EP2564118B1 - Method and device for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler - Google Patents
Method and device for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2564118B1 EP2564118B1 EP11718698.1A EP11718698A EP2564118B1 EP 2564118 B1 EP2564118 B1 EP 2564118B1 EP 11718698 A EP11718698 A EP 11718698A EP 2564118 B1 EP2564118 B1 EP 2564118B1
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- Prior art keywords
- steam
- boiler
- heat
- heat exchanger
- sootblowers
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 27
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 108010014172 Factor V Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010793 Steam injection (oil industry) Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 101150077508 RBG1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 206010052849 Oblique presentation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002817 coal dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
- F28G15/00—Details
- F28G15/003—Control arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B35/00—Control systems for steam boilers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
- F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
- F22B37/56—Boiler cleaning control devices, e.g. for ascertaining proper duration of boiler blow-down
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
- F28G1/00—Non-rotary, e.g. reciprocated, appliances
- F28G1/16—Non-rotary, e.g. reciprocated, appliances using jets of fluid for removing debris
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
- F28G9/00—Cleaning by flushing or washing, e.g. with chemical solvents
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/0318—Processes
- Y10T137/0402—Cleaning, repairing, or assembling
- Y10T137/0419—Fluid cleaning or flushing
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler and to a corresponding device.
- a fossil-fired steam generator or boiler of a power plant usually consists of a combustion chamber, an evaporator chamber and a system of heat exchangers that connect to the evaporator chamber.
- boiler structures e.g. Drum kettle or Benson kettle.
- the evaporator chamber consists of a tube arrangement which is in direct thermal contact with the combustion chamber.
- the feedwater pumped from a feedwater pre-heater is evaporated to the saturated steam temperature.
- the steam is passed through the system of heat exchangers, most of which are likewise tubular, in which the steam temperatures are brought to the inlet temperatures required by the turbines.
- the system is composed of heat exchangers from at least one superheater, reheater, economizer and air preheater.
- the Rußblasen therefore takes place in a conventional manner always against the background to eliminate the pollution of the boiler as globally as possible.
- soot is blown cyclically, whereby the order of the sootblowers is adjusted manually according to the thermal state of the boiler or is blown correspondingly frequently, so that no uncontrollable thermal conditions arise.
- sootblowing time is calculated according to economic criteria and contamination analyzes.
- the Siemens system SPPA-P3000 "cost-effective soot blowing" also works according to these Criteria. However, just the pollution and the resulting heat loss are difficult to detect.
- sootblowers are combined into groups of a maximum of four sootblowers. Each group is responsible for an area with similar deposit characteristics. Further, each sootblower receives a weighting factor corresponding to a percentage of the total number of sootblower cycles in which the sootblower is operating. Each sootblower cycle begins with the group of sootblowers located furthest upstream and continues in the direction of the flow of the combustion gases. The main criterion after which sootblowing is carried out is to operate the boiler at or at least near maximum efficiency. A child Criterion represents the lowest possible use of Rußblasedampf.
- Displacements of the heat transfer can be partially compensated by an injection control of existing between the heat exchangers steam coolers. In principle, however, only water can be cooled by injection of water into the live steam and only a limited injection quantity can be used. Of particular note is the negative influence of the reheater injection on the heat requirement and the maximum possible output of the steam turbine generator process. Heat demand changes by 0.2% per change by 1% reheater injection rate.
- the heat balance within the boiler can also be influenced by the combustion itself.
- the live steam injection can only be kept in the control range with selective level firing, which is not always possible. Hardly, however, in this way, the reheater injection rate is sufficient to control.
- thermal controllability of the boiler is more stable and optimal under the specification Thermal conditions of the boiler alone by the firing and selective injection cooling designed to be very complex and complex.
- thermal imbalances can always occur. Additional problems occur due to the contamination in the boiler area, which always influences the heat transfer at the heat exchanger tubes and negatively superimposed on the control process.
- a method and apparatus for improving steam temperature control is known.
- a system for analyzing the effect of operating sootblowers in a heat transfer area of a power plant is provided. This system determines a steam temperature affecting sequence and calculates a feedforward control signal to be applied to a heat transfer region steam temperature control system.
- the basic idea of the invention is to use the pollution, which up to now has been an unpredictable factor in the heat balance and severely limited the thermal controllability of the boiler, in a positive sense by adjusting it by means of sootblower devices on the heat exchanger surfaces inside the boiler and through this adjustment of the heat transfer at these surfaces, the steam temperatures are controlled.
- the carbon black blowing takes place quasi-continuously and incrementally.
- the thermal properties of quasi-continuous incremental carbon black bubbles can be controlled by changing the operating times of individual sootblowers or individual sootblower groups. Since the sootblower devices already in each Accordingly, no additional instrumentation or machine device for steam temperature control is required. This can save costs.
- the adjustment of the pollution in the present invention always under ensuring a balanced overall heat balance within the boiler.
- This advantageously optimizes the entire process engineering process. This is achieved, for example, by cleaning evaporator surfaces and superheater surfaces in such a way that the heat output to evaporator and superheater is distributed in such a way that, taking into account the limited capacity of the steam coolers, on the one hand the steam setpoint temperatures are always reached and, on the other hand, the permissible limit values are not exceeded , Multi-stranded boiler areas should be cleaned in such a way that temperature differences of the steam after division in the heat exchangers at the location of the subsequent consolidation are avoided. Basically, a minimum cleaning of the individual boiler areas should always be guaranteed and as clean recognized boiler areas should not be cleaned unnecessarily. Only in this way can a high efficiency of the whole process be guaranteed.
- the pollution of individual heat exchangers is determined by recording a current heat transfer coefficient at the considered areas on the basis of a current heat balance.
- the degree of contamination is determined by comparison with previously recorded in the clean state heat transfer coefficients, taking into account the influence of the relative boiler load by a region-wise linear regression.
- the advantage of this embodiment is that here the states "dirty” or "clean” are detected for the first time.
- the heat transfer coefficient plays a decisive role in a considered area.
- the heat transfer coefficient is determined from the heat balance of steam and flue gas.
- the sootblowing advantageously becomes part of the thermal boiler control and supports it. Sootblowing takes place completely automatically taking into account stable and optimal boiler thermal conditions. Even incorrectly dimensioned heat exchangers can be corrected by the controllable contamination according to the invention. So-called thermal imbalances of the boiler indentations are automatically compensated. Cleaning-related temperature fluctuations are minimized. The thermal conditions with renewed relative cleanliness are automatically recorded and stored as a measure of the future contamination.
