide surface of the one-piece ring 10.
Du côté de la face 1 1 orientée vers l'extrémité avant 4 du projectile, la paroi transversale 9 du culot 5 comporte un tenon monobloc cylindrique 12, centré sur l'axe L. Ce tenon 12 a un diamètre de l'ordre de la moitié du diamètre du projectile 1 ; sa hauteur est de quelques millimètres.  On the side of the face 1 1 facing the front end 4 of the projectile, the transverse wall 9 of the base 5 comprises a cylindrical one-piece stud 12, centered on the axis L. This stud 12 has a diameter of the order of half the diameter of the projectile 1; its height is a few millimeters.
Le culot 5, comprenant la paroi tubulaire 8, la paroi transversale 9, la bague 10 et le tenon 12, est réalisé monobloc par moulage de matière thermoplastique (polycarbonate par exemple). La densité de la matière thermoplastique utilisée peut être de l'ordre de 1200 à 1600 kg/m3. The base 5, comprising the tubular wall 8, the transverse wall 9, the ring 10 and the pin 12, is made in one piece by molding thermoplastic material (polycarbonate for example). The density of the thermoplastic material used may be of the order of 1200 to 1600 kg / m 3 .
Il a pour fonction de donner au projectile une partie importante de sa masse, permettre sa propulsion et le raccordement à l'avant de la partie absorbant l'énergie et programmant la force d'impact. Le noyau 6 du projectile 1 a une forme générale globalement cylindrique centrée sur l'axe L. Its function is to give the projectile a large part of its mass, to allow its propulsion and the connection to the front of the energy absorbing part and programming the impact force. The core 6 of the projectile 1 has a generally cylindrical overall shape centered on the axis L.
Son extrémité arrière 13 a un diamètre légèrement inférieur au diamètre de la surface de guidage de la bague 10 du culot 5, et sa face arrière 14 est structurée pour venir épouser la face avant de ce culot 5, avec le tenon 12.  Its rear end 13 has a diameter slightly smaller than the diameter of the guide surface of the ring 10 of the base 5, and its rear face 14 is structured to fit the front face of this base 5, with the pin 12.
Pour cela, cette face arrière 14 s'étend dans le plan de la face avant 1 1 du culot 5, et elle comporte une réservation axiale 15, correspondant à la forme du tenon 12.  For this, this rear face 14 extends in the plane of the front face 1 1 of the base 5, and it comprises an axial reservation 15, corresponding to the shape of the post 12.
L'extrémité avant 16 du noyau 6 est en forme de calotte sphérique ou sensiblement sphérique, centrée sur l'axe L.  The front end 16 of the core 6 is in the form of a spherical or substantially spherical cap, centered on the axis L.
Ce noyau 6 peut avoir une longueur comprise entre 30 et 50 mm. Il est réalisé en mousse d'aluminium (structure alvéolée d'aluminium) dont la densité est avantageusement comprise entre 30 et 300 kg/m3. La longueur du noyau 6 et la densité de la mousse d'aluminium utilisée sont fonction de la force d'impact recherchée et de la quantité d'énergie à absorber. Le noyau 6 est réalisé par moulage ou tout autre procédé de formage ou d'usinage des matériaux alvéolés. This core 6 may have a length of between 30 and 50 mm. It is made of aluminum foam (honeycomb aluminum structure) whose density is advantageously between 30 and 300 kg / m 3 . The length of the core 6 and the density of the aluminum foam used are a function of the desired impact force and the amount of energy to be absorbed. The core 6 is made by molding or any other method of forming or machining the honeycomb materials.
Par exemple, on utilise une mousse d'aluminium fabriquée par la société CYMAT Corporation (Canada) sous la désignation « Cymat stabilised aluminium foam » (marque déposée), ou par la société SHINKO WIRE CO Ltd (Japon), sous la désignation « Alporas » (marque déposée).  For example, an aluminum foam manufactured by CYMAT Corporation (Canada) under the designation "Cymat stabilized aluminum foam" (registered trademark), or by SHINKO WIRE CO Ltd (Japan) under the designation "Alporas" is used. " (trademark).
