EP2663693B1

EP2663693B1 - Method and device for laying down and tensioning an impermeable cover for hydraulic works in loose material

Info

Publication number: EP2663693B1
Application number: EP12700958.7A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Alberto Scuero
Original assignee: GSI Geosyntec Investment BV
Current assignee: Carpi Tech BV
Priority date: 2011-01-14
Filing date: 2012-01-12
Publication date: 2015-09-09
Anticipated expiration: 2032-01-12
Also published as: CL2013001815A1; PL2663693T3; ES2558943T3; SI2663693T1; AU2012206575B2; ITMI20110028A1; HRP20151283T1; EP2663693A1; GT201300146A; BR112013015631A2; PE20140456A1; PT2663693E; NZ609811A; AP3472A; WO2012095483A1; JO3165B1; IL226722A; AU2012206575A1; CO6720994A2; IT1403631B1

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention refers to a method and a device, or system, for laying down and tensioning an impermeable cover comprising sheet material consisting of a plurality of side by side arranged strips of a geomembrane, referred to also as "geostrips", for the protection of hydraulic structures consisting of loose natural material such as, for example, clay, earth, gravel, rocky material and/or their combination, in particular dams, canals, and/or natural and/or artificial water basins, or similar hydraulic structures, by which a blocking and a contemporary controlled stretching of the impermeable cover is achieved during its installation and laying down operations.
For the purposes of this description, "geomembrane" means an impermeable cover consisting of a plurality of geostrips and/or sheet material sealingly connected to each other along their longitudinal edges, in which each geostrip or sheet includes at least one or more layers of any geosynthetic material as defined below, suitable to be used in contact with the ground; for example, the geostrips sheets could consist of a single layer of a natural or synthetic polymeric resin, or a bituminous material as defined below, or by multiple layers of any geotechnical material, such as a geocomposite consisting for example of an assembled structure comprising an impermeable layer as defined above, coupled with a layer of a geotextile suitable for the intended use.

STATE OF THE ART

As it is known, the bottom and/or side surfaces of hydraulic structures, in particular hydraulic works consisting of loose material, such as dams, canals and/or water basins to come in contact with water, must be suitably protected and waterproofed by an impermeable cover consisting of a plurality of side by side arranged sheets, having overlapped and sealed edges, both to prevent water loss through the loose material of the body of the hydraulic structure, preventing any water seepage, and the possibility of subsidence and/or erosion of the same body in loose material of the hydraulic structure, and/or of the surface in contact with water.
Over the time various methods and systems have been developed for covering and protecting by a geomembrane, hydraulic works or structure in concrete material, in particular hydraulic works consisting of loose material, according to which special metal profiles were used to lock and tensioning a number of the geostrips, which had to be previously anchored to the surfaces of the hydraulic works.
For fastening a covering to hydraulic works consisting of loose material, the use of short length of fastening strips in PVC or other polymeric material suitable for a geotechnical use, namely suitable to come in contact with a soil has also been suggested, by partially embedding said strips into the same soil, then thermally welding an impermeable cover of geostrips to the protruding portion of said fastening strips.
The use of a geomembrane has proved to be extremely beneficial, especially for covering systems in which use is made of geomembranes exposed to water and air, both due to the quality and efficiency of the waterproofing, as well as for its comparatively low cost and durability over the time.
A suitable system of canalization obtained by the same anchoring profiles for the geomembrane, also allowed for a drainage and evacuation of water that had seeped into the loose material of the body of the hydraulic structure or work, and any water leakages caused by breakages and/or perforation of the protective geomembrane; this prevented the membrane from being subject to bulging and/or high stresses that might have compromised its structural integrity.
Anchoring systems for geomembrane covers are described for example in EP-A-0 459 015 , EP-A-0 722 016 and EP-A-1 137 850 .
In the case of geomembranes exposed to the environment, in addition to any stresses caused by water seeping into the soil, it's also necessary to take into account the possibility of wave motions in the water, or the strong action of the wind, caused by cyclones for example, which tend to suck up the geomembrane when it is not covered by the water, pulling it away from its anchorage points.
Lastly US-A-5082397 is considered the closest prior art and disclosed the features of the preamble of claims 7 and 9. This document discloses a method and a hydraulic work with laid down impermeable cover comprising a plurality of side by side arranged plastic sheets for protecting hydraulic works, in which the operations of excavating a trench by removing the soil, unrolling and laying down of an unfolded plastic sheet, and immediately ballasting the plastic sheet laid down into the trench by merely covering the same plastic sheet with the previously removed soil, are conjointly made during the excavation, and repeatedly performed during successive passes up to complete an entire region to be protected. Therefore in laying down the plastic sheet, no tensioning is provided, and the formation of folds and/or bags is made possible leading to failure of the sheet material and water infiltration.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