- sootblowers of a subgroup of sootblowers are subject to the criterion of the maximum operating time between a cleaning and the next cleaning, whereby a predefinable minimum cycle is ensured for each subgroup. Repeated cleaning of still clean areas is prevented by monitoring the average operating time and taking into account the current soiling.
- the exhaust gas loss of the boiler can be influenced by the modification of the sootblower cycles. The current exhaust gas loss is automatically detected with renewed relative cleanliness of the relevant heat exchanger and stored as a measure of a future increase in the exhaust gas loss.
- FIG. 1 represents in a greatly simplified form a steam generator.
- the combustion chamber BR of the boiler K is a fossil solid fuel, for example, this is coal dust, burned.
- the resulting flue gas RG is passed through the flue gas duct RGK for flue gas cleaning RGR.
- the evaporation of supplied feedwater SPW takes place in the tube systems of the evaporator chamber and the heat exchanger.
- the system is constructed such that the feed water from the feedwater tank 1 is fed to the feedwater preheat 2 (ECO). From there, the water-vapor mixture passes into the drum 3 and is supplied via the downpipes 4, the manifolds 5 and the risers 6 to the superheater (7 or Ü) and then to the turbine 8.
- the superheater Ü can also include a reheater ZÜ.
- the steam temperature is controlled and regulated by means of the sootblower device a certain contamination of the heat exchanger surfaces is set within the boiler.
- FIG. 2 serves to clarify the determination of the degree of contamination or heat exchanger losses. Shown is simply a pipe section, wherein steam D flows through the interior of the pipe with a certain mass flow mD and pressure pD. At the inlet opening of the pipe, the temperature becomes TDe and at the outlet opening of the pipe, the temperature TD is measured. The pipe is surrounded by flue gas RG with the mass flow mRG and pressure pRG. Again, temperatures TRGein and TRGaus at the points of inlet and outlet openings of the tube can be determined.
- the heat absorption of the heat exchanger tube is thus determined by the water / steam side variables flow, pressure and inlet / outlet temperature. On the flue gas side, the measurement of the mass flow and the inlet and outlet side temperatures is helpful, whereby missing temperatures and missing flue gas mass flow can also be calculated on the balance sheet.
- the heat output of the heat exchanger is redetermined for the clean state after a suitably short mean Rußblasezyklus and adapted the boiler model used accordingly. Changes in the heat transfer behavior caused by permanent deposit formation or by changes in coal quality or operating conditions are automatically compensated in this way.
- the heat absorbed during the further operation of the plant is then always determined up-to-date. This value is compared with the initial value of the clean state.
- the example shows the flue gas temperature T as a function of the time t.
- the flue gas temperature is inversely proportional to the steam temperature.
- a conventional soot bubble cycle is shown during a travel time t R.
- a travel time t R is defined as the operating time between a cleaning and the next cleaning for a sootblower or a subset of sootblowers.
- a sootblowing process R which here consists of 6 Rußbläsern R1 to R6, the flue gas temperature drops sharply, and then increases continuously with increasing pollution of the pipes again.
- Rnext the sootblowing process
- sootblowers At low levels, the quasi-continuous operation of the sootblowers according to the invention is achieved. Is always a single sootblower of the totality of sootblowers of the plant in operation, can also be spoken of a continuous operation, which does not correspond to the invention.
- the sootblower control is integrated into the temperature control of the boiler. There is always an automatic activation of individual Rußbläser under consideration process conditions.
- the invention allows a very delicate control of steam temperatures in both time and place within the boiler and in the heat exchanger area. By sootblower optimization thermal imbalances within the heat exchanger system can be compensated. In Fig. 4 sketched two strands ST1 and ST2 a heat exchanger, for example, the reheater shown.
- Fig. 5 For example, an embodiment of a control of a sootblower device is shown in a block diagram.
- the total system of sootblowers RBGS is connected to individual sootblower groups RBG1 to RBGN and controls them according to the sootblowing algorithm according to the invention.
- all units are connected to a monitoring logic module, which in turn hangs on a software which comprises an optimization program OP according to one of the claims.
- individual sootblowers or subgroups of sootblowers RBG1 to RBGN are formed, which as a whole purify individually identifiable heat exchangers and are subdivided so that a single purge will only slightly change the total heat transfer of the heat exchanger.
- the pollution of the individual heat exchanger is controlled so that in stationary operation of the boiler, the heat absorption of the individual areas in the fine range can be controlled.
- Control variables of the method according to the invention are the times at which the individual sootblowers or subgroups are activated. From this it is possible to determine both the travel times of the individual sootblowers and the average of the sootblower groups which are assigned to a specific heat exchanger.
- Input variables of the method are the sensor data of the temperatures of the water vapor and flue gas (see Fig. 2 ), their mass flows, injection rates of cooling water in live steam and superheated steam. From these variables, heat balances, heat transfer coefficients and thus the contamination of the individual boiler areas are determined.
- the pollution on the other hand, Steam temperatures, thermal imbalances and also injection rates of live steam and the reheater steam detected.
- By recording the travel time of the individual sootblowers specific subgroups are selectively selected for the next cleaning cycle and the soot blast time is determined.
- soot bubbles always balance thermal imbalances.
- For the evaporator area especially the control of the injection rate of live steam plays a major role. Care should be taken to ensure that the injection valve position of the live steam in the superheater is within the control range and that the setpoint temperature of the steam is reached. In the reheater area, the injection rate of live steam should go to zero.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
- Control Of Steam Boilers And Waste-Gas Boilers (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Temperaturkontrolle von Dampf in einem Kessel und eine entsprechende Vorrichtung.The invention relates to a method for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler and to a corresponding device.
