EP2570125A1 - Ep1 receptor ligands - Google Patents

Ep1 receptor ligands Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2570125A1
EP2570125A1 EP11382296A EP11382296A EP2570125A1 EP 2570125 A1 EP2570125 A1 EP 2570125A1 EP 11382296 A EP11382296 A EP 11382296A EP 11382296 A EP11382296 A EP 11382296A EP 2570125 A1 EP2570125 A1 EP 2570125A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
chloro
oxy
bromomethyl
group
alkyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11382296A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Antoni Torrens Jover
Ramón MERCE VIDAL
Francesc-Xavier Caldente y Frontera
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Almirall SA
Palau Pharma SA
Esteve Pharmaceuticals SA
Original Assignee
Almirall SA
Palau Pharma SA
Laboratorios del Dr Esteve SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Almirall SA, Palau Pharma SA, Laboratorios del Dr Esteve SA filed Critical Almirall SA
Priority to EP11382296A priority Critical patent/EP2570125A1/en
Priority to JP2014530243A priority patent/JP6041880B2/en
Priority to CA2848786A priority patent/CA2848786A1/en
Priority to MX2014003169A priority patent/MX346143B/en
Priority to CN201280056411.1A priority patent/CN104220422B/en
Priority to SG11201400680RA priority patent/SG11201400680RA/en
Priority to PCT/EP2012/068101 priority patent/WO2013037960A1/en
Priority to ES12759142.8T priority patent/ES2629481T3/en
Priority to AU2012307326A priority patent/AU2012307326A1/en
Priority to BR112014006305A priority patent/BR112014006305A2/en
Priority to KR1020147008452A priority patent/KR20140061475A/en
Priority to IN697MUN2014 priority patent/IN2014MN00697A/en
Priority to US14/345,136 priority patent/US9518015B2/en
Priority to EP12759142.8A priority patent/EP2766344B1/en
Priority to ARP120103434A priority patent/AR092288A1/en
Publication of EP2570125A1 publication Critical patent/EP2570125A1/en
Priority to IL231518A priority patent/IL231518A0/en
Priority to MA36834A priority patent/MA35444B1/en
Priority to TNP2014000112A priority patent/TN2014000112A1/en
Priority to CO14056611A priority patent/CO6970588A2/en
Priority to HK15101826.1A priority patent/HK1201269A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • the present invention belongs to the field of EP1 receptor ligands. More specifically it refers to compounds of general formula (I) having great affinity and selectivity for the EP1 receptor.
  • the invention also refers to the process for their preparation, to their use as medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases or disorders mediated by the EP1 receptor as well as to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.
  • Prostanoids are a family of eicosanoids that comprise prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins (PGIs), and thromboxanes (Txs).
  • Their receptors belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily of receptors and may be grouped into five classes, namely, prostaglandin D (DP), prostaglandin E (EP), prostaglandin F (FP), prostaglandin I (IP), and Thromboxane A (TP) based on their sensitivity to five naturally occurring prostanoids, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2[alpha], PGI2, and TxA2, respectively (Coleman, R. A., 2000).
  • GPCR G-protein coupled receptor
  • DP prostaglandin D
  • EP prostaglandin E
  • FP prostaglandin F
  • IP prostaglandin I
  • TP Thromboxane A
  • Prostaglandins contribute to the sensitization of peripheral and central nociceptive neurons during peripheral inflammation (Dirig and Yaksh, 1999) and play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain following nerve injury (Syriatowicz et al 1999; Kawahara et al, 2001; Samad et al, 2002; Ma and Eisenach,2003; Durrenberger et al., 2006).
  • Prostaglandin E2 is considered to be the dominant pro-nociceptive prostanoid. Guay and colleagues, analyzing the concentrations of different prostaglandins in the cerebrospinal fluid, found that PGE2 was the most prevalent prostanoid and exhibited the highest increase after peripheral carrageenan-induced inflammation (Guay et al., 2004). PGE2 is generated in most cells in response to mechanical, thermal or chemical injury and inflammatory insult, resulting in sensitization or direct activation of nearby sensory nerve endings. Its production requires the activity of at least one of the two cyclooxygenase isoforms, COX-1 constitutively expressed or COX-2 which is inducible and particularly relevant for inflammation-induced PGE2 formation. Therefore, non-selective inhibitors of COX-1 and COX-2, and selective COX-2 inhibitors provide good pain relief. However, the long-term use is associated with gastrointestinal or cardiovascular side effects, respectively.
  • PGE2 Downstream components of the inflammatory cascade could be an alternative approach for the treatment of the PGE2 associated pain.
  • PGE2 binds to four different G-protein coupled receptors named EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4 (Narumiya et al., 1999).
  • EP1, EP2, EP3 or EP4 receptors may reduce certain types of pain (Oka et al. 1997; Omote et al., 2002; Lin et al, 2006) and agonists increase nociceptive responses (Minami et al., 1994).
  • PGE2 receptor subtypes most of drug discovery studies have focused on the EP1 receptors (Hall et al., 2007).
  • EP1 receptor stimulation mediates increases in intracellular calcium ions, facilitating neurotransmitter release (Asbóth et al., 1996).
  • EP1 receptor is preferentially expressed in primary sensory neurons, including their spinal cord terminals (Oidda et al., 1995) although it is also distributed in other tissues (Breyer et al., 2000; Schlötzer-Schrehardt et al., 2002).
  • spinal cord terminals including their spinal cord terminals (Oidda et al., 1995) although it is also distributed in other tissues (Breyer et al., 2000; Schlötzer-Schrehardt et al., 2002).
  • the strongest levels of EP1 mRNA were found in parietal cortex and cerebellum, followed in descending order by frontal cortex and striatum.
  • EP1 receptor antagonists blocking the positive feedback cascade mediated by PGE 2 , may result in analgesic efficacy.
  • EP receptor deficient mice a prominent contribution of EP1 receptors has been described (Minami et al., 2001).
  • EP1 -/- knockout mice demonstrated a role of this receptor in mediating peripheral heat sensitization after subcutaneous PGE2 injection (Moriyama et al. 2005; Johansson et al. 2011), and EP1 receptor antagonism has been reported to reduce mechanical hyperalgesia in nerve injured rats (Kawahara et al., 2001), in the carrageenan model (Nakayama et al. 2002), or in the incisional model of postoperative pain (Omote et al 2002). Moreover, EP1 antagonists demonstrated analgesic activity in a complete Freund's adjuvant model of knee joint arthritis (Giblin et al, 2007; Hall et al, 2009). It has also been reported that the contribution of PGE2 in human visceral pain hypersensitivity is mediated through the EP1 receptor (Sarkar et al., 2003).
  • EP1 antagonists may also be useful for the treatment or prevention of other EP1 receptor-mediated diseases such as motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; neuroprotection/stroke; glaucoma; osteoporosis; bone fractures; Paget's disease; hyperthermia including different types of fever as rheumatic fever; symptoms associated with influenza or other viral infections; gastrointestinal disorders related with chemotherapy or irritable bowel syndrome; gastrointestinal bleeding; coagulation disorders including anaemia, hypoprothrombinemia, haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney diseases including nephritis, particularly me
  • EP1 receptor agonists also may have a number of utilities. These include, but are not limited to treatment of influenza, bone fracture healing, bone disease, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, dysmenorrhoea, pre-term labour, immune disorders, osteoporosis, asthma, allergy, fertility, male sexual dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction, periodontal disease, gastric ulcer, and renal disease. EP receptor agonists may also be useful for expansion of hematopoietic stem cell populations.
  • EP1 receptor has been identified as a selective target for the development of new potential therapies for the treatment of those disorders where PGE2 action is involved.
  • PGE2 action is involved.
  • agonists and antagonists of the EP1 receptor a great effort is being directed to find selective ligands.
  • very few compounds with selective EP1 activity have been reported.
  • the present invention hereby provide some novel compounds complying with the above mentioned properties.
  • the present invention discloses novel compounds with great affinity to EP1 receptors which might be used for the treatment of EP1-related disorders or diseases.
  • the invention relates to a compound of general formula (I) for use as a medicament.
  • Yet another object of the invention is a compound of general formula (I) for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases or disorders mediated by the EP1 receptor.
  • diseases such as inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases, gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington'
  • composition comprising at least one compound of general formula (I) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive, adjuvant or vehicle.
  • any reference to a compound of formula (I) throughout the present specification includes a reference to any isomer, polymorph, isotope, salt, solvate or prodrug of such compound of formula I.
  • the compounds of formula I may exist in different physical forms, i.e. amorphous and crystalline forms. Moreover, the compounds of the invention may have the ability to crystallize in more than one form, a characteristic which is known as polymorphism. Polymorphs can be distinguished by various physical properties well known in the art such as X-ray diffraction pattern, melting point or solubility. All physical forms of the compounds of formula I, including all polymorphic forms (“polymorphs”) thereof, are included within the scope of the invention.
  • Some of the compounds of the present invention may exist as several optical isomers and/or several diastereoisomers.
  • Diastereoisomers can be separated by conventional techniques such as chromatography or fractional crystallization.
  • Optical isomers can be resolved by conventional techniques of optical resolution to give optically pure isomers. This resolution can be carried out on any chiral synthetic intermediate or on the products of formula I.
  • Optically pure isomers can also be individually obtained using enantiospecific synthesis.
  • the present invention covers all individual isomers as well as mixtures thereof (for example racemic mixtures or mixtures of diastereomers), whether obtained by synthesis or by physically mixing them.
  • any formula given herein is intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C 13 C 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 36 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, and 125 I, respectively.
  • isotopically labelled compounds are useful in metabolic studies (preferably with 14C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2 H or 3 H), detection or imaging techniques [such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
  • an 18 F or 11 C labeled compound may be particularly preferred for PET or SPECT studies.
  • substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • all isotopically labeled forms of the compounds of formula I are included within the scope of the invention.
  • Halogen or "halo” as referred in the present invention represent fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • alkyl alone or in combination, means an acyclic radical, linear or branched, preferably containing from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • examples of such radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and the like.
  • alkyl radicals may be optionally substituted with groups consisting of hydroxy, sulfhydryl, methoxy, ethoxy, amino, cyano, chloro, and fluoro.
  • 'C1-6-alkyl' refers to alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive.
  • alkylene linking group preferably contains 1-4 carbon atoms and represents for example methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene.
  • the carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by suffix designating a lower and upper number of carbon atoms in the moiety.
  • 'C1-4-alkylene' refers to an alkylene of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive.
  • alkenylene linking group preferably contains 2 to 4 carbon atoms and represents for example ethenylene, 1,3-propenylene, 1,4-but-1-enylene, 1,4-but-2-ethylene.
  • the carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by suffix designating a lower and upper number of carbon atoms in the moiety.
  • 'C2-4-alkenylene' refers to alkenylene of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive.
  • Cycloalkyl is preferably a monocyclic cycloalkyl containing from three to six carbon atoms. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. The carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by suffix designating a lower and upper number of carbon atoms in the moiety. Thus, for example, 'C3-6-cycloalkyl' refers to cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive.
  • Carbocyclic refers to a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic mono- or multi-ring cycloalkyl only formed from carbon atoms.
  • heterocycle refers to a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic mono- or multi-ring cycloalkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms is replaced by N, S, or O.
  • heterocycle refers to a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic mono- or multi-ring cycloalkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms is replaced by N, S, or O.
  • heterocycle refers to a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic mono- or multi-ring cycloalkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms is replaced by N, S, or O.
  • heterocycle refers to a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic mono- or multi-ring cycloalkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms is replaced by N, S, or O.
  • heterocycle refers to a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic mono- or multi-ring cycloalkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms is replaced by N, S, or O.
  • heterocycle refers to a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic mono- or multi-
  • heterocycle also include partially unsaturated ring structures such as dihydrofuranyl, dihydropyrrolyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrrolinyl, chromanyl, dihydrothienyl, and others.
  • heterocycle also include aromatic structures such as pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and tetrazolyl, optionally substituted.
  • heterocyclic ring refers to an aromatic heterocyclic ring.
  • heterocyclic ring examples include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, thionyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and tetrazolyl, optionally substituted.
  • ring or "ring system” according to the present invention refers to ring systems comprising saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocyclic ring systems which contain optionally at least one heteroatom as ring member and which are optionally at least mono-substituted. Said ring systems may be condensed to other carbocyclic ring systems.
  • monocyclic ring refers to a ring system composed of a single ring.
  • polycyclic ring refers to a ring system composed of at least two rings.
  • salt must be understood as any form of an active compound used in accordance with this invention in which the said compound is in ionic form or is charged and coupled to a counter-ion (a cation or anion) or is in solution.
  • This definition also includes quaternary ammonium salts and complexes of the active molecule with other molecules and ions, particularly complexes formed via ionic interactions.
  • physiologically acceptable salts this term must be understood as equivalent to "pharmaceutically acceptable salts”.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts in the context of this invention means any salt that is tolerated physiologically (normally meaning that it is not toxic, particularly as a result of the counter-ion) when used in an appropriate manner for a treatment, particularly applied or used in humans and/or mammals.
  • These pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be formed with cations or bases and, in the context of this invention, are understood to be salts formed by at least one compound used in accordance with the invention - normally an acid (deprotonated) - such as an anion and at least one physiologically tolerated cation, preferably inorganic, particularly when used on humans and/or mammals.
  • Salts with alkali and alkali earth metals are particularly preferred, as well as those formed with ammonium cations (NH 4 + ).
  • Preferred salts are those formed with (mono) or (di)sodium, (mono) or (di)potassium, magnesium or calcium.
  • These physiologically acceptable salts may also be formed with anions or acids and, in the context of this invention, are understood as being salts formed by at least one compound used in accordance with the invention - normally protonated, for example in nitrogen - such as a cation and at least one physiologically tolerated anion, particularly when used on humans and/or mammals.
  • This definition specifically includes in the context of this invention a salt formed by a physiologically tolerated acid, i.e.
  • salts of a specific active compound with physiologically tolerated organic or inorganic acids particularly when used on humans and/or mammals.
  • this type of salts are those formed with: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid or citric acid.
  • solvate in accordance with this invention should be understood as meaning any form of the active compound in accordance with the invention in which said compound is bonded by a non-covalent bond to another molecule (normally a polar solvent), especially including hydrates and alcoholates, for example methanolate.
  • prodrug is used in its broadest sense and encompasses those derivatives that are converted in vivo to the compounds of the invention.
  • examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, derivatives and metabolites of the compounds of formula (I) that include biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues.
  • prodrugs of compounds with carboxyl functional groups are the lower alkyl esters of the carboxylic acid.
  • the carboxylate esters are conveniently formed by esterifying any of the carboxylic acid moieties present on the molecule.
  • Prodrugs can typically be prepared using well-known methods, such as those described by Burger “Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery 6th ed. (Donald J. Abraham ed., 2001 , Wiley ) and “ Design and Applications of Prodrugs” (H. Bundgaard ed., 1985, Harwood Academic Publishers ).
  • prevention refers to the capacity of a therapeutic to avoid, minimize or difficult the onset or development of a disease or condition before its onset.
  • treating is meant at least a suppression or an amelioration of the symptoms associated with the condition afflicting the subject, where suppression and amelioration are used in a broad sense to refer to at least a reduction in the magnitude of a parameter, e.g., symptom associated with the condition being treated, such as pain.
  • a parameter e.g., symptom associated with the condition being treated, such as pain.
  • the method of the present invention also includes situations where the condition is completely inhibited, terminated, such that the subject no longer experiences the condition.
  • each R 9 in the general formula (I) is CR 10 and each R 10 is preferably H.
  • each R 4 is H.
  • Y preferably is -O-C 1-4 -alkylene- or -C 1-4 -alkylene-O- and more preferably -O-CH 2 - or -CH 2 -O-. In a preferred embodiment, Y is -O-C 1-4 -alkylene-. In a more preferred embodiment, Y is -O-CH 2 -.
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C 1-6 -haloalkyl, -O-C 1-6 -alkyl, -O-C 1-6 -haloalkyl, -OH and C 1-6 -alkyl.
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen and -C 1-6 -haloalkyl.
  • B is Cy, this being preferably phenyl, C 3-6 -cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heterocycle containing 1 or 2 N atom which can be aromatic, partially unsaturated or saturated, any of them optionally substituted by one or more R 8 .
  • B is phenyl or cyclopropyl, any of them optionally substituted by one or more R 8 .
  • B is preferably a phenyl optionally substituted by 1-5 R 8 , more preferably by 1-4 R 8 .