Covering systems of this kind have therefore proved to be extremely complex and expensive, and not always suitable for a proper application to hydraulic works.
Therefore a need exists to find an alternative solution that is easy to install, comparatively less expensive, and which at the same time allows a firm anchorage and a controlled tensioning of the geostrips during laying-down and installation, while also providing suitable water drainage.
A correct tensioning of the geostrips during the construction and laying down of the impermeable cover, is important because it prevents the formation of folds and/or pockets, which, if accidentally perforated, would constitute large, preferential passageways through which water would seep, thus generating all the problems that should be avoided by the use of the impermeable cover; the use of a correctly tensioned geostrips during the construction of the cover can therefore prevent the loss of water through the body of a hydraulic work in loose material, as well as any water seepage and possible subsidence and/or erosion of the same body, and/or of the surface of the hydraulic work in contact with water.
Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a hydraulic work with an impermeable cover in which the impermeable cover comprises a plurality of side by side arranged geostrips in an elastically yieldable synthetic material, and in which the excavation of the trenches, the laying down of the geostrips and the ballasting may be performed by separate steps, allowing an appropriate tensioning of the geostrips to avoid formations of folds and/or bags and water infiltration into the soil.

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The above can be obtained by a method for laying down and tensioning an impermeable cover for hydraulic works consisting of loose material, according to claim 1, as well as by means of a hydraulic work with an impermeable cover according to claim 9.
If the surface of the hydraulic work comprises a clay soil or an inert material with fine particle size, for example less than 0.4 to 0.6 mm, the individual trenches can be directly shaped with a regularly, finished surface to come in contact with the geostrips, consisting of the same inert material of the soil; otherwise if the soil surface where the trenches are excavated or dug includes rocky material, gravel and/or aggregates of larger dimensions, it is possible to provide the trenches with a first bottom layer consisting of inert material of suitable granulometry and consistency, for example gravel and overlaying the bottom layer with a second layer of fine-grained filtering material such as sand, clay and/or slime that is then shaped to provide trenches having a longitudinal cavity with a regularly, finished surface suitable to come in contact with the geostrips.
The filling of the trenches with fine-grained material and the shaping of the contact surface, are required in soils having a granulometry higher than the sand which, during digging or excavation would not allow smooth and regular shaping of the trenches. Any improper shaping of the trenches will result in an improper positioning and tensioning of the geostrips which would lie on the edges of the trenches along irregular lines, thus giving rise to a cover being lain with wavy edges, which would make it difficult, if not impossible, to weld the overlapped edges of the geostrips, causing folds and/or bags that would reduce the tensioning effect. The filling of the trenches with a loose ballasting material also allows a secondary drainage and filtration function. The presence of layers of drainage and filtering material can be limited to the trenches alone, or extend over the entire surface of the hydraulic work to be covered by the geostrips.
The presence of a filtering and drainage layer thus allows any water leakage through the covering geostrips to be collected, and to relieve any negative pressures acting on the cover, arising from the presence of water, such as ground water, on the back side.
The geostrips can be transversely laid over the trenches and then sealingly connected to each other along their overlapped edges, or they can be pre-welded and longitudinally laid down on the trenches, provided that the total width of the geostrips or sheets of pre-welded geostrips is higher than the width between the extreme edges of three or more adjacent trenches.

