Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
  • C09K8/58—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids
  • C09K8/584—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids characterised by the use of specific surfactants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C217/00—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C217/02—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C217/04—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
  • C07C217/06—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one etherified hydroxy group and one amino group bound to the carbon skeleton, which is not further substituted
  • C07C217/08—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having only one etherified hydroxy group and one amino group bound to the carbon skeleton, which is not further substituted the oxygen atom of the etherified hydroxy group being further bound to an acyclic carbon atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
  • C09K23/18—Quaternary ammonium compounds

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for crude oil production, by means of Winsor type III microemulsion flooding, in which an aqueous surfactant formulation containing at least one ionic surfactant of the general formula
• R 1 N + (R 2 ) m (R 3 ) n (R 4 ) X- is injected through injection wells into a petroleum deposit and the crude oil is removed from the deposit through production wells.
• the invention further relates to ionic surfactants according to the general formula and to processes for the preparation of these.
• a deposit In natural oil deposits, petroleum is present in the cavities of porous reservoirs, which are closed to the earth's surface of impermeable cover layers.
• the cavities may be very fine cavities, capillaries, pores or the like. Fine pore necks can have, for example, a diameter of only about 1 ⁇ m.
• a deposit In addition to crude oil, including natural gas, a deposit contains more or less saline water.
• Oil production generally distinguishes between primary, secondary and tertiary production.
• primary production after drilling the deposit, petroleum automatically streams through the borehole due to the inherent pressure of the deposit.
• the secondary funding is used.
• secondary production in addition to the wells used to extract oil, the so-called production wells, additional wells will be drilled into the oil-bearing formation.
• injection wells water is injected into the reservoir to maintain or increase the pressure.
• the oil is slowly forced through the cavities into the formation, starting from the injection well, toward the production well.
• this only works as long as the cavities are completely filled with oil and the viscous oil is carried away by the water. is pushed.
• the low-viscosity water breaks through cavities, it flows from this point on the path of least resistance, ie through the channel formed, and no longer pushes the oil in front of him.
• primary and secondary production only about 30 to 35% of the amount of crude oil in the deposit is to be subsidized.
• Tertiary oil extraction includes heat processes in which hot water or superheated steam is injected into the reservoir, thereby increasing the viscosity of the oil Gases such as C0 2 or nitrogen can also be used as flooding medium
• Tertiary oil production also includes processes using suitable chemicals as an aid to oil production, which can be used to influence the situation towards the end of the flooding
• the petroleum which is trapped in the pores of the reservoir rock at the end of the segregation, is subject to viscous and capillary forces, the ratio of these two forces determining the microscopic oil removal
• the parameter "capillary number" describes the effect of these forces. It is the ratio of the viscosity forces (velocity x viscosity of the oppressive phase) to the capillary forces (interfacial tension between oil and water x we
• ⁇ is the viscosity of the oil mobilizing fluid, the Darcy velocity (flow per unit area), ⁇ the interfacial tension between petroleum mobilizing fluid and petroleum, and ⁇ the contact angle between petroleum and rock (C. Melrose, CF Brandner, J Canadian Petr. Techn. 58, Oct.-Dec., 1 974).
• the capillary number " is 6, and that it is necessary for the capillary to about 10" near the end of secondary oil recovery in the range of about 10 to increase from 3 to 10 "2 to mobilize additional mineral oil.
• Winsor type I II microemulsion flooding the so-called Winsor type I II microemulsion flooding.
• the injected surfactants should form a microemulsion Windsor type III with the water and oil phases present in the deposit.
• a Windsor Type III microemulsion is not an emulsion with particularly small droplets, but a thermodynamically stable, liquid mixture of water, oil and surfactants.
• the microemulsion formation the surfactants demonstrate the oil-water interface and lower the interfacial tension ⁇ values of ⁇ 10 "2 mN / m (ultralow interfacial surfactant-sion) are particularly preferred in.
• the proportion should the Microemulsion in the system water-microemulsion oil with a defined amount of surfactant naturally be as large as possible, since thereby the lower interfacial tensions can be achieved.
• the shape of the oil droplets can be changed (interfacial tension between oil and water is lowered so far that the state of the smallest boundary surface is no longer sought and the spherical shape is no longer preferred) and by the flood water through the capillary openings squeeze through.
• the Winsor Type III microemulsion will be formed if there is an excess amount of surfactant. It thus represents a reservoir for surfactants, which accomplish a very low interfacial tension between oil and water phase.
