EP2574939B1 - Isolation fault detection device and device for insulation fault localisation in an unearthed power supply network - Google Patents

Isolation fault detection device and device for insulation fault localisation in an unearthed power supply network Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2574939B1
EP2574939B1 EP12184887.3A EP12184887A EP2574939B1 EP 2574939 B1 EP2574939 B1 EP 2574939B1 EP 12184887 A EP12184887 A EP 12184887A EP 2574939 B1 EP2574939 B1 EP 2574939B1
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Prior art keywords
measuring
current
insulation fault
power supply
fault location
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EP12184887.3A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2574939A2 (en
EP2574939A3 (en
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Oliver SCHÄFER
Winfried MÖLL
Friedhelm Dalitz
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Bender GmbH and Co KG
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Bender GmbH and Co KG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
    • G01R31/081—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
    • G01R31/086—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in power transmission or distribution networks, i.e. with interconnected conductors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
    • G01R31/52—Testing for short-circuits, leakage current or ground faults

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an insulation fault locating device for locating insulation faults in an ungrounded power supply network, with exactly one measuring channel and at least one current measuring device and an evaluation device.
  • the invention further relates to a device for locating insulation faults in an unearthed power supply network, with a test device for generating a test current and with an insulation fault locator according to the invention.
  • Insulation monitoring devices monitor the insulation level of the IT network and generate a warning message as soon as the insulation resistance falls below a predetermined response value. With this message, insulation troubleshooting automatically starts in permanently installed systems using an insulation troubleshooting device.
  • This consists of an insulation monitoring device (with a test current generator) or a special test device as well as an insulation fault evaluation device in conjunction with one or more measuring current transformers.
  • the insulation monitoring device or test device superimposes a measuring voltage on the network, which leads to a test current in a faulty line that is proportional to the insulation fault.
  • This test current signal is recorded by all measuring current transformers that are located in a faulty cable outlet and is evaluated and displayed by an insulation fault evaluation device. The fault location can be localized by assigning the measuring current transformer/circuit or cable outlet.
  • the faulty line outlet can be determined using troubleshooting devices, which are usually installed in control cabinets
  • troubleshooting devices which are usually installed in control cabinets
  • the troubleshooting devices used only detect the faulty power outlet, but not the corresponding consumer, as these are widely connected to sub-distribution systems.
  • manual insulation fault finding is also carried out using portable fault finding systems. The subsequent localization then allows localization in subordinate line outlets up to individual consumer connections.
  • the faulty consumer can be located by disconnecting individual consumers from the network and simultaneously observing the permanently installed troubleshooting system. Overall, insulation troubleshooting is very complex and can only be carried out by a qualified electrician.
  • the system consists of a main device and a preferably portable localization unit that communicates with the main device and has a measuring current transformer connected to it.
  • a residual current circuit breaker is disclosed, which is characterized by a test circuit for residual current function testing, the test circuit only taking up a small amount of space.
  • the components of this residual current circuit breaker are encapsulated in a housing made of insulating material.
  • the GB 1 214 678 shows a residual current monitoring device whose components can be integrated into a socket and which includes a summation current transformer and a switching element.
  • the US 4,884,034 shows a preferably portable device for ground fault detection and detection, which consists of a pulsed ground circuit and a sensor unit.
  • a measuring clamp can be connected to the sensor unit.
  • the aforementioned devices have the disadvantage that they either have multiple parts or are unsuitable as residual current protection devices for unearthed power supply systems as an insulation fault locator for locating insulation faults.
  • the DE 199 25 349 describes a power strip with a power supply line and a plurality of sockets arranged in a common housing and with a monitoring device provided in the housing, which contains a voltage or current monitoring unit and an output connection device unit.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the task of making the process of insulation fault finding for locating a faulty consumer more efficient and simplifying it.
  • the insulation fault locator has exactly one measuring channel and, according to the invention, consists of at least one current measuring device and an evaluation device, which are integrated in a structural unit.
  • this structural unit can be installed directly on the consumer supply line or on the sub-distribution.
  • the test current signal flowing over a possible insulation fault is detected by the current measuring device and immediately signaled as an error at the same point by the evaluation device. This makes it possible to directly assign any insulation faults that occur to the consumer that caused them.
  • An insulation fault can also be noticed by non-expert personnel and the subsequent, usually time-consuming, manual localization of the insulation fault using portable fault finding systems can be omitted.
  • the integrated structural The unit consisting of a current measuring device and an evaluation device can be an adapter part, which is designed as an intermediate plug for plugging onto a protective contact-compatible plug connection, or an add-on part, which is designed as a socket with a protective contact-compatible plug connection, or with electrical contacts for direct connection of electrical Supply lines are formed.
  • the integrated attachment itself can also be designed as a protective contact socket.
  • the attachment serves as a standard protective contact socket without any additional wiring and expands its function to include the option of finding insulation faults.
  • the attachment can be attached to the connecting cable to be tested without cutting the supply line, with the current measuring devices being designed as - preferably separable - measuring current transformers and the contacting of the conductors can be carried out using contact mandrels.
  • This embodiment is also suitable for subsequent installation without extensive installation work.
  • the current measuring device is expediently designed as a shunt resistor for measuring a load current.
  • this also allows the load current to be measured in terms of magnitude and angle and is used to detect an overload on the monitored line.
  • the current measuring devices are designed as measuring current transformers. In addition to the priority detection of the test current, switching the operating mode also enables the measurement of a differential current or a load current. Since an ohmic insulation fault in unearthed systems usually also results in a differential current flowing across the leakage capacitances of the network, its detection provides greater reliability when locating insulation faults. In addition, the device can also be used in grounded power supply systems in the differential current and load current modes.