Ein fossil befeuerter Dampferzeuger oder Kessel einer Kraftwerksanlage besteht in der Regel aus einem Brennraum, einem Verdampferraum und einem System von Wärmetauschern, die sich an den Verdampferraum anschließen. Es existieren viele unterschiedliche Ausführungsformen der Kesselaufbauten, wie z.B. Trommelkessel oder Bensonkessel. In einer Variante besteht der Verdampferraum aus einer Rohranordnung, die in direktem Wärmekontakt mit dem Brennraum steht. Im Verdampferraum wird das aus einem Speisewasservorwärmer geförderte Speisewasser bis zur Sattdampftemperatur verdampft. Anschließend wird der Dampf durch das System von ebenfalls meist rohrartig ausgeführten Wärmetauschern geführt, in dem die Dampftemperaturen auf die von den Turbinen geforderten Eintrittstemperaturen gebracht werden. Üblicherweise ist das System von Wärmetauschern aus mindestens einem Überhitzer, Zwischenüberhitzer, Economizer und Luftvorwärmer aufgebaut.A fossil-fired steam generator or boiler of a power plant usually consists of a combustion chamber, an evaporator chamber and a system of heat exchangers that connect to the evaporator chamber. There are many different embodiments of boiler structures, e.g. Drum kettle or Benson kettle. In one variant, the evaporator chamber consists of a tube arrangement which is in direct thermal contact with the combustion chamber. In the evaporator room, the feedwater pumped from a feedwater pre-heater is evaporated to the saturated steam temperature. Subsequently, the steam is passed through the system of heat exchangers, most of which are likewise tubular, in which the steam temperatures are brought to the inlet temperatures required by the turbines. Usually, the system is composed of heat exchangers from at least one superheater, reheater, economizer and air preheater.
Bei der Verbrennung fester fossiler Brennstoffe wird Flugasche freigesetzt, die im Rauchgasstrom zum Rauchgasauslass transportiert und dann abgeschieden oder rezirkuliert wird. Ein Teil der Asche setzt sich dabei auf den Wärmetauscherrohren und anderen Kesseleinbauten ab und bildet dort teilweise dicke Ablagerungsschichten, die sich, in Abhängigkeit der Kohlequalität, noch zusätzlich verbacken können. Diese Ablagerungen vermindern einerseits den Wärmeübergang, andererseits blockieren sie den Abgasweg, und nicht zuletzt können sich solch große Konglomerate bilden, die, wenn sie sich irgendwann von ihrer Unterlage lösen, beim Absturz auf Grund ihrer kompakten Masse und hoher Fallgeschwindigkeit erheblichen mechanischen Schaden verursachen können. Daher wird mittels Dampfbläsern oder Wasserbläsern dieser Belag von Zeit zu Zeit entfernt. Dieser Vorgang wird "Rußblasen" genannt. Danach ändern sich der Wärmeübergang und damit die Dampftemperatur in den gereinigten, und auch in den ungereinigten Kesselbereichen erheblich. Nach Beendigung aller Reinigungsmaßnahmen verschmutzt der Kessel wieder allmählich, was wiederum den Wärmeübergang und die Dampftemperaturen entsprechend verändert.When burning solid fossil fuels, fly ash is released, which is transported in the flue gas stream to the flue gas outlet and then separated or recirculated. Part of the ash settles on the heat exchanger tubes and other boiler internals and forms there sometimes thick layers of deposits, which, depending on the coal quality, can bake even more. On the one hand, these deposits reduce the heat transfer, on the other hand they block the exhaust path, and not least can form such large conglomerates that can cause considerable mechanical damage when they crash due to their compact mass and high falling speed. Therefore, by means of Steamers or water blowers remove this deposit from time to time. This process is called "sootblowing". Thereafter, the heat transfer and thus the steam temperature in the cleaned, and also in the uncleaned boiler areas change significantly. After completion of all cleaning measures, the boiler again dirty gradually, which in turn changes the heat transfer and the steam temperatures accordingly.
Das Rußblasen erfolgt daher in herkömmlicher Weise stets vor dem Hintergrund, die Verschmutzung des Kessels möglichst global zu beseitigen. Vielfach wird zyklisch Ruß geblasen, wobei die Reihenfolge der Rußbläser dem thermischen Zustand des Kessels entsprechend manuell angepasst wird oder entsprechend häufig geblasen wird, so dass keine unkontrollierbaren thermischen Zustände entstehen.The Rußblasen therefore takes place in a conventional manner always against the background to eliminate the pollution of the boiler as globally as possible. In many cases, soot is blown cyclically, whereby the order of the sootblowers is adjusted manually according to the thermal state of the boiler or is blown correspondingly frequently, so that no uncontrollable thermal conditions arise.
Aus der
Wird ein automatisches System zum Rußblasen eingesetzt, wird der Rußblasezeitpunkt nach ökonomischen Kriterien und Verschmutzungsanalysen errechnet. Das Siemens-System SPPA-P3000 "kostenoptimiertes Rußblasen" arbeitet ebenfalls nach diesen Kriterien. Dabei sind jedoch gerade die Verschmutzung und der daraus resultierende Wärmeverlust nur schwer zu erfassen.If an automatic system for sootblowing is used, the sootblowing time is calculated according to economic criteria and contamination analyzes. The Siemens system SPPA-P3000 "cost-effective soot blowing" also works according to these Criteria. However, just the pollution and the resulting heat loss are difficult to detect.
Aus dem US Patent
Die großen Unterschiede in der Verschmutzung vor und nach dem Rußblasen der einzelnen Kesselbereiche und die stets zunehmende Verschmutzung können die Balance der Wärmeverteilung empfindlich stören und stellen eine große Behinderung der thermischen Regelbarkeit des Kessels dar.The large differences in pollution before and after the sootblowing of the individual boiler areas and the ever-increasing pollution can severely disturb the balance of the heat distribution and represent a great impediment to the thermal controllability of the boiler.
Je nach Verschmutzung tritt demnach eine Verlagerung des Wärmetransfers im Bereich der einzelnen Verdampfer-Wärmetauscher, der einzelnen Überhitzer und der einzelnen Zwischenüberhitzer auf. So genannte "thermische Schieflagen" treten dann auf, wenn Temperaturunterschiede an Strängen der Wärmetauscher auftreten, die nach Aufteilung der Dampfmengen wieder zusammengeführt werden. Die Temperaturunterschiede kommen durch ungleichmäßige Aufteilung und ungleichmäßige Wärmeübergänge, bedingt durch Unterschiede im Rauchgas-Strom und - Temperatur, zu Stande. Auch hat sich gezeigt, dass Verschmutzungen vorgelagerter Wärmetauscher zu erhöhter Wärmeaufnahme der nachgelagerten Wärmetauscher führen und somit nur einen geringen Anteil an einem erhöhten Abgasverlust des Kessels darstellen. Dieser wird wesentlich durch die Verschmutzung im Eco-Bereich definiert.Depending on the pollution, a shift in heat transfer occurs in the area of the individual evaporator heat exchangers, the individual superheaters and the individual reheaters. So-called "thermal imbalances" occur when temperature differences occur on strands of the heat exchangers, which are combined again after the distribution of the steam quantities. The temperature differences are due to uneven distribution and uneven heat transfer, due to differences in flue gas flow and - temperature, to conditions. It has also been found that contamination of upstream heat exchanger lead to increased heat absorption of the downstream heat exchanger and thus represent only a small proportion of increased loss of exhaust gas of the boiler. This is essentially defined by the pollution in the eco-area.