Une telle structure de noyau 6 a pour fonction de limiter à l'impact la force de choc prédéterminée à l'avance pendant l'absorption de l'énergie, quelle que soit la vitesse de choc du projectile. La forme à l'avant de cette structure alvéolée permet en plus de conserver le temps de montée de la force de choc, jusqu'au niveau nominal, en dessous de la valeur critique d'éclatement du cuir chevelu par exemple.  Such a core structure 6 has the function of limiting to impact the predetermined shock force in advance during the absorption of energy, regardless of the shock velocity of the projectile. The shape at the front of this honeycomb structure also makes it possible to maintain the rise time of the impact force, up to the nominal level, below the critical bursting value of the scalp, for example.
L'extrémité arrière 13 du noyau 6 est assemblée avec l'extrémité avant 1 1 , 12 du culot 5 par tout moyen approprié, par exemple par collage.  The rear end 13 of the core 6 is assembled with the front end 11, 12 of the base 5 by any appropriate means, for example by gluing.
L'extrémité avant 16 du noyau 6 est recouverte par l'enveloppe 7 réalisée avantageusement en mousse thermoplastique ; la densité de cette mousse thermoplastique est avantageusement comprise entre 100 et 150 kg/m3. On peut utiliser par exemple du caoutchouc, un matériau EPDM ou un mélange nitrile-téflon (marque déposée). The front end 16 of the core 6 is covered by the casing 7 advantageously made of thermoplastic foam; the density of this thermoplastic foam is advantageously between 100 and 150 kg / m 3 . For example, rubber, an EPDM material or a nitrile-teflon (registered trademark) mixture may be used.
Cette enveloppe externe 7 a une épaisseur de quelques millimètres (par exemple 1 à 3 mm, avantageusement de l'ordre de 2 mm).  This outer casing 7 has a thickness of a few millimeters (for example 1 to 3 mm, advantageously of the order of 2 mm).
Dans le mode de réalisation illustré, elle recouvre toute la surface externe avant et latérale du noyau 6, à l'exception d'une bande annulaire 18 de l'extrémité arrière 13 dudit noyau 6. Pour que sa surface externe se situe dans le prolongement de la surface externe de cette bande annulaire « libre » 18, l'enveloppe 7 vient se loger dans une réservation adaptée 19 ménagée sur la face externe en regard du noyau 6. Cette enveloppe 7, en forme de tube fermé à son extrémité avant par une calotte sphérique ou sensiblement sphérique, est fixée sur le noyau 6 par tout moyen approprié, par exemple par collage. In the illustrated embodiment, it covers the entire outer front and side surface of the core 6, with the exception of an annular band 18 of the rear end 13 of said core 6. So that its outer surface is in the extension the outer surface of this annular band "free" 18, the casing 7 is housed in a suitable reserve 19 formed on the outer face facing the core 6. This envelope 7, tube-shaped closed at its front end by a spherical cap or substantially spherical, is fixed on the core 6 by any suitable means, for example by gluing.
L'enveloppe 7 a pour fonction d'améliorer le balistique de vol du projectile, d'éviter au premier contact cible-projectile l'éclatement local du matériau biologique de la cible et permettre le pré-écrasement de la structure alvéolée d'aluminium.  The purpose of the envelope 7 is to improve the ballistic flight of the projectile, to avoid, at the first target-projectile contact, the local bursting of the biological material of the target and to allow pre-crushing of the honeycombed aluminum structure.
La figure 3 illustre une variante de réalisation du projectile des figures 1 et 2. Les parties identiques au mode de réalisation précédent conservent les mêmes repères pour faciliter la compréhension.  FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the projectile of FIGS. 1 and 2. The parts identical to the previous embodiment retain the same reference marks to facilitate comprehension.