  • the device advantageously has a mains coupling circuit for measuring mains voltage and ground voltage.
  • the mains voltage measurement with magnitude and angle offers the possibility of issuing a warning message in the event of undervoltage or overvoltage in the supply line.
  • a device for locating insulation faults in an ungrounded power supply network with a test device for generating a test current has an insulation fault locating device according to the invention according to one of claims 1 to 12.
  • This device according to the invention thus represents a complete insulation fault locating device, which includes the activation of a test current signal by the test device and the detection and evaluation of the test current signal by the insulation fault locator according to the invention.
  • the device advantageously has a signaling device for displaying the measured values and for the optical and/or acoustic display of warning and status messages.
  • One or more such signaling devices enable the display or representation of the values recorded by one or more insulation fault locating devices and transmitted to the signaling device. These values can be, for example, the load current, the differential current, the test current, the mains voltage U 12 , the active power, the apparent power or the energy taken.
  • the device has a central evaluation device for processing the data from several measuring channels.
  • the evaluation device includes a signaling unit corresponding to the signaling device for displaying the measured values and for the visual and/or acoustic display of warning and status messages.
  • the variables recorded via the current measuring device of the insulation fault locator according to the invention can also be processed centrally in the evaluation device.
  • a data transmission path is set up between the insulation fault locating device according to the invention and the signaling device and/or between the insulation fault locating device according to the invention and the evaluation device.
  • This data transmission allows the variables recorded decentrally with the insulation fault locator to be evaluated and displayed at a central location using the evaluation or signaling device described above.
  • the data transmission path can be wired or wireless with transmitting and receiving devices.
  • Wired transmission methods include modulated carrier signals superimposed on the line network, such as: B. Powerline Communication or dedicated lines intended for data transmission, such as Ethernet, come into question.
  • Wireless data transmission can, for example, be carried out via radio signals, for example according to a (mobile) radio standard or via infrared signals.
  • the insulation fault locator, the evaluation device and the signaling device each have a transmitting and receiving device corresponding to the transmission method.
  • Fig. 1 shows in a functional block diagram the basic electrical structure of the insulation fault locator 2 according to the invention for locating insulation faults in an ungrounded power supply network 4.
  • the ungrounded power supply network 4 is a consumer supply line 4 formed from the conductors L 1 and L 2 , which is fed from the grounded network 8 via a transformer 6 is supplied and a consumer 10 is supplied.
  • the consumer supply line 4 can be a cable section 4 of a fixed installation of an IT network or any free cable section 4.
  • the insulation fault locator is designed as an adapter part, the insulation fault locator 2 is arranged between a plug connection 12 of the cable section 4 on a protective contact socket 12 and a plug connection 14 of the consumer 10 on the cable section 4.
  • the insulation fault locator 2 includes one or more current measuring devices 20, a network coupling circuit 22 and an evaluation device 24.
  • the current measuring devices 20 are in the form of a shunt resistor 26 for measuring a load current and as a measuring current transformer 28 for detecting a test current or a differential current.
  • the network coupling circuit 22 has a first coupling branch connected to an active conductor L 1 with a coupling resistor R A1 and a measuring resistor R M1 for measuring the network voltage and a second coupling branch connected to ground potential with a coupling resistor R A2 and a measuring resistor R M2 for measuring earth voltage.
  • the evaluation device 24 each has a signal path with an amplifier circuit and a subsequent filter circuit.
  • the detected measurement signal is passed through a first amplifier circuit 32 connected on the input side to the current measuring device 20, 28 and a subsequent first filter circuit 34.
  • the evaluation device has a second filter circuit 36 connected on the input side to the output of the first filter circuit 34 and a subsequent differentiator circuit 38;
  • the evaluation device has a second amplifier circuit 40 connected on the input side to the shunt resistor 26 and a subsequent third filter circuit 42.
  • the mains voltage measurement is carried out via a third amplifier circuit 44, which is connected on the input side to the first coupling branch between the coupling resistor R A1 and the measuring resistor R M1 , and a subsequent fourth filter circuit 46.
  • the outputs of the first filter circuit 34, the third 42, the fourth 46 and the fifth filter circuit 50 as well as the differentiator circuit 38 are each fed to a microprocessor 54 with a memory unit 56 via an AD converter 52.
  • the signal filtering can also be carried out in the microprocessor 54 on a digital level using digital signal processing algorithms.
  • the insulation fault locator 2 is equipped with a data interface 60 for transmitting measured values and warning and status signals, which has a transmitting and receiving device for wired or wireless data transmission.
  • An LED signal display 62 signals the operating status of the device 2 and warns if insulation faults occur.
  • the insulation fault locator 2 has a testing device 64 for testing the residual current release and a power supply unit 66 for its own energy supply from the power supply network.
  • Fig. 2 is based on an embodiment of the insulation fault locator 2 according to the invention as a socket and shows a circuit board 68 as a socket insert 70 with a protective contact-compatible plug connection.
  • the active conductors L 1 and L 2 are designed as plug contacts 72 and are enclosed by the measuring current transformer 28, while the ground conductor is functionally guided around the measuring current transformer 28 as a protective contact 76.
  • the permanently installed power lines are connected to the circuit board 68 via the conductor connections 78 and led to the contacts 72, 76 via conductor tracks 80.
  • the shunt resistor 26 is inserted into a conductor track 80 of the conductor L 1 .
  • an LED indicator 62 is electrically connected to the circuit board 68 as a signaling device 62.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Locating Faults (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Isolationsfehlersuchgerät zur Isolationsfehlerlokalisierung in einem ungeerdeten Stromversorgungsnetz, mit genau einem Messkanal und mindestens einer Strommesseinrichtung sowie einer Auswerteeinrichtung.The invention relates to an insulation fault locating device for locating insulation faults in an ungrounded power supply network, with exactly one measuring channel and at least one current measuring device and an evaluation device.

Weiterhin betrifft die Erfindung eine Vorrichtung zur Isolationsfehlerlokalisierung in einem ungeerdeten Stromversorgungsnetz, mit einem Prüfgerät zur Erzeugung eines Prüfstroms und mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Isolationsfehlersuchgerät.The invention further relates to a device for locating insulation faults in an unearthed power supply network, with a test device for generating a test current and with an insulation fault locator according to the invention.