Verlagerungen des Wärmetransfers können teilweise durch eine Einspritzregelung von zwischen den Wärmetauschern vorhandenen Dampfkühlern kompensiert werden. Dabei kann jedoch durch Einspritzung von Wasser in den Frischdampf prinzipiell nur gekühlt werden und nur eine begrenzte Einspritzmenge verwendet werden. Zu beachten ist dabei besonders der negative Einfluss der Zwischenüberhitzer-Einspritzung auf den Wärmebedarf und die maximal mögliche Leistung des Dampf-Turbine-Generator-Prozesses. Der Wärmebedarf ändert sich um 0,2% pro Änderung um 1% Zwischenüberhitzer-Einspritzrate.Displacements of the heat transfer can be partially compensated by an injection control of existing between the heat exchangers steam coolers. In principle, however, only water can be cooled by injection of water into the live steam and only a limited injection quantity can be used. Of particular note is the negative influence of the reheater injection on the heat requirement and the maximum possible output of the steam turbine generator process. Heat demand changes by 0.2% per change by 1% reheater injection rate.
Verschmutzungsbedingt kann sich die Verteilung der Wärmeübertragung zwischen Verdampfer und Überhitzer soweit verschieben, dass einerseits die vorhandene Einspritzkapazität nicht mehr ausreicht, die Dampftemperatur unterhalb eines gewünschten oder sicherheitsbedingten Wertes zu halten. Andererseits kann es dazu kommen, dass der Dampf, auch bei geschlossener Einspritzung, den erforderlichen Temperaturwert nicht mehr erreicht.Due to contamination, the distribution of heat transfer between evaporator and superheater can shift as far as on the one hand the existing injection capacity is no longer sufficient to keep the steam temperature below a desired or safety-related value. On the other hand, it can happen that the steam, even with closed injection, the required temperature value is no longer reached.
Einzelwärmetauscher ohne nachgeschaltete Einspritzkühlungen, wie Verdampferbereiche und Endüberhitzer können jedoch thermisch nicht abgeglichen werden.However, individual heat exchangers without downstream injection cooling, such as evaporator sections and end superheaters, can not be thermally balanced.
Neben der Beeinflussung der Dampftemperaturen durch aktive Kühlung an einzelnen Stellen kann die Wärmebilanz innerhalb des Kessels auch durch die Verbrennung selbst beeinflusst werden. So ist die Verteilung der Wärmeübertragung zwischen Verdampfer und Überhitzer im Trommelkessel durch unterschiedliche Ebenenbefeuerung, oder durch eine aufwendige Schwenkbrennereinrichtung oder Rauchgasrezirkulation zu beeinflussen; beim Bensonkessel besteht zusätzlich die Möglichkeit, die Speisewassermenge zu variieren und damit die Frischdampfeinspritzmenge zu beeinflussen.In addition to influencing the steam temperatures through active cooling at individual points, the heat balance within the boiler can also be influenced by the combustion itself. Thus, the distribution of heat transfer between the evaporator and superheater in the drum boiler by different levels lighting, or to influence by a complex swing burner device or flue gas recirculation; In the case of the Benson boiler, it is also possible to vary the feedwater quantity and thus influence the live steam injection quantity.
Wo keine Schwenkbrennereinrichtung oder Rauchgasrezirkulation eingesetzt wird, kann nur noch mit selektiver Ebenenbefeuerung die Frischdampfeinspritzung im Regelbereich gehalten werden, was nicht immer gelingt. Kaum jedoch ist auf diese Weise die Zwischenüberhitzer-Einspritzrate hinreichend zu kontrollieren.Where no swing burner device or flue gas recirculation is used, the live steam injection can only be kept in the control range with selective level firing, which is not always possible. Hardly, however, in this way, the reheater injection rate is sufficient to control.
Auftretende thermische Schieflagen werden durch entsprechende Sicherheitsabstände kompensiert; die optimalen Temperaturen werden dabei im Mittel unterschritten, was teilweise zu erhöhtem Wärmebedarf des Prozesses führt oder die zur Kontrolle der Dampftemperatur notwendige Heißdampf-Einspritzung auf Null gehen lässt.Emerging thermal imbalances are compensated by appropriate safety distances; the optimal temperatures are below this on average, which sometimes leads to increased heat demand of the process or let go to control the steam temperature necessary hot steam injection to zero.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass eine thermische Regelbarkeit des Kessels unter der Vorgabe stabiler und optimaler thermischer Bedingungen des Kessels allein durch die Befeuerung und punktuelle Einspritzkühlung sich als sehr aufwendig und komplex gestaltet. Nachteilig ist insbesondere, dass stets thermische Schieflagen auftreten können. Zusätzliche Probleme treten aufgrund der Verschmutzung im Kesselbereich auf, welche die Wärmeübergänge an den Wärmetauscherrohren stets beeinflusst und den Regelungsprozess negativ überlagert.In summary, it can be stated that the thermal controllability of the boiler is more stable and optimal under the specification Thermal conditions of the boiler alone by the firing and selective injection cooling designed to be very complex and complex. A particular disadvantage is that thermal imbalances can always occur. Additional problems occur due to the contamination in the boiler area, which always influences the heat transfer at the heat exchanger tubes and negatively superimposed on the control process.
Aus der
Es ist daher Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein verbessertes Verfahren zur Dampftemperaturkontrolle in einem Kessel anzugeben.It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for steam temperature control in a boiler.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale des unabhängigen Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind jeweils in den abhängigen Patentansprüchen wiedergegeben.This object is solved by the features of independent claim 1. Advantageous embodiments are given in the dependent claims.