  • R 8 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1-6 -haloalkyl, -O-C 1-6 -alkyl, -O-C 1-6 -haloalkyl, C 1-6 -alkyl, and -OH.
  • R 8 is selected from the group consisting of halogen and -C 1-6 -haloalkyl.
  • E 1 , E 2 and E 3 are CR 2 ; or one of E 1 , E 2 or E 3 is N and the others are CR 2 ; or two of E 1 , E 2 or E 3 are N and the other is CR 2 .
  • E 1 , E 2 and E3 are CR 2 .
  • E 1 is N and E 2 and E 3 are CR 2 .
  • E 2 is N and E 1 and E 3 are CR 2 .
  • E 3 is N and E 1 and E 2 are CR 2 .
  • E 1 and E 3 are N and E 2 is CR 2 .
  • G is selected from the group consisting of CR 3 , CR 3 R 3 , CR 3 R 3 -CR 3 R 3 and N
  • D is selected from the group consisting of CR 3 , CR 3 R 3 and N
  • --- represents a single bond or a double bond.
  • G is selected from the group consisting of CR 3 , CR 3 R 3 , O, S and N.
  • G is selected from the group consisting of CR 3 , CR 3 R 3 and N.
  • G is CR 3 R 3 -CR 3 R 3 .
  • G is selected from the group consisting of CR 3 , CR 3 R 3 , N and CR 3 R 3 -CR 3 R 3 .
  • D is selected from the group consisting of CR 3 , CR 3 R 3 and N.
  • R 6 is a direct bond.
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of -CO 2 H, -SO 3 H and 5-tetrazolyl.
  • R 7 is -CO 2 H.
  • R 6 is a direct bond and R 7 is -CO 2 H.
  • R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C 1-6 -alkyl, C 1-6 -haloalkyl, -O-C 1-6 -alkyl, -O-C 1-6 -haloalkyl, hydroxyC 1-6 -alkyl and CN.
  • R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and halogen.
  • R 3 is H.
  • each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and halogen and each R 3 is H.
  • the sodium salt of the previous compounds is preferred.
  • the invention refers to a process for preparing the compounds of the invention.
  • the compounds of the invention may be made by a variety of methods, including standard chemistry. Any previously defined variable will continue to have the previously defined meaning unless otherwise indicated. Illustrative general synthetic methods are set out below and then the preparation of specific compounds of the invention is described in more detail in the Experimental Section.
  • a process for preparing compounds of general formula (I) comprises the reaction between a compound of general formula (II): wherein LG is a leaving group, preferably bromo, with a compound of general formula (III), or a protected form thereof where the R 7 group in W 1 is protected: followed if necessary by the removal of any protecting group that may be present.
  • LG is a leaving group, preferably bromo
  • a compound of formula III is preferably used in protected form, i.e. with the R 7 group in W1 protected with a suitable protecting group. If III is reacted with II in protected form, a subsequent step to remove the protecting group on R 7 will be required to yield a compound of formula I, which is performed under standard conditions well known in the art.
  • R 7 is -CO 2 H
  • compound III is used in protected form as an ester, and therefore the acid must be deprotected after the reaction of II with III under standard conditions; a suitable set of conditions comprises the treatment of the corresponding ester with NaOH (10%), in tetrahydrofuran or methanol at about 50°C.
  • a compound of formula I thus obtained can be converted into a salt using standard procedures.
  • R 7 in a compound of formula I is -CO 2 H
  • the sodium salt can be obtained for example by treatment of the corresponding carboxylic acid with sodium tert-butoxide in methanol at room temperature.
  • LG represents a leaving group.
  • a leaving group is a group that in an heterolytic bond cleavage keeps the electron pair of the bond.
  • Suitable leaving groups are well known in the art and include Cl, Br, I and -O-SO 2 R 14 , wherein R 14 is F, C 1-4 -alkyl, C 1-4 -haloalkyl, or optionally substituted phenyl.
  • the preferred leaving groups are: Cl, Br, I, tosylate, mesylate, triflate, nonaflate and fluorosulphonate.
  • Suitable bases are, generally, inorganic compounds such as alkali metal hydroxides and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide; alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides, lithium oxide, sodium oxide, magnesium oxide and calcium oxide; alkali metal hydrides and alkaline earth metal hydrides such as lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride and calcium hydride; alkali metal, amides and alkaline earth metal amides such as lithium amide, sodium amide, potassium amide and calcium amide; alkali metal carbonates and alkaline earth metal carbonates such as lithium carbonate and calcium carbonate; and also alkali metal hydrogencarbonates and alkaline earth metal hydrogencarbonates such as sodium hydrogencarbonate; organometallic compounds, particularly alkali-metal al
  • reaction may be effected in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst such as tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogensulphate and the like.
  • phase transfer catalyst such as tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogensulphate and the like.
  • the inert atmosphere may be maintained by using inert gases such as N 2 , Ar or He. Reaction times may vary from 1 to 24 hrs, preferably from 2 to 6 hours, whereafter, if desired, the resulting compound is transformed into a salt thereof.
  • Suitable reaction conditions for the preparation a compound of formula (II) include conventional methods for converting the hydroxyl group of the compounds of formula (IVa), (IVb), (IVc) and (IVd) to a leaving group, for example Br.
  • a solvent e.g. dichloromethane
  • Suitable reaction conditions for the preparation a compound of formula (IV) include conventional methods for reducing the carbonyl group of the compounds of formula (V) to a hydroxyl group.
  • the reduction step may be carried out using a reducing agent such as NaBH 4 , NaCNBH 3 , LiAlH 4 , LiBH 4 or Zn(BH 4 ) 2 .
  • a reducing agent such as NaBH 4 , NaCNBH 3 , LiAlH 4 , LiBH 4 or Zn(BH 4 ) 2 .
  • the reduction step is carried out using NaBH4.
  • an excess of NaBH4 is used.
  • the reduction step is carried out in an alcohol solvent. Typical alcohols are methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and mixtures thereof. A preferred alcohol is methanol.
  • the reduction step is carried out using LiAlH 4 .
  • an excess of LiAlH 4 is used.
  • the reduction step is carried out in an alkylether solvent.
  • Typical alkylether solvents are tetrahydrofuran, diethyleter, dioxane, diisopropylether, and mixtures thereof.
  • a preferred alkylether is tetrahydrofuran.
  • Suitable reaction conditions for the preparation a compound of formula (Va) and (Vb) include conventional methods for the alkylation of the compounds of formula (VIa) and (Vlb) wherein A 3 represents either an -O- or-NR 13 -.
  • a suitable LG group is bromine or chloride.
  • the alkylation reaction of the compounds of formula (VIa) and (Vlb) may be carried out in an inert organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide at ambient or elevated temperature, optionally in the presence of a suitable base such as potassium or cesium carbonate or a strong base such as sodium t-butoxide or lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS).
  • Suitable reaction conditions for the preparation a compound of formula (Vc) and (Vd) include conventional methods for reducing the cyano group of the compounds of formula (Vlc) and (Vld) to a hydroxyl group.
  • the reduction step may be carried out using a reducing agent such as DIBA-H in an inert organic solvent such as hexane, heptane or cyclohexane, at ambient or low temperature, preferably from 0oC to 5oC.
  • An additional aspect of the invention relates to the therapeutic use of the compounds of general formula (I).
  • compounds of general formula (I) show a strong affinity to EP1 receptors. For this reason, they are suitable for the treatment and/or the prophylaxis of disorders and diseases mediated by EP1 receptors.
  • Compounds of the invention are particularly useful for modulating pain.
  • the compounds of the present invention can treat or prevent the pain associated with several pathological conditions comprising, among others, inflammatory related pain (Hall et al. 2007) including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain (Omote et al. 2001) including dental procedures; neuropathic pain (Kawahara et al. 2001); visceral pain (Sarkar et al. 2003); tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine and the like.
  • inflammatory related pain Hall et al. 2007
  • inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-
  • EP1 modulators may be used in the treatment of motility -related disorders (with or without pain) such as as gastroinstestinal disorders (Sarkar et al. 2003; Mizuguchi et al 2010) and urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases (Teramura et al. 2000; Lee et al. 2007; Okada et al., 2010; Wilbraham et al 2010; Miki et al 2010), dysmenorrhea and preterm labour.
  • motility -related disorders such as as gastroinstestinal disorders (Sarkar et al. 2003; Mizuguchi et al 2010) and urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases (Teramura et al. 2000; Lee et al. 2007; Okada et al., 2010; Wilbraham et al 2010; Miki et al 2010), dysmenorrhea and preterm labour.
  • the compounds of the invention can also be useful in prostaglandin-mediated proliferation disorders such as in diabetic retinopathy and tumour angiogenesis, cancer (Watanabe et al. 1999; Niho et al. 2005), the inhibition of cellular neoplasic transformations and metastatic tumour growth.
  • neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntingdon's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntingdon's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntingdon's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • neuroprotection/stroke Abe et al 2009
  • glaucoma Wideodward et al 1997)
  • bone loss osteoporosis
  • proportion of bone formation treatment of fractures
  • other bone diseases such as Paget's disease.
  • the compounds of the invention can also have a cytoprotective activity in patients under different gastrointestinal disorders as related with chemotherapy, or irritable bowel disease.
  • Other diseases that can be treated or prevented with the compounds of the invention include gastrointestinal bleeding, coagulation disorders including anaemia such as hypoprothrombinemia, haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney diseases (nephritis (Rahal et al. 2006), particularly mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and nephritic syndrome); thrombosis, and occlusive vascular diseases.
  • compounds of formula (I) are suitable to treat or to prevent diseases or disorders comprising inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or am
  • the invention thus relates to a compound of formula (I) for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an EP1-mediated disease or disorder.
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of pain, motility-related disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, glaucoma, bone diseases, fever, coagulation disorders and occlusive vascular diseases.
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is pain.
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyo
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is pain comprising inflammatory related pain, including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine.
  • inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries
  • a related aspect refers to the use of at least one compound of general formula (I) for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis diseases or disorders mediated by EP1 receptors or in which EP1 receptors are involved.
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of pain, motility-related disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, glaucoma, bone diseases, fever, coagulation disorders and occlusive vascular diseases.
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is pain.
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyo
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory related pain (including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns); postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; and migraine.
  • inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and
  • An aspect of the invention related to the therapeutic use of the compounds of general formula (I) is a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of disorders and diseases mediated by EP1 receptors which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of general formula (I).
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of pain, motility-related disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, glaucoma, bone diseases, fever, coagulation disorders and occlusive vascular diseases.
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is pain.
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyo
  • the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory related pain (including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns); postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; and migraine.
  • inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and
  • the amount of active ingredient that must be administered to the patient depends on the patient's weight, the type of application, the condition and severity of the disease. Normally, in human beings 1 to 1500 mg of the active compound is administered daily in one or several doses.
  • a further aspect of the invention regards a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of general formula (I), and at least a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive, adjuvant or vehicle.
  • the auxiliary materials or additives can be selected among carriers, excipients, support materials, lubricants, fillers, solvents, diluents, colorants, flavour conditioners such as sugars, antioxidants and/or agglutinants. In the case of suppositories, this may imply waxes or fatty acid esters or preservatives, emulsifiers and/or carriers for parenteral application.
  • suppositories this may imply waxes or fatty acid esters or preservatives, emulsifiers and/or carriers for parenteral application.
  • the selection of these auxiliary materials and/or additives and the amounts to be used will depend on the form of application of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention can be adapted to any form of administration, be it orally or parenterally, for example pulmonarily, nasally, rectally and/or intravenously. Therefore, the formulation in accordance with the invention may be adapted for topical or systemic application, particularly for dermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intraperitoneal, pulmonary, buccal, sublingual, nasal, percutaneous, vaginal, oral or parenteral application.
  • Suitable preparations for oral applications are tablets, pills, chewing gums, capsules, granules, drops or syrups.
  • suitable preparations for parenteral applications are solutions, suspensions, reconstitutable dry preparations or sprays.
  • the compounds of the invention as deposits in dissolved form or in patches, for percutaneous application.
  • Skin applications include ointments, gels, creams, lotions, suspensions or emulsions.
  • Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS Method t R (min) m/z [M+ H] + 2 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-bromobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-(benzyloxy)-4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene 1 3.32 436 3 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-(benzyloxy)-2-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1 3.37 426 4 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-fluoromethyl)-1-(4-fluoromethyl)-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(4
  • Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS Method t R (min) m/z [M+H ] + 64 1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzene 1 3.18 356 65 1-(5-fluoro-2-((2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene 1 3.28 430 66 1-(2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-in
  • Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS Method t R (min) m/z [M+H ] + 79 (E)-3-(1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid 1-(benzyloxy)-2-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1 3.45 452 80 (E)-3-(1-(5-bromo-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzene 1 3.34 426 81 (E)-3-(1-(5-chloro-2-
  • Example 87 The title compound (example 87) was obtained from using the same methodology as in Example 1 but using methyl 1H-indole-6-carboxylate and 1-(benzyloxy)-4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene as starting materials.
  • Example 89 The title compound (example 89) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 1 but using ethyl 3-(1H-indol-4-yl)propanoate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • Example 90 The title compound (example 90) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 1 but using methyl 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-4-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • Example 94 The title compound (example 94) was obtained following the general procedure described in Example 1 using methyl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-5-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • Example 97 The title compound (example 97) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 96but using 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid as starting material.
  • Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS Method t R (min) m/z [M+H ] + 98 sodium 7-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyI)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.56 446 99 sodium 7-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,4-di
  • Example 100 The title compound (example 100) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 96 but using methyl 7-fluoro-1H-indole-4-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • Example 102 The title compound (example 102) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 101 but methyl 1H-indole-4-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • Example 103 The title compound (example 103) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 15 but methyl 1H-indole-4-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclopentylmethoxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • Test 1 Human EP1 receptor radioligand binding assay
  • transfected HEK-293 cell membranes and [3H]-PGE2 were used.
  • the assay was carried out with a total reaction volume of 250 ⁇ l, containing 25 ⁇ l of membrane suspension (30 ⁇ g protein/well), 25 ⁇ l of [3H]-PGE2 (10 nM) in either absence or presence of 25 ⁇ l of either buffer or PGE2 (10 ⁇ M) for total and non-specific binding, respectively.
  • Binding buffer contained 10 mM MES, 1 mM MgCl2 and 1 mM EDTA at pH 6.0. Plates were incubated at 25 °C for 60 minutes.
  • Percentage inhibition was calculated relating compounds activity to the 0% inhibition of the wells incubated with 10 nM [3H]-PGE2 alone (total binding) and 100% inhibition of the wells incubated with 10 nM [3H]-PGE2 plus 10 ⁇ M PGE2 (non-specific binding).
  • Test 2 Measurement of IP1 responses by Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescence
  • IP1 measurements on HEK-293 cells that stably expressed human EP1 receptors were performed by using a system based on Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescense (HTRF) (Gabriel et al., 2003).
  • HTRF Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescense
  • This technology allows the direct measurement of IP1 in living cells.
  • the principle of this assay is based on competition between IP1 produced by cells and IP1-d2 conjugate for the binding with monoclonal anti-IP1-cryptate conjugate.
  • the HTRF IP1 kit from CisBio was used according to the manufacturer's directions. The experimental procedure was performed as stated below.
  • Suspended cells (30,000 cells per well) were added to 96-well culture plates in 40 ⁇ l of stimulation buffer (supplied by the kit). Compounds were then added in 20 ⁇ l of stimulation buffer and incubated at 37oC for 15 minutes followed by 10 ⁇ l of PGE2 to a final concentration of 30 nM. After 90 minutes at 37°C, the reaction was stopped lysing the cells with a mixture of 15 ⁇ l of cryptate and 15 ⁇ l of IP1-d2 prepared in the lysis buffer supplied by the manufacturer. Plates were incubated for an additional hour at room temperature and read at 665 nm/620 nm using an UltraEvolution Plate reader (Tecan).
  • Antagonist percentage inhibition was calculated relating compounds activity to the 0% inhibition of the wells incubated with 10 nM PGE2 alone and 100% inhibition of the wells incubated with 10 nM PGE2 plus 1 ⁇ M of the reference antagonist.