Dans le projectile 1 ' correspondant, le noyau 6 comporte un évidement axial borgne 20 qui débouche dans sa face arrière 14. Cet évidement 20 a avantageusement une forme cylindrique dont le diamètre correspond, au jeu près, à celui du tenon axial 12 du culot 5. Sa fonction est de permettre de réaliser pendant le choc un profil de force d'impact à deux nivaux programmés à l'avance, selon la sévérité recherchée.  In the projectile 1 'corresponding, the core 6 has a blind axial recess 20 which opens into its rear face 14. This recess 20 preferably has a cylindrical shape whose diameter corresponds, with the game, to that of the axial pin 12 of the base 5 Its function is to make it possible to achieve during the shock a profile of impact force at two levels programmed in advance, according to the desired severity.
Encore dans des variantes de réalisation, l'évidement 20 peut être comblé par un matériau rapporté. Ce matériau rapporté peut par exemple consister en une mousse d'aluminium plus dense que celle utilisée pour la périphérie du noyau 6, de manière à augmenter l'efficacité d'impact du projectile.  Still in alternative embodiments, the recess 20 can be filled by an added material. This added material may for example consist of a denser aluminum foam than that used for the periphery of the core 6, so as to increase the impact efficiency of the projectile.
Pour ce projectile 1 ', on remarque que la longueur du noyau 6 est inférieure à celle du noyau de projectile 1 des figures 1 et 2.  For this projectile 1 ', it is noted that the length of the core 6 is less than that of the projectile core 1 of Figures 1 and 2.
Les figures 4 et 5 illustrent un autre mode de réalisation possible d'un projectile conforme à l'invention.  Figures 4 and 5 illustrate another possible embodiment of a projectile according to the invention.
Ici encore, les parties identiques aux modes de réalisation des figures 1 à 3 conservent les mêmes repères pour faciliter la compréhension.  Here again, the parts identical to the embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 3 retain the same reference marks to facilitate comprehension.
Le projectile correspondant 1 " comporte un culot arrière 5, prolongé vers l'avant par un noyau 6 en mousse d'aluminium dont la face externe est recouverte par une enveloppe 7.  The corresponding projectile 1 "has a rear base 5, extended forwards by a core 6 of aluminum foam whose outer face is covered by an envelope 7.
On remarque que la paroi tubulaire 8 du culot 5 se prolonge vers l'avant, au-delà de la paroi transversale 9, par une extension monobloc tubulaire 21 . La bague de guidage 10 s'étend en regard de la paroi transversale 9 du culot 5, sur une partie de la paroi tubulaire 8 et sur la quasi majorité de la longueur de l'extension 21 .  It is noted that the tubular wall 8 of the base 5 extends forward, beyond the transverse wall 9, by a tubular monobloc extension 21. The guide ring 10 extends facing the transverse wall 9 of the base 5, on a portion of the tubular wall 8 and on the majority of the length of the extension 21.
Cette extension 21 et la paroi 9 du culot 5 forment un logement 22 pour la réception de l'extrémité arrière 13 du noyau 6. Le tenon monobloc 12 des modes de réalisation précédents n'est plus présent.  This extension 21 and the wall 9 of the base 5 form a housing 22 for receiving the rear end 13 of the core 6. The one-piece stud 12 of the previous embodiments is no longer present.
Là encore, le noyau 6 et le culot 5 sont assemblés par tout moyen approprié, de préférence par collage. D'autre part, dans ce mode de réalisation, on remarque que l'enveloppe 7 recouvre toute la surface exposée du noyau 6 ; elle s'étend jusqu'au culot 5, et en particulier jusqu'à l'extrémité avant de l'extension 21 . Again, the core 6 and the base 5 are assembled by any appropriate means, preferably by gluing. On the other hand, in this embodiment, it is noted that the envelope 7 covers the entire exposed surface of the core 6; it extends to the base 5, and in particular to the front end of the extension 21.
Le mode de réalisation des figures 4 et 5 se distingue également des précédents, par la présence d'un rétreint 23, correspondant à une diminution de diamètre, entre ses extrémités arrière 2 et avant 4.  The embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5 is also distinguished from the previous ones, by the presence of a necking 23, corresponding to a decrease in diameter, between its rear ends 2 and before 4.