Grundgedanke der Erfindung ist es, die Verschmutzung, die ja bisher einen unwägbaren Faktor bei der Wärmebilanz darstellte und die thermische Regelbarkeit des Kessels stark einschränkte, nun im positiven Sinne zu nutzen, indem sie kontrolliert mittels Rußbläservorrichtungen an den Wärmetauscheroberflächen innerhalb des Kessels eingestellt wird und durch diese Einstellung des Wärmeübergangs an diesen Flächen die Dampftemperaturen geregelt werden. Das Rußblasen erfolgt dabei quasikontinuierlich und inkrementell. Die thermischen Eigenschaften können beim quasikontinuierlichen inkrementellen Rußblasen durch die Veränderung der Betriebszeiten von einzelnen Rußbläsern oder einzelnen Rußbläsergruppen gesteuert werden. Da die Rußbläservorrichtungen bereits in jeder Kraftwerksanlage vorhanden sind, wird demnach keine zusätzliche Messinstrumentierung bzw. Maschineneinrichtung zur Dampftemperaturkontrolle erforderlich. Dadurch können Kosten gespart werden.The basic idea of the invention is to use the pollution, which up to now has been an unpredictable factor in the heat balance and severely limited the thermal controllability of the boiler, in a positive sense by adjusting it by means of sootblower devices on the heat exchanger surfaces inside the boiler and through this adjustment of the heat transfer at these surfaces, the steam temperatures are controlled. The carbon black blowing takes place quasi-continuously and incrementally. The thermal properties of quasi-continuous incremental carbon black bubbles can be controlled by changing the operating times of individual sootblowers or individual sootblower groups. Since the sootblower devices already in each Accordingly, no additional instrumentation or machine device for steam temperature control is required. This can save costs.
Das Dokument
Die Einstellung der Verschmutzung erfolgt in der vorliegenden Erfindung stets unter Gewährleistung einer ausgeglichenen Gesamtwärmebilanz innerhalb des Kessels. Dadurch wird vorteilhaft der gesamte verfahrenstechnischen Prozess optimiert. Dies wird beispielsweise dadurch erreicht, dass Verdampferflächen und Überhitzerflächen derart gereinigt werden, dass die Wärmeleistung an Verdampfer und an Überhitzer so verteilt wird, dass unter der Berücksichtigung der begrenzten Kapazität der Dampfkühler stets einerseits die Dampf-Sollwerttemperaturen erreicht und andererseits die zulässigen Grenzwerte nicht überschritten werden. Mehrsträngig angelegte Kesselbereiche sollen derart gesäubert werden, dass Temperaturunterschiede des Dampfes nach Aufteilung in den Wärmetauschern am Ort der anschließenden Zusammenführung vermieden werden. Grundsätzlich soll eine Mindestreinigung der einzelnen Kesselbereiche stets gewährleistet sein und als sauber erkannte Kesselbereiche sollen nicht unnötigerweise gereinigt werden. Nur auf diese Weise kann eine hohe Effizienz des gesamten Prozesses gewährleistet sein.The adjustment of the pollution in the present invention always under ensuring a balanced overall heat balance within the boiler. This advantageously optimizes the entire process engineering process. This is achieved, for example, by cleaning evaporator surfaces and superheater surfaces in such a way that the heat output to evaporator and superheater is distributed in such a way that, taking into account the limited capacity of the steam coolers, on the one hand the steam setpoint temperatures are always reached and, on the other hand, the permissible limit values are not exceeded , Multi-stranded boiler areas should be cleaned in such a way that temperature differences of the steam after division in the heat exchangers at the location of the subsequent consolidation are avoided. Basically, a minimum cleaning of the individual boiler areas should always be guaranteed and as clean recognized boiler areas should not be cleaned unnecessarily. Only in this way can a high efficiency of the whole process be guaranteed.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren umfasst alle Schritte des unabhängigen Anspruchs 1. Es umfasst vorzugsweise des Weiteren folgende Schritte:
- Es werden Teilgruppen von Rußbläsern gebildet, die möglichst einzeln identifizierbare und bilanzierbare Teile des Kessels reinigen.
- Subgroups of sootblowers are formed which purify individual identifiable and balancing parts of the boiler.
Innerhalb der technischen Anlage werden mindestens folgende Parameter erfasst:
- Einspritzrate des Frischdampfes und des Zwischenüberhitzerdampfes
- Eintrittstemperatur von Dampf und Rauchgas in die Wärmetauscher
- Austrittstemperatur aus den Wärmetauschern
- Verschmutzungsfaktoren der einzelnen Wärmetauscher
- Betriebszeit zwischen einer Reinigung und der nächsten Reinigung für einen oder einzelne Rußbläser einer Teilgruppe. Aus den erfassten Parametern und unter Gewährleistung einer ausgeglichenen Gesamtwärmebilanz innerhalb des Kessels wird für jeden einzelnen Rußbläser der Teilgruppe der Rußbläser der Rußblasezeitpunkt individuell bestimmt und somit die Verschmutzung durch das Regelsystem im Feinbereich kontrolliert.
- Injection rate of live steam and reheater steam
- Inlet temperature of steam and flue gas in the heat exchanger
- Exit temperature from the heat exchangers
- Pollution factors of the individual heat exchangers
- Operating time between one cleaning and the next cleaning for one or a few sootblowers of a subgroup. From the recorded parameters and ensuring a balanced total heat balance within the boiler, the soot blast time is determined individually for each individual sootblower in the subgroup of sootblowers and thus the contamination is controlled by the control system in the fine range.
Je nachdem, in welchem Bereich des Kessels das Rußblasen eingesetzt wird, ergeben sich unterschiedliche Randbedingungen, die in der Regelungstechnik zu berücksichtigen sind:
- Im Verdampferbereich und im Überhitzerbereich muss insbesondere die Einspritzrate des Frischdampfes und die Ein- und Austrittstemperaturen des Überhitzers berücksichtigt werden. Im Zwischenüberhitzerbereich muss die Einspritzrate des Zwischenüberhitzerdampfes berücksichtigt werden, mit der Absicht, diese zu minimieren. Im Economizer-Bereich muss insbesondere der Abgasverlust berücksichtigt werden.
- In the evaporator area and in the superheater area, in particular the injection rate of the live steam and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the superheater must be taken into account. In the reheater section, the injection rate of the reheater steam must be considered with the intention of minimizing it. In the economizer sector, in particular, the loss of exhaust gas must be taken into account.
Ergeben sich aus dem Vorgehen für einen Wärmetauscher eine kurze mittlere Betriebzeit über alle Rußbläser des Wärmetauschers seit der jeweiligen letzten Reinigung, wird dieser als sauber definiert.If the procedure for a heat exchanger results in a short mean operating time over all soot blowers of the heat exchanger since the respective last cleaning, this is defined as clean.