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

This and other characteristics of the method and the device suitable for laying down and tensioning an impermeable cover comprising a plurality of geostrips, for hydraulic works consisting of loose material, according to this invention, could be better understood by the following description and the attached drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a water basin comprising an impermeable cover consisting of a geostrips laid down and tensioned according to the invention;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of a part of the bottom surface of the water basin of Figure 1, to show the excavation of the anchoring trenches;
Fig. 3 is a sectional view according to line 3-3 of Figure 2;
Fig. 4 is an enlarged sectional view of a trench, according to line 4-4 of Figure 2;
Fig. 5 is a sectional view similar to the one in Figure 4, to show the formation of a drainage layer;
Fig. 6 is a sectional view similar to the one in the previous figures, to show the formation of a filtering or transition layer, subsequently to a drainage layer;
Fig. 7 is a view similar to the one in Figure 2, to show the laying down of a number of geostrips, transversely extending across the trenches;
Fig. 8 is a sectional view according to line 8-8 of Figure 7;
Fig. 9 is a view similar to the one in Figure 7, to show a first penetration of the geostrips into a first set of alternate trenches;
Fig. 10 is a sectional view according to line 10-10 of Figure 9;
Fig. 11 is an enlarged sectional view of a trench according to line 11-11 of Figure 9;
Fig. 12 is an enlarged sectional view of a trench, according to line 12-12 of Figure 9;
Fig. 13 is a view similar to the one in Figure 9, to show a subsequent penetration and final tensioning of the geostrips into a second set of alternate trenches arranged between the first set of trenches;
Fig. 14 is a sectional view according to line 14-14 of Figure 13;
Fig. 15 is a schematic view, summarizing the main steps of the method according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Figure 1 shows, for example, a generic hydraulic work consisting of loose material, comprising a water basin 10 including an embankment 11 having a sloped inner surface 12, and a bottom surface 13 for holding a certain quantity of water.
To prevent water loss by seepage into the soil, both the inner surface 12 and the bottom surface 13 of the water basin are usually protected by an impermeable cover consisting of a geomembrane comprising a plurality of geostrips of a synthetic elastically yielding elastomeric material, which must be properly sealed together along their overlapped edges, tensioned and anchored to the ground.

Any material can be used for the geostrips of the impermeable cover, provided that it is suitable for its intended purpose; in particular it can be chosen from among the synthetic materials listed in the following table, taken individually or in combination.

TYPE	BASIC MATERIAL	ABBREVIATION
THERMOPLASTIC	- High-density polyethylene	HDPE
	- Low and/or high-density polyethylene	LLDPE
	- Polyethylene	PE
	- Chlorinated polyethylene	CPE
	- Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer	EVA/C
	- Polypropylene	PP
	- Polyvinyl chloride	PVC
THERMOPLASTIC RUBBERS	- Chlorine-sulfonate polyethylene	CSPE
THERMOPLASTIC RUBBERS	- Ethylene-propylene copolymer	E/P
THERMOSTABLE	- Polyisobutylene	PIB
	- Chloroprene rubber	CR
	- Ethylene propylene diene monomer	EPDM
	- Butyl rubber	IIR
	- Nitrile rubber	NBR
BITUMINOUS	- Oxidised bitumen	Prefabricated GM
BITUMINOUS	- Polymeric bitumen	-----