Ce rétreint 23 a pour fonction d'éviter, en choc incliné du projectile, le contact culot plastique- cible, évitant ainsi un niveau de force de contact incompatible avec la programmation des efforts par la mousse d'aluminium.  This shrink 23 has the function of avoiding, in inclined impact of the projectile, the contact plastic-target base, thus avoiding a level of contact force incompatible with the programming of the efforts by the aluminum foam.
II est essentiellement obtenu par une diminution de diamètre de l'extrémité arrière 13 du noyau 6.  It is essentially obtained by a diameter reduction of the rear end 13 of the core 6.
La présence du rétreint 23 confère au noyau 6 une section longitudinale particulière, avec une extrémité arrière 13 de forme cylindrique prolongée par une extrémité avant 16 en forme de bourrelet ou de renflement, globalement sphérique.  The presence of the necking 23 gives the core 6 a particular longitudinal section, with a rear end 13 of cylindrical shape extended by a front end 16 in the form of bead or bulge, globally spherical.
La surface de l'extrémité avant 4 de ce projectile 1 " est particulière : la surface d'extrémité sphérique 4a se prolonge par une surface en tronc de cône 4b elle-même prolongée par une surface cylindrique 4ç (dont le diamètre correspond approximativement au diamètre de la bague 10) qui se prolonge encore par une surface « rentrante » 4d aboutissant au rétreint 23. Cette forme particulière de l'extrémité avant 4 du projectile 1 " permet de calibrer le taux de montée en effort (niveau de la force programmée sur le temps mis pour l'atteindre), évitant ainsi l'éclatement local des structures biologiques (cuir chevelu par exemple en choc crânien).  The surface of the front end 4 of this projectile 1 "is particular: the spherical end surface 4a is extended by a truncated cone surface 4b itself extended by a cylindrical surface 4c (whose diameter corresponds approximately to the diameter of the ring 10) which is further extended by a "reentrant" surface 4d leading to the constriction 23. This particular shape of the front end 4 of the projectile 1 "makes it possible to calibrate the rate of rise in force (level of the force programmed on the time taken to reach it), thus avoiding the local bursting of the biological structures (scalp for example in cranial shock).
Les formes de ces projectiles ont toutes une correspondance parfaite entre leur centre de gravité et leur centre de poussée pour obtenir une bonne balistique extérieure. The shapes of these projectiles all have a perfect match between their center of gravity and their center of thrust to obtain good outdoor ballistics.
La figure 6 est une courbe montrant la variation de la force pendant le choc en fonction du temps de choc, pour les projectiles 1 et 1 " des figures 1 et 2, d'une part, et 4 et 5 d'autre part.  FIG. 6 is a curve showing the variation of the force during the impact as a function of the impact time, for the projectiles 1 and 1 "of FIGS. 1 and 2, on the one hand, and 4 and 5, on the other hand.
On distingue :  We distinguish :
- le taux de montée (force constante a sur le temps de montée b).  - the rate of climb (constant force a on the rise time b).
Ce taux de montée doit être inférieur à une valeur critique pour ne pas faire éclater les structures biologiques de surface,  This rate of rise must be less than a critical value in order not to burst the biological structures of surface,
- le niveau constant de la force a programmée par la densité de la mousse d'aluminium et la géométrie du noyau.  - the constant level of force is programmed by the density of the aluminum foam and the geometry of the core.
Ce niveau a est calibré pour déterminer à l'avance les endommagements et les sévérités souhaités.  This level a is calibrated to determine in advance the damage and severity desired.
- la fin du choc ç, toujours à force a constante ou sensiblement constante. - the end of the shock ç, always force a constant or substantially constant.
La figure 7 montre la variation force/temps pour un projectile à double densité (tel qu'illustré sur la figure 3). Le niveau d est obtenu par la mousse périphérique du noyau, et le niveau e est défini par la mousse centrale du noyau dont la densité est supérieure à la mousse périphérique. Figure 7 shows the force / time variation for a dual density projectile (as shown in Figure 3). The level d is obtained by the peripheral foam of the nucleus, and the level e is defined by the central core foam whose density is greater than the peripheral foam.
La figure 8 illustre encore un autre mode de réalisation possible d'un projectile conforme à l'invention.  FIG. 8 illustrates yet another possible embodiment of a projectile according to the invention.