Die Verschmutzung einzelner Wärmetauscher wird ermittelt, indem ein aktueller Wärmeübergangskoeffizient an den betrachteten Flächen anhand einer aktuellen Wärmebilanz erfasst wird. Für einzelne Wärmetauscher wird der Grad der Verschmutzung durch Vergleich mit zuvor im sauberen Zustand aufgenommenen Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten ermittelt, wobei der Einfluss der relativen Kessellast durch eine bereichsweise lineare Regression berücksichtigt wird. Der Vorteil dieser Ausführungsvariante liegt darin, dass hier die Zustände "schmutzig" oder "sauber" erstmals erfasst werden. Dabei spielt der Wärmeübergangskoeffizient an einer betrachteten Fläche eine entscheidende Rolle. Der Wärmeübergangskoeffizient wird aus der Wärmebilanz von Dampf und Rauchgas bestimmt.The pollution of individual heat exchangers is determined by recording a current heat transfer coefficient at the considered areas on the basis of a current heat balance. For individual heat exchangers, the degree of contamination is determined by comparison with previously recorded in the clean state heat transfer coefficients, taking into account the influence of the relative boiler load by a region-wise linear regression. The advantage of this embodiment is that here the states "dirty" or "clean" are detected for the first time. The heat transfer coefficient plays a decisive role in a considered area. The heat transfer coefficient is determined from the heat balance of steam and flue gas.
Der Grad der Verschmutzung wird durch den Verschmutzungsfaktor V anhand der Formel V=1-q/q0 bestimmt, wobei q die spezifische Wärmeleistung des Dampfes je K Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Rauchgas und Dampf und q0 die spezifische Dampfleistung bei einem als sauber definiertem Zustand darstellt. Durch diese konkrete Bestimmung der Verschmutzung liegt vorteilhaft ein neues Regelkriterium gemäß der Erfindung vor. Hier wird die Verschmutzung der Wärmetauscherflächen quantitativ gefasst.The degree of pollution is determined by the pollution factor V using the formula V = 1-q / q 0 , where q is the specific heat output of the steam per K temperature difference between flue gas and steam and q 0 is the specific steam output at a clean state. By this concrete determination of pollution is advantageous before a new rule criterion according to the invention. Here, the pollution of the heat exchanger surfaces is taken quantitatively.
Die Vorteile der beschriebenen Erfindung sind vielfältig und weitreichend: In erster Linie wird das Rußblasen vorteilhaft zum Teil der thermischen Kesselregelung und unterstützt diese. Das Rußblasen erfolgt vollständig automatisch unter Berücksichtigung stabiler und optimaler thermischer Bedingungen für den Kessel. Selbst falsch dimensionierte Wärmetauscher können durch die erfindungsgemäße kontrollierbare Verschmutzung korrigiert werden. So genannte thermische Schieflagen der Kessel-Einzüge werden automatisch kompensiert. Reinigungsbedingte Temperaturschwankungen werden minimiert. Die thermischen Verhältnisse bei erneuter relativer Sauberkeit werden automatisch erfasst und als Maß für die zukünftige Verschmutzung hinterlegt. Selektiert für den nächsten Einsatz eines Reinigungszyklus werden ein oder einzelne Rußbläser einer Teilgruppe von Rußbläsern nach dem Kriterium der maximalen Betriebszeit zwischen einer Reinigung und der nächsten Reinigung, wodurch ein vorgebbarer Mindestzyklus für jede Teilgruppe gewährleistet ist. Das wiederholte Reinigen von noch sauberen Bereichen wird durch Überwachung der mittleren Betriebszeit und Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Verschmutzung verhindert. Der Abgasverlust des Kessels kann über die Modifikation der Rußblasezyklen beeinflusst werden. Der aktuelle Abgasverlust wird bei erneuter relativer Sauberkeit der relevanten Wärmetauscher automatisch erfasst und als Maß einer zukünftigen Erhöhung des Abgasverlustes hinterlegt. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass die Erfindung statische und dynamische Kesselverluste ohne zusätzlichen Aufwand an Maschinentechnik und Personal minimiert. Es wird ferner ein störungsarmes Rußblasen mit voller Verschmutzungskontrolle bei optimalem Nutzen erreicht.The advantages of the invention described are manifold and far-reaching: In the first place, the sootblowing advantageously becomes part of the thermal boiler control and supports it. Sootblowing takes place completely automatically taking into account stable and optimal boiler thermal conditions. Even incorrectly dimensioned heat exchangers can be corrected by the controllable contamination according to the invention. So-called thermal imbalances of the boiler indentations are automatically compensated. Cleaning-related temperature fluctuations are minimized. The thermal conditions with renewed relative cleanliness are automatically recorded and stored as a measure of the future contamination. Selected for the next use of a cleaning cycle, one or a few sootblowers of a subgroup of sootblowers are subject to the criterion of the maximum operating time between a cleaning and the next cleaning, whereby a predefinable minimum cycle is ensured for each subgroup. Repeated cleaning of still clean areas is prevented by monitoring the average operating time and taking into account the current soiling. The exhaust gas loss of the boiler can be influenced by the modification of the sootblower cycles. The current exhaust gas loss is automatically detected with renewed relative cleanliness of the relevant heat exchanger and stored as a measure of a future increase in the exhaust gas loss. In summary, it can be stated that the invention minimizes static and dynamic boiler losses without additional expenditure on machine technology and personnel. It will be further a trouble-free soot blowing with full contamination control achieved with optimum benefit.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand eines in den Zeichnungen dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. Dabei zeigen
- Fig. 1
- ein Schema eines Dampferzeugers,
- Fig. 2
- eine Skizze zur Erläuterung der Ermittlung des Verschmutzungsgrads,
- Fig. 3a
- einen Verlauf der Dampftemperatur bei einem herkömmlichem Rußblasealgorithmus,
- Fig. 3b
- einen Verlauf der Dampftemperatur gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel des erfindungsgemäßen Rußblasealgorithmus,
- Fig. 4
- eine Skizze zur Verdeutlichung einer thermischen Schieflage innerhalb des Wärmetauschersystems und
- Fig. 5
- ein Blockschaltbild einer Anordnung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Rußblasealgorithmus
- Fig. 1
- a scheme of a steam generator,
- Fig. 2
- a sketch explaining the determination of the degree of pollution,
- Fig. 3a
- a progression of steam temperature in a conventional soot blowing algorithm,
- Fig. 3b
- a profile of the steam temperature according to an embodiment of the Rußblasealgorithmusm according to the invention,
- Fig. 4
- a sketch to illustrate a thermal imbalance within the heat exchanger system and
- Fig. 5
- a block diagram of an arrangement for carrying out the Rußblasealgorithmus according to the invention
Gemäß der dieser Anmeldung zugrunde liegenden Erfindung wird die Dampftemperatur kontrolliert und geregelt, indem mittels der Rußbläsereinrichtung eine bestimmte Verschmutzung der Wärmetauscheroberflächen innerhalb des Kessels eingestellt wird.According to the invention underlying this application, the steam temperature is controlled and regulated by means of the sootblower device a certain contamination of the heat exchanger surfaces is set within the boiler.