Abstract

The present invention belongs to the field of EP1 receptor ligands. More specifically it refers to compounds of general formula (I) having great affinity and selectivity for the EP1 receptor. The invention also refers to the process for their preparation, to their use as medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases or disorders mediated by the EP1 receptor as well as to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention belongs to the field of EP1 receptor ligands. More specifically it refers to compounds of general formula (I) having great affinity and selectivity for the EP1 receptor. The invention also refers to the process for their preparation, to their use as medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases or disorders mediated by the EP1 receptor as well as to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Prostanoids are a family of eicosanoids that comprise prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins (PGIs), and thromboxanes (Txs). Their receptors belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily of receptors and may be grouped into five classes, namely, prostaglandin D (DP), prostaglandin E (EP), prostaglandin F (FP), prostaglandin I (IP), and Thromboxane A (TP) based on their sensitivity to five naturally occurring prostanoids, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2[alpha], PGI2, and TxA2, respectively (Coleman, R. A., 2000).
  • Prostaglandins contribute to the sensitization of peripheral and central nociceptive neurons during peripheral inflammation (Dirig and Yaksh, 1999) and play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain following nerve injury (Syriatowicz et al 1999; Kawahara et al, 2001; Samad et al, 2002; Ma and Eisenach,2003; Durrenberger et al., 2006).
  • Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is considered to be the dominant pro-nociceptive prostanoid. Guay and colleagues, analyzing the concentrations of different prostaglandins in the cerebrospinal fluid, found that PGE2 was the most prevalent prostanoid and exhibited the highest increase after peripheral carrageenan-induced inflammation (Guay et al., 2004). PGE2 is generated in most cells in response to mechanical, thermal or chemical injury and inflammatory insult, resulting in sensitization or direct activation of nearby sensory nerve endings. Its production requires the activity of at least one of the two cyclooxygenase isoforms, COX-1 constitutively expressed or COX-2 which is inducible and particularly relevant for inflammation-induced PGE2 formation. Therefore, non-selective inhibitors of COX-1 and COX-2, and selective COX-2 inhibitors provide good pain relief. However, the long-term use is associated with gastrointestinal or cardiovascular side effects, respectively.
  • Downstream components of the inflammatory cascade could be an alternative approach for the treatment of the PGE2 associated pain. PGE2 binds to four different G-protein coupled receptors named EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4 (Narumiya et al., 1999).
  • Studies employing antagonists suggest that blocking EP1, EP2, EP3 or EP4 receptors may reduce certain types of pain (Oka et al. 1997; Omote et al., 2002; Lin et al, 2006) and agonists increase nociceptive responses (Minami et al., 1994). Among these PGE2 receptor subtypes, most of drug discovery studies have focused on the EP1 receptors (Hall et al., 2007).
  • EP1 receptor stimulation mediates increases in intracellular calcium ions, facilitating neurotransmitter release (Asbóth et al., 1996). EP1 receptor is preferentially expressed in primary sensory neurons, including their spinal cord terminals (Oidda et al., 1995) although it is also distributed in other tissues (Breyer et al., 2000; Schlötzer-Schrehardt et al., 2002). In the brain, marked differences in the level of EP1 expression among the cerebral regions were found. The strongest levels of EP1 mRNA were found in parietal cortex and cerebellum, followed in descending order by frontal cortex and striatum. The hypothalamus, hippocampus and brain stem displayed a low-level EP1 mRNA signal (Candelario-Jalil et al., 2005). In the spinal cord, several studies have reported the effects of PGE2 on neuronal excitability or synaptic transmission (Baba et al., 2001) and pain transmission (Nakayama et al., 2004). Therefore, EP1 receptor antagonists, blocking the positive feedback cascade mediated by PGE2, may result in analgesic efficacy. In this regard, using EP receptor deficient mice, a prominent contribution of EP1 receptors has been described (Minami et al., 2001). EP1 -/- knockout mice demonstrated a role of this receptor in mediating peripheral heat sensitization after subcutaneous PGE2 injection (Moriyama et al. 2005; Johansson et al. 2011), and EP1 receptor antagonism has been reported to reduce mechanical hyperalgesia in nerve injured rats (Kawahara et al., 2001), in the carrageenan model (Nakayama et al. 2002), or in the incisional model of postoperative pain (Omote et al 2002). Moreover, EP1 antagonists demonstrated analgesic activity in a complete Freund's adjuvant model of knee joint arthritis (Giblin et al, 2007; Hall et al, 2009). It has also been reported that the contribution of PGE2 in human visceral pain hypersensitivity is mediated through the EP1 receptor (Sarkar et al., 2003).
  • In addition to being useful for modulating pain, EP1 antagonists may also be useful for the treatment or prevention of other EP1 receptor-mediated diseases such as motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; neuroprotection/stroke; glaucoma; osteoporosis; bone fractures; Paget's disease; hyperthermia including different types of fever as rheumatic fever; symptoms associated with influenza or other viral infections; gastrointestinal disorders related with chemotherapy or irritable bowel syndrome; gastrointestinal bleeding; coagulation disorders including anaemia, hypoprothrombinemia, haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney diseases including nephritis, particularly mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and nephritic syndrome; thrombosis and occlusive vascular diseases.
  • In turn, EP1 receptor agonists also may have a number of utilities. These include, but are not limited to treatment of influenza, bone fracture healing, bone disease, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, dysmenorrhoea, pre-term labour, immune disorders, osteoporosis, asthma, allergy, fertility, male sexual dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction, periodontal disease, gastric ulcer, and renal disease. EP receptor agonists may also be useful for expansion of hematopoietic stem cell populations.
  • Based on the above mentioned results coming from animal and human studies, EP1 receptor has been identified as a selective target for the development of new potential therapies for the treatment of those disorders where PGE2 action is involved. In view of the potential therapeutic applications of agonists and antagonists of the EP1 receptor, a great effort is being directed to find selective ligands. Despite intense research efforts in this area, very few compounds with selective EP1 activity have been reported.
  • There is thus still a need to find compounds having pharmacological activity towards the EP1 receptor, being both effective and selective, and having good "druggability" properties, i.e. good pharmaceutical properties related to administration, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
  • The present invention hereby provide some novel compounds complying with the above mentioned properties.
    • OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention discloses novel compounds with great affinity to EP1 receptors which might be used for the treatment of EP1-related disorders or diseases.
  • Specifically, it is an object of the invention a compound of general formula I:
    Figure imgb0001
     wherein:
    • W1 is phenyl or a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 N atoms, wherein W1 is substituted by one R1 and optionally substituted by one or more R2;
    • W2 is a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring that contains 1 N atom and can additionally contain 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; wherein said ring is aromatic, partially unsaturated or saturated, and which is optionally substituted by one or more R3;
    • R1 is -R6-R7;
    • each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6-alkyl, CN, - NR14COR15, -NR14SO2R15 and -SO2R15;
    • each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-alkyl C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6-alkyl and CN;
    • each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-6-alkyl, or both R4 together with the C atom to which they are bonded form a C3-6cycloalkyl;
    • R5 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, -OH, C1-6-alkyl and -SO2R15;
    • R6 is selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, -C1-4-alkylene-, -O-C1-4-alkylene- and -C2-4-alkenylene-;
    • R7 is selected from the group consisting of -CO2H, -SO3H, 5-tetrazolyl, -OPO3H2, - PO3H2, -CONR12R12 and -CONH-SO2R12.
    • Y is selected from the group consisting of -C2-4-alkylene-, -O-C1-4-alkylene-, -C2-4-alkenylene- , -C1-4-alkylene-O-, -NR13-C1-4-alkylene- and -C1-4-alkylene-NR13-;
    • B is selected from the group consisting of C2-6-alkyl and Cy, any of them optionally substituted by one or more R8;
    • each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, C1-6-alkyl,-OH, -CN, -CH2OR14 and - CONR12R12;
    • each R9 is independently selected from the group consisting of CR10 and N;
    • each R10 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl and hydroxyC1-6-alkyl;
    • R11 is CR5 or N,
    • each R12 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-6-alkyl C1-6-haloalkyl,and C3-6cycloalkyl;
    • each R13 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-6-alkyl C1-6-haloalkyl, and C3-6cycloalkyl;
    • each R14 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-6-alkyl;
    • each R15 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6-alkyl;
    • Cy is a 3-6 membered monocyclic or 8-12 membered polycyclic ring which can be carbocyclic or heterocyclic containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and which can be aromatic, partially unsaturated or saturated and wherein one or more C or S atoms in Cy can be oxidized to form CO, SO or SO2;
    and the salts, solvates and prodrugs thereof.
  • It is also an object of the invention the process for the preparation of compounds of general formula (I).
  • In another aspect, the invention relates to a compound of general formula (I) for use as a medicament.
  • Yet another object of the invention is a compound of general formula (I) for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases or disorders mediated by the EP1 receptor. This includes but is not limited to diseases such as inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases, gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; neuroprotection/stroke; glaucoma; osteoporosis; bone fractures; Paget's disease; hyperthermia including different types of fever as rheumatic fever; symptoms associated with influenza or other viral infections; gastrointestinal disorders related with chemotherapy or irritable bowel syndrome; gastrointestinal bleeding; coagulation disorders including anaemia, hypoprothrombinemia, haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney diseases including nephritis, particularly mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and nephritic syndrome; thrombosis and occlusive vascular diseases.
  • It is another object of the invention a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of general formula (I) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive, adjuvant or vehicle.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • In a first aspect the invention relates to compounds of general formula (I):
    Figure imgb0002
     wherein:
    • W1 is phenyl or a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 N atoms, wherein W1 is substituted by one R1 and optionally substituted by one or more R2;
    • W2 is a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring that contains 1 N atom and can additionally contain 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; wherein said ring is aromatic, partially unsaturated or saturated, and which is optionally substituted by one or more R3;
    • R1 is -R6-R7;
    • each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6-alkyl, CN, - NR14COR15, -NR14SO2R15 and -SO2R15;
    • each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-alkyl C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6-alkyl and CN;
    • each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-6-alkyl, or both R4 together with the C atom to which they are bonded form a C3-6cycloalkyl;
    • R5 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, -OH, C1-6-alkyl and -SO2R15;
    • R6 is selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, -C1-4-alkylene-, -O-C1-4-alkylene- and -C2-4-alkenylene-;
    • R7 is selected from the group consisting of -CO2H, -SO3H, 5-tetrazolyl, -OPO3H2, - PO3H2, -CONR12R12 and -CONH-SO2R12.
    • Y is selected from the group consisting of -C2-4-alkylene-, -O-C1-4-alkylene-, -C2-4-alkenylene- , -C1-4-alkylene-O-, -NR13-C1-4-alkylene- and -C1-4-alkylene-NR13-;
    • B is selected from the group consisting of C2-6-alkyl and Cy, any of them optionally substituted by one or more R8;
    • each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, C1-6-alkyl,-OH, -CN, -CH2OR14 and - CONR12R12;
    • each R9 is independently selected from the group consisting of CR10 and N;
    • each R10 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl and hydroxyC1-6-alkyl;
    • R11 is CR5 or N,
    • each R12 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-6-alkyl C1-6-haloalkyl,and C3-6cycloalkyl;
    • each R13 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-6-alkyl C1-6-haloalkyl, and C3-6cycloalkyl;
    • each R14 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-6-alkyl;
    • each R15 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6-alkyl;
    • Cy is a 3-6 membered monocyclic or 8-12 membered polycyclic ring which can be carbocyclic or heterocyclic containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and which can be aromatic, partially unsaturated or saturated and wherein one or more C or S atoms in Cy can be oxidized to form CO, SO or SO2;
    and the salts, solvates and prodrugs thereof.
  • Also included within the scope of the invention are the isomers, polymorphs, isotopes, salts, solvates and prodrugs of the compounds of formula (I). Any reference to a compound of formula (I) throughout the present specification includes a reference to any isomer, polymorph, isotope, salt, solvate or prodrug of such compound of formula I.
  • The compounds of formula I may exist in different physical forms, i.e. amorphous and crystalline forms. Moreover, the compounds of the invention may have the ability to crystallize in more than one form, a characteristic which is known as polymorphism. Polymorphs can be distinguished by various physical properties well known in the art such as X-ray diffraction pattern, melting point or solubility. All physical forms of the compounds of formula I, including all polymorphic forms ("polymorphs") thereof, are included within the scope of the invention.
  • Some of the compounds of the present invention may exist as several optical isomers and/or several diastereoisomers. Diastereoisomers can be separated by conventional techniques such as chromatography or fractional crystallization. Optical isomers can be resolved by conventional techniques of optical resolution to give optically pure isomers. This resolution can be carried out on any chiral synthetic intermediate or on the products of formula I. Optically pure isomers can also be individually obtained using enantiospecific synthesis. The present invention covers all individual isomers as well as mixtures thereof (for example racemic mixtures or mixtures of diastereomers), whether obtained by synthesis or by physically mixing them.
  • In addition, any formula given herein is intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds. Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2H, 3H, 11C 13C 14C, 15N, 18O, 17O, 31P, 32P, 36S, 18F, 36Cl, and 125I, respectively, Such isotopically labelled compounds are useful in metabolic studies (preferably with 14C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2H or 3H), detection or imaging techniques [such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients. In particular, an 18F or 11C labeled compound may be particularly preferred for PET or SPECT studies. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. In addition to the unlabeled form, all isotopically labeled forms of the compounds of formula I are included within the scope of the invention.
  • "Halogen" or "halo" as referred in the present invention represent fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • The term "alkyl," alone or in combination, means an acyclic radical, linear or branched, preferably containing from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and the like. Where no specific substitution is specified, alkyl radicals may be optionally substituted with groups consisting of hydroxy, sulfhydryl, methoxy, ethoxy, amino, cyano, chloro, and fluoro. The carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by suffix designating a lower and upper number of carbon atoms in the moiety. Thus, for example, 'C1-6-alkyl' refers to alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive.
  • An "alkylene" linking group preferably contains 1-4 carbon atoms and represents for example methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene. The carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by suffix designating a lower and upper number of carbon atoms in the moiety. Thus, for example, 'C1-4-alkylene' refers to an alkylene of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive.
  • An "alkenylene" linking group preferably contains 2 to 4 carbon atoms and represents for example ethenylene, 1,3-propenylene, 1,4-but-1-enylene, 1,4-but-2-ethylene. The carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by suffix designating a lower and upper number of carbon atoms in the moiety. Thus, for example, 'C2-4-alkenylene' refers to alkenylene of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive.
  • "Cycloalkyl" is preferably a monocyclic cycloalkyl containing from three to six carbon atoms. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. The carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by suffix designating a lower and upper number of carbon atoms in the moiety. Thus, for example, 'C3-6-cycloalkyl' refers to cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive.
  • The term "carbocyclic", "carbocyclic ring" and "carbocyclyl" refer to a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic mono- or multi-ring cycloalkyl only formed from carbon atoms.
  • The terms "heterocycle", "heterocyclic ring" and "heterocyclyl" refer to a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic mono- or multi-ring cycloalkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms is replaced by N, S, or O. The terms "heterocycle", "heterocyclic ring system," and "heterocyclyl" include fully saturated ring structures such as piperazinyl, dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxiranyl, aziridinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, thiazolidinyl, and others. The terms "heterocycle", "heterocyclic ring system," and "heterocyclyl" also include partially unsaturated ring structures such as dihydrofuranyl, dihydropyrrolyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrrolinyl, chromanyl, dihydrothienyl, and others. The term "heterocycle", "heterocyclic ring system," and "heterocyclyl" also include aromatic structures such as pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and tetrazolyl, optionally substituted.
  • The term "heteroaromatic ring" refers to an aromatic heterocyclic ring. Examples of "heteroaromatic ring" include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, thionyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and tetrazolyl, optionally substituted.
  • The term "ring" or "ring system" according to the present invention refers to ring systems comprising saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocyclic ring systems which contain optionally at least one heteroatom as ring member and which are optionally at least mono-substituted. Said ring systems may be condensed to other carbocyclic ring systems.
  • The term "monocyclic ring" refers to a ring system composed of a single ring.
  • The term "polycyclic ring" refers to a ring system composed of at least two rings.
  • The term "salt" must be understood as any form of an active compound used in accordance with this invention in which the said compound is in ionic form or is charged and coupled to a counter-ion (a cation or anion) or is in solution. This definition also includes quaternary ammonium salts and complexes of the active molecule with other molecules and ions, particularly complexes formed via ionic interactions.The definition particularly includes physiologically acceptable salts; this term must be understood as equivalent to "pharmaceutically acceptable salts".