The above list is not exhaustive and also comprises materials that are technically and commercially ascribable to the elastomer and bituminous family.
The geostrips can vary in thickness between 0.2 and 40 mm, with an elastic modulus between 10 and 5,000 MPa, possibly coupled with a geotextile. According to this invention, to install and anchoring the geostrips to the surfaces 12 and 13 of the water basin 10, as shown in Figures 1 to 4, a plurality of trenches 14 are initially excavated into the soil, parallel to one another and all oriented in a given direction; the trenches 14 must be large enough to accommodate, if necessary, a preset quantity of drainage material and/or filtering material, as explained below. The trenches 14 can be of any suitable shape, for example they can have a rectangular, trapezoidal or semicircular cross section. As shown in the detail in Figure 4, the trenches 14 can be of any width L at the upper edges, and a depth S depending on the nature of the soil and the amount of drainage and/or filtering material in the trenches, while the pitch P between adjacent trenches 14 must be much larger than the width L, for example, between four and ten times L, or higher, so that between adjacent trenches 14 there will be a length of geostrips sufficient to allow for an required elongation by the elastic yielding, needed for tensioning by a suitable ballasting material.
By way of example only, it should be noted that during some experimental tests, trenches having a maximum width L between 600 and 1000 mm, and a depth D between 400 and 700 mm were excavated, maintaining a pitch P between 4 and 10 m.
As previously reported, in cases the soil is composed of inert material of fine size particles, equal to or less than 0.5 to 0.6 mm, such as sand or clay, once the trenches 14 have been excavated, the soil must be adequately compacted, shaping the individual trenches with a longitudinal cavity having a regular, finished contact surface, suitable to come in contact with the geostrips 14.
Optionally, if the characteristics of the soil in which the trenches 14 are excavated are such to include larger aggregates, once the trenches 14 have been excavated, after having properly compacted the soil, the individual trenches are partially filled 14 with a first layer 15 of drainage material, consisting for example of large-sized gravel; in this way a sort of drainage canal is provided, suitably slanted toward a peripheral manifold.
The layer 15 of drainage material can be distributed in the trenches 14 on the bottom surface 13 of the hydraulic work, or water basin 10 alone, while in the case of a sloped surface 12, facing towards the water in the basin 10, it is suggested that the drainage layer 15 be laid over the entire surface, as schematically shown in Figure 5.
In all cases, the layer 15 of drainage material in the trenches 14, will be distributed so as to form a longitudinal cavity 16 large enough to hold a second layer 17 of filtering material, as shown in Figure 6, in particular loose, shapeable material, such as earth, fine sand or small-sized gravel, rounded and sharp edges, which thus becomes a transition layer between the underlying drainage layer 15 and the protective geostrips subsequently laid down.
Once the filtering layer 17 has been distributed in the trenches 14, using an appropriate tooling, such as the bucket of an excavator, a longitudinal canal 18 is provided as shown in Figure 6.
The thicknesses of the drainage layer 15, the filtering layer 17, and consequently the shape and size of the longitudinal canal 18, must be calculated so that the canals 18 can accommodate geostrips large enough to cause a desired tensioning, as well as to ensure the necessary blocking to withstand external forces such as wind, wave motion and ice.
After the preparation of the trenches 14, or part of them, and their filling with the drainage layer 15 and the filtering layer 17 when necessary to create a finished contact surface to come in contact with the geostrips, and after having possibly overlapped it with a layer of a protective geotextile, not shown, according to the example in consideration the cover is built by laying down a number of geostrips 20 transversely or orthogonally across the trenches 14, as shown in Figure 7, unwinding them from rolls; as an alternative to laying down the geostrips transversely 20, as shown in Figure 7 multiple pre-welded geostrips 20 can be laid down, parallel to the trenches 14, provided that the total width of the pre-welded geostrips is greater than the space between the extreme edges of at least three adjacent trenches 14.
The geostrips 20 are initially laid down and unfolded in a flat condition adhering to the soil or a surface of the hydraulic work to be protected, a bridging across the individual trenches 14, as shown in Figure 8; providing for a suitable overlap 21 between the opposite edges of adjacent geostrips, it's possible to achieve a sealing connection between them, for example by thermal welding, vulcanization or a suitable adhesive.
After having laid down and sealingly connected a number of geostrips 20, their anchoring and tensioning should proceed; this is done gradually in successive steps, as shown in Figures 9 to 14 of the attached drawings.
In particular, as shown in Figures 9 and 10 and in detail in Figure 11, the geostrips 20 are first sequentially pushed into the cavities 18 of a first set of alternate trenches 14A, for example the odd-numbered trenches as indicated by the reference numbers 1 and 3 in Figure 9, by a first appropriate ballasting material 22.
More precisely, in ballasting the geostrips 20 into the first set of alternate trenches 14A, the geostrips 20 remain adherent to the soil with an arrangement bridging the remaining second set of even-numbered trenches 14B, adjacent to and interposed between the previous set of trenches 14A, as indicated in Figures 9, 10 and in detail in Figure 12. Having completed the first ballasting step of the geostrips 20 into the cavities of the odd-numbered trenches 14A, the geostrips are then tensioned and ballasted into the cavities of the even-numbered trenches 14B, as shown and indicated by 22A in Figures 13 and 14.
By ballasting in the sequence as previously indicated, a final tensioning is performed of the geostrips 20 that makes them perfectly adhere to the surfaces 12 and 13 of the hydraulic work to be protected. Obviously, care must be taken to ballast the geostrips 20 with appropriate weights to create the desired elongation and the desired tensioning by an elastic yielding ranging, for example, between 2% and 4% in the area of the geostrips 20 between adjacent trenches 14A and 14B, as shown by the arrows W1 and W2 in Figures 13 and 14.
Any type of ballasting material 22 and 22A can be used; for example, it can be selected from among the following: gravel, sand, earth, concrete, or a combination thereof.
Optionally, as shown by 23 in Figure 14, at each trench 14 the ballasting material 22, 22A can be covered with an auxiliary geostrip 23, longitudinally extending over the individual trenches, heat-sealed along the edges to the geostrips 20.
The geostrips 20 and 23 can be of any type, for example, them may be in the form of simple strips of geosynthetic material, or a geocomposite consisting of a combination of geosynthetic and geotextile materials.
In some cases, in the area between adjacent trenches, the transition layer may include a geotextile, a geocomposite, a geonet or other anti-perforation material suitable for the protection of the geostrips; likewise the drainage layer may consist of any geodrainage material such as gravel, geonet, geogrid, geomat or combination thereof.
Figure 15 gives an explanatory summary of the main steps from S1 to S5 of the method for laying down and tensioning the geostrips according to this invention, in particular:

