EP2532046A1 - Flat-plate scanning antenna for land mobile application, vehicle comprising such an antenna, and satellite telecommunication system comprising such a vehicle - Google Patents

Flat-plate scanning antenna for land mobile application, vehicle comprising such an antenna, and satellite telecommunication system comprising such a vehicle

Info

Publication number
EP2532046A1
EP2532046A1 EP11701218A EP11701218A EP2532046A1 EP 2532046 A1 EP2532046 A1 EP 2532046A1 EP 11701218 A EP11701218 A EP 11701218A EP 11701218 A EP11701218 A EP 11701218A EP 2532046 A1 EP2532046 A1 EP 2532046A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
waveguides
plane
slots
waveguide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP11701218A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2532046B1 (en
Inventor
Régis Lenormand
Jean-Michel Merour
Jean-Michel Mateus
Ronan Sauleau
Mauro Ettorre
Gérard Raguenet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales SA
Original Assignee
Thales SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thales SA filed Critical Thales SA
Publication of EP2532046A1 publication Critical patent/EP2532046A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2532046B1 publication Critical patent/EP2532046B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
    • H01Q1/325—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle
    • H01Q1/3275—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle mounted on a horizontal surface of the vehicle, e.g. on roof, hood, trunk
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0037—Particular feeding systems linear waveguide fed arrays
    • H01Q21/0043—Slotted waveguides
    • H01Q21/005—Slotted waveguides arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/02—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical movement of antenna or antenna system as a whole
    • H01Q3/04—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical movement of antenna or antenna system as a whole for varying one co-ordinate of the orientation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a planar scanning antenna, a vehicle comprising such an antenna and a satellite telecommunication system comprising such a vehicle. It applies in particular to the field of satellite telecommunications and more particularly to telecommunications equipment installed on mobile vehicles such as terrestrial, maritime or aeronautical means of transport to ensure a bi-directional connection between a mobile terminal and a land station by via a repeater implanted on a satellite. In the means of transport, such as trains and buses, the need for connections to a broadband Internet service and the need for high-performance, low-cost and small-sized antennas are increasing.
  • the transmission and reception specifications of the mobile terminal capable of ensuring the required transmission qualities lead, in the Ku-band, to antenna gains typically of the order of 34 to 35. dB on the covered area and the antenna must be able to provide, in transmission and reception, a pointing in an angular range between 0 ° and 360 ° in azimuth and between 20 ° and 60 ° on average in elevation.
  • These performances can be obtained by using a network antenna comprising elementary radiating elements whose phase is adjusted to obtain a precise pointing in a chosen direction.
  • These network antennas have the advantage of being flat and thus compact in the direction of their height, however the angular range to be covered is very important, to obtain good performance and avoid the appearance of network lobes in the diagram.
  • the pointing of the antenna towards the satellite is achieved by a combination of two mechanical movements.
  • a first mechanical movement is obtained via a rotating platform disposed in an XY plane and ensuring the orientation of the antenna in elevation and azimuth.
  • a second movement in elevation is achieved by an auxiliary device, for example a plane mirror, integral with the platform.
  • the antenna conventionally comprises a parabolic reflector and a radiating source illuminating the reflector.
  • To reduce the size of the reflector and reduce the height of the antenna its periphery is elliptical instead of circular.
  • such an antenna currently deployed on high-speed trains has a height of the order of 45cm. Although this height is compatible with current trains, it is too important for future two-decker high-speed trains for which the height available for the installation of an antenna, between the roof of the train and the catenaries, is much higher. low.
  • the height of the antenna has an influence on the drag generated by the aircraft as well as on the consumption of fuel.
  • current reflector antennas implanted on aircraft have a height of the order of 30cm and result in overconsumption of fuel equivalent to eight additional passengers.
  • the antenna is composed of two parallel plates between which longitudinal current components and a one-dimensional network of transverse continuous grooves that couple and radiate the energy in space.
  • the two plates and the network of grooves are mounted on two coplanar plates mechanically rotating independently of each other, the two rotational movements being superimposed and made in the same plane of the trays.
  • the orientation of the lower plate makes it possible to adjust the pointing direction in azimuth
  • the orientation of the upper plate makes it possible to obtain a variable inclination of the grooves and thus to modify the direction of pointing in elevation of the beam generated by the antenna.