• surfactants which accomplish a very low interfacial tension between oil and water phase.
• the Winsor Type III microemulsion migrates through the porous reservoir rock during the flooding process (emulsions, however, can become trapped in the porous matrix and clog reservoirs).
• the Winsor Type I II microemulsion encounters an oil-water interface which is not yet covered with surfactant, the surfactant from the microemulsion may cross the boundary surface. significantly lower surface tension of this new interface and lead to a mobilization of the oil (eg by deformation of the oil droplets).
• the oil droplets can then combine to form a continuous oil bank. This has two advantages:
• the oil-water interface is significantly reduced by the union of the oil drops to an oil bank and thus released no longer needed surfactant.
• the released surfactant may thereafter mobilize residual oil remaining in the formation as described above.
• microemulsion flooding is an extremely efficient process and, in contrast to an emulsion flooding process, significantly less surfactant is needed.
• the surfactants are usually optionally injected together with cosolvents and / or basic salts (optionally in the presence of chelating agents). Subsequently, a solution of thickening polymer is injected for mobility control.
• Another variant is the injection of a mixture of thickening polymer and surfactants, cosolvents and / or basic salts (optionally with chelating agent) and subsequently a solution of thickening polymer for mobility control. These solutions should usually be clear to avoid blockage of the reservoir.
• Suitable surfactants for tertiary oil production should be the interfacial tension between water and oil (typically approx. 20 mN / m) to particularly low values of less than 10 ". 2 mN / m to allow sufficient mobilization of the petroleum at the usual deposit temperatures of about 15 ° C to 130 ° C and in the presence of high salty water, especially in the presence of high levels of calcium and Thus, the surfactants must also be soluble in highly salty deposit water To meet these requirements, mixtures of surfactants have been frequently proposed, especially mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants.
• No. 4,374,734 discloses the use of cationic surfactants as demulsifiers for breaking emulsions in crude oil production.
• dioctyldimethylammonium chloride is mentioned.
• No. 4,596,662 discloses a combination of 30 to 70% glycol diester of a sulfosuccinate, 30 to 50% of a propoxylated alkylamine and 0.1 to 4% of an alkylphenol ether sulfate.
• the propoxylated alkylamine can contain from 2 to 20 PO units, and also alkyl radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms on the nitrogen.
• WO 93/04265 A1 a mixture of an anionic and a cationic surfactant is disclosed which should show no precipitate formation in the combination of the surfactants and a good foaming performance.
• the cationic surfactant is a dodecyl (bishydroxymethyl) methylammonium chloride.
• the use parameters such as, for example, type, concentration and the mixing ratio of the surfactants used, are therefore adapted by the person skilled in the art to the conditions prevailing in a given oil formation (for example temperature and salinity).
• the oil production is proportional to the capillary number. This is the higher the lower the interfacial tension between oil and water. Low interfacial tensions with a simultaneously sufficient solubility of the surfactant are usually difficult to achieve. This is the case in particular if no basic salts are added which convert carboxylic acids present in the crude oil into hydrophobic surfactants (in this case, one would only have to inject a hydrophilic and thus readily water-soluble surfactant). Combinations of long chain cationic surfactants and long chain anionic surfactants may precipitate out as a neutral complex or dissolve into the oil in an unfavorable combination. Use of cationic counterions, e.g. Tetraethylammonium with anionic surfactants is not very promising due to the high salinity, since there is a high excess of sodium ions. In the course of the flood process, an exchange of counterions would take place.
• cationic counterions e.g. Tetraethylammonium
• the object of the invention is therefore to provide a particularly suitable surfactant for use for surfactant flooding or preferred microemulsion flooding and an improved process for tertiary mineral oil production.
• a process for tertiary mineral oil recovery by Winsor Type III microemulsion flooding wherein an aqueous surfactant formulation comprising at least one ionic surfactant is injected through at least one injection well into an oil reservoir, the interfacial tension between oil and oil Water is lowered to values ⁇ 0.1 mN / m, preferably to ⁇ 0.05 mN / m, more preferably to ⁇ 0.01 mN / m, and crude oil is taken from the deposit through at least one production well, the surfactant formulation being at least one Surfactant of the general formula
• R 1 is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 6 to 10 carbon atoms,
• R 2 and R 3 independently of one another represent ethyleneoxy, propyleneoxy and / or butyleneoxy and / or pentyleneoxy, preferably ethyleneoxy and / or propyleneoxy and particularly preferably ethyleneoxy,
• R 4 is an alkyl group or hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a benzyl group, or a phenyl-CH 2 -CH 2 - or a phenyl-CH (CH 3 ) group,
• n is a number from 1 to 8, wherein the sum m + n is in the range of 2 to 8, and
• X is an anion
• the surfactant formulation contains at least one surfactant of the general formula
• R 1 is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 6 to 10 carbon atoms,
• R 2 and R 3 independently of one another represent methyl radicals, ethyl radicals and / or benzyl radicals,
• R 4 is an alkyl group or hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a benzyl group, or a phenyl-CH 2 -CH 2 - or a phenyl-CH (CH 3 ) -
• X is an anion.