  • The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" in the context of this invention means any salt that is tolerated physiologically (normally meaning that it is not toxic, particularly as a result of the counter-ion) when used in an appropriate manner for a treatment, particularly applied or used in humans and/or mammals. These pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be formed with cations or bases and, in the context of this invention, are understood to be salts formed by at least one compound used in accordance with the invention - normally an acid (deprotonated) - such as an anion and at least one physiologically tolerated cation, preferably inorganic, particularly when used on humans and/or mammals. Salts with alkali and alkali earth metals are particularly preferred, as well as those formed with ammonium cations (NH4 +). Preferred salts are those formed with (mono) or (di)sodium, (mono) or (di)potassium, magnesium or calcium.These physiologically acceptable salts may also be formed with anions or acids and, in the context of this invention, are understood as being salts formed by at least one compound used in accordance with the invention - normally protonated, for example in nitrogen - such as a cation and at least one physiologically tolerated anion, particularly when used on humans and/or mammals.This definition specifically includes in the context of this invention a salt formed by a physiologically tolerated acid, i.e. salts of a specific active compound with physiologically tolerated organic or inorganic acids - particularly when used on humans and/or mammals. Examples of this type of salts are those formed with: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid or citric acid.
  • The term "solvate" in accordance with this invention should be understood as meaning any form of the active compound in accordance with the invention in which said compound is bonded by a non-covalent bond to another molecule (normally a polar solvent), especially including hydrates and alcoholates, for example methanolate.
  • The term "prodrug" is used in its broadest sense and encompasses those derivatives that are converted in vivo to the compounds of the invention. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, derivatives and metabolites of the compounds of formula (I) that include biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues. Preferably, prodrugs of compounds with carboxyl functional groups are the lower alkyl esters of the carboxylic acid. The carboxylate esters are conveniently formed by esterifying any of the carboxylic acid moieties present on the molecule. Prodrugs can typically be prepared using well-known methods, such as those described by Burger "Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery 6th ed. (Donald J. Abraham ed., 2001 , Wiley) and "Design and Applications of Prodrugs" (H. Bundgaard ed., 1985, Harwood Academic Publishers).
  • The terms "prevention", "preventing", "preventive" "prevent" and "prophylaxis" refer to the capacity of a therapeutic to avoid, minimize or difficult the onset or development of a disease or condition before its onset.
  • The terms "treating" or "treatment" is meant at least a suppression or an amelioration of the symptoms associated with the condition afflicting the subject, where suppression and amelioration are used in a broad sense to refer to at least a reduction in the magnitude of a parameter, e.g., symptom associated with the condition being treated, such as pain. As such, the method of the present invention also includes situations where the condition is completely inhibited, terminated, such that the subject no longer experiences the condition.
  • In a particular and preferred embodiment of the present invention each R9 in the general formula (I) is CR10 and each R10 is preferably H.
  • In another preferred embodiment of the invention each R4 is H.
  • In still another particular embodiment, Y preferably is -O-C1-4-alkylene- or -C1-4-alkylene-O- and more preferably -O-CH2- or -CH2-O-. In a preferred embodiment, Y is -O-C1-4-alkylene-. In a more preferred embodiment, Y is -O-CH2-.
  • In another embodiment R5 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, -OH and C1-6-alkyl.
  • In another preferred embodiment of the invention R5 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen and -C1-6-haloalkyl.
  • Another preferred embodiment is that in which B is Cy, this being preferably phenyl, C3-6-cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heterocycle containing 1 or 2 N atom which can be aromatic, partially unsaturated or saturated, any of them optionally substituted by one or more R8.
  • In another embodiment B is phenyl or cyclopropyl, any of them optionally substituted by one or more R8.
  • In a preferred embodiment B is preferably a phenyl optionally substituted by 1-5 R8, more preferably by 1-4 R8.
  • In another embodiment B is:
    Figure imgb0003
  • In another embodiment B is
    Figure imgb0004
  • In another embodiment B is
    Figure imgb0005
  • In another embodiment R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, C1-6-alkyl, and -OH.
  • In another embodiment R8 is selected from the group consisting of halogen and -C1-6-haloalkyl.
  • In a particular embodiment of the invention
    Figure imgb0006
     represents
    Figure imgb0007
     where E1, E2 and E3 are CR2; or one of E1, E2 or E3 is N and the others are CR2; or two of E1, E2 or E3 are N and the other is CR2.
  • In another embodiment E1, E2 and E3 are CR2.
  • In another embodiment E1 is N and E2 and E3 are CR2.
  • In another embodiment E2 is N and E1 and E3 are CR2.
  • In another embodiment E3 is N and E1 and E2 are CR2.
  • In another embodiment E1 and E3 are N and E2 is CR2.
  • In another particular embodiment of the invention
    Figure imgb0008
     represents
    Figure imgb0009
     where G is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3, CR3R3-CR3R3and N; D is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3 and N; and --- represents a single bond or a double bond.
  • In another embodiment G is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3, O, S and N.
  • In another embodiment G is selected from the group consisting of CR3=CR3, CR3R3-CR3R3, N-CR3, N-CR3R3, CR3R3-N, O-CR3, O-CR3R3, CR3R3-O, S-CR3, S-CR3R3 and CR3R3-S.
  • In another embodiment G is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3 and N.
  • In another embodiment G is CR3R3-CR3R3.
  • In another embodiment G is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3, N, CR3=CR3, CR3R3-CR3R3, N-CR3, N-CR3R3, CR3R3-N;.
  • In another embodiment G is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3, N and CR3R3-CR3R3.
  • In another embodiment
    Figure imgb0010
     represents
    Figure imgb0011
    • G is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3 and N;
    • D is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3 and N;
    • --- represents a single bond or a double bond.
  • In another embodiment
    Figure imgb0012
     represents
    Figure imgb0013
    • G is selected from the group consisting of CR3R3-CR3R3;
    • D is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3 and N;
    • --- represents a single bond or a double bond.
  • In another embodiment D is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3 and N.
  • In another embodiment
    Figure imgb0014
     is selected from the group consisting of
    Figure imgb0015
    Figure imgb0016
    Figure imgb0017
  • In a preferred embodiment of the invention
    Figure imgb0018
     is selected from the group consisting of
    Figure imgb0019
    Figure imgb0020
    Figure imgb0021
  • In another preferred embodiment
    Figure imgb0022
     represents
    Figure imgb0023
  • In another preferred embodiment
    Figure imgb0024
     represents
    Figure imgb0025
  • In another preferred embodiment
    Figure imgb0026
     represents
    Figure imgb0027
  • In another embodiment R6 is a direct bond.
  • In another embodiment R7 is selected from the group consisting of -CO2H, -SO3H and 5-tetrazolyl.
  • In another embodiment R7 is -CO2H.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the invention is that in which R6 is a direct bond and R7 is -CO2H.
  • In a particular embodiment R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6-alkyl and CN.
  • In another embodiment R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and halogen.
  • In another embodiment R3 is H.
  • In another embodiment, each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and halogen and each R3 is H.
  • Among all the compounds encompassed by the general formula (I) the following compounds are particularly preferred:
    • ■ (E)-1-(5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-bromobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(4-chloro-2-isobutoxybenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-fluoro-2-((2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((3-bromo-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-fluoro-2-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-fluoro-2-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,3,4-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((2,3,4-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-(1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)ethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((3-bromo-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((3-bromo-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(3-bromo-2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-fluoro-2-((3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-fluoro-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(3-bromo-5-chloro-2-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((3,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)ethyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((3-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(3,5-dichloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-((3-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 3-(1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)propanoic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-fluoro-2-((2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((3-bromo-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-fluoro-2-((3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-bromo-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ (E)-3-(1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid,
    • ■ (E)-3-(1-(5-bromo-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid,
    • ■ (E)-3-(1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid,
    • ■ (E)-3-(1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid,
    • ■ (E)-3-(1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid,
    • ■ 2-((1-(2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)acetic acid,
    • ■ 2-((1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)acetic acid,
    • ■ 2-((1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)acetic acid,
    • ■ 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-bromobenzyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 3-(1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)propanoic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)indoline-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 7-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 7-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-7-fluoro-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-{2-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-5-methoxybenzyl}-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-[5-chloro-2-(cyclohexylmethoxy)benzyl]-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    • ■ 1-[5-chloro-2-(cyclopentylmethoxy)benzyl]-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid,
    and the salts, solvates and prodrugs thereof.
  • In another embodiment, the sodium salt of the previous compounds is preferred.
  • In another aspect the invention refers to a process for preparing the compounds of the invention.
  • The compounds of the invention may be made by a variety of methods, including standard chemistry. Any previously defined variable will continue to have the previously defined meaning unless otherwise indicated. Illustrative general synthetic methods are set out below and then the preparation of specific compounds of the invention is described in more detail in the Experimental Section.
  • For instance, a process for preparing compounds of general formula (I) comprises the reaction between a compound of general formula (II):
    Figure imgb0028
     wherein LG is a leaving group, preferably bromo, with a compound of general formula (III), or a protected form thereof where the R7 group in W1 is protected:
    Figure imgb0029
     followed if necessary by the removal of any protecting group that may be present.
  • In general, a compound of formula III is preferably used in protected form, i.e. with the R7 group in W1 protected with a suitable protecting group. If III is reacted with II in protected form, a subsequent step to remove the protecting group on R7 will be required to yield a compound of formula I, which is performed under standard conditions well known in the art. When in a compound of formula III R7 is -CO2H, compound III is used in protected form as an ester, and therefore the acid must be deprotected after the reaction of II with III under standard conditions; a suitable set of conditions comprises the treatment of the corresponding ester with NaOH (10%), in tetrahydrofuran or methanol at about 50°C.
  • A compound of formula I thus obtained can be converted into a salt using standard procedures. For example, when R7 in a compound of formula I is -CO2H, the sodium salt can be obtained for example by treatment of the corresponding carboxylic acid with sodium tert-butoxide in methanol at room temperature.
  • The process for the synthesis of compound of general formula I can be summarised as follows:
    Figure imgb0030
  • In the above scheme W1, W2, R4, Y, B, R9 and R11 have the meaning previously defined and LG represents a leaving group. A leaving group is a group that in an heterolytic bond cleavage keeps the electron pair of the bond. Suitable leaving groups are well known in the art and include Cl, Br, I and -O-SO2R14, wherein R14 is F, C1-4-alkyl, C1-4-haloalkyl, or optionally substituted phenyl. The preferred leaving groups are: Cl, Br, I, tosylate, mesylate, triflate, nonaflate and fluorosulphonate.
  • Preferably, compounds of formula (II) wherein LG is bromo are used.
  • Compounds of formula (II) and (III) are suitably reacted together in the presence of a base in an inert organic solvent which includes, aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, o-, m-, p- xylene; halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, and chlorobenzene; ethers such as diethylether, diisopropyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, 5 dioxane, anisole, and tetrahydrofuran; nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone and tert-butyl methyl ketone; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol and also DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide), DMSO (N,N-dimethyl sulfoxide) and water. The preferred list of solvents includes DMSO, DMF, acetonitrile and THF. Mixtures of these solvents in varying ratios can also be used. Suitable bases are, generally, inorganic compounds such as alkali metal hydroxides and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide; alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides, lithium oxide, sodium oxide, magnesium oxide and calcium oxide; alkali metal hydrides and alkaline earth metal hydrides such as lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride and calcium hydride; alkali metal, amides and alkaline earth metal amides such as lithium amide, sodium amide, potassium amide and calcium amide; alkali metal carbonates and alkaline earth metal carbonates such as lithium carbonate and calcium carbonate; and also alkali metal hydrogencarbonates and alkaline earth metal hydrogencarbonates such as sodium hydrogencarbonate; organometallic compounds, particularly alkali-metal alkyls such as methyl lithium, butyllithium, phenyl lithium; alkyl magnesium halides such as methyl magnesium chloride, and alkali metal alkoxides and alkaline earth metal alkoxides such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium tertbutoxide and di-methoxymagnesium, further more organic bases e.g. triethylamine, triisopropylamine, N-methylpiperidine, pyridine. Sodium hydroxide, Sodium methoxide, Sodium ethoxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate and triethylamine are especially preferred. Suitably the reaction may be effected in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst such as tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogensulphate and the like. The inert atmosphere may be maintained by using inert gases such as N2, Ar or He. Reaction times may vary from 1 to 24 hrs, preferably from 2 to 6 hours, whereafter, if desired, the resulting compound is transformed into a salt thereof.
  • The starting compounds of general formula (II) can be prepared in several ways. A general scheme of preparation of compound of formula (II) is represented below:
    Figure imgb0031
  • In the above scheme:
    • LG represents a leaving group. A leaving group is a group that in an heterolytic bond cleavage keeps the electron pair of the bond. Suitable leaving groups are well known in the art and include Cl, Br, I and -O-SO2R16, wherein R16 is F, C1-4-alkyl, C1-4-haloalkyl, or optionally substituted phenyl. The preferred leaving groups are: Cl, Br, I, tosylate, mesylate, triflate, nonaflate and fluorosulphonate.
    • A1 represents a C1-2-alkylene group.
    • A2 represents -Cn-alkyl-CO-Cm-alkyl-B, wherein n and m independently have a value of 0 to 2 and wherein n+m≤2.
    • A3 represents either an -O- or-NR13-.
    • all remaining substituents have the same meanings as previously defined in relation to a compound of formula (I).
  • Suitable reaction conditions for the preparation a compound of formula (II) include conventional methods for converting the hydroxyl group of the compounds of formula (IVa), (IVb), (IVc) and (IVd) to a leaving group, for example Br. When LG=bromo, the compound of formula (IV) may be reacted with phosporous tribromide in a solvent, e.g. dichloromethane, at reduced temperatures, e.g. less than 0 °C. Such transformations are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in for example L. G. Wade, Jr., Organic Chemistry, 6th ed., p. 477, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA, 2005.
  • Suitable reaction conditions for the preparation a compound of formula (IV) include conventional methods for reducing the carbonyl group of the compounds of formula (V) to a hydroxyl group. The reduction step may be carried out using a reducing agent such as NaBH4, NaCNBH3, LiAlH4, LiBH4 or Zn(BH4)2. For compounds of formula (Va), (Vc) and (Vd), preferably, the reduction step is carried out using NaBH4. Preferably, an excess of NaBH4 is used. Preferably, the reduction step is carried out in an alcohol solvent. Typical alcohols are methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and mixtures thereof. A preferred alcohol is methanol. For compounds of formula (Vb) preferably, the reduction step is carried out using LiAlH4. Preferably, an excess of LiAlH4 is used. Preferably, the reduction step is carried out in an alkylether solvent. Typical alkylether solvents are tetrahydrofuran, diethyleter, dioxane, diisopropylether, and mixtures thereof. A preferred alkylether is tetrahydrofuran. Such transformations are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in for example Banfi, L.; Narisano, E.; Riva, R.; Stiasni, N.; Hiersemann, M. "Sodium Borohydride" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York.; and Seyden-Penne, J. "Reductions by the Alumino- and Borohydrides in Organic Synthesis"; VCH-Lavoisier: Paris, 1991.
  • Suitable reaction conditions for the preparation a compound of formula (Va) and (Vb) include conventional methods for the alkylation of the compounds of formula (VIa) and (Vlb) wherein A3 represents either an -O- or-NR13-. A suitable LG group is bromine or chloride. The alkylation reaction of the compounds of formula (VIa) and (Vlb) may be carried out in an inert organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide at ambient or elevated temperature, optionally in the presence of a suitable base such as potassium or cesium carbonate or a strong base such as sodium t-butoxide or lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS).
  • Suitable reaction conditions for the preparation a compound of formula (Vc) and (Vd) include conventional methods for reducing the cyano group of the compounds of formula (Vlc) and (Vld) to a hydroxyl group. The reduction step may be carried out using a reducing agent such as DIBA-H in an inert organic solvent such as hexane, heptane or cyclohexane, at ambient or low temperature, preferably from 0ºC to 5ºC.
  • Intermediates of formula (VI) wherein A3 represents either an -O- or-NR13-, are commercially available, or may readily be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example from suitable commercially available starting materials.
  • Compounds of formula (III) are either commercially available or can be obtained by conventional methods.
  • Particular embodiments of the preparation of compounds of general formula (II) and (III) are provided below in the experimental section under the heading "Intermediate compounds".
  • Certain substituents in any of the reaction intermediates described above and in the compounds of formula (I) may be converted to other substituents by conventional methods known to those skilled in the art. Examples of such transformations include the Wittig reaction of an aldehyde group to give an alkene group; hydrolysis of esters, alkylation of hydroxy and amino groups; and formation of salts of carboxylic acids. Such transformations are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in for example, Richard Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, 2nd edition, Wiley-VCH, ISBN 0-471-19031-4.