S1 shows the trench excavation step 14;
S2 shows the step of filling the trenches with an optional drainage layer 15;
S3 shows the step of filling the trenches 14 with an optional filtering layer 17, shaped with a longitudinal cavity 18 suitable to provide a regular, finished surface to come in contact with the geostrips.
S4 shows the laying down of the geostrips 20 bridging across the trenches 14;
S5 shows the pushing and blocking step of the geostrips by a first ballasting material, in the cavities of a first set of trenches such as the odd-numbered trenches 14A;
finally, S6 shows the final step tensioning and anchoring the geostrips, pushing and blocking them into the cavities of the remaining second set of trenches such as even-numbered trenches 14B by a second ballasting material.

It is to be understood, however, that what has been said and shown in the attached drawings, has been given purely by way of an example of the general features of the method and system according to this invention; therefore, other modifications or variations may be applied to the shape, size, arrangement and distance between the trenches 14, to the type of material for the drainage and/or filtration layers and the ballasting material, achieving the same effects and the same results without departing from the claims.

Claims

A method for laying down and tensioning an impermeable cover comprising a number of geostrips (20) in elastically yielding synthetic material, on a surface (12, 13) of a hydraulic work in loose material, comprising the steps of:
excavating a plurality of spaced apart trenches (14) which extend in one direction on the surface and into the soil (12, 13) of the hydraulic work;

shaping the individual trenches (14) with a regularly finished surface suitable to come in contact with the geostrips (20); and

laying down the geostrips (20), in an unfolded and in a contact condition with the surface (12, 13) of the hydraulic work, overlapping opposite edges of adjacent geostrips (20), and ballasting the geostrips (20) into the trenches (14) by ballasting material (22, 22A);

characterised by excavating said plurality of trenches comprising first and second sets (14A, 14B) of alternate trenches (14);

sealingly connecting the overlapped edges of a plurality of geostrips (20) and, while laying down the plurality of geostrips (20), maintaining a bridging disposition of the geostrips (20) on the trenches (14);