Um eine hohe Verfügbarkeit und Betriebssicherheit der elektrischen Stromversorgung sicherzustellen sowie die Personensicherheit im Bereich elektrischer Anlagen zu gewährleisten, ist es notwendig, Isolationsfehler in Leitungsnetzen zu erkennen, bevor die Anlage automatisch abschaltet oder bei Berührung eines aktiven Leiters gefährliche Körperströme fließen können. Zur Stromversorgung wichtiger Anlagen und Verbraucher, z.B. in medizinisch genutzten Räumen, werden daher ungeerdete Netze (IT-Systeme) mit Isolationsüberwachung eingesetzt. Wegen des im Idealfall unendlich großen Impedanzwertes zwischen Leiter und Erde, fließt bei einem Isolationsfehler kein Kurzschlussstrom, sodass die Spannungsversorgung bei diesem einpoligen Erdschluss ("erster Fehler") noch sichergestellt ist. Auch der Personenschutz ist gewährleistet, da bei Berühren eines aktiven Leiters kein geschlossener Stromkreis mit einem über die (geerdete) Person fließenden Strom entstehen kann.In order to ensure high availability and operational reliability of the electrical power supply and to ensure personal safety in the area of electrical systems, it is necessary to detect insulation faults in cable networks before the system switches off automatically or before dangerous body currents can flow when an active conductor is touched. Unearthed networks (IT systems) with insulation monitoring are therefore used to supply power to important systems and consumers, for example in rooms used for medicine. Because of the ideally infinitely large impedance value between conductor and earth, no short-circuit current flows in the event of an insulation fault, so that the voltage supply is still ensured in the event of this single-pole earth fault ("first fault"). Personal protection is also guaranteed because touching an active conductor cannot create a closed circuit with current flowing through the (grounded) person.

Wird das Stromversorgungsnetz bei Vorliegen eines "ersten Fehlers" weiter betrieben, dann ist auf Grund dieses Fehlers aus dem bisher ungeerdeten Netz ein geerdetes System entstanden, sodass ein weiterer Fehler zur Abschaltung der Anlage oder die Berührung eines aktiven Leiters zu einem gefährlichen Körperstrom führen kann. Eine schnelle Lokalisierung und Beseitigung von Isolationsfehlern ist daher erforderlich.If the power supply network continues to operate when a "first error" occurs, then due to this error, a grounded system has been created from the previously unearthed network, so that a further error can cause the system to be switched off or touching an active conductor can lead to a dangerous body current. Rapid localization and elimination of insulation faults is therefore necessary.

Isolationsüberwachungsgeräte überwachen das Isolationsniveau des IT-Netzes und erzeugen eine Warnmeldung, sobald der Isolationswiderstand einen vorbestimmten Ansprechwert unterschreitet. Mit dieser Meldung startet in fest installierten Systemen automatisch eine Isolationsfehlersuche mit Hilfe einer Isolationsfehlersucheinrichtung. Diese besteht aus einem Isolationsüberwachungsgerät (mit Prüfstromgenerator) oder einem besonderen Prüfgerät sowie einem Isolationsfehler-Auswertegerät in Verbindung mit einem oder mehreren Messstromwandlern. Das Isolationsüberwachungsgerät oder das Prüfgerät überlagert dem Netz eine Messspannung, die in einer fehlerhaften Leitung zu einem dem Isolationsfehler proportionalen Prüfstrom führt. Dieses Prüfstromsignal wird von allen Messstromwandlern, die in einem fehlerbehafteten Leitungsabgang liegen, erfasst und durch ein Isolationsfehler-Auswertegerät ausgewertet und angezeigt. Durch die Zuordnung Messstromwandler/Stromkreis bzw. Leitungsabgang kann der Fehlerort lokalisiert werden.Insulation monitoring devices monitor the insulation level of the IT network and generate a warning message as soon as the insulation resistance falls below a predetermined response value. With this message, insulation troubleshooting automatically starts in permanently installed systems using an insulation troubleshooting device. This consists of an insulation monitoring device (with a test current generator) or a special test device as well as an insulation fault evaluation device in conjunction with one or more measuring current transformers. The insulation monitoring device or test device superimposes a measuring voltage on the network, which leads to a test current in a faulty line that is proportional to the insulation fault. This test current signal is recorded by all measuring current transformers that are located in a faulty cable outlet and is evaluated and displayed by an insulation fault evaluation device. The fault location can be localized by assigning the measuring current transformer/circuit or cable outlet.

Als nachteilig erweist sich, dass im Fall eines schadhaften Verbrauchers mit Fehlersucheinrichtungen, die zumeist in Schaltschränken eingebaut sind, zwar der fehlerhafte Leitungsabgang ermittelt werden kann, ein direkter Bezug zu der jeweiligen Steckdose, an die der fehlerhafte Verbraucher angeschlossen ist, aber nicht gegeben ist. Dies gilt für alle elektrischen Anlagen, die als IT-Netze, nicht nur in Gebäuden, sondern auch auf Schiffen oder in Fahrzeugen installiert sind. Die eingesetzten Fehlersucheinrichtungen erkennen lediglich den fehlerhaften Stromabgang, nicht aber den entsprechenden Verbraucher, da diese weit verzweigt an Unterverteilanlagen angeschlossen sind. Zur genauen Lokalisierung wird in Ergänzung zu dem fest installierten Fehlersuchsystem zusätzlich eine manuelle Isolationsfehlersuche mit portablen Fehlersuchsystemen durchgeführt. Die nachträgliche Lokalisierung erlaubt dann die Lokalisierung in untergeordneten Leitungsabgängen bis hin zu einzelnen Verbraucheranschlüssen. Alternativ kann durch Trennen einzelner Verbraucher vom Netz und unter gleichzeitiger Beobachtung des fest installierten Fehlersuchsystems der fehlerhafte Verbraucher lokalisiert werden. Insgesamt betrachtet gestaltet sich die Isolationsfehlersuche sehr aufwendig und kann nur von einer Elektrofachkraft durchgeführt werden.The disadvantage is that in the case of a defective consumer, the faulty line outlet can be determined using troubleshooting devices, which are usually installed in control cabinets However, there is no direct reference to the respective socket to which the faulty consumer is connected. This applies to all electrical systems that are installed as IT networks, not only in buildings, but also on ships or vehicles. The troubleshooting devices used only detect the faulty power outlet, but not the corresponding consumer, as these are widely connected to sub-distribution systems. For precise localization, in addition to the permanently installed fault finding system, manual insulation fault finding is also carried out using portable fault finding systems. The subsequent localization then allows localization in subordinate line outlets up to individual consumer connections. Alternatively, the faulty consumer can be located by disconnecting individual consumers from the network and simultaneously observing the permanently installed troubleshooting system. Overall, insulation troubleshooting is very complex and can only be carried out by a qualified electrician.