  • It will be appreciated that in any of the routes described above, the precise order of the synthetic steps by which the various groups and moieties are introduced into the molecule may be varied. It will be within the skill of the practitioner in the art to ensure that groups or moieties introduced at one stage of the process will not be affected by subsequent transformations and reactions, and to select the order of synthetic steps accordingly. In some instances it may be appropriate to use protecting groups to prevent reactions between one or more groups or moieties. Such procedures are familiar to those skilled in the art (see, for example, "Protective groups in organic synthesis" by T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts (John Wiley & sons 10 1999) or "Protecting Groups" by P.J. Kocienski (Georg Thieme Verlag 1994).
  • An additional aspect of the invention relates to the therapeutic use of the compounds of general formula (I). As mentioned above, compounds of general formula (I) show a strong affinity to EP1 receptors. For this reason, they are suitable for the treatment and/or the prophylaxis of disorders and diseases mediated by EP1 receptors.
  • Compounds of the invention are particularly useful for modulating pain. The compounds of the present invention can treat or prevent the pain associated with several pathological conditions comprising, among others, inflammatory related pain (Hall et al. 2007) including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain (Omote et al. 2001) including dental procedures; neuropathic pain (Kawahara et al. 2001); visceral pain (Sarkar et al. 2003); tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine and the like.
  • Moreover, by inhibition of prostanoid-induced smooth muscle contraction by antagonizing contractile prostanoids or mimicking relaxing prostanoids, EP1 modulators may be used in the treatment of motility -related disorders (with or without pain) such as as gastroinstestinal disorders (Sarkar et al. 2003; Mizuguchi et al 2010) and urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases (Teramura et al. 2000; Lee et al. 2007; Okada et al., 2010; Wilbraham et al 2010; Miki et al 2010), dysmenorrhea and preterm labour.
  • The compounds of the invention can also be useful in prostaglandin-mediated proliferation disorders such as in diabetic retinopathy and tumour angiogenesis, cancer (Watanabe et al. 1999; Niho et al. 2005), the inhibition of cellular neoplasic transformations and metastatic tumour growth.
  • They can further be used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntingdon's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) (Li et al. 2011), neuroprotection/stroke (Abe et al 2009), glaucoma (Woodward et al 1997), bone loss (osteoporosis) and the proportion of bone formation (treatment of fractures) (Zhang et al 2011; Lee et al. 2007) and other bone diseases such as Paget's disease.
  • As PGE2-induced hyperthermia in the rat is mediated predominantly through the EP1 receptor (Hönemann et al. 2001; Oka et al. 2003) different kinds of fever as rheumatic fever, symptoms associated with influenza or other viral infections as well as common cold can be also target diseases for EP1 modulators.
  • The compounds of the invention can also have a cytoprotective activity in patients under different gastrointestinal disorders as related with chemotherapy, or irritable bowel disease. Other diseases that can be treated or prevented with the compounds of the invention include gastrointestinal bleeding, coagulation disorders including anaemia such as hypoprothrombinemia, haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney diseases (nephritis (Rahal et al. 2006), particularly mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and nephritic syndrome); thrombosis, and occlusive vascular diseases.
  • In this sense, compounds of formula (I) are suitable to treat or to prevent diseases or disorders comprising inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; neuroprotection/stroke; glaucoma; osteoporosis; bone fractures; Paget's disease; hyperthermia including different types of fever as rheumatic fever; symptoms associated with influenza or other viral infections; common cold, gastrointestinal disorders related with chemotherapy or irritable bowel syndrome; gastrointestinal bleeding; coagulation disorders including anaemia, hypoprothrombinemia, haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney diseases including nephritis, particularly mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and nephritic syndrome; thrombosis and occlusive vascular diseases.
  • The invention thus relates to a compound of formula (I) for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an EP1-mediated disease or disorder. In one embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of pain, motility-related disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, glaucoma, bone diseases, fever, coagulation disorders and occlusive vascular diseases. In a preferred embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is pain. In another embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; neuroprotection/stroke; glaucoma; osteoporosis; bone fractures; Paget's disease; hyperthermia including different types of fever as rheumatic fever; symptoms associated with influenza or other viral infections; common cold, gastrointestinal disorders related with chemotherapy or irritable bowel syndrome; gastrointestinal bleeding; coagulation disorders including anaemia, hypoprothrombinemia, haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney diseases including nephritis, particularly mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and nephritic syndrome; thrombosis and occlusive vascular diseases. In a preferred embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is pain comprising inflammatory related pain, including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine.
  • A related aspect refers to the use of at least one compound of general formula (I) for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis diseases or disorders mediated by EP1 receptors or in which EP1 receptors are involved. In one embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of pain, motility-related disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, glaucoma, bone diseases, fever, coagulation disorders and occlusive vascular diseases. In a preferred embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is pain. In another embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; neuroprotection/stroke; glaucoma; osteoporosis; bone fractures; Paget's disease; hypertermia including different types of fever as rheumatic fever; symptoms associated with influenza or other viral infections; common cold, gastrointestinal disorders related with chemotherapy or irritable bowel syndrome; gastrointestinal bleeding; coagulation disorders including anaemia, hypoprothrombinemia, haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney diseases including nephritis, particularly mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and nephritic syndrome; thrombosis and occlusive vascular diseases. In another embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory related pain (including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns); postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; and migraine.
  • An aspect of the invention related to the therapeutic use of the compounds of general formula (I) is a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of disorders and diseases mediated by EP1 receptors which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of general formula (I). In one embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of pain, motility-related disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, glaucoma, bone diseases, fever, coagulation disorders and occlusive vascular diseases. In a preferred embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is pain. In another embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; neuroprotection/stroke; glaucoma; osteoporosis; bone fractures; Paget's disease; hyperthermia including different types of fever as rheumatic fever; symptoms associated with influenza or other viral infections; common cold, gastrointestinal disorders related with chemotherapy or irritable bowel syndrome; gastrointestinal bleeding; coagulation disorders including anaemia, hypoprothrombinemia, haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney diseases including nephritis, particularly mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and nephritic syndrome; thrombosis and occlusive vascular diseases. In another embodiment, the EP1-mediated disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory related pain (including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis), gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns); postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; and migraine.
  • The amount of active ingredient that must be administered to the patient depends on the patient's weight, the type of application, the condition and severity of the disease. Normally, in human beings 1 to 1500 mg of the active compound is administered daily in one or several doses.
  • A further aspect of the invention regards a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of general formula (I), and at least a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive, adjuvant or vehicle.
  • The auxiliary materials or additives can be selected among carriers, excipients, support materials, lubricants, fillers, solvents, diluents, colorants, flavour conditioners such as sugars, antioxidants and/or agglutinants. In the case of suppositories, this may imply waxes or fatty acid esters or preservatives, emulsifiers and/or carriers for parenteral application. The selection of these auxiliary materials and/or additives and the amounts to be used will depend on the form of application of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • The pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention can be adapted to any form of administration, be it orally or parenterally, for example pulmonarily, nasally, rectally and/or intravenously. Therefore, the formulation in accordance with the invention may be adapted for topical or systemic application, particularly for dermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intraperitoneal, pulmonary, buccal, sublingual, nasal, percutaneous, vaginal, oral or parenteral application.
  • Suitable preparations for oral applications are tablets, pills, chewing gums, capsules, granules, drops or syrups.Suitable preparations for parenteral applications are solutions, suspensions, reconstitutable dry preparations or sprays.
  • The compounds of the invention as deposits in dissolved form or in patches, for percutaneous application.
  • Skin applications include ointments, gels, creams, lotions, suspensions or emulsions.
  • The preferred form of rectal application is by means of suppositories.
  • In the following paragraphs, some specific examples of preparation of intermediate compounds (II) and (III) and compounds of formula (I) are provided, together with examples of the biological activity of the compounds of the invention.
    • EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
  • The following abbreviations are used along the experimental section:
    • DMF: dimethylformamide
    • EtAcO: ethyl acetate
    • EtOH: ethanol
    • TLC: thin layer cromatography
    • DCM: dichloromethane
    • Hex: hexane
    • NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance
    • MeOH: methanol
    • NBS: N-bromosuccinimide
    • THF: tetrahydrofurane
    • P(OEt)3: triethylphosphite
    • DIBAL-H: Diisobutylaluminium hydride
    • Et20: Diethyl ether
    • RT: room temperature
    • ACN: Acetonitrile
    • TFA: Trifluoroacetic acid
    • t-BuONa: Sodium tert-butoxide
    • MES: 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
    • EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
    Intermediate compounds Intermediate compound 1: Synthesis of 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene
    1. (a) To a solution of 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.04g, 13 mmol) in DMF, potassium carbonate (2.64 g, 15.6 mmol) and 1-(bromomethyl)-2,4-difluorobenzene (2.83 g, 13.7 mmol) were added. The resulting yellow mixture was stirred at 40 ºC overnight.
      Then, it was diluted with water and HCI 1M was added until neutral pH was reached.
      The mixture was extracted with EtAcO (x3) and the combined organic phase washed with brine and dried over MgSO4.
    2. (b) The white solid obtained after removing the solvent (3.67g, 100%) was suspended in 25 mL of absolute EtOH. The mixture was cooled at 0ºC and then 560 mg (14.7 mmol) of NaBH4 were added. After 10 minutes the white suspension had turned into a colourless solution and TLC showed no starting material left. It was diluted with water and HCI 1 M was added until acid pH was reached. The mixture was extracted with EtAcO (x3) and the combined organic phase washed with brine and dried over MgSO4. Solvent was evaporated to yield 3.42g (12 mmol, 93%) of (5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)methanol. I.
    3. (c) To a solution of 3.42 g of (5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)methanol in 50 mL dry DCM under argon and at 0ºC PBr3 (3.25g, 12 mmol) was added dropwise. The solution was stirred at 0ºC for 90 minutes, then at room temperature overnight. A saturated solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate was then added until neutral pH was reached. The mixture diluted with dichloromethane and water. The organic phase was separated, washed with water then dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness.
  • The crude was purified by column chromatography eluting with Hex/EtAcO 8:2. 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene was obtained as a white solid (3.67g, 88%).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.59 (1H, m), 7.36 (1H, d), 7.26 (1H, dd,), 6.96 (1H, m), 6.89 (2H, m), 5.17 (2H, s), 4.53 (2H, s).
  • The following compounds were prepared using the same procedure as in Intermediate compound 1:
    Intermediate compound Compound name Starting materials NMR
    1a 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy) benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-(bromomethyl)-1,4-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.40 - 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.30 - 7.23 (m, 1H), 7.13 - 6.97 (m, 2H), 6.88 (d, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 4.54 (s, 2H).
    1b 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy) benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.52 (dd, 1H), 7.35 (d, 1H), 7.29-7.23 (m, 2H), 6.82 (d, 1H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H).
    1c 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)b enzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-(bromomethyl)-1-chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43 -7.36 (m, 1H), 7.35 (d, 1H), 7.27-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.03 - 6.96 (m, 1H), 6.83 (d, 1H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H).
    1d 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy) benzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-(bromomethyl)-1,4-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 6 7.33 (ddd, 1H), 7.11 - 7.03 (m, 2H), 7.02 - 6.95 (m, 2H), 6.87 (dd, 1H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 4.54 (s, 2H).
    1e 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy) benzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-(bromomethyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 - 7.31 (m, 1H), 7.07 (dd, 1H), 7.01 - 6.95 (m, 4H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 4.56 (s, 2H).
    1f 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)b enzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.45 (dd, 2H), 7.15-7.02 (m, 3H), 6.96 (td, 1H), 6.84 (dd, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H).
    1g 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy) benzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 5-(bromomethyl)-1,2,3-trifluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.17-7.06 (m, 3H), 6.97 (td, 1H), 6.79 (dd, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H).
    1h 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy) benzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.53 (dd, 1H), 7.27 (dd, 2H), 7.11 (dd, 1H), 7.02 - 6.95 (m, 1H), 6.84 (dd, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H).
    1i 2-(bromomethyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-1-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy) benzene 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde and 2-(bromomethyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.63 - 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.39 - 7.31 (m, 1H), 7.13 (d, 1H), 7.00 - 6.89 (m, 2H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 4.47 (s, 2H).
    1j 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-(bromomethyl)-1-chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.41 (dd, 1H), 7.37 (dd, 1H), 7.11 (dd, 1H), 7.04 - 6.94 (m, 2H), 6.84 (dd, 1H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H).
    1k 2-(bromomethyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-1-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde and 2-(bromomethyl)-1,4-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.56 (dd, 1H), 7.09 (d, 1H), 6.76 - 6.71 (m, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 4.59 (s, 2H).
    1l 2-(bromomethyl)-6-bromo-4-chloro-1-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 3-bromo-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldeh yde and 2-(bromomethyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.54 (d, 1H), 7.42-7.32 (m, 2H), 6.94-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 4.50 (s, 2H).
    1m 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((3,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy) benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-3,5-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.35 (d, 1H), 7.22 (dd, 1H), 7.02-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.82-6.74 (m, 2H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H).
    1n 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.56 (1H, t), 7.36 (1H, d), 7.26 (1H, dd), 7.22 (1H, dd), 7.17 (1H, dd), 6.89 (1H, d), 5.19 (2H, s), 4.53 (2H, s).
    1p 4-bromo-1-(bromomethyl)-2-((3,5-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 4-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCls) δ 7.41(2H, m), 7.37 (1H, t), 7.25 (1H, d), 7.14 (1H, dd), 7.04 (1H, d), 5.10 (2H, s), 4.55 (2H, s).
    1q 1-(benzyloxy)-2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorobenzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and (bromomethyl)ben zene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.50-7.35 (5H, m), 7.23 (1H, dd), 6.87 (1H, d), 5.16 (2H, s), 4.55 (2H, s).
    1r 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.62 (1H, t), 7.40-7.32 (2H, m), 7.28-7.19 (2H, m), 7.11 (1H, t), 6.90 (1H, d), 5.23 (2H, s), 4.55 (2H, s).
    1s 4-bromo-1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-2-fluorobenzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-bromo-1-(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.49 (1H, t), 7.36 (1H, dd), 7.35 (1H, dd), 7.32 (1H, dd), 7.25 (H, dd), 6.87 (1 H, d), 5.17 (2H, s), 4.52 (2H, s).
    1t 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 1-(bromomethyl)-2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)be nzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.79 (1H, t), 7.51 (1H, d), 7.40 (1H, d), 7.37 (1H, d), 7.27 (1H, dd), 6.88 (1H, d), 5.27 (2H, s), 4.54 (2H, s).
    1u 2-(bromomethyl)-1-((3-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.64 (1H,d), 7.55 (1H, dd), 7.40 (1H, m), 7.28-7.23 (2H, m), 7.06 (1H, td), 6.98 (1H, d), 5.23 (2H, s), 4.61 (2H, s).
    1v 4-bromo-1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2-fluorobenzene 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde and 4-bromo-1-(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.63 (1H, d), 7.57 (1H, dd), 7.50 (1H, t), 7.37 (1H, dd), 7.33 (1H, dd), 7.02 (1H, d), 5.24 (2H, s), 4.57 (2H, s).
    1x 2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.64-7.53 (3H, m), 7.35 (1H, q), 7.22 (1H, t), 7.12 (1H, t), 7.05 (1H, d), 5.31 (2H, s), 4.60 (2H, s).
    1y 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2,4-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.60-7.53 (1H, m), 7.49 (1H, d), 7.40 (1H, dd), 6.98-6.84 (3H, m), 5.19 (2H, s), 4.51 (2H, s).
    1z 1-((2-(bromomethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,4-difluorobenzene 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2,4-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.65-7.60 (1H, m), 7.37 (1H, dd), 7.31 (1H, td), 7.00-6.85 (4H, m), 5.20 (2H, s), 4.61 (2H, s).
    1aa 4-bromo-1-((4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2-fluorobenzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-bromo-1-(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.50-7.30 (5H, m), 6.85 (1H, d), 5.17 (2H, s), 4.52 (2H, s).
    1ab 4-bromo-1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)-2-fluorobenzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-bromo-1-(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.50(1H, t), 7.36 (1H, dd), 7.31 (1H, dd), 7.11 (1H, dd), 7.01-6.97 (1H, m), 6.88 (1H, dd), 5.16 (2H, s), 4.54 (2H, s).