  • this antenna since this antenna initially operates in linear polarization, it is necessary to add an additional orientable polarization gate mounted on the upper face of the antenna to control the plane of polarization of the antenna which increases the complexity of implementation. and the height of the antenna which is not flat.
  • the antenna comprises several alternating planes of substrates and metal planes superposed one above the other.
  • the antenna comprises a first lower metal plane, then a first substrate plane having a plurality of sources, the first substrate plane having a lateral end forming a parabolic surface on which the waves emitted by the sources are reflected.
  • Above the first substrate plane is a second metallic plane having coupling slots of the reflected wave plane, each coupling slot opening into respective slot waveguides arranged side by side parallel to each other in the same second plane of substrate.
  • the guided waves are then emitted as a radiated beam through a plurality of radiating apertures in a third upper metal plane.
  • the platform comprising an articulated mirror on the platform whose angle of inclination with respect to the plane of the platform is variable by rotation.
  • the plane wave emitted by the source illuminates the mirror which reflects this wave in a selected pointing direction, the angle of inclination of the mirror to adjust the elevation angle of the beam emitted.
  • This antenna is very elliptical, the size of the mirror in its region articulated on the platform being much greater than the dimension of the mirror in its region inclined above the platform, which makes it possible to reduce the height of the antenna to 20 or 30cm, but this height is still too important for an application to the means of transport.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a planar scan antenna not having the disadvantages of existing antennas and can be implanted on a mobile transport means.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a directional plane antenna, operating in Ku band, very compact in the sense of its height, simple to implement and low cost, able to stay pointed on a satellite continuously regardless of the position of the means of transport and allowing control of the polarization plane without adding a steerable grid.
  • the invention relates to a planar scanning antenna comprising at least one array of radially slotted waveguides, the network of radiating slot waveguides comprising two substrates of dielectric, respectively lower and upper, superimposed one above the other.
  • the two substrates Sub1, Sub2, lower and upper comprise waveguides in identical number which correspond and each waveguide of the upper substrate communicates with a single corresponding waveguide of the lower substrate through a coupling slot (13).
  • Each waveguide of the upper substrate Sub2 furthermore comprises a plurality of radiating slots, all the radiating slots being parallel to each other and oriented in the same direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the waveguides and each waveguide of the substrate.
  • Subi comprises an internal individual supply circuit comprising an individual electronic phase shift and amplification circuit.
  • the waveguides are placed parallel to one another and have lower and upper metal walls parallel to a plane of the antenna.
  • the upper and lower walls of all the waveguides may be constituted by three flat metal plates, respectively lower, intermediate and upper, parallel to the plane of the antenna, the coupling slots passing through the metal plate. intermediate, the radiating slots passing through the upper metal plate.
  • the waveguides are placed parallel to each other and have lower and upper metal walls inclined with respect to a plane of the antenna,
  • the network of guides with radiating slots is mounted on a rotating platform in azimuth.
  • the antenna comprises two identical networks of waveguides with radiating slots dedicated respectively to transmission and reception.
  • the antenna comprises on transmission and on reception, a main grating of radially slotted waveguides and an auxiliary grating of radially slotted guides, the two arrays each comprising a first internal phase shift circuit set to the same phase value, the auxiliary grating having radiating slots oriented with a inclined angle not zero relative to the slits of the main network,
  • the second phase shift circuit placed at the input of the auxiliary network, the second phase shift circuit being intended to compensate for a rotation of the polarization plane of a wave emitted by the main grating and comprising a variable phase phase shifter between 0 ° and 180 ° and a variable gain amplifier.
  • the angle of inclination of the radiating slots of the main network is between 20 ° and 70 °.
  • the invention also relates to a vehicle comprising at least one such antenna and a satellite telecommunication system comprising at least one such vehicle.
  • FIGS. 1a and 1b two diagrams, respectively in perspective and in section parallel to the XZ plane, of a first example of a planar antenna, according to the invention
  • FIG. 1c is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of an example of implantation of the waveguides in which the walls of the waveguides are parallel to the XY plane of the antenna, according to a first embodiment of FIG. invention
  • FIG. 1d a schematic cross-sectional view parallel to the YZ plane of an example of implantation of the guides wave in which the walls of the waveguides are inclined with respect to the XY plane of the antenna, according to a second embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 a diagram of a second example of a planar antenna comprising separate transmission and reception functions, according to the invention
  • FIGS. 3a, 3b an example of dimensioning of a network of waveguides with radiating slots and a radiation pattern obtained with a planar antenna comprising this network, according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram of a third example of a planar antenna comprising separate transmission and reception functions and an emission-optimized wave plane according to the invention.