Aus der Entgegenhaltung US 7,529,069 B1 ist ein System zur Erdschlusserkennung und Lokalisierung in einem ungeerdeten Stromversorgungsnetz bekannt. Das System besteht aus einem Hauptgerät und einer mit dem Hauptgerät kommunizierenden, vorzugsweise portablen Lokalisierungseinheit mit einem daran angeschlossenen Messstromwandler.From the citation US 7,529,069 B1 a system for ground fault detection and localization in an ungrounded power supply network is known. The system consists of a main device and a preferably portable localization unit that communicates with the main device and has a measuring current transformer connected to it.

In der FR 2 863 115 ist ein Fehlerstromschutzschalter offenbart, welcher sich durch einen Prüfkreis zur Fehlerstromfunktionsprüfung auszeichnet, wobei der Prüfkreis nur einen geringen Bauraum beansprucht. Die Bauteile dieses Fehlerstromschutzschalters sind in ein aus Isolierstoff bestehendes Gehäuse eingekapselt.In the FR 2 863 115 a residual current circuit breaker is disclosed, which is characterized by a test circuit for residual current function testing, the test circuit only taking up a small amount of space. The components of this residual current circuit breaker are encapsulated in a housing made of insulating material.

Die GB 1 214 678 zeigt eine Fehlerstromüberwachungseinrichtung, deren Bauelemente in eine Steckdose integrierbar sind und die einen Summenstromwandler sowie ein Schaltelement umfasst.The GB 1 214 678 shows a residual current monitoring device whose components can be integrated into a socket and which includes a summation current transformer and a switching element.

Die US 4,884,034 zeigt eine vorzugsweise portable Vorrichtung zur Erdschlussfehlererkennung und -detektion, welche aus einem gepulsten Erdungsschaltkreis und einer Sensoreinheit besteht. An die Sensoreinheit ist eine Messzange anschließbar.The US 4,884,034 shows a preferably portable device for ground fault detection and detection, which consists of a pulsed ground circuit and a sensor unit. A measuring clamp can be connected to the sensor unit.

Die vorgenannten Vorrichtungen weisen den Nachteil auf, dass sie entweder mehrteilig sind oder als Fehlerstromschutzeinrichtungen für ungeerdete Stromversorgungssysteme als Isolationsfehlersuchgerät zur Isolationsfehlerlokalisierung ungeeignet sind.The aforementioned devices have the disadvantage that they either have multiple parts or are unsuitable as residual current protection devices for unearthed power supply systems as an insulation fault locator for locating insulation faults.

Die DE 199 25 349 beschreibt eine Steckdosenleiste mit einer Netzzuleitung und mehreren in einem gemeinsamen Gehäuse angeordneten Steckdosen und mit einer in dem Gehäuse vorgesehene Überwachungseinrichtung, die eine Spannungs- oder Stromüberwachungseinheit sowie eine Ausgabeanschlussvorrichtungseinheit enthält.The DE 199 25 349 describes a power strip with a power supply line and a plurality of sockets arranged in a common housing and with a monitoring device provided in the housing, which contains a voltage or current monitoring unit and an output connection device unit.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt somit die Aufgabe zu Grunde, den Prozess der Isolationsfehlersuche zur Lokalisierung eines fehlerhaften Verbrauchers effizienter zu gestalten und zu vereinfachen.The present invention is therefore based on the task of making the process of insulation fault finding for locating a faulty consumer more efficient and simplifying it.

Diese Aufgabe wird mit dem Gegenstand des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This task is solved with the subject matter of claim 1.

Das Isolationsfehlersuchgerät weist genau einen Messkanal auf und besteht erfindungsgemäß aus mindestens einer Strommesseinrichtung und einer Auswerteeinrichtung, die in einer baulichen Einheit integriert sind. In Form eines Anbauteiles oder eines Adapterteils kann diese bauliche Einheit direkt an der Verbraucherzuleitung oder an der Unterverteilung installiert sein. Das über einen möglichen Isolationsfehler fließende Prüfstromsignal wird von der Strommesseinrichtung erfasst und sofort an gleicher Stelle von der Auswerteeinrichtung als Fehler signalisiert. Damit ist die Möglichkeit gegeben, auftretende Isolationsfehler gezielt dem verursachenden Verbraucher direkt zuordnen zu können. Ein Isolationsfehler kann auch von nicht fachkundigem Personal bemerkt werden und eine nachfolgende meist aufwändige manuelle Lokalisierung des Isolationsfehlers mit portablen Fehlersuchsystemen kann entfallen.The insulation fault locator has exactly one measuring channel and, according to the invention, consists of at least one current measuring device and an evaluation device, which are integrated in a structural unit. In the form of an add-on part or an adapter part, this structural unit can be installed directly on the consumer supply line or on the sub-distribution. The test current signal flowing over a possible insulation fault is detected by the current measuring device and immediately signaled as an error at the same point by the evaluation device. This makes it possible to directly assign any insulation faults that occur to the consumer that caused them. An insulation fault can also be noticed by non-expert personnel and the subsequent, usually time-consuming, manual localization of the insulation fault using portable fault finding systems can be omitted.

Die integrierte bauliche Einheit aus Strommesseinrichtung und Auswerteeinrichtung kann ein Adapterteil sein, welches als Zwischenstecker zum Aufstecken auf eine schutzkontakt-kompatible Steckverbindung ausgebildet ist oder ein Anbauteil sein, welches als Steckdose mit einer schutzkontakt-kompatiblen Steckverbindung ausgebildet ist, oder das mit elektrischen Kontakten zum direkten Anschluss von elektrischen Zuleitungen ausgebildet ist.The integrated structural The unit consisting of a current measuring device and an evaluation device can be an adapter part, which is designed as an intermediate plug for plugging onto a protective contact-compatible plug connection, or an add-on part, which is designed as a socket with a protective contact-compatible plug connection, or with electrical contacts for direct connection of electrical Supply lines are formed.