    1 ac 2-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-1,3-difluorobenzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-(bromomethyl)-5-chloro-1,3-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.34 (1H, d), 7.27 (1H, dd), 7.11-6.97 (3H, m), 5.16 (2H, s), 4.44 (2H, s).
    1ad 5-bromo-2-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-(bromomethyl)-5-bromo-1,3-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.32 (1H, d), 7.26 (1H, dd), 7.21-7.15 (2H, m), 6.97 (1H, d), 5.13 (2H, s), 4.44 (2H, s).
    1ae 2-((4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-1,3-difluorobenzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-(bromomethyl)-5-chloro-1,3-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.48 (1H, d), 7.41 (1H, dd), 7.21-7.15 (2H, m), 6.93 (1H, d), 5.15 (2H, s), 4.43 (2H, s).
    1af 1-(bromomethyl)-3,5-dichloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.58 (1H, t), 7.39 (1H, d), 7.33 (1H, d), 7.23 (1H, dd), 7.17 (1H, dd), 5.18 (2H, s), 4.46 (2H, s).
    1ag 2-(bromomethyl)-3-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)pyridine 3-hydroxypicolinaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 8.22 (1H, dd), 7.55 (1H, t), 7.28-7.15 (4H, m), 5.21 (2H, s), 4.68 (2H, s).
    1ah 2-(bromomethyl)-1-((3,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-fluorobenzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-3,5-difluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCδ3) δ 7.12 (1H, dd), 7.05-6.98 (3H, m), 6.83-6.80 (2H, m), 5.13 (2H, s), 4.57 (2H, s).
    1ai 1-(benzyloxy)-4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and (bromomethyl)ben zene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.48 - 7.43 (3H, m), 7.43 - 7.37 (2H, m), 7.35 (2H, m), 5.14 (2H, s), 4.53 (2H, s).
    1aj 1-(benzyloxy)-2-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde and (bromomethyl)ben zene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.61 (1H, d), 7.52 (1H, dd), 7.49-7.47 (2H, m), 7.43-7.39 (2H, m), 7.37-7.33 (1H, m), 6.98 (1H, d), 5.21 (2H, s), 4.59 (2H, s).
    1ak 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)benzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.50-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.50-7.40 (1H, dd), 7.36 (H, dd), 7.14 - 7.04 (1H, m), 6.78 (1H, d), 5.09 (2H, s), 4.50 (2H, s).
    1al 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.44 (2H, dd), 7.33 (1H, d), 7.22 (1H, dd), 7.14 - 7.01 (2H, m), 6.83 (1H, d), 5.09 (2H, s), 4.51 (2H, s).
    1am 2-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyloxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.62 (1H, d), 7.54 (1H, t), 7.21 (1H, dd), 7.16 (1H, dd), 7.00 (1H, d), 5.24 (s, 2H), 4.56 (s, 2H).
    1an 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)be nzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.46 (2H, dd), 7.32 (1H, d), 7.22 (1H, dd), 7.14 - 7.01 (2H, m), 6.83 (1H, d), 5.09 (2H, s), 4.51 (2H, s).
    1ap 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyloxy)benzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.53 (1H, t), 7.47 (1H, d), 7.38 (1H, dd), 7.19 (1H, dd), 7.14 (1H, dd), 6.81 (1H, d), 5.16 (s, 2H), 4.49 (2H, s).
    1aq 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and (bromomethyl)cycl opropane 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.31 (1H, d), 7.20 (1H, dd), 6.76 (1H, d), 4.52 (2H, s), 3.87 (2H, d), 1.39-1.15 (1H, m), 0.75 - 0.53 (2H, m), 0.48 - 0.28 (2H, m).
    1ar 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and (bromomethyl)cycl opropane 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.45 (1H, d), 7.34 (1H, dd), 6.72 (1H, d), 4.51 (2H, s), 3.87 (2H, d), 1.35-1.25 (1 H, m), 0.70-0.56 (2H, m), 0.45 - 0.32 (2H, m).
    1as 3-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3-(bromomethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.32 (1H, d), 7.19 (1H, dd), 6.81 (1H, d), 6.57 (1H, m), 5.16 (2H, s), 4.56 (2H, s).
    1at 1-((2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorobenzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.06 (1H, d), 7.96 (1H, s), 7.89 (1H, d), 7.37 (1H, d), 7.24 (1H, dd), 6.78 (1H, d), 5.39 (2H, s), 4.56 (2H, s).
    1au 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2-chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.61 (1H, dd), 7.35 (1H, d), 7.24 (1H, dd), 7.18 (1H, dd), 7.05 (1H, td), 6.84 (1H, d), 5.18 (2H, s), 4.53 (2H, s).
    1av 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2-chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.61 (1H, dd), 7.48 (1H, d), 7.38 (1H, dd), 7.18 (1H, dd), 7.04 (1H, td), 6.80 (1H, d), 5.18 (2H, s), 4.53 (2H, s).
    1ax 1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.47 - 7.40 (1H, m), 7.19 (1H, dd), 7.02 - 6.94 (2H, m), 6.86 (1H, dd), 5.12 (2H, s), 4.52 (2H, s).
    1ay 2-bromo-4-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-1-fluorobenzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-bromo-4-(bromomethyl)-1-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.67 (1H, dd), 7.44 (1H, d), 7.43 - 7.27 (2H, m), 7.15 (1H, t), 6.76 (1H, d), 5.07 (2H, s), 4.50 (2H, s).
    1az 1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-2,3,4-trifluorobenzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2,3,4-trifluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.48 (1H, d), 7.39 (1H, dd), 7.35-7.27 (1H, m), 7.02 (1H, tdd), 6.81 (1H, d), 5.16 (2H, s), 4.48 (2H, s).
    1ba 2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-fluorobenzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2-chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.62 (1H, dd), 7.17 (1H, dd), 7.10 (1H, dd), 7.05 (1H, td), 7.01 - 6.94 (1H, m), 6.86 (1H, dd), 5.17 (2H, s), 4.55 (2H, s).
    1bb 1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.51 - 7.40 (1H, m), 7.09 (1H, dd), 7.02 - 6.94 (2H, m), 6.86 (1H, dd), 5.12 (2H, s), 4.52 (2H, s).
    1bc 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)be nzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.85 (1H, dd), 7.42 (1H, dd), 7.31 (1H, td), 7.10 (1H, dd), 7.04 - 6.93 (1H, m), 6.81 (1H, dd), 5.28 (2H, s), 4.55 (2H, s).
    1bd 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)be nzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.84 (1H, dd), 7.43 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (td, J = 8.3, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 4.54 (s, 1H).
    1be 1-((4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,3,4-trifluorobenzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-2,3,4-trifluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.48 (1H, d), 7.39 (1H, dd), 7.35-7.27 (1H, m), 7.02 (1H, tdd), 6.81 (1H, d), 5.16 (2H, s), 4.48 (2H, s).
    1bf 2-bromo-4-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)-1-fluorobenzene 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-bromo-4-(bromomethyl)-1-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.69 (1H, dd), 7.44-7.37 (1H, m), 7.44 - 7.37 (1H, m), 7.15 (1H, t), 7.09 (1H, dd), 6.96 (1H, ddd), 6.82 (1H, dd), 5.06 (2H, s), 4.52 (2H, s).
    1bg 2-bromo-4-((4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-1-fluorobenzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-bromo-4-(bromomethyl)-1-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.69 (1H, dd), 7.47 (1H, d), 7.44-7.28 (2H, m), 7.15 (1H, t), 6.76 (1H, d), 5.07 (2H, s), 4.50 (2H, s).
    1bh 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)be nzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.83 (1H, dd), 7.49 (1H, d), 7.43 (1H, dd), 7.37 (1H, dd), 7.30 (1H, td), 6.74 (1H, d), 5.28 (2H, s), 4.53 (2H, s).
    1bi 1-bromo-2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-3-(bromomethyl)-5-chlorobenzene 3-bromo-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-bromo-1-(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.57 - 7.51 (2H, m), 7.37 (2H, dd), 7.31 (1H, dd), 5.14 (2H, s), 4.46 (2H, s).
    1bj 2-(bromomethyl)-1-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-4-methoxybenzene 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde 1-(bromomethyl)-2,4-difluorobenzene 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 250 MHz, □): 7.57 (dd, J= 15.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H, ArH); 6.99-6.78 (m, 5H, ArH); 5.12 (s, 2H, CH2); 4.55 (s, 2H, CH2); 3.77 (s, 3H, OCH3).
    1bk 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and (bromomethyl)cycl ohexane
    1bl 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclopentylmethoxy)benzene 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and (bromomethyl)cycl opentane
    • Intermediate compound 2: Synthesis of 2-(1-bromoethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene
    1. a) 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)ethanol To a solution of 5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzaldehyde (200 mg, 0.67 mmol) in dry diethyl ether, a solution of methylmagnesium bromide 3 M in ether (0.45 mL, 1.34 mmol) was added at 0 ºC under nitrogen atmosphere. Mixture was stirred and allowed to reach room temperature. After 3 h, TLC showed no starting material left. It was treated with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride, diluted with water and extracted with diethyl ether (x). The combined organic phases were washed with brine and dried over MgSO4. Solvent was removed under vacuum to yield the crude desired product in quantitative yield.
    2. b) The title compound was obtained following the general procedure as described Intermediate compound 1 (step c) using 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)ethanol as starting material.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.52 (t, 1H), 7.49 (d, 1H), 7.24 - 7.17 (m, 2H), 7.15 (dd, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H), 5.59 (q, 1H), 5.20 - 5.09 (m, 2H), 2.00 (d, 3H).
    • Intermediate compound 3: Synthesis of 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)ethoxy)benzene
  • The title compound was obtained following the general procedure described in Intermediate compound 1 (step a, b, c) using 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-(1-bromoethyl)-2,4-difluorobenzene as starting materials.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.61 (1H, dd), 7.35 (1H, d), 7.24 (1H, dd), 7.18 (1H, dd), 7.05 (1H, td), 6.84 (1H, d), 5.15 (1H, m), 4.53 (2H, s), 1.72 (3H, d).
    • Intermediate compound 4: Synthesis of 4-bromo-1-((4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-fluorobenzene
    1. (a) To a solution of 2.80 g (13 mmol) of 5-bromo-2-methylbenzoic acid in 11 mL of MeOH, 2.5 mL of HCl 4.0 M (10 mmol) in dioxane were added.
      The reaction was heated at 70 ºC and stirred at that temperature overnight.
      Then, the mixture was concentrated, cooled to 0ºC and neutralized with saturated NaHCO3. The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM and evaporated to obtain methyl 5-bromo-2-methylbenzoate as yellow oil (2.8 g, 94%), which solidified into needles.
    2. (b) 2.8 g (12.2 mmol) of 5-bromo-2-methylbenzoate was dissolved in 19 mL of CCl4 and then NBS (2.6 g, 14.7 mmol) and benzoyl peroxide (0.28 g, 0.9 mmol) were added. The resulting yellow mixture was heated to 80 ºC and stirred at that temperature overnight.
      The solid was removed by filtration and washed with DCM. The yellow filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography over silica gel eluting with hex/EtAcO 95:5 then 9:1 to yield methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzoate.
    3. (c) To a solution of 255 mg (0.7 mmol) of methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzoate and 111 mg (0.6 mmol) of 4-bromo-2-fluorophenol in 2 mL of dry DMF, K2CO3 (117 mg, 0.85 mmol) was added. Reaction was stirred at 50ºC overnight.
      Then, it was allowed to cool to room temperature. Water was added and a white precipitated appeared. The mixture was extracted with EtAcO (x3), and the organic phases combined and washed with a 10% solution of NaCl in water. It was dried with anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The compound was purified by column chromatography over silica gel eluting with cyclohexane/EtAcO 9:1.
      Methyl 5-bromo-2-((4-bromo-2-fluorophenoxy)methyl)benzoate (290 mg, 98%) was obtained as a white solid.
    4. (d) To a solution of 290 mg (0.7 mmol) of methyl 5-bromo-2-((4-bromo-2-fluorophenoxy)methyl)benzoate in 4 mL of dry THF cooled at 0ºC under argon, 0.8 mL of LiAIH4 1.0M in THF were added dropwise.
      After 5 minutes TLC showed that there was no starting material left. Wet EtAcO was used to quench the reaction. The resulting mixture was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and then filtered through celite. After solvent evaporation (5-bromo-2-((4-bromo-2-fluorophenoxy)methyl)phenyl)methanol (267 mg, 99%) was obtained as white needles.
    5. (e) The title compound was obtained following the general procedure described in Intermediate compound 1 (step c) using 4-bromo-1-((4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-fluorobenzene as starting material.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.57 (1H, d), 7.49 (1H, dd), 7.35-7.28 (2H, m), 7.23-7.20(1H, m), 6.95 (1H, t), 5.21 (2H, s), 4.57 (2H, s).
    • Intermediate compound 5: Synthesis of 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenethyl)benzene (a) 2-(Bromomethyl)-5-chlorobenzonitrile
  • 5-chloro-2-methylbenzonitrile (2.5 g, 16.5 mmol) was dissolved in carbon tetrachloride (40 mL), and N-bromosuccinimide (2.94 g, 16.5 mmol) was added, followed by benzoyl peroxide (0.107 g, 0.33 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 4 h, and the white succinimide residue was filtered off. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with Hexanes:EtOAc (1:0 to 9:1). One pure fraction was collected (2.05 g, 54 % yield) as a white crystalline solid.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.65 (1H, d), 7.57 (1H, dd), 7.50 (1H, d), 4.60 (2H, s).
    • (b) Diethyl 4-chloro-2-cyanobenzylphosphonate
  • A solution of 2-(bromomethyl)-5-chlorobenzonitrile (1.95 g, 8.46 mmol) and P(OEt)3 (3.63 mL, 21.15 mmol) in toluene were heated to 140 ºC for 4 hours. Excess of P(OEt)3 was removed in vacuo, and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate. Combined organic extracts were dried over MgSO4. Column chromatography on silica gel gave the desired product as a slightly yellow oil (2.1 g, 86% yield).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.65-7.58 (1H, m), 7.51 (2H, m), 4.19-4.00 (4H, m), 3.37 (2H, d), 1.29 (6H, t).
    • (c) (E)-5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzonitrile
  • To a solution of 4-chloro-2-fluorobenzaldehyde (1.43 g, 9.04 mmol) and diethyl 4-chloro-2-cyanobenzylphosphonate (2.6 g, 9.04 mmo) in THF (50 mL) was added potassium tertbutoxide (2.03 g, 18.1 mmol) at room temperature, the reaction was stirred for 3 hours. The mixture was then poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. After removing the solvent under vacuum, the crude product was purified by crystallization with methanol (2.6 g, 9.04 mmol).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.76 (1H, d), 7.67 - 7.53 (3H, m), 7.39 (2H, dd), 7.22-7.11 (2H, m).
    • (d) 5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenethyl)benzonitrile
  • (E)-5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzonitrile was dissolved in THF and a catalytic amount of Pd/C was added. The reaction vessel was purged with H2 and kept under H2 (1 atm) for 24 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite and concentrated to give the desired product as a white solid.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.59 (1H, d), 7.45 (1H, dd), 7.15 (1H, d), 7.08 - 7.00 (3H, m), 3.13 - 3.01 (2H, m), 3.04 - 2.76 (2H, m).
    • (e) 5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenethyl)benzaldehyde
  • In a dry Schlenk flask 5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenethyl)benzonitrile (410 mg, 1.39 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL of dry diclhoromethane. The solution is cooled to 0 ºC and 1.54 mL of DIBAL-H in hexane (c = 1 mol/I) was added dropwise via srynge while the temperature is maintained below 5 ºC. After 20 minutes the cooling bath is removed and the mixture is stirred at room temperature. When TLC indicates the absence of starting material, 10 mL of diluted hydrochloric acid were carefully added. The mixture is demulsified by addition of aq. sat. NaCl solution and the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were dried with MgSO4, filtered and concentrated at rotavap. The crude product is purified by flash chromatography (SiO2, hexanes/Et2O, 9:1). The product was obtained as a white solid.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.14 (1H, s), 7.79 (1H, d), 7.44 (1H, dd), 7.13 (1H, d), 7.08 - 6.87 (3H, m), 3.26 (2H, t), 2.89 (2H, t).
    • (f) 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenethyl)benzene
  • The title compound was obtained following the general procedure described in Intermediate compound 1 (steps b, c) using 5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenethyl)benzaldehyde as starting material.