Sur la figure correspondante, les parties identiques aux modes de réalisation des figures 1 à 5 conservent les mêmes repères pour faciliter la compréhension. In the corresponding figure, the parts identical to the embodiments of Figures 1 to 5 retain the same marks to facilitate understanding.
Ce projectile 1 "' comporte un culot arrière 5 qui recouvre la partie arrière d'un noyau 6 en mousse d'aluminium dont la face externe de la partie avant est recouverte par une enveloppe 7.  This projectile 1 "'has a rear base 5 which covers the rear part of a core 6 of aluminum foam whose outer face of the front part is covered by an envelope 7.
Les matériaux utilisés pour ces différentes parties 5, 6 et 7 correspondent à ceux décrits ci- dessus en relation avec les modes de réalisation des figures 1 à 5. The materials used for these different parts 5, 6 and 7 correspond to those described above in relation to the embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 5.
Comme on peut le voir sur la figure 8, l'enveloppe 7 recouvre la partie avant du noyau 6, jusqu'au culot 5.  As can be seen in FIG. 8, the envelope 7 covers the front part of the core 6, as far as the base 5.
Au niveau de son extrémité arrière, cette enveloppe 7 comporte un bourrelet 24 en saillie vers l'intérieur, qui vient pénétrer dans une réservation ou rainure annulaire 25 ménagée dans le noyau 6 en mousse d'aluminium, assurant l'assemblage entre les deux éléments 6 et 7.  At its rear end, this envelope 7 comprises a bead 24 projecting inwards, which penetrates into a reservation or annular groove 25 formed in the core 6 of aluminum foam, ensuring the connection between the two elements 6 and 7.
Cette rainure annulaire 25 du noyau 6 s'étend dans un plan perpendiculaire à l'axe longitudinal L du projectile 1 "'. This annular groove 25 of the core 6 extends in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L of the projectile 1 "'.
Au niveau de l'extrémité arrière de l'enveloppe 7, on remarque encore la présence d'un épaulement 26, orienté vers l'extérieur, en regard du bourrelet 24.  At the rear end of the envelope 7, there is still the presence of a shoulder 26, facing outwards, facing the bead 24.
La mise en place de l'enveloppe 7 sur l'extrémité avant du noyau 6 s'effectue par encastrement à force, grâce à l'élasticité du matériau constitutif de cette enveloppe 7.  The casing 7 is placed on the front end of the core 6 by force fitting, thanks to the elasticity of the material constituting this casing 7.
De son côté, le culot 5 comporte une paroi transversale arrière 9, se prolongeant vers l'avant par une extension monobloc tubulaire 21 qui recouvre l'extrémité arrière 13 du noyau 6 en mousse d'aluminium.  On its side, the base 5 has a rear transverse wall 9, extending forwards by a tubular monobloc extension 21 which covers the rear end 13 of the core 6 of aluminum foam.
La face interne de la paroi transversale 9 vient se plaquer contre la face arrière 14 du noyau 6. La face externe de l'extension tubulaire 21 comporte la bague de guidage saillante 10.  The inner face of the transverse wall 9 is pressed against the rear face 14 of the core 6. The outer face of the tubular extension 21 comprises the projecting guide ring 10.
Au niveau de son extrémité avant, l'extension 21 comporte un épaulement annulaire 27 orienté vers l'intérieur. Cet épaulement annulaire 27 du culot 5 est complémentaire de l'épaulement annulaire 26 de l'enveloppe 7.  At its front end, the extension 21 has an annular shoulder 27 facing inwards. This annular shoulder 27 of the base 5 is complementary to the annular shoulder 26 of the envelope 7.
Le culot 5 est rapporté au niveau de l'extrémité arrière du noyau 6, après mise en place de l'enveloppe 7.  The base 5 is attached at the rear end of the core 6, after placement of the casing 7.
Dans ce cadre, son épaulement annulaire 27 vient recouvrir l'épaulement complémentaire 26 de l'enveloppe 7, de manière à verrouiller l'assemblage enveloppe 7/noyau 6.  In this context, its annular shoulder 27 covers the complementary shoulder 26 of the casing 7, so as to lock the casing assembly 7 / core 6.