• a surfactant mixture for crude oil production which contains at least one ionic surfactant according to the general formulas defined above.
• the interfacial tension between oil and water is particularly low by values of ⁇ 0.1 mN / m, preferably ⁇ 0.05 mN / m, due to the use of the surfactant according to the invention preferably lowered to ⁇ 0.01 mN / m.
• the crude oil production process according to the invention as described above uses an aqueous surfactant formulation containing at least one surfactant of the general formula. It may also include other surfactants and / or other components.
• the at least one surfactant can be subsumed under the general formula R 1 N + (R 2 ) m (R 3 ) n (R 4 ) X " , as defined above,
• the surfactant formulation may also contain several different surfactants, depending on the preparation. be subsumed under the general formula, be present.
• the radical R 1 is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the radical R 1 is a hexyl radical, octyl radical, 2-ethylhexyl radical, isononyl radical, decyl radical or 2-propylheptyl radical.
• R 2 and R 3 independently of one another have the meaning methyl, ethyl or benzyl or stand for ethyleneoxy, propyleneoxy and / or butyleneoxy and / or pentyleneoxy.
• the ethyleneoxy, propyleneoxy and butyleneoxy group (s) and pentyleneoxy group (s) are randomly distributed, alternately distributed or are in the form of two, three, four or more blocks in any order.
• m and n stand for integers.
• the numbers m and n are average values over all molecules of the surfactants, since in the alkoxylation of amines with ethylene oxide or propylene oxide or butylene oxide or Pentylene oxide is obtained in each case a certain distribution of chain lengths.
• This distribution can be described in a manner known in principle by the so-called polydispersity D.
• D M w / M n is the quotient of the weight average molecular weight and the number average molar mass.
• the polydispersity can be determined by the methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by gel permeation chromatography.
• m is a number from 1 to 8, preferably a number from 1 to 4.
• n is a number from 1 to 8, preferably a number from 1 to 4.
• the sum m + n is a number which is in the range of 2 to 8, preferably in the range of 2 to 5.
• R 4 is an alkyl group or hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. According to a further embodiment of the invention, R 4 is a benzyl group, or a phenyl-CH 2 -CH 2 - or a phenyl-CH (CH 3 ) group. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, R 4 is selected from the group of the methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl groups.
• Hydroalkyl means an alkyl group substituted with a hydroxy group
• hydroxy-lower alkyl groups are preferred, and preferred exemplified groups include hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, and 2-hydroxybutyl.
• X is an anion, preferably an anion selected from the group chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, methyl sulfonate, metosulfate, carbonate, and phosphate.
• the surfactants according to the general formula can be prepared in a manner known in principle by alkoxylation of corresponding primary amine.
• the implementation of such alkoxylations is known in principle to the person skilled in the art. It is also known to the person skilled in the art that the reaction conditions, in particular particular the choice of the catalyst, which may affect the molecular weight distribution of the alkoxylates.
• the formulation may additionally optionally comprise further surfactants.
• surfactants for example, anionic surfactants without alkoxy groups, such as alkylbenzenesulfonates, olefinsulfonates, paraffin sulfonates, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfates and / or alkyl phosphates, anionic surfactants with Alkoxygru ppen as ether sulfates (particularly preferably alkyl propoxy sulfates), ether sulfonates, ether carboxylates and ether phosphates; Alkylalkoxylates such as alkyl ethoxylates, alkyl propoxy ethoxylates or betainic or zwitterionic surfactants such as Alkyldimethylaminoxide call.
• These other surfactants may in particular also be oligomeric or polymeric surfactants. With such co-surfactants can be advantageous to reduce the necessary to
• polymeric cosurfactants are also referred to as "microemulsion boosters.”