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.40 (1H, d), 7.20 (1H, dd), 7.11 - 6.99 (4H, m), 4.67 (2H, s), 2.99 - 2.75 (4H, m).
    • Intermediate compound 6: Synthesis of (E)-2-(Bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzene (a) (E)-5-Chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzaldehyde
  • In a dry Schlenk flask (E)-5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzonitrile (335 mg, 1.15 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL of dry diclhoromethane. The solution is cooled to 0 ºC and 1.34 mL of DIBAL-H in hexane (c = 1 mol/l) was added dropwise via syringe while the temperature is maintained below 5 ºC. After 20 minutes the cooling bath is removed and the mixture is stirred at room temperature. When TLC indicates the absence of starting material, 10 mL of diluted hydrochloric acid were carefully added. The mixture is demulsified by addition of aq. sat. NaCl solution and the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were dried with MgSO4, filtered and concentrated at rotavap. The product was obtained as a white solid and used in the next step without further purification.
    • (b) (E)-2-(Bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzene
  • The title compound was obtained following the general procedure described in Intermediate compound 1 (steps b, c) using (E)-5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzaldehyde as starting material.
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.58 (1H, d), 7.52 (1H, t), 7.41 (2H, dd), 7.31 (1H, dd), 7.18 - 7.06 (3H, m), 4.81 (2H, s).
    • Intermediate compound 7: Synthesis of methyl 7-fluoro-1H-indole-4-carboxylate a) 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenethyl)benzene
  • At -40 °C, vinylmagnesium bromide (75 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (75 mL) was added dropwise, in the course of 30 min, to a solution of 4-bromo-1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene (5.5 g, 25 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL). After 1 h at -40 °C, the mixture was poured into a saturated aqueous solution (50 mL) of ammonium chloride. The organic layer was evaporated. The crude was submitted to flash chromatography through silica gel to obtain 1.2 g (22% yield) of 4-bromo-7-fluoro-1H-indole.
    • b) Methyl 7-fluoro-1H-indole-4-carboxylate
  • Under inert atmosphere (glove box), in a stainless steel high pressure reactor with a capacity of 25 mL and equipped with a magnetic stirrer were placed 4-bromo-7-fluoro-1H-indole (150 mg, 0.7 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphane)palladium(0) (162 mg, 0.14 mmol), dry methanol (3 mL) and triethylamine (196 □L, 1.4 mmol). The system was purged three times with CO and pressurized to 25 bar. The reactor was warmed to 100 ºC and stirred at 600 rpm overnight. Then was cooled to RT and the product was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was submitted to flash chromatography through silica gel to obtain 41 mg (30% yield) of the desired product.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.60 (1H, s NH), 7.89 (1H, dd), 7.38 - 7.35 (1H, m), 7.21 (1H, td), 6.94 (1H, dd), 3.98 (3H, s).
    • Intermediate compound 8: Synthesis of methyl 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate a) 4-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine
  • A mixture of 4-chloro-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (336 mg, 2.15 mmol) and 3.5 mL of 57% hydriodic acid was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The solid was filtered off, suspended in 3 mL of water and brought to pH = 8 with aqueous ammonia solution. The suspension was cooled down to 0 ºC and the solid was filtered off, washed with cold water and dried to give the desired product (410 mg). The product contains about 10% of the starting material.
    • b) Methyl 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate
  • Under inert atmosphere (glove box), in a stainless steel high pressure reactor with a capacity of 25 mL and equiped with a magnetic stirrer were placed 4-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (300 mg, 1.22 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphane)palladium(0) (283 mg, 0.25 mmol), dry methanol (4 mL) and triehtylamine (342 □L, 2.5 mmol). The system was purged three times with CO and pressurized to 5 bar. The reactor was warmed to 100 ºC and stirred at 600 rpm overnight. Then was cooled to RT and the product was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was submitted to flash chromatography through silica gel to obtain 200 mg (92% yield) of the desired product.
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.27 (1H, s NH), 9.08 (1H, s), 7.58 (1H, dd), 7.16 (1H, d), 4.11 (3H, s).
  • The following examples illustrate the scope of the invention.
    • Examples of compounds of general formula I
  • The following HPLC methods for LC-MS spectra have been used:
    • Method 1: X-Bridge C18, 2.5 µm 4.6 x 50 mm column; temperature: 35 ºC; rate 1.5 mL/min; eluent: A = NH4HCO3 10 mM, B = ACN; gradient: 98% A 0.5 min, 98 to 5% A in 4 min, 5% A 2 min, 5 to 98% A 0.75 min, 98% A 1.75 min.
    • Method 2: SunFire C18 3.5 um, 2.1x100 mm column; temperature 25°C; rate 0.3 mL/min; eluent: A: CH3CN:MeOH (1:1), B: Ammonium acetate 5 mM pH 7; gradient 10% A 3 min to 95:5 (A:B) in 17 min and 10 min 95:5 (A:B). The sample is previously solved in methanol.
    • Method 3: XDB-C18 5 um, 4.6x150 mm column; temperature 25°C; rate 1 mL/min; eluent: A: Water (0.05% TFA), B: AcCN; gradient 5% B to 95:5 (A:B) in 7 min and 4 min 95:5 (A:B).
    Example 1: (E)-1-(5-chloro-2-( 4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid
    1. (a) To a suspension of NaH 60% in mineral oil (17 mg, 0.42 mmol) in dry DMF (1 mL) at 0 ºC was added a solution of methyl 1H-indole-4-carboxylate (70 mg, 0.4 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) dropwise. After 30 min, a solution of (E)-2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzene (173 mg, 0.48 mmol) in 1 mL of DMF was added dropwise.
      When TLC analysis showed total conversion, crushed ice was added and the solution was extracted with EtOAc (x3). Combined organic extracts were washed with water, brine and dried over Na2SO4. Column chromatography on silica gel gave (E)-methyl 1-(4-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorostyryl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylate as a white solid (155 mg, 85% yield).
      1H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) δ 7.95 (1H, dd), 7.57 (1H, d), 7.49 (1H, d), 7.31 (1H, dd), 7.26 (1H, d), 7.21 (1H, dd), 7.19-7.11 (3H, m), 7.09(1H,dd), 7.06-6.97 (2H, m), 6.82 (1H, d), 3.99 (3H, s).
    2. (b) In a sealed tube, were placed the compound obtained above (135 mg, 0.3 mmol), THF (4 mL) and a solution of LiOH (21 mg, 0.9 mmol) in 1 mL of water. The mixture was stirred at 80 ºC until TLC showed no starting material left. Then, it was cooled to room temperature and acidified with HCl 1 M. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (x3). The organic phases were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was chromatographed using dichloromethane:MeOH (9.5:0.5) as eluent to give 110 mg (84% yield) of the title compound (example 1) as a white solid.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.87 - 7.71 (4H, m), 7.63 (1H, d), 7.55 (1H, d), 7.48 (1H, dd), 7.38 (1H, dd), 7.33 (1H, dd), 7.21 (2H, dd), 7.05 (1H, dd), 6.66 (1H, d), 5.75 (2H, s).
  • LC-MS: tR = 9.59 [M+H]+= 472 (method 3).
  • The following compounds were prepared using the same methodology as in Example 1 using methyl 1H-indole-4-carboxylate and the compound II specified as starting materials.
    Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS
    Method tR (min) m/z [M+ H]+
    2 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-bromobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-(benzyloxy)-4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene 1 3.32 436
    3 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-(benzyloxy)-2-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1 3.37 426
    4 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)benzene 1 3.34 454
    5 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)benzene 1 3.31 410
    6 1-(2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyloxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1 3.58 478
    7 1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzene 1 3.19 356
    8 1-(5-bromo-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzene 1 3.22 400
    9 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyloxy)benzene 1 3.53 488
    10 1-(4-chloro-2-isobutoxybenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-1-(bromomethyl)-2-((3,5-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.43 358
    11 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl) oxy)benzene 1 3.56 460
    12 1-(5-chloro-2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.53 444
    13 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 3-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene 1 3.38 464
    14 1-(2-((2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-((2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorobenzene 1 3.79 528
    15 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene 1 3.40 446
    16 1-(5-fluoro-2-((2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene 1 3.29 430
    17 1-(2-((3-bromo-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-bromo-4-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-1-fluorobenzene 1 3.50 488
    18 1-(5-fluoro-2-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.47 462
    19 1-(2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-fluorobenzene 1 3.41 428
    20 1-(5-fluoro-2-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.56 462
    21 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,3,4-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-2,3,4-trifluorobenzene 1 3.43 446
    22 1-(5-bromo-2-((2,3,4-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-((4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,3,4-trifluorobenzene 1 3.45 490
    23 1-(5-chloro-2-(1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)ethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)ethoxy)benzene 1 3.50 442
    24 1-(2-((3-bromo-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-bromo-4-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)-1-fluorobenzene 1 3.39 472
    25 1-(5-bromo-2-((3-bromo-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-bromo-4-((4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-1-fluorobenzene 1 2.94 532
    26 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.03 522
    27 1-(5-bromo-2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 2.96 488
    28 1-(3-bromo-2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-bromo-2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-3-(bromomethyl)-5-chlorobenzene 1 3.20 566
    29 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.35 428
    30 1-(5-chloro-2-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.52 440
    31 1-(5-chloro-2-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.64 462
    32 1-(2-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.23 412
    33 1-(2-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.21 412
    34 1-(5-fluoro-2-((3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.34 430
    35 1-(5-fluoro-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.21 394
    36 1-(2-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.43 446
    37 1-(2-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-1-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.40 462
    38 1-(2-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.39 428
    39 1-(2-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-1-((2,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy) benzene 1 3.42 462
    40 1-(3-bromo-5-chloro-2-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-6-bromo-4-chloro-1-((2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 2.94 506
    41 1-(5-chloro-2-((3,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benz yl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((3,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.77 428
    42 1-(1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)ethyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(1-bromoethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 4.03 458
    43 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.36 428
    44 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-(benzyloxy)-2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorobenzene 1 3.32 392
    45 1-(5-chloro-2-((2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.35 410
    46 1-(2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1 3.58 488
    47 1-(5-chloro-2-((2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.61 478
    48 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.54 444
    49 1-(2-((3-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-1-((3-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1 3.41 444
    50 1-(2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1 3.64 522
    51 1-(2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1 3.45 462
    52 1-(2-((2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1 3.41 444
    53 1-(2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-fluorobenzene 1 3.26 412
    54 1-(2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benz yl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-((2-(bromomethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,4-difluorobenzene 1 3.26 394
    55 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-1-((4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1 3.01 532
    56 1-(2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1 2.86 472
    57 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-1,3-difluorobenzene 1 2.91 462
    58 1-(2-((4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 5-bromo-2-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-1,3-difluorobenzene 1 2.98 506
    59 1-(3,5-dichloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 1-(bromomethyl)-3,5-dichloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.12 478
    60 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-((4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-1,3-difluorobenzene 1 2.98 506
    61 1-((3-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-3-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)pyridine 1 3.54 411
    62 3-(1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)propanoic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-1-((3,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-fluorobenzene 1 3.67 472
    63 1-(5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenethyl)benzene 1 4.02 442
    • Examples 64 to 78: Using methyl 1H-indole-5-carboxylate as stating material
  • The next compounds were obtained using the same methodology as in Example 1 but using methyl 1H-indole-5-carboxylate as starting material of formula III and the compound II indicated.
    Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS
    Method tR (min) m/z [M+H ]+
    64 1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzene 1 3.18 356
    65 1-(5-fluoro-2-((2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene 1 3.28 430
    66 1-(2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-fluorobenzene 1 3.40 428
    67 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.58 478
    68 1-(2-((3-bromo-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 2-bromo-4-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorophenoxy)methyl)-1-fluorobenzene 1 2.93 472
    69 1-(5-bromo-2-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.02 522
    70 1-(5-bromo-2-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 2.99 488
    71 1-(5-fluoro-2-((3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.33 430
    72 1-(2-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.43 446
    73 1-(2-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluoro-1-((2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 2.80 428
    74 1-(5-bromo-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.40 472
    75 1-(2-((4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 4-bromo-1-((2-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1 3.62 522
    76 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.51 444
    77 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benz yl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)benzene 1 3.34 410
    78 Sodium 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylate 4-chloro-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.79 428
    • Examples 79 to 83: Using (E)-ethyl 3-(1H-indol-4-yl)acrylate as stating material
  • The next compounds were obtained using the same methodology as in Example 1 but using (E)-ethyl 3-(1H-indol-4-yl)acrylate as starting material of formula III and the compound II indicated.
    Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS
    Method tR (min) m/z [M+H ]+
    79 (E)-3-(1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid 1-(benzyloxy)-2-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1 3.45 452
    80 (E)-3-(1-(5-bromo-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzene 1 3.34 426
    81 (E)-3-(1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzene 1 3.29 382
    82 (E)-3-(1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.43 454
    83 (E)-3-(1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)acrylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.56 470
    • Examples 84 to 86: Using 2-((1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)acetate as stating material
  • The next compounds were obtained using the same methodology as in Example 1 but using methyl 2-((1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)acetate as starting material of formula III and the compound II indicated.
    Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS
    Method tR (min) m/z [M+H ]+
    84 2-((1-(2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)acetic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyloxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1 3.54 508
    85 2-((1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)acetic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzene 1 3.22 386
    86 2-((1-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)acetic acid 4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)benzene 1 3.34 484
    • Example 87: Synthesis of 1-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-bromobenzyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid)
  • The title compound (example 87) was obtained from using the same methodology as in Example 1 but using methyl 1H-indole-6-carboxylate and 1-(benzyloxy)-4-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene as starting materials.
  • LCMS: tR = 3.33, [MH+] = 438
  • The next compounds were obtained from using the same methodology and methyl 1H-indole-6-carboxylate the compound II specified
    Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS
    Method tR (min) m/z [M+H ]+
    88 Sodium 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylate 4-chloro-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.80 428
    • Example 89: Synthesis of 3-(1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)propanoic acid
  • The title compound (example 89) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 1 but using ethyl 3-(1H-indol-4-yl)propanoate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3) δ 7.26-7.10 (7H, m), 6.97 (1H, dd), 6.90 (1H, d,), 6.84 (1H, d), 6.59 (1H, dd), 5.29 (2H, s), 5.12 (2H, s), 3.29 (2H, t), 2.85 (2H, t).
    LC-MS: tR = 9.28, [M+H]+= 472 (method 3).
    • Example 90: Synthesis of 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid
  • The title compound (example 90) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 1 but using methyl 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-4-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.35 (1H, d), 7.64 (1H, d), 7.60 (1H, d), 7.56 (2H, t), 7.49 (1H, dd), 7.32 (2H, ddd), 7.21 (1H, d), 6.91 (1H, d), 6.82 (1H, d), 5.49 (2H, s), 5.20 (2H, s).
    LC-MS: tR = 9.9 [M+H]+= 445 (method 3)
  • The next compounds were obtained using the same methodology and 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid as staring material of formula III and the compound II specified
    Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS
    Method tR (min) m/z [M+H ]+
    91 Sodium 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-4-carboxylate 4-chloro-2-(bromomethyl)-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.55 429
    • Example 92: Synthesis of 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylic acid
  • To a suspension of NaH 60% (13 mg, 0.31 mmol) in dry DMF (4 mL) at 0 ºC was added dropwise a solution of 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylic acid (50 mg, 0.3 mmol) in DMF (1 mL). After 30 min a solution of 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene (103 mg, 0.28 mmol) in 1 mL of DMF was added dropwise and the mixture kept at RT for 16 h. After evaporation of the solvent the residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with DCM:MeOH (9.5:0.5 to 9:1) to gave the title compound (example 92)as a white solid (96 mg, 72% yield).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.29 (1H, d), 7.99 (1H, d), 7.82 (1H, dd), 7.54 (1H, t), 7.48 (1H, d), 7.40 (2H, ddd), 7.31 (1H, t), 7.24 (1H, d), 7.19 (1H, dd), 5.44 (2H, s), 5.22 (2H, s).
    LC-MS: tR = 7.27; [M+H]+= 445 (method 3)
    • Example 93: Synthesis of 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)indoline-4-carboxylic acid
    1. (a) To a suspension of K2CP3 (43 mg, 0.31 mmol) and methyl indoline-4-carboxylate (53 mg, 0.3 mmol) in dry DMF (1 mL) at 0 ºC was added dropwise a solution of 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene (114 mg, 0.31 mmol) in DMF (1mL). The reaction was stirred at RT overnight (TLC analysis showed complete conversion) and then the solution was poured onto crushed ice and extracted with EtOAc (x3). Combined organic extracts were washed with water, brine and dried over Na2SO4. Column chromatography on silica gel eluting with DCM gave methyl 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)indoline-4-carboxylate as a white solid (111 mg, 81% yield).