Le culot 5 est fixé sur l'extrémité arrière du noyau 6 par tout moyen approprié, de préférence par collage. La face interne de l'extension tubulaire 21 comporte de préférence des stries ou un ensemble de rainures/nervures qui permettent d'optimiser le collage correspondant. The base 5 is fixed on the rear end of the core 6 by any appropriate means, preferably by gluing. The inner face of the tubular extension 21 preferably comprises ridges or a set of grooves / ribs that optimize the corresponding bonding.
D'autre part, de préférence, le culot 5 et l'enveloppe 7 sont également solidarisés ensemble par collage, au niveau de leurs épaulements complémentaires 26 et 27.  On the other hand, preferably, the base 5 and the casing 7 are also secured together by gluing, at their complementary shoulders 26 and 27.
Après solidarisation, les faces externes de l'extrémité avant du culot 5 et de l'extrémité arrière de l'enveloppe 7 sont situées dans la continuité l'une de l'autre.  After securing, the outer faces of the front end of the base 5 and the rear end of the casing 7 are located in the continuity of one another.
L'absence de collage de l'enveloppe 7 sur l'extrémité avant du noyau 6 permet de laisser libre cette enveloppe 7 pendant l'écrasement et d'éviter, ou tout au moins de limiter, le contact entre le culot 5 et la cible, en chocs décalés par rapport à l'axe longitudinal L.  The absence of bonding of the envelope 7 on the front end of the core 6 allows to leave the envelope 7 during crushing and to avoid, or at least limit, the contact between the base 5 and the target , shocks offset from the longitudinal axis L.
Si besoin, la paroi tubulaire 21 peut se prolonger, vers l'arrière, au-delà de la paroi transversale 9, pour constituer une cavité arrière débouchante, à l'instar de la cavité 3 présente sur les modes de réalisation des figures 1 à 5.  If necessary, the tubular wall 21 can extend, rearwardly, beyond the transverse wall 9, to form a rear opening cavity, like the cavity 3 present on the embodiments of FIGS. 5.
Comme illustré sur la figure 8, l'extrémité avant du noyau 6 peut être tronquée pour permettre le positionnement d'une structure 28 (illustrée en pointillés) permettant d'amortir le choc à l'impact.  As illustrated in Figure 8, the front end of the core 6 may be truncated to allow the positioning of a structure 28 (shown in dashed lines) for damping the shock impact.
Cette structure 28 peut être rapportée entre l'enveloppe 7 et l'extrémité avant du noyau 6 ; on peut utiliser tout matériau d'amortissement à déformation réversible, par exemple une mousse thermoplastique de dureté adaptée, ou encore des microbilles (par exemple de diamètre compris entre 0,5 et 2 mm, réalisées en matériau élastomère ou tout autre matière à déformation réversible).  This structure 28 can be reported between the casing 7 and the front end of the core 6; it is possible to use any damping material with reversible deformation, for example a thermoplastic foam of suitable hardness, or even microbeads (for example with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 mm, made of elastomeric material or any other material with reversible deformation ).
Dans une variante de réalisation, la structure d'amortissement 28 peut être obtenue monobloc avec l'enveloppe 7, par le matériau constitutif de cette enveloppe 7.  In an alternative embodiment, the damping structure 28 can be obtained in one piece with the envelope 7, by the material constituting this envelope 7.