Bei einer Ausbildung als Adapterteil ist eine nachträgliche Installation problemlos möglich, da das Adapterteil in Form eines Zwischensteckers lediglich an der Schutzkontaktsteckdose in die Verbraucherzuleitung eingefügt werden muss. Eine Elektrofachkraft ist für diese Maßnahme nicht erforderlich.If designed as an adapter part, subsequent installation is possible without any problems, since the adapter part in the form of an adapter plug only needs to be inserted into the consumer supply line at the protective contact socket. A qualified electrician is not required for this measure.

Auch kann das integrierte Anbauteil selbst als Schutzkontakt-Steckdose ausgebildet sein. In diesem Fall dient das Anbauteil ohne weiteren Verdrahtungsaufwand als handelsübliche Schutzkontakt-Steckdose und erweitert deren Funktion um die Möglichkeit der Isolationsfehlersuche. Weiterhin ist eine Ausbildung des Anbauteils mit elektrischen Kontakten zum direkten Anschluss von elektrischen Zuleitungen von Vorteil. Ohne Auftrennen der Zuleitung kann das Anbauteil in dieser Ausführung an der zu prüfenden Anschlussleitung angebracht werden, wobei die Strommesseinrichtungen als - vorzugsweise teilbare - Messstromwandler ausgeführt sind und die Kontaktierung der Leiter durch Kontaktdorne erfolgen kann. Auch diese Ausführungsform eignet sich ohne umfangreiche Installationsarbeiten für eine nachträgliche Montage.The integrated attachment itself can also be designed as a protective contact socket. In this case, the attachment serves as a standard protective contact socket without any additional wiring and expands its function to include the option of finding insulation faults. Furthermore, it is advantageous to design the attachment with electrical contacts for direct connection of electrical supply lines. In this version, the attachment can be attached to the connecting cable to be tested without cutting the supply line, with the current measuring devices being designed as - preferably separable - measuring current transformers and the contacting of the conductors can be carried out using contact mandrels. This embodiment is also suitable for subsequent installation without extensive installation work.

Mit Ausnahme der Ausführung als Anbauteil mit direkter Kontaktierung der elektrischen Zuleitungen ist die Strommesseinrichtung zweckmäßigerweise als Shunt-Widerstand zur Messung eines Laststroms ausgebildet. Dies erlaubt zusätzlich - neben der Erfassung des Prüfstroms durch weitere Strommesseinrichtungen - die Messung des Laststroms nach Betrag und Winkel und dient der Feststellung einer Überlast auf der überwachten Leitung.With the exception of the version as an add-on part with direct contact with the electrical supply lines, the current measuring device is expediently designed as a shunt resistor for measuring a load current. In addition to recording the test current using other current measuring devices, this also allows the load current to be measured in terms of magnitude and angle and is used to detect an overload on the monitored line.

Die Strommesseinrichtungen sind als Messstromwandler ausgebildet. Neben der vorrangigen Erfassung des Prüfstroms ermöglicht eine Umschaltung der Betriebsart auch die Messung eines Differenzstroms oder eines Laststroms. Da bei einem ohmschen Isolationsfehler in ungeerdeten Systemen zumeist auch ein Differenzstrom über die Ableitkapazitäten des Netzes fließt, vermittelt dessen Erkennung eine höhere Zuverlässigkeit bei der Isolationsfehlersuche. Zudem kann das Gerät in dem Differenzstrom- und dem Laststrommodus auch in geerdeten Stromversorgungssystemen eingesetzt werden.The current measuring devices are designed as measuring current transformers. In addition to the priority detection of the test current, switching the operating mode also enables the measurement of a differential current or a load current. Since an ohmic insulation fault in unearthed systems usually also results in a differential current flowing across the leakage capacitances of the network, its detection provides greater reliability when locating insulation faults. In addition, the device can also be used in grounded power supply systems in the differential current and load current modes.

Mit Vorteil weist das Gerät eine Netzankopplungsschaltung zur Netzspannungsmessung und zur Erdspannungsmessung auf. Die Netzspannungsmessung mit Betrag und Winkel bietet die Möglichkeit, bei Unter- oder Überspannung in der Zuleitung eine Warnmeldung auszugeben. Weiterhin kann mit Hilfe der Netzspannungsmessung und einer Erdspannungsmessung nach dem Unsymmetrieverfahren (U12 = U1E+U2E, wobei U12 die Spannung zwischen den Leitern und U1E bzw. U2E jeweils die Spannung gegen Erde ist) ein fehlerhafter Verbraucher beim Einstecken erkannt werden (Erdschlussschnellerkennung).The device advantageously has a mains coupling circuit for measuring mains voltage and ground voltage. The mains voltage measurement with magnitude and angle offers the possibility of issuing a warning message in the event of undervoltage or overvoltage in the supply line. Furthermore, with the help of the mains voltage measurement and an earth voltage measurement according to the asymmetry method (U 12 = U 1E +U 2E , where U 12 is the voltage between the conductors and U 1E or U 2E is the voltage against earth), a faulty consumer can be detected when plugging in (quick earth fault detection).

Durch die phasenrichtigen Messungen des Laststroms und der Netzspannung können die Wirkleistung und die Scheinleistung bzw. der Leistungsfaktor eines angeschlossenen Verbrauchers ermittelt werden. Weiterhin wird die Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, dass eine Vorrichtung zur Isolationsfehlerlokalisierung in einem ungeerdeten Stromversorgungsnetz mit einem Prüfgerät zur Erzeugung eines Prüfstroms ein erfindungsgemäßes Isolationsfehlersuchgerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12 aufweist. Diese erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung stellt somit eine vollständige Isolationsfehlersucheinrichtung dar, welche die Aktivierung eines Prüfstromsignals durch das Prüfgerät und die Erfassung und Auswertung des Prüfstromsignals durch das erfindungsgemäße Isolationsfehlersuchgerät umfasst.By measuring the load current and the mains voltage in the correct phase, the active power and the apparent power or the power factor of a connected consumer can be determined. Furthermore, the object is achieved in that a device for locating insulation faults in an ungrounded power supply network with a test device for generating a test current has an insulation fault locating device according to the invention according to one of claims 1 to 12. This device according to the invention thus represents a complete insulation fault locating device, which includes the activation of a test current signal by the test device and the detection and evaluation of the test current signal by the insulation fault locator according to the invention.