• polymeric surfactants include amphiphilic block copolymers comprising at least one hydrophilic and at least one hydrophobic block Examples include polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide block copolymers, polyisobutylene-polyethylene oxide block
• the main chain preferably comprises essentially olefins or (meth) acrylates as building blocks
• polyethylene oxide is intended here to include polyethylene oxide blocks comprising propylene oxide units as defined above. Further details of such surfactants are disclosed in WO 2006/131541 A1.
• a suitable aqueous formulation of the surfactants according to the general formula is injected through at least one injection well into the crude oil deposit and crude oil is taken from the deposit through at least one production well.
• the term "crude oil” in this context does not mean phase-pure oil but means the usual crude oil-water emulsions the interfacial tension between water and oil - desirably at values significantly ⁇ 0.1 mN / m, following the pressing in of the surfactant formulation, the so-called "surfactant flooding” or preferably the microemulsion.
• water can be injected into the formation ("water flooding") to maintain the pressure or, preferably, a more viscous aqueous solution of a highly thickening polymer (“polymer flooding”).
• polymer flooding a more viscous aqueous solution of a highly thickening polymer
• surfactants are first allowed to act on the formation.
• Another known technique is the injection of a solution of surfactants and thickening polymers followed by a solution of thickening polymer.
• the person skilled in the art knows details of the technical implementation of "surfactant flooding”, “flooding” and “polymer flooding” and applies a corresponding technique depending on the nature of the deposit.
• an aqueous formulation which contains surfactants of the general formula is used.
• the formulations may optionally also comprise water-miscible or water-dispersible organic or other agents.
• Such additives are used in particular for stabilizing the surfactant solution during storage or transport to the oil field.
• the amount of such additional solvents should as a rule not exceed 50% by weight, preferably 20% by weight.
• only water is used for formulation.
• water-miscible solvents include, in particular, alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol and propanol, butanol, sec-butanol, pentanol, butyl ethylene glycol, butyl diethylene glycol or butyl triethylene glycol.
• the aqueous surfactant formulation contains at least one anionic surfactant of the alkylalkoxysulphate or alkylalkoxysulphonate type. This is present in higher concentration than the claimed cationic surfactants in the aqueous surfactant formulation, that is, in an anionic surfactant to cationic surfactant ratio of at least 5.5: 4.5, preferably at least 6: 4, more preferably at least 7: 3 on a molar basis to guarantee that the surfactant solution remains clearly soluble due to charge neutralization.
• the aqueous surfactant formulation contains at least one anionic surfactant of the alkylaryl sulphonate type. This is present in higher concentration than the claimed cationic surfactants in the aqueous surfactant formulation, ie in a ratio of anionic surfactant to cationic surfactant of at least 5.5: 4.5, preferably of at least 6: 4, more preferably at least 7: 3 on a molar basis, to ensure that the surfactant solution remains clearly soluble due to charge neutralization.
• the proportion of surfactants according to the general formula maximally 49 wt .-% with respect to the proportion of all surfactants present, ie the surfactants according to the general formula and optionally present surfactants.
• the proportion is preferably at most 30% by weight.
• the mixture used according to the invention can preferably be used for the surfactant flooding of deposits. It is particularly suitable for Winsor type III microemulsion flooding (flooding in the Winsor III range or in the area of existence of the bicontinuous microemulsion phase).
• Winsor type III microemulsion flooding frlooding in the Winsor III range or in the area of existence of the bicontinuous microemulsion phase.
• the technique of microemulsion flooding has already been described in detail at the beginning.
• the formulations may also contain other components, such as, for example, C 4 -C 8 -alcohols and / or basic salts (so-called "alkaline surfactant flooding") .
• alkaline surfactant flooding for example, retention in the formation can be reduced
• the ratio by weight of the alcohols with respect to the total amount of surfactant used is generally at least 1: 1 - however, a significant excess of alcohol can also be used
• the amount of basic salts can typically be from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight. % pass.
• the deposits in which the method is used have a temperature of at least 10 ° C, for example 10 to 150 ° C, preferably a temperature of at least 15 ° C to 120 ° C, particularly preferably from 15 to 90 ° C.
• the total concentration of all surfactants together is 0.05 to 5 wt .-% with respect to the total amount of the aqueous surfactant formulation, preferably 0.1 to 2.5% by weight.
• concentration of surfactants may change upon injection into the formation because the formulation may mix with formation water or absorb surfactants also on solid surfaces of the formation. It is the great advantage of the mixture used according to the invention that the surfactants lead to a particularly good lowering of the surface tension while at the same time providing clear solubility of the surfactants.