Die Verschmutzung auf den Wärmetauscheroberflächen wird folgendermaßen ermittelt: Verschmutzung ist hierbei als Synonym für Verluste beim Wärmeübergang zwischen der Feuerraum-/Rauchgasseite und der Wasser-/Dampfseite eines Kessels zu sehen.
Für jeden erfassbaren Wärmetauscherbereich des Kessels wird dann die während des weiteren Anlagenbetriebes aufgenommene Wärme stets aktuell bestimmt. Dieser Wert wird mit dem Ausgangswert des sauberen Zustandes verglichen.For each detectable heat exchanger area of the boiler, the heat absorbed during the further operation of the plant is then always determined up-to-date. This value is compared with the initial value of the clean state.
Hierzu wird aus der Dampfleistung Q und der Differenz zwischen Rauchgas- und Dampftemperatur ΔT die spezifische Dampfleistung q (bzw. der Wärmetransferkoeffizient) ermittelt, vgl.
- Sauberkeitsfaktor
- Verschmutzungsfaktor
- cleanliness factor
- fouling factor
Anhand von
In
In
Die Auswirkungen des inkrementellen Rußblasens auf die Rauchgastemperatur wird ebenfalls anhand von
In
Gemäß der Erfindung werden einzelne Rußbläser oder Teilgruppen von Rußbläsern RBG1 bis RBGN gebildet, die insgesamt einzeln identifizierbare Wärmetauscher reinigen und so unterteilt sind, dass eine einzelne Reinigung den Gesamtwärmetransfer des Wärmetauschers nur geringfügig verändert. Durch Erfassung der thermischen Zustände und der Reisezeit jedes Einzelbläsers oder jeder Teilgruppe und durch eine automatische Zyklussteuerung wird die Verschmutzung der Einzelwärmetauscher so kontrolliert, dass im stationären Betrieb des Kessels die Wärmeaufnahme der Einzelbereiche im Feinbereich geregelt werden kann.According to the invention, individual sootblowers or subgroups of sootblowers RBG1 to RBGN are formed, which as a whole purify individually identifiable heat exchangers and are subdivided so that a single purge will only slightly change the total heat transfer of the heat exchanger. By detecting the thermal conditions and the traveling time of each individual blower or subgroup and by automatic cycle control, the pollution of the individual heat exchanger is controlled so that in stationary operation of the boiler, the heat absorption of the individual areas in the fine range can be controlled.
Steuerungsgrößen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens sind die Zeitpunkte, an denen die einzelnen Rußbläser oder Teilgruppen aktiviert werden. Daraus lassen sich sowohl die Reisezeiten der einzelne Rußbläser als auch die mittlere der Rußbläsergruppen, die einem bestimmten Wärmetauscher zugeordnet sind, bestimmen.Control variables of the method according to the invention are the times at which the individual sootblowers or subgroups are activated. From this it is possible to determine both the travel times of the individual sootblowers and the average of the sootblower groups which are assigned to a specific heat exchanger.
Eingangsgrößen des Verfahrens sind die Sensordaten der Temperaturen des Wasserdampfes und Rauchgases (siehe
Zur Kontrolle der mittleren Reisezeit der einzelnen Bläsergruppen werden einerseits die Verschmutzung, andererseits die Dampftemperaturen, thermische Schieflagen und ebenso Einspritzraten des Frischdampfes und des Zwischenüberhitzerdampfes erfasst. Mittels Erfassung der Reisezeit der einzelnen Rußbläser werden gezielt Teilgruppen selektiert für den nächsten Reinigungszyklus und dafür der Rußblasezeitpunkt bestimmt. Für alle Wärmetauscher gilt, dass durch das Rußblasen thermische Schieflagen stets ausgeglichen werden. Für den Verdampferbereich spielt vor allem die Steuerung der Einspritzrate des Frischdampfes eine große Rolle. Es soll darauf geachtet werden, dass beim Überhitzer die Einspritzventilstellung des Frischdampfes im Regelbereich ist und die Solltemperatur des Dampfes erreicht wird. Im Zwischenüberhitzerbereich soll die Einspritzrate des Frischdampfes zu Null gehen. Beim Economizer ist zu berücksichtigen, dass Abgasverlust und Blaseaufwand ausgeglichen sind. Eine Verschmutzung des regenerativen Luftvorwärmers wird die Wärmebilanz nur unwesentlich beeinflussen. Wichtig ist hier die Vermeidung einer Ablagerung zwischen den Oberflächen, die durch Dampfbläser nicht erreicht und beseitigt werden können. Daher wird in diesem Bereich zyklisch gereinigt und der Druckverlust beobachtet, wobei bei beginnender Druckverlusterhöhung sofort rußgeblasen wird.To control the average travel time of the individual wind groups on the one hand, the pollution, on the other hand Steam temperatures, thermal imbalances and also injection rates of live steam and the reheater steam detected. By recording the travel time of the individual sootblowers, specific subgroups are selectively selected for the next cleaning cycle and the soot blast time is determined. For all heat exchangers, soot bubbles always balance thermal imbalances. For the evaporator area, especially the control of the injection rate of live steam plays a major role. Care should be taken to ensure that the injection valve position of the live steam in the superheater is within the control range and that the setpoint temperature of the steam is reached. In the reheater area, the injection rate of live steam should go to zero. When economizer is to be considered that exhaust gas loss and blowing expenses are balanced. Pollution of the regenerative air preheater will affect the heat balance only insignificantly. Important here is the avoidance of a deposit between the surfaces, which can not be achieved and eliminated by steam blowers. Therefore, it is cyclically cleaned in this area and the pressure loss is observed, which is immediately blown off when the pressure loss increase begins.