In vorteilhafter Weise weist die Vorrichtung ein Signalisierungsgerät zur Anzeige der Messwerte sowie zur optischen und/oder akustischen Darstellung von Warn- und Statusmeldungen auf. Ein oder mehrere derartige Signalisierungsgeräte ermöglichen die Anzeige bzw. die Darstellung der von einem oder mehreren Isolationsfehlersuchgerät(en) erfassten und an das Signalisierungsgerät übertragenen Werte. Diese Werte können beispielsweise der Laststrom, der Differenzstrom, der Prüfstrom, die Netzspannung U12, die Wirkleistung, die Scheinleistung oder die entnommene Energie sein kann.The device advantageously has a signaling device for displaying the measured values and for the optical and/or acoustic display of warning and status messages. One or more such signaling devices enable the display or representation of the values recorded by one or more insulation fault locating devices and transmitted to the signaling device. These values can be, for example, the load current, the differential current, the test current, the mains voltage U 12 , the active power, the apparent power or the energy taken.

Zur Auswertung der von separaten Messstromwandlern aufgenommenen Ströme weist die Vorrichtung ein zentrales Auswertegerät zur Verarbeitung der Daten mehrerer Messkanäle auf. Das Auswertegerät umfasst eine dem Signalisierungsgerät entsprechende Signalisierungseinheit zur Anzeige der Messwerte sowie zur optischen und/oder akustischen Darstellung von Warn- und Statusmeldungen. Alternativ oder zusätzlich können die über die Strommesseinrichtung des erfindungsgemäßen Isolationsfehlersuchgerätes erfassten Größen auch zentral in dem Auswertegerät verarbeitet werden.To evaluate the currents recorded by separate measuring current transformers, the device has a central evaluation device for processing the data from several measuring channels. The evaluation device includes a signaling unit corresponding to the signaling device for displaying the measured values and for the visual and/or acoustic display of warning and status messages. Alternatively or additionally, the variables recorded via the current measuring device of the insulation fault locator according to the invention can also be processed centrally in the evaluation device.

Zwischen dem erfindungsgemäßen Isolationsfehlersuchgerät und dem Signalisierungsgerät und/oder zwischen dem erfindungsgemäßen Isolationsfehlersuchgerät und dem Auswertegerät ist eine Datenübertragungsstrecke eingerichtet. Diese Datenübertragung erlaubt die Auswertung und Darstellung der mit dem Isolationsfehlersuchgerät dezentral erfassten Größen an zentraler Stelle mit dem vorbeschriebenen Auswerte- bzw. Signalisierungsgerät. Dabei kann die Datenübertragungsstrecke leitungsgebunden oder drahtlos mit Sende- und Empfangseinrichtungen ausgebildet sein. Als leitungsgebundene Übertragungsverfahren kommen dem Leitungsnetz überlagerte modulierte Trägersignale wie z. B. Powerline Communication oder eigene für die Datenübertragung vorgesehene Leitungen wie z.B. Ethernet in Frage. Eine drahtlose Datenübertragung kann beispielsweise über Funksignale z.B. nach einem (Mobil-)Funk-Standard oder über Infrarot-Signale erfolgen. Dazu weisen das Isolationsfehlersuchgerät, das Auswertegerät sowie das Signalisierungsgerät jeweils eine dem Übertragungsverfahren entsprechende Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung auf.A data transmission path is set up between the insulation fault locating device according to the invention and the signaling device and/or between the insulation fault locating device according to the invention and the evaluation device. This data transmission allows the variables recorded decentrally with the insulation fault locator to be evaluated and displayed at a central location using the evaluation or signaling device described above. The data transmission path can be wired or wireless with transmitting and receiving devices. Wired transmission methods include modulated carrier signals superimposed on the line network, such as: B. Powerline Communication or dedicated lines intended for data transmission, such as Ethernet, come into question. Wireless data transmission can, for example, be carried out via radio signals, for example according to a (mobile) radio standard or via infrared signals. For this purpose, the insulation fault locator, the evaluation device and the signaling device each have a transmitting and receiving device corresponding to the transmission method.

Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungsmerkmale ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung und den Zeichnungen, die bevorzugte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung an Hand von Beispielen erläutern.Further advantageous design features result from the following description and the drawings, which explain preferred embodiments of the invention using examples.

Es zeigen:

Fig. 1:
ein funktionales Blockschaltbild des erfindungsgemäßen Isolationsfehlersuchgerätes;
Fig. 2:
einen Steckdoseneinsatz einer Ausführungsform als Steckdose mit einer schutzkontakt-kompatiblen Steckverbindung.
Show it:
Fig. 1:
a functional block diagram of the insulation fault locator according to the invention;
Fig. 2:
a socket insert of an embodiment as a socket with a protective contact-compatible plug connection.

Fig. 1 zeigt in einem funktionalen Blockschaltbild den prinzipiellen elektrischen Aufbau des erfindungsgemäßen Isolationsfehlersuchgerätes 2 zur Isolationfehlerlokalisierung in einem ungeerdeten Stromversorgungsnetz 4. Das ungeerdete Stromversorgungsnetz 4 ist eine aus den Leitern L1 und L2 gebildete Verbraucherzuleitung 4, die über einen Transformator 6 aus dem geerdeten Netz 8 gespeist wird und einen Verbraucher 10 versorgt. Die Verbraucherzuleitung 4 kann je nach Anwendungsfall ein Kabelabschnitt 4 einer festverlegten Installation eines IT-Netzes oder ein beliebiger freier Kabelabschnitt 4 sein. Im Fall einer Ausführung des Isolationsfehlersuchgerätes als Adapterteil ist das Isolationsfehlersuchgerät 2 zwischen einer Steckverbindung 12 des Kabelabschnitts 4 an eine Schutzkontaktsteckdose 12 und einer Steckverbindung 14 des Verbrauchers 10 an dem Kabelabschnitt 4 angeordnet. Fig. 1 shows in a functional block diagram the basic electrical structure of the insulation fault locator 2 according to the invention for locating insulation faults in an ungrounded power supply network 4. The ungrounded power supply network 4 is a consumer supply line 4 formed from the conductors L 1 and L 2 , which is fed from the grounded network 8 via a transformer 6 is supplied and a consumer 10 is supplied. Depending on the application, the consumer supply line 4 can be a cable section 4 of a fixed installation of an IT network or any free cable section 4. If the insulation fault locator is designed as an adapter part, the insulation fault locator 2 is arranged between a plug connection 12 of the cable section 4 on a protective contact socket 12 and a plug connection 14 of the consumer 10 on the cable section 4.