      1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.36 (1H, dd), 7.30 (1H, d), 7.29 - 7.26 (2H, m), 7.21 (1H, dd), 7.14 - 7.09 (1H, m), 6.49 (1H, d), 5.09 (2H, s), 4.26 (2H, s), 3.88 (3H, s), 3.49 - 3.42 (2H, m), 3.41 - 3.34 (2H, m).
    2. (b) In a sealed tube were placed methyl 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)indoline-4-carboxylate (85 mg, 0.19 mmol), EtOH (1.5 mL), THF (0.5 mL) and a solution of LiOH (13 mg, 0.55 mmol) in 0.23 mL of water. The mixture was stirred at 75 ºC overnight. Then the mixture was cooled to RT and acidified with HCl 1M to pH-2-3. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (x3). The organic phases were washed with brine dried over Na2SO4 and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude was chromatographed on silica-gel eluting with DCM:MeOH (98:2) to give 75 mg (91% yield) of the title compound (example 93) as a slightly yellow solid.
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.60 (1H, t), 7.50 (1H, dd), 7.36 - 7.28 (3H, m), 7.21 (1H, d), 7.10 (1H, d), 7.00 (1H, t), 6.56 (1H, d), 5.20 (2H, s), 4.25 (2H, s), 3.36 (2H, t), 3.22 (2H, t).
    LC-MS: tR = 2.98 min, [M+H]+= 446, (Method 1).
    • Example 94: Synthesis of 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid
  • The title compound (example 94) was obtained following the general procedure described in Example 1 using methyl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-5-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.63 (1H, t), 7.51 (1H, dd), 7.34 (1H, dd), 7.30 (1H, dd), 7.22 (1H, d), 6.98 (1H, d), 6.95 - 6.84 (2H, m), 6.39 - 6.28 (1H, m), 5.23 (2H, s), 4.40 (2H, s), 3.39 - 3.32 (2H, m), 2.97 (2H, t), 1.93 - 1.84 (2H, m).
    LC-MS: tR = 9.61, [M+H]+= 460 (method 3).
  • The next compounds were obtained using the same methodology and methyl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-5-carboxylate as starting material of formula (III) and the compound II specified
    Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS
    Method tR (min) m/z [M+H ]+
    95 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.82 444
    • Example 96: Synthesis of Sodium 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H indole-4-carboxylate
    1. (a) Methyl 1-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylate was obtained following the general method described in Example 1, using methyl 1H-indole-4-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene as starting materials.
    2. (b) To a solution of compound obtained above (640 mg, 1.40 mmol) in EtOH, a solution of NaOH 2M (1.75 mL, 3.5 mmol) was added at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at 80 ºC until TLC showed there was not starting material left. It was cooled and EtOH was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with water (x3) and brine, and dried with MgSO4. The crude product was purified by SiO2 column chromatography, eluting with a gradient of hexane/EtOAc. Title compound (example 96) was obtained as a white solid (540 mg, 83% yield).
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.72 (1H, dd), 7.61 (1H, d), 7.58 - 7.50 (3H, m), 7.34 - 7.30 (2H, m), 7.20 (1H, d), 7.13 (1H, t), 6.98 (1H, d), 6.86 (1H, d), 5.39 (2H, s), 5.21 (2H, s).
  • LC-MS: tR = 3.73; [M+H]+= 444 (method 1).
    • Example 97: Synthesis of Sodium 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylate
  • The title compound (example 97) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 96but using 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid as starting material.
  • 1H NMR (400 MHz DMF-d 7) δ 8.05 (1H, d), 7.92-7.86 (2H, m), 7.79 (1H, d), 7.54-7.30 (6H, m), 7.13 (1H, d,), 5.70 (2H, s), 5.46 (2H, s)
  • LC-MS: tR = 3.95, [M+H]+= 428 (method 1).
    • Examples 98 to 99: Using 2-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate as starting material
  • The next compounds were obtained using the same methodology as in Example 96 but 2-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate as starting material of formula III and the compound II indicated.
    Example Compound name Starting compound II LC-MS
    Method tR (min) m/z [M+H ]+
    98 sodium 7-(5-chloro-2-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyI)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.56 446
    99 sodium 7-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carboxylate 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene 1 3.47 430
    • Example 100: Synthesis of sodium 1-(5-chloro-2-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzyl)-7-fluoro-1H-indole-4-carboxylate
  • The title compound (example 100) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 96 but using methyl 7-fluoro-1H-indole-4-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.71 (1H, dd), 7.60 - 7.54 (1H, m), 7.53 (1H, d), 7.37 - 7.28 (2H, m), 7.23 (1H, d), 7.11 (1H, td), 7.06 (1H, t), 6.94 (1H, dd), 6.54 (1H, d), 5.51 (2H, s), 5.19 (2H, s).
  • LC-MS: tR = 3.85; [M+H]+= 444 (Method 1)
    • Example 101: Synthesis of sodium 1-{2-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-5-methoxybenzyl}-1H-indole-4-carboxylate
  • t-BuONa (32 mg, 0.33 mmol) was added to a suspension of 1-{2-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-5-methoxybenzyl}-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid (140 mg, 0.33 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) and stirred at room temperature. After 2 h, the solvent was removed out of the clear solution, rendering a white solid that was triturated with Et2O (10 mL) and vacuum dried, affording 130 mg of sodium 1-{2-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-5-methoxybenzyl}-1H-indole-4-carboxylate (87% yield) (example 101).
  • LC-MS ESI- m/z: 422 [M-Na]-, tR = 18.14 (Method 2)
  • 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 250 MHz, □): 7.67-7.52 (m, 2H, ArH); 7.40-7.07 (m, 6H, ArH); 6.94 (dd, J= 8.0, 7.4 Hz, 1H, ArH); 6.79 (dd, J= 8.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H, ArH); 6.29 (d, J= 2.8 Hz, 1H, ArH); 5.27 (s, 2H, CH2); 5.14 (s, 2H, CH2); 3.56 (s, 3H, OCH3).
    • Example 102: Synthesis of sodium 1-[5-chloro-2-(cyclohexylmethoxy)benzyl]-1H-indole-4-carboxylate
  • The title compound (example 102) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 101 but methyl 1H-indole-4-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • LC-MS ESI- m/z: 396 [M-Na]-, tR = 21.18 (Method 2)
  • 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 250 MHz, □): 7.57 (dd, J= 7.4, 1.0 Hz, 1H, ArH); 7.36-7.18 (m, 4H, ArH); 7.07-6.98 (m, 2H, ArH); 6.64 (d, J= 2.7 Hz, 1H, ArH); 5.33 (s, 2H, CH2); 3.85 (d, J= 5.5 Hz, 2H, CH2); 1.91-1.60 (m, 6H); 1.38-1.00 (m, 5H).
    • Example 103: Synthesis of sodium 1-[5-chloro-2-(cyclopentylmethoxy)benzyl]-1H-indole-4-carboxylate
  • The title compound (example 103) was obtained using the same methodology as in Example 15 but methyl 1H-indole-4-carboxylate and 2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloro-1-(cyclopentylmethoxy)benzene as starting materials.
  • LC-MS ESI- m/z: 382 [M-Na]-, tR = 20.40 (Method 2)
  • 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 250 MHz, □): 7.57 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 1H, ArH); 7.39-7.17 (m, 4H, ArH); 7.10-6.90 (m, 2H, ArH); 6.67 (br s, 1H, ArH); 5.32 (s, 2H, CH2); 3.93 (d, J= 6.2 Hz, 2H, CH2); 2.47-2.30 (m, 1H); 1.93-1.11 (m, 8H).
    • Examples of biological activity
  • In the following examples the biological activity of compounds of formula (I) towards EP1 receptors is shown.
    • Test 1: Human EP1 receptor radioligand binding assay
  • To investigate binding properties of EP1 receptor ligands to human EP1 receptor, transfected HEK-293 cell membranes and [3H]-PGE2 (Perkin Elmer) were used. In 96-well plates the assay was carried out with a total reaction volume of 250 µl, containing 25 µl of membrane suspension (30 µg protein/well), 25 µl of [3H]-PGE2 (10 nM) in either absence or presence of 25 µl of either buffer or PGE2 (10 µM) for total and non-specific binding, respectively. Binding buffer contained 10 mM MES, 1 mM MgCl2 and 1 mM EDTA at pH 6.0. Plates were incubated at 25 °C for 60 minutes. After the incubation period, 200 µl of incubate were transferred to MultiScreen HTS, FB plates (Millipore), filtered and plates were washed 6 times with ice-cold 10 mM MES, 1 mM MgCl2 and 1 mM EDTA at pH 6.0. Filters were dried and counted in a MicroBeta scintillation counter (Perkin-Elmer) using EcoScint liquid scintillation cocktail.
  • Percentage inhibition was calculated relating compounds activity to the 0% inhibition of the wells incubated with 10 nM [3H]-PGE2 alone (total binding) and 100% inhibition of the wells incubated with 10 nM [3H]-PGE2 plus 10 µM PGE2 (non-specific binding).
    • Test 2: Measurement of IP1 responses by Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescence
  • IP1 measurements on HEK-293 cells that stably expressed human EP1 receptors were performed by using a system based on Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescense (HTRF) (Gabriel et al., 2003). This technology allows the direct measurement of IP1 in living cells. The principle of this assay is based on competition between IP1 produced by cells and IP1-d2 conjugate for the binding with monoclonal anti-IP1-cryptate conjugate. The HTRF IP1 kit from CisBio was used according to the manufacturer's directions. The experimental procedure was performed as stated below.
  • Suspended cells (30,000 cells per well) were added to 96-well culture plates in 40 µl of stimulation buffer (supplied by the kit). Compounds were then added in 20 µl of stimulation buffer and incubated at 37ºC for 15 minutes followed by 10 µl of PGE2 to a final concentration of 30 nM. After 90 minutes at 37°C, the reaction was stopped lysing the cells with a mixture of 15 µl of cryptate and 15 µl of IP1-d2 prepared in the lysis buffer supplied by the manufacturer. Plates were incubated for an additional hour at room temperature and read at 665 nm/620 nm using an UltraEvolution Plate reader (Tecan).
  • Antagonist percentage inhibition was calculated relating compounds activity to the 0% inhibition of the wells incubated with 10 nM PGE2 alone and 100% inhibition of the wells incubated with 10 nM PGE2 plus 1 µM of the reference antagonist.
  • The results obtained in the biological assays disclosed in tests 1 and 2 with representative compounds of formula (I) are shown in the Table below.
    Example nº Results of Test 1* Results of Test 2**
    2 $
    3 $
    4 $
    5 $
    6 $
    7 $
    8 $
    9 $
    10 $$
    11 # $
    12 # $
    13 ## $
    14 # $
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    16 #
    17 ## $
    18 $
    19 ## $
    20 $
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    24 ## $
    25 ## $
    26 #
    27 #
    28 $$
    29 # $
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    32 ##
    33 ## $
    34 ## $
    35 $
    36 $$
    37 $
    38 $
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    • * Binding assay (Test 1) at 10 µM # %inh > 75, ## 45 < %inh < 75;
    • ** Functional assay (Test 2) at 10 µM $ %inh > 75 $$ 45 < %inh < 75.
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Claims (18)

  1. A compound of general formula I:
    Figure imgb0032
     wherein:
    W1 is phenyl or a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 N atoms, wherein W1 is substituted by one R1 and optionally substituted by one or more R2;
    W2 is a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring that contains 1 N atom and can additionally contain 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O,
    and S; wherein said ring is aromatic, partially unsaturated or saturated, and which is optionally substituted by one or more R3;
    R1 is -R6-R7;
    each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6-alkyl, CN, - NR14COR15, -NR14SO2R15 and -SO2R15;
    each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-alkyl C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6-alkyl and CN;
    each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-6-alkyl, or both R4 together with the C atom to which they are bonded form a C3-6cycloalkyl;
    R5 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, -OH, C1-6-alkyl and -SO2R15;
    R6 is selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, -C1-4-alkylene-, -O-C1-4-alkylene- and -C2-4-alkenylene-;
    R7 is selected from the group consisting of -CO2H, -SO3H, 5-tetrazolyl, -OPO3H2, - PO3H2, -CONR12R12 and -CONH-SO2R12.
    Y is selected from the group consisting of -C2-4-alkylene-, -O-C1-4-alkylene-, -C2-4-alkenylene- , -C1-4-alkylene-O-, -NR13-C1-4-alkylene- and -C1-4-alkylene-NR13-;
    B is selected from the group consisting of C2-6-alkyl and Cy, any of them optionally substituted by one or more R8;
    each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl, C1-6-alkyl,-OH, -CN, -CH2OR14 and - CONR12R12;
    each R9 is independently selected from the group consisting of CR10 and N;
    each R10 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C1-6-alkyl, C1-6-haloalkyl, -O-C1-6-alkyl, -O-C1-6-haloalkyl and hydroxyC1-6-alkyl;
    R11 is CR5 or N,
    each R12 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-6-alkyl C1-6-haloalkyl,and C3-6cycloalkyl;
    each R13 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-6-alkyl C1-6-haloalkyl, and C3-6cycloalkyl;
    each R14 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-6-alkyl;
    each R15 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6-alkyl;
    Cy is a 3-6 membered monocyclic or 8-12 membered polycyclic ring which can be carbocyclic or heterocyclic containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and which can be aromatic, partially unsaturated or saturated and wherein one or
    more C or S atoms in Cy can be oxidized to form CO, SO or SO2;
    and the salts, solvates and prodrugs thereof.
  2. The compound according to claim 1 wherein each R9 is CR10 and each R10 is H.
  3. The compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein each R4 is H.
  4. The compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein Y is -O-CH2-or -CH2-O-, preferably -O-CH2-.
  5. The compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen and -C1-6-haloalkyl.
  6. The compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein B is phenyl, C3-6-cycloalkyl or is a 5-6 membered monocyclic heterocycle containing 1 or 2 N atom which can be aromatic, partially unsaturated or saturated, any of them optionally substituted by one or more R8.
  7. The compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein B is phenyl optionally substituted by 1 to 5 R8.
  8. The compound according to any of claims 1 to 7 wherein
    Figure imgb0033
     where E1, E2 and E3 are CR2; or one of E1, E2 or E3 is N and the others are CR2; or two of E1, E2 or E3 are N and the other is CR2.
  9. The compound according to any of claims 1 to 7 wherein
    Figure imgb0034
     where G is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3, CR3R3-CR3R3and N;
    D is selected from the group consisting of CR3, CR3R3 and N;
    --- represents a single bond or a double bond.
  10. The compound according to any of claims 1 to 7 wherein
    Figure imgb0035
     is selected from the group consisting of
    Figure imgb0036
    Figure imgb0037
    Figure imgb0038
  11. The compound according to claim 10 wherein
    Figure imgb0039
  12. The compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein R6 is a direct bond and R7 is-CO2H.
  13. The compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and halogen and each R3 is H.
  14. A compound according to any of the claims 1 to 13 for use as a medicament.
  15. A compound according to any of claims 1 to 13 for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases or disorders mediated by the EP1 receptor.
  16. A compound according to claim 15 where the disease or disorders comprises inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases, gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine; motility-related disorders including gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence and other urinary tract diseases; dysmenorrhea; preterm labour; diabetic retinopathy; tumour angiogenesis; cancer; metastatic tumour growth; neurodegenerative diseases including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; neuroprotection/stroke; glaucoma; osteoporosis; bone fractures; Paget's disease; hyperthermia including different types of fever as rheumatic fever; symptoms associated with influenza or other viral infections; gastrointestinal disorders related with chemotherapy or irritable bowel syndrome; gastrointestinal bleeding; coagulation disorders including anaemia, hypoprothrombinemia, haemophilia or other bleeding problems; kidney diseases including nephritis, particularly mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and nephritic syndrome; thrombosis and occlusive vascular diseases.
  17. A compound according to claim 15 where the disease or disorders comprises pain, inflammatory related pain including low back and neck pain, skeletal pain, post-partum pain, toothache, sprains and straits, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint diseases, gout and ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, burns including radiation and corrosive chemical injuries and sunburns; postoperative pain; neuropathic pain; visceral pain; tension headache; cluster headaches; migraine.
  18. Pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound according to any of claims 1-13 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive, adjuvant or vehicle.
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