In jedem Falle wird für alle Rußbläser die Einhaltung einer Mindestreinigung überwacht. Dies soll die Bildung nicht mehr entfernbarer oder gefährlich großer Konglomerate verhindern. Wenn andererseits der mittlere Reinigungszyklus eines Wärmetauschers sehr kurz wird, wird der Bereich als "sauber" definiert. Ein weiteres Rußblasen erfolgt dann erst wieder, wenn eine neue relevante Verschmutzung erkannt wird. So wird eine wiederholte und Oberflächen schädigende Reinigung sauberer Bereiche wirkungsvoll unterbunden. Gleichzeitig kann der aktuelle Wärmeübergang für den momentan sauberen Zustand immer wieder neu definiert (gelernt) und daraus ein entsprechender Verschmutzungsgrad für den laufenden Betrieb ermittelt werden. In any case, compliance with a minimum cleaning is monitored for all sootblowers. This should prevent the formation of no longer removable or dangerously large conglomerates. On the other hand, if the average cleaning cycle of a heat exchanger becomes very short, the area is defined as "clean." A further sootblowing takes place only when a new relevant contamination is detected. This effectively prevents repeated and surface-damaging cleaning of clean areas. At the same time, the current heat transfer for the currently clean state can always be redefined (learned) and from this a corresponding degree of contamination for ongoing operation can be determined.
Claims (7)
- Method for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler (K) of a technical plant (TA) in which flue gas and steam are generated by the combustion of an ash-forming fuel,
wherein the boiler (K) has at least one evaporator (V) and at least one heat exchanger (Ü, ZÜ, ECO),
characterized
in that a gradual fouling of heat exchanger surfaces within the boiler (K) is brought about incrementally by means of quasicontinuously operated sootblower devices, and
in that a heat transfer at the heat exchanger surfaces and also steam temperatures resulting in the boiler (K) are regulated by means of said setting of the fouling of said heat exchanger surfaces. - Method according to Claim 1,
characterized
in that subgroups of sootblowers are formed which clean parts of the boiler (K) which are as individually identifiable as possible,
in that, within the technical plant (TA), at least the following parameters are measured:- injection rate of the fresh steam and of the reheater steam,- inlet temperature of steam and flue gas entering the heat exchanger,- outlet temperature from the heat exchangers,- fouling factors of individual heat exchangers,- operating time between one cleaning operation and the next cleaning operation for a sootblower or a subgroup,in that, from the measured parameters and so as to ensure an equalized overall heat balance within the boiler, the sootblowing time is determined for individual sootblowers or a subgroup of the sootblowers. - Method according to Claim 2,
characterized
in that, for the sootblowing,- in the evaporator region and in the superheater region, the injection rate of the fresh steam and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the superheater are taken into consideration,- in the reheater region, the injection rate of the reheater steam is taken into consideration, with a view to minimizing said injection rate,- in the economizer region, the waste gas loss is taken into consideration. - Method according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized
in that, in the case of resulting short operating times since a previous cleaning operation of all of the sootblowers of a heat exchanger, said heat exchanger is defined as being clean. - Method according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized
in that the fouling of individual heat exchangers is determined by virtue of a present heat transfer coefficient (HTC) at the surfaces under consideration being measured on the basis of a present heat balance,
in that, for individual heat exchangers, the degree of fouling is determined by comparison with heat transfer coefficients recorded previously in the clean state, wherein the influence of the relative boiler load is taken into consideration by means of a regression which is linear in regions. - Method according to Claim 5,
characterized
in that the degree of fouling is determined by means of the fouling factor V on the basis of the formula V=1-q/q0, wherein q represents the specific heat output of the steam per K temperature difference between the flue gas and steam, and q0 represents the specific steam output in a state defined as clean. - Device for carrying out the method according to one of Claims 1 to 6.
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DE102011108327A1 (en) * | 2011-07-25 | 2013-01-31 | Clyde Bergemann Gmbh Maschinen- Und Apparatebau | Method for increasing the efficiency of a combustion plant, in particular a waste incineration or biomass power plant |
FR3021103B1 (en) * | 2014-05-13 | 2016-05-06 | Renault Sa | METHOD FOR DETECTING PERFORMANCE LOSS OF A HEAT EXCHANGER OF A COOLING CIRCUIT |
CN105069185A (en) * | 2015-07-14 | 2015-11-18 | 东南大学 | Method for establishing air pre-heater clean factor calculation model by using smoke pressure difference, and application |
CN108303888B (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2020-11-03 | 广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 | Temperature-reducing water spraying control method and system for main steam temperature of power station boiler |
CN108506921B (en) * | 2018-04-25 | 2024-04-30 | 西安西热节能技术有限公司 | Medium-high pressure industrial steam supply system and method for power station boiler |
US20210341140A1 (en) * | 2020-05-01 | 2021-11-04 | International Paper Company | System and methods for controlling operation of a recovery boiler to reduce fouling |
CN113378394B (en) * | 2021-06-19 | 2023-04-18 | 中国大唐集团科学技术研究院有限公司中南电力试验研究院 | Intelligent soot blowing algorithm based on Gu Erwei odd heat balance |
CN114111437A (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2022-03-01 | 湖南永杉锂业有限公司 | Heat exchanger scaling treatment system and control method thereof |
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GB2054720A (en) * | 1979-07-23 | 1981-02-18 | Gillis R E | A fastener for attachment to a web |
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FI117143B (en) * | 2000-11-30 | 2006-06-30 | Metso Automation Oy | Method and equipment for cleaning the boiler for soda |
US7109446B1 (en) * | 2005-02-14 | 2006-09-19 | Emerson Process Management Power & Water Solutions, Inc. | Method and apparatus for improving steam temperature control |
JP4140730B2 (en) * | 2005-06-29 | 2008-08-27 | 日鉱金属株式会社 | Control method of converter boiler |
DE102006041742A1 (en) * | 2006-09-04 | 2008-03-06 | Clyde Bergemann Gmbh | Device for cleaning high-pressure boilers |
US7890197B2 (en) * | 2007-08-31 | 2011-02-15 | Emerson Process Management Power & Water Solutions, Inc. | Dual model approach for boiler section cleanliness calculation |
US20110203535A1 (en) * | 2010-02-19 | 2011-08-25 | Nrg Energy, Inc. | Method and System for Sootblower Flow Analyzer |
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2011
- 2011-04-29 CN CN201180032629.9A patent/CN103328887B/en active Active
- 2011-04-29 US US13/695,147 patent/US20130192541A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-04-29 EP EP11718698.1A patent/EP2564118B1/en active Active
- 2011-04-29 WO PCT/EP2011/056853 patent/WO2011135081A2/en active Application Filing
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US20080286183A1 (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2008-11-20 | Radway Jerrold E | Control of combustion system emissions |
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WO2011135081A2 (en) | 2011-11-03 |
US20130192541A1 (en) | 2013-08-01 |
EP2564118A2 (en) | 2013-03-06 |
CN103328887B (en) | 2016-04-20 |
WO2011135081A3 (en) | 2013-11-28 |
CN103328887A (en) | 2013-09-25 |
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