Das Isolationsfehlersuchgerät 2 umfasst eine oder mehrere Strommesseinrichtungen 20, eine Netzankopplungsschaltung 22 und eine Auswerteeinrichtung 24. Die Strommesseinrichtungen 20 sind als Shunt-Widerstand 26 zur Messung eines Laststroms sowie als Messstromwandler 28 zur Erfassung eines Prüfstroms oder eines Differenzstroms ausgebildet.The insulation fault locator 2 includes one or more current measuring devices 20, a network coupling circuit 22 and an evaluation device 24. The current measuring devices 20 are in the form of a shunt resistor 26 for measuring a load current and as a measuring current transformer 28 for detecting a test current or a differential current.

Die Netzankopplungsschaltung 22 weist zur Netzspannungsmessung einen mit einem aktiven Leiter L1 verbundenen ersten Ankopplungszweig mit einem Ankoppelwiderstand RA1 und einem Messwiderstand RM1 sowie zur Erdspannungsmessung einen mit Erdpotential verbundenen zweiten Ankopplungszweig mit einem Ankoppelwiderstand RA2 und einem Messwiderstand RM2 auf.The network coupling circuit 22 has a first coupling branch connected to an active conductor L 1 with a coupling resistor R A1 and a measuring resistor R M1 for measuring the network voltage and a second coupling branch connected to ground potential with a coupling resistor R A2 and a measuring resistor R M2 for measuring earth voltage.

Zur Differenzstrommessung, zur Prüfstrommessung, zur Laststrommessung sowie zur Netzspannungsmessung und zur Erdspannungsmessung weist die Auswerteeinrichtung 24 jeweils einen Signalweg mit einer Verstärkerschaltung und einer nachfolgenden Filterschaltung auf. Dabei wird bei der Differenzstrommessung das erfasste Messsignal über eine eingangsseitig mit der Strommesseinrichtung 20, 28 verbundene erste Verstärkerschaltung 32 und eine nachfolgende erste Filterschaltung 34 geführt.For differential current measurement, test current measurement, load current measurement as well as mains voltage measurement and earth voltage measurement, the evaluation device 24 each has a signal path with an amplifier circuit and a subsequent filter circuit. During the differential current measurement, the detected measurement signal is passed through a first amplifier circuit 32 connected on the input side to the current measuring device 20, 28 and a subsequent first filter circuit 34.

Zur Prüfstrommessung weist die Auswerteeinrichtung eine eingangsseitig mit dem Ausgang der ersten Filterschaltung 34 verbundene zweite Filterschaltung 36 und eine nachfolgende Differenziererschaltung 38 auf; zur Laststrommessung besitzt die Auswerteeinrichtung eine eingangsseitig mit dem Shunt-Widerstand 26 verbundene zweite Verstärkerschaltung 40 und eine nachfolgende dritte Filterschaltung 42.To measure the test current, the evaluation device has a second filter circuit 36 connected on the input side to the output of the first filter circuit 34 and a subsequent differentiator circuit 38; For load current measurement, the evaluation device has a second amplifier circuit 40 connected on the input side to the shunt resistor 26 and a subsequent third filter circuit 42.

Die Netzspannungsmessung erfolgt über eine eingangsseitig mit dem ersten Ankopplungszweig zwischen dem Ankoppelwiderstand RA1 und dem Messwiderstand RM1 verbundene dritte Verstärkerschaltung 44 und eine nachfolgende vierte Filterschaltung 46.The mains voltage measurement is carried out via a third amplifier circuit 44, which is connected on the input side to the first coupling branch between the coupling resistor R A1 and the measuring resistor R M1 , and a subsequent fourth filter circuit 46.

Zur Erdspannungsmessung ist eine eingangsseitig mit dem zweiten Ankopplungszweig zwischen dem Ankoppelwiderstand RA2 und dem Messwiderstand RM2 verbundene vierte Verstärkerschaltung 48 und eine nachfolgende fünfte Filterschaltung 50 vorgesehen.For earth voltage measurement, there is a second coupling branch on the input side between the coupling resistor R A2 and the Measuring resistor R M2 connected fourth amplifier circuit 48 and a subsequent fifth filter circuit 50 are provided.

Die Ausgänge der ersten Filterschaltung 34, der dritten 42, der vierten 46 und der fünften Filterschaltung 50 sowie der Differenziererschaltung 38 werden jeweils über einen AD-Umsetzer 52 einem Mikroprozessor 54 mit einer Speichereinheit 56 zugeführt.The outputs of the first filter circuit 34, the third 42, the fourth 46 and the fifth filter circuit 50 as well as the differentiator circuit 38 are each fed to a microprocessor 54 with a memory unit 56 via an AD converter 52.

Alternativ zu den in Fig. 1 dargestellten analogen Filterschaltungen 34, 36, 42, 46 und 50 kann die Signalfilterung auch in dem Mikroprozessor 54 auf digitaler Ebene mit Algorithmen der digitalen Signalverarbeitung durchgeführt werden.Alternative to the in Fig. 1 Using the analog filter circuits 34, 36, 42, 46 and 50 shown, the signal filtering can also be carried out in the microprocessor 54 on a digital level using digital signal processing algorithms.

Das Isolationsfehlersuchgerät 2 ist zur Übertragung von Messwerten und von Warn- und Statussignalen mit einer Datenschnittstelle 60 ausgestattet, die eine Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung zur leitungsgebunden oder zur drahtlosen Datenübertragung aufweist. Eine LED-Meldeanzeige 62 signalisiert den Betriebszustand des Gerätes 2 und warnt bei auftretenden Isolationsfehlern.The insulation fault locator 2 is equipped with a data interface 60 for transmitting measured values and warning and status signals, which has a transmitting and receiving device for wired or wireless data transmission. An LED signal display 62 signals the operating status of the device 2 and warns if insulation faults occur.