Claims

- REVENDICATIONS - - CLAIMS -
1 . - Projectile pour arme à létalité réduite, ayant une forme générale cylindrique d'axe longitudinal (L), lequel projectile (1 , 1 ', 1 ", 1 "') comprend une extrémité avant (4) ayant une forme de calotte sphérique ou approximativement sphérique et une extrémité arrière (2), caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend : 1. - A reduced lethality weapon projectile, having a generally cylindrical shape of longitudinal axis (L), which projectile (1, 1 ', 1 ", 1"') comprises a front end (4) having a spherical cap shape or approximately spherical and a rear end (2), characterized in that it comprises:
- un noyau (6) réalisé en mousse d'aluminium, lequel noyau (6) a une forme globalement cylindrique centrée sur ledit axe (L), comprenant une extrémité avant (16) en forme de calotte sphérique ou sensiblement sphérique, et une extrémité arrière (13) avec une face arrière (14), - A core (6) made of aluminum foam, which core (6) has a generally cylindrical shape centered on said axis (L), comprising a front end (16) shaped spherical or substantially spherical cap, and an end rear (13) with a rear face (14),
- un culot (5) assemblé avec ladite extrémité arrière (13) du noyau (6), lequel culot (5) comporte une paroi (9), disposée transversalement audit axe (L), qui vient recouvrir ladite face arrière- a base (5) assembled with said rear end (13) of the core (6), which base (5) has a wall (9) disposed transversely to said axis (L), which covers said rear face
(14) dudit noyau (6), et, (14) said core (6), and,
- une enveloppe externe (7) venant recouvrir au moins l'extrémité avant (16) dudit noyau (6).  an outer casing (7) covering at least the front end (16) of said core (6).
2. - Projectile selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que ledit noyau (6) est réalisé en mousse d'aluminium ayant une densité comprise entre 30 et 300 kg/m3. 2. - Projectile according to claim 1, characterized in that said core (6) is made of aluminum foam having a density of between 30 and 300 kg / m 3 .
3.- Projectile selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que ledit culot (5) est réalisé en matériau thermoplastique.  3. Projectile according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that said base (5) is made of thermoplastic material.
4. - Projectile selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que ladite enveloppe externe (7) est réalisée en mousse thermoplastique.  4. - Projectile according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said outer casing (7) is made of thermoplastic foam.
5. - Projectile selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la paroi transversale (9) du culot (5) se prolonge vers l'arrière par une paroi tubulaire (8), centrée sur ledit axe (L), délimitant une cavité arrière débouchante (3).  5. - Projectile according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the transverse wall (9) of the base (5) is extended rearwardly by a tubular wall (8), centered on said axis (L ), delimiting an opening rear cavity (3).
6. - Projectile selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la paroi transversale (9) du culot (5) se prolonge vers l'avant par une extension tubulaire (21 ), centrée sur ledit axe (L), pour former un logement (22) de réception de l'extrémité arrière (13) du noyau (6) en mousse d'aluminium.  6. - Projectile according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the transverse wall (9) of the base (5) is extended forwardly by a tubular extension (21), centered on said axis (L ), to form a housing (22) for receiving the rear end (13) of the core (6) of aluminum foam.
7. - Projectile selon l'une quelconque des revendications 5 ou 6, caractérisé en ce que ladite paroi tubulaire arrière (8), ou ladite extension tubulaire avant (21 ), comporte une bague extérieure annulaire de guidage (10).  7. - Projectile according to any one of claims 5 or 6, characterized in that said rear tubular wall (8), or said front tubular extension (21), comprises an annular outer guide ring (10).
8. - Projectile selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que la paroi transversale (9) du culot (5) se prolonge vers l'avant par un tenon axial (12).  8. - Projectile according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the transverse wall (9) of the base (5) extends forwardly by an axial pin (12).
9. - Projectile selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que ladite enveloppe externe (7) s'étend jusqu'au culot arrière (5) pour recouvrir l'intégralité de la face exposée du noyau (6).  9. - Projectile according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that said outer casing (7) extends to the rear base (5) to cover the entire exposed face of the core (6) .
10. - Projectile selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que l'extrémité arrière de l'enveloppe (7) comporte un bourrelet (24), orienté vers l'intérieur, qui vient pénétrer dans une rainure d'accueil annulaire (25) ménagée dans le noyau (6). 10. - Projectile according to claim 9, characterized in that the rear end of the casing (7) comprises an inwardly directed bead (24) which penetrates into an annular receiving groove (25). formed in the core (6).
1 1 . - Projectile selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que l'extrémité avant du culot (5) vient recouvrir l'extrémité arrière de l'enveloppe (7) pour verrouiller en position ledit bourrelet (24) dans ladite rainure (25). 1 1. - Projectile according to claim 10, characterized in that the front end of the base (5) is to cover the rear end of the casing (7) to lock in position said bead (24) in said groove (25).