• the total concentration of the surfactants in such a concentrate is 10 to 45% by weight.
• the amount of KOH is 0.3% by weight of the product to be produced.
• the mixture is dehydrated at 100 ° C and 20 mbar for 2 h.
• the mixture is then flushed three times with N 2 , a pre-pressure of about 1, 3 bar N 2 is set and the temperature is increased to 120 to 130 ° C.
• the alkylene oxide is metered in such that the temperature remains between 125 ° C to 135 ° C (for ethylene oxide) and 130 to 140 ° C (for propylene oxide).
• the alkyl alkoxylate (1, 0 eq) to be sulfated is dissolved in 1.5 times the amount of dichloromethane (on a weight percent basis) and cooled to 5-10 ° C. Then chlorosulfonic acid (1, 1 eq) is added dropwise so that the temperature does not exceed 10 ° C. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 4 h at this temperature under N 2 stream, before the above reaction mixture in an aqueous NaOH solution with half volume at max. 15 ° C is dropped. The amount of NaOH is calculated so as to give a slight excess with respect to the chlorosulphonic acid used. The resulting pH value is approx. 9 to 1 0. The dichloromethane is under slight vacuum on a rotary evaporator at max. 50 ° C away.
• the product is characterized by 1 H-NMR and determines the water content of the solution (about 70%).
• the primary amine (1, 0 eq) to be alkoxylated is mixed with a little water (0.1 eq). Then it is rinsed three times with N 2 , a pre - pressure of approx. 1, 3 bar N 2 and the temperature increased to 120 to 130 ° C. 2.0 eq of alkylene oxide are metered in so that the temperature is between 125 ° C to 135 ° C remains. The mixture is then stirred for 5 h at 125 to 135 ° C, rinsed with N 2 , cooled to 70 ° C and the reactor emptied. The basic crude product is neutralized with acetic acid. The bright product is characterized by means of a 1 H NMR spectrum in CDCl 3, a gel permeation chromatography and an OH number determination and amine number, and the yield is determined.
• the amine reacted with 2.0 eq of alkylene oxide may be treated with an aqueous KOH solution containing 50% by weight of KOH.
• the amount of KOH is 0.3% by weight of the product to be produced.
• the mixture is dehydrated at 100 ° C and 20 mbar for 2 h.
• the mixture is then flushed three times with N 2 , a pre-pressure of about 1, 3 bar N 2 is set and the temperature is increased to 120 to 130 ° C.
• the alkylene oxide is metered in such that the temperature remains between 125 ° C to 135 ° C (for ethylene oxide) and 130 to 140 ° C (for propylene oxide).
• the mixture is then stirred for 5 h at 125 to 135 ° C, rinsed with N 2 , cooled to 70 ° C and the reactor emptied.
• the bright product is characterized by means of a 1 H-NMR spectrum in CDCl 3, a gel permeation chromatography and an OH number determination and amine number determination, and the yield is determined.
• the quaternizing amine (1, 0 eq) is introduced into a 2 l glass flask and optionally diluted with the same amount of water. Then, the dimethyl sulfate (1, 0 eq) is slowly added dropwise with stirring, so that the temperature does not exceed 60 ° C. With the help of an amine number of sales is determined. It is stirred until the degree of quaternization is 95% or more. Optionally, a small excess of dimethyl sulfate (0.1 eq) may be used. The excess dimethyl sulfate can be destroyed by short-term boiling with water.
• the bright product is characterized by means of a 1 H NMR spectrum in CDCl 3, a gel permeation chromatography and an amine number determination, and the yield is determined.
• HCl 7 iso-Ci 7 H 35 -OH;
• Oxoalcohol prepared by hydroformylation of iso-hexadecene, which is obtained by tetramerization of butene.
• the mean degree of branching of the alcohol is 3.1.
• interfacial tensions were measured directly by spinning drop method on two dead crude oils (API each approx. 14) and the saline original injection water at storage temperature of 18 ° C and 32 ° C, respectively.
• the surfactant solution prepared under a) was used.
• an oil drop was added to this clear solution and the interfacial tension was read after 2 hours.
• Ci 6 Ci 8 - 6 PO - nC8-N (EO Me + 200 12500 18 clear
• Table 5 considered the solubility of surfactant formulations for a higher temperature deposit (32 ° C rather than 18 ° C).
• the formulations contain a base in the form of NaOH.

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• 2011
  • 2011-03-09 WO PCT/EP2011/053552 patent/WO2011110601A2/de active Application Filing
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