Des Weiteren besitzt das erfindungsgemäße Isolationsfehlersuchgerät 2 eine Prüfeinrichtung 64 zum Testen der Differenzstromauslösung sowie Netzteil 66 zur eigenen Energieversorgung aus dem Stromversorgungsnetz.Furthermore, the insulation fault locator 2 according to the invention has a testing device 64 for testing the residual current release and a power supply unit 66 for its own energy supply from the power supply network.

Fig. 2 beruht auf einer Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Isolationsfehlersuchgerätes 2 als Steckdose und zeigt eine Leiterplatte 68 als Steckdoseneinsatz 70 mit einer schutzkontakt-kompatiblen Steckverbindung. Die aktiven Leiter L1 und L2 sind als Steckkontakte 72 ausgebildet und werden von dem Messstromwandler 28 umschlossen, während der Erdleiter als Schutzkontakt 76 funktionsgemäß um den Messstromwandler 28 herumgeführt ist. Die fest installierten Stromleitungen werden über die Leiteranschlüsse 78 mit der Leiterplatte 68 verbunden und über Leiterbahnen 80 zu den Kontakten 72, 76 geführt. Fig. 2 is based on an embodiment of the insulation fault locator 2 according to the invention as a socket and shows a circuit board 68 as a socket insert 70 with a protective contact-compatible plug connection. The active conductors L 1 and L 2 are designed as plug contacts 72 and are enclosed by the measuring current transformer 28, while the ground conductor is functionally guided around the measuring current transformer 28 as a protective contact 76. The permanently installed power lines are connected to the circuit board 68 via the conductor connections 78 and led to the contacts 72, 76 via conductor tracks 80.

Auf der Leiterplatte 68 ist der Shunt-Widerstand 26 in eine Leiterbahn 80 des Leiters L1 eingefügt. Zur Signalisierung eines Alarms ist eine LED-Meldeanzeige 62 als Signalisierungseinrichtung 62 mit der Leiterplatte 68 elektrisch verbunden.On the circuit board 68, the shunt resistor 26 is inserted into a conductor track 80 of the conductor L 1 . To signal an alarm, an LED indicator 62 is electrically connected to the circuit board 68 as a signaling device 62.

Claims (18)

  1. An insulation fault location device (2) for insulation fault location in an ungrounded power supply network (4) having active conductors (L1, L2), the insulation fault location device (2) having precisely one measuring channel and at least one current measuring apparatus (20) and an evaluation apparatus (24), the current measuring apparatus (20) and the evaluation apparatus (24) being configured as an integrated structural unit in the form of an add-on piece (2) or an adapter piece (2), the add-on piece (2) being formed as a socket (70) having a plug connection compatible with grounding or the adapter piece (2) being formed as an intermediate plug for being plugged on a plug connection compatible with grounding and the evaluation apparatus (24) having a microprocessor (54) having a storage unit (56) and one or more analog-digital converters (52),
    characterized in that
    the insulation fault location device (2) is configured for measuring a residual current in both an ungrounded and a grounded power supply system each having active conductors (L1, L2), in that the current measuring device (20) is configured as a measuring current transformer (28), in that the measuring current transformer (28) is configured for registering a test current and for measuring a residual current, and in that the measuring current transformer (28) encloses the active conductors (L1, L2).
  2. The device according to claim 1,
    characterized in that
    the add-on piece (2) is configured having electric contacts for directly connecting electric supply lines (4).
  3. The device according to claim 1 or 2,
    characterized in that
    an additional current measuring device (20) is configured as a shunt-resistance (26) for measuring a load current.
  4. The device according to any one of the claims 1 to 3, characterized by
    a network coupling circuit (22) for measuring a network voltage and a ground voltage.
  5. The device according to any one of the claims 1 to 4,
    characterized in that
    the evaluation apparatus (24) has a signal path having an amplifier circuit and a subsequent filter circuit for measuring each of the following: a residual current, a test current, a load current, a network voltage and a ground voltage.
  6. The device according to claim 5,
    characterized in that
    the filter circuits (34, 36, 42, 46, 50) are designed as software implementations in digital form.
  7. The device according to any one of the claims 1 to 6,
    characterized by
    a data interface (60) for transmitting measured values and warning and status signals.
  8. The device according to claim 7,
    characterized in that
    the data interface (60) is designed having a transmitter and receiver apparatus (60) for the wired data transmission.
  9. The device according to claim 7 or 8,
    characterized in that
    the data interface (60) is designed having a transmitter and receiver apparatus (60) for the wireless data transmission.
  10. The device according to any one of the claims 1 to 9,
    characterized by
    a signaling apparatus (62) for indicating the measured values and for optically and/or acoustically displaying warning and status notifications.
  11. The device according to any one of the claims 1 to 10,
    characterized by
    a test apparatus (64) for testing the residual-current triggering.
  12. The device according to any one of the claims 1 to 11,
    characterized by
    a power supply (66) for supplying power from the power supply network (4).
  13. A device for insulation fault location in an ungrounded power supply network (4), the device having a test device for generating a test current and having an insulation fault location device (2) according to any one of the claims 1 to 12.
  14. The device according to claim 13,
    characterized by
    a signaling device for displaying the measured values and for optically and/or acoustically displaying warning and status notifications.
  15. The device according to claim 13 or 14,
    characterized by
    a central evaluation device for processing the data of several measuring channels.
  16. The device according to claim 14 or 15,
    characterized in that
    a data transmission path is installed between the insulation fault location device (2) according to the invention and the signaling device and/or between the insulation fault location device (2) according to the invention and the evaluation device.
  17. The device according to claim 16,
    characterized in that
    the data transmission path is wired and has transmitter and receiver apparatuses (60).
  18. The device according to claim 16 or 17,
    characterized in that
    the data transmission path is wireless and has transmitter and receiver apparatuses (60).
EP12184887.3A 2011-09-29 2012-09-18 Isolation fault detection device and device for insulation fault localisation in an unearthed power supply network Active EP2574939B1 (en)

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EP2574939A2 (en) 2013-04-03
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EP2574939A3 (en) 2017-12-06

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