pushing the geostrips (20) to penetrate into the cavities of a first set of trenches (14A), blocking them by a first ballasting material; and

subsequently tensioning the geostrips (20), pushing them into the cavities of a second set of trenches (14B), blocking them in a taut condition by a second ballasting material (22A).
The method according to claim 1, in which the shaped surface of the trenches (14) in contact with the geostrips (20), consists of a fine, inert material, with dimensions equal to or less than 0.5 mm.
The method according to claim 1, comprising the additional steps of:
partially filling each trench (14) with a first layer (15) of drainage material, and subsequently filling the trench (14) with a second layer (17) of a compactable, filtering inert material; and

configuring the second filtering layer (17) with a longitudinal channel (18), shaping it with a regular finished contact surface with the geostrips (20).
The method according to claim 1, in which the geostrips (20) are laid down in a transversal direction to the trenches (14).
The method according to claim 1, in which a plurality of pre-welded geostrips (20) is laid down longitudinally to the trenches (14).
The method according to claim 3, in which the layer of drainage material (15) comprises a geodrain.
The method according to claim 6, in which the layer of drainage material (15) is chosen from: gravel, geomesh, geogrid, geomat or their combination.
The method according to claim 1, in which the layer of filtering material (17) is chosen from: lime, sand, fine rounded gravel, geomesh, geotextile or their combination.
A hydraulic work having a soil surface in loose material with a laid down and tensioned impermeable cover for the soil surface, in which the impermeable cover comprises a plurality of side by side arranged geostrips (20) in elastically yieldable synthetic material, having overlapped side edges, and in which the geostrips (20) are held by a ballasting material (22, 22A) in a plurality of trenches (14) parallely extending on the hydraulic soil surface (12,13);
the plurality of trenches (14) are anchoring trenches (14) each provided with a cavity shaped with a finished regular contact surface with the geostrips (20) characterised in that said plurality of trenches (14) comprise a first set of alternate trenches (14A), and a second set of alternate trenches (14B), in which each trench (14A) of the first set is extending between trenches (14B) of the second set of trenches;
the plurality of geostrips (20) being transversely and/or longitudinally unfolded to bridge said first and second set of trenches (14A, 14B); and the geostrips (20) are laid down and tensioned according to the method of claim 1;
said geostrips (20) are held in a tensioned condition by a first and a second ballast material (22, 22A), into said first and second set of trenches (14A, 14B).
The device according to claim 9, in which a drainage material comprises: gravel, geomesh, geogrid, geomat, singly or in combination.
The device according to claim 9, in which a layer (17) of filtering material comprises: sand, earth, clay, lime, used singly or in combination.
The device according to claim 11, in which the layer (17) of filtering material further comprises a geotextile, a geomesh, a geocomposite or their combination.
The device according to claim 9, in which the ballast material includes: sand, gravel, earth, concrete or their combination.
The device according to claim 9, in which the synthetic material of the geostrips (20) is chosen from the materials listed in the following table: TYPE BASIC MATERIAL ABBREVIATION THERMOPLASTIC - High-density polyethylene HDPE - Low and/or high-density polyethylene LLDPE - Polyethylene PE - Chlorinated polyethylene CPE - Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer EVA/C - Polypropylene PP - Polyvinyl chloride PVC THERMOPLASTIC RUBBERS - Chlorine-sulfonate polyethylene CSPE - Ethylene-propylene copolymer E/P THERMOSTABLE - Polyisobutylene PIB - Chloroprene rubber CR - Ethylene propylene diene monomer EPDM - Butyl rubber IIR - Nitrile rubber NBR BITUMINOUS - Oxidised bitumen Prefabricated GM - Polymeric bitumen -----
The device according to claim 13, in which the geostrips (20) have a thickness between 0.2 and 40 mm, and elasticity module between 10 and 5000 MPa.
The device according to claim 9, in which the step (P) between the trenches (14A, 14B) is between four and ten times the maximum width (L) of the trenches.
The device according to claim 9, characterised by comprising an additional geostrip (23) to cover the ballast material (22, 22A), sealed to the geostrips (20).