12. - Projectile selon la revendication 1 1 , caractérisé en ce que l'extrémité avant du culot (5) et l'extrémité arrière de l'enveloppe (7) coopèrent par le biais d'épaulements complémentaires (26, 27).  12. - Projectile according to claim 1 1, characterized in that the front end of the base (5) and the rear end of the casing (7) cooperate through complementary shoulders (26, 27).
13. - Projectile selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que le noyau (6) comporte un évidement axial (20) débouchant dans sa face arrière (14) en regard de la paroi transversale avant (9) du culot (5).  13. - Projectile according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the core (6) comprises an axial recess (20) opening in its rear face (14) facing the front transverse wall (9) of the base (5).
14. - Projectile selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte un rétreint annulaire (23) entre ses extrémités avant (4) et arrière (2), correspondant à une diminution de diamètre, lequel rétreint (23) s'étend vers l'avant à partir de l'extrémité avant (21 ) du culot (5).  14. - Projectile according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that it comprises an annular narrowing (23) between its front ends (4) and rear (2), corresponding to a decrease in diameter, which shrinks (23) extends forwardly from the front end (21) of the base (5).
15. - Projectile selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte une structure (28) en matériau à déformation réversible, interposée sur l'axe (L), entre l'enveloppe (7) et le noyau (6).  15. - Projectile according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that it comprises a structure (28) of reversibly deformable material interposed on the axis (L) between the casing (7) and the nucleus (6).
EP11718435.8A 2011-03-30 2011-03-30 Less lethal weapon projectile Active EP2691731B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/FR2011/050701 WO2012131176A1 (en) 2011-03-30 2011-03-30 Less lethal weapon projectile

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EP2691731A1 true EP2691731A1 (en) 2014-02-05
EP2691731B1 EP2691731B1 (en) 2015-09-23

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US (1) US20140109790A1 (en)
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KR (1) KR101862435B1 (en)
CN (1) CN103688130B (en)
BR (1) BR112013025291B1 (en)
ES (1) ES2556706T3 (en)
RU (1) RU2555254C2 (en)
SG (1) SG194090A1 (en)
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FR3010181B1 (en) * 2013-08-30 2015-08-21 Nexter Munitions PROJECTILE WITH REDUCED LETHALITY
FR3027664B1 (en) * 2014-10-23 2018-06-15 Nexter Munitions PROJECTILE COMPRISING ANTI RICOCHET MEANS
CN104677202B (en) * 2015-02-06 2016-08-24 吴申龙 Non-lethal rescue electromagnetism shells head
LU92734B1 (en) * 2015-06-05 2016-12-06 Securinov Sa HIGH ELASTIC DEFORMATION KINETIC PROJECTILE
RU2602527C1 (en) * 2015-07-27 2016-11-20 Геннадий Александрович Бидеев Non-lethal action tubeless weapon cartridge
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US11287230B1 (en) * 2021-08-04 2022-03-29 Rama Technologies, LLC Less-than-lethal kinetic impact round
WO2023017497A1 (en) * 2021-08-13 2023-02-16 A.T. Cobra Projectile for a non-lethal weapon
CN114963885B (en) * 2022-06-20 2023-11-24 中国人民武装警察部队工程大学 Thermal compression sleeve type composite non-fatal kinetic energy bomb

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ES2556706T3 (en) 2016-01-19
US20140109790A1 (en) 2014-04-24
EP2691731B1 (en) 2015-09-23
WO2012131176A1 (en) 2012-10-04
BR112013025291A2 (en) 2016-12-13
RU2013148139A (en) 2015-05-10
ZA201307246B (en) 2014-05-28
CN103688130A (en) 2014-03-26
CN103688130B (en) 2015-09-02
KR20140045932A (en) 2014-04-17
BR112013025291B1 (en) 2020-10-13
KR101862435B1 (en) 2018-05-29
SG194090A1 (en) 2013-11-29
RU2555254C2 (en) 2015-07-10

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