  • the planar antenna shown in FIGS. 1a, 1b, 1c comprises an array 5 of radially slotted waveguides comprising two substrates of dielectric Sub, Sub2, respectively lower and upper, superimposed one above the other.
  • the upper dielectric substrate Sub2 supports radiating slot waveguides 10, the lower Subi substrate supporting waveguides 11 for individually supplying each radiating slot waveguide 10 with a microwave signal.
  • Three waveguides with radiating slots are shown in FIG. 1a and four radiating slot waveguides are shown in FIGS. 1c and 1d, but these numbers are not limiting and may have any value greater than or equal to has a.
  • the waveguides have a cross section of rectangular shape.
  • the planes of the different layers of the antenna are parallel to an XY plane and in each substrate layer, the waveguides are placed next to each other. others parallel to the XY plane.
  • the upper and lower walls of all the waveguides are then constituted by three metal plates M1, 2, M3 respectively lower, intermediate and upper, parallel to the XY plane and delimiting the two dielectric substrates equipped with waveguides, the two Subi dielectric substrates, Sub2 being interposed between two consecutive metal plates.
  • the antenna height is along an axis Z orthogonal to the plane XY.
  • each waveguide 1 1 of the lower Subi substrate comprises two lower and upper metal walls respectively formed by the lower metal plates M1 and intermediate M2 and lateral metal walls connecting the two lower metal plates M1 and intermediate M2.
  • Each waveguide 11 of the lower substrate Subi further comprises a coupling slot 13 passing through the intermediate metal plate M2 and opening into a single corresponding waveguide 10 of the upper substrate Sub2.
  • the coupling slots 13 which feed each waveguide 10 of the upper substrate Sub2 can lead for example in the middle of each waveguide 10 or at one end 16 of these waveguides as in FIGS. 1a and 1 b or at another place of these waveguides 10.
  • Each waveguide 10 of the upper substrate Sub2 comprises two metal walls, upper and lower, respectively formed by the intermediate metal plates M2 and upper 3 and lateral metal walls connecting the two intermediate metal plates M2 and upper M3.
  • the waveguides 10, 11 extend along a longitudinal axis parallel to the same direction, which may correspond, for example, to the X axis and comprise two opposite ends 15, 16 on this axis. As shown in FIG.
  • the waveguides of the upper substrate Sub2 are closed at their two ends 15, 16 by two transverse metal walls 17, 18 connecting the three metal plates M1, M2, M3, while the waveguides of the lower substrate are only closed at one end 16 by the transverse wall 17, their open end 15 corresponding to a signal input 19.
  • Each waveguide 10 of the upper substrate Sub2 further comprises a plurality of slots radiating 20 through the upper metal plate M3, all the radiating slots 20 being parallel to each other and oriented in the same direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the waveguides, for example the X direction, the Y direction orthogonal to the X direction in the XY plane slots corresponding to a linear polarization wave plane.
  • Each waveguide 11 of the lower Subi substrate comprises an internal power supply circuit 25 adapted to receive an incoming microwave signal 19 applied at its open end, this individual internal supply circuit 25 having an internal electronic phase shift circuit and amplifier having an internal phase shifter 21 for controlling the phase of the signal to be transmitted and an internal amplification device 22 of the incoming signal for controlling the radiation emitted by the antenna.
  • the incoming signal 19 may be emitted for example by an external source 24, for example unique, then divided by a divider 26 connected at the input of each of the waveguides 11 of the Subi lower substrate.
  • the incoming signal 19 in one of the waveguides 1 of the lower substrate Subi is transmitted in a corresponding waveguide 10 of the upper substrate Sub2 through the coupling slots 13 in the intermediate metal plate M2 and then radiated by the radiating slots 20.
  • a scanning and detachment of the beam in elevation, in a plane YZ perpendicular to the XY plane of the antenna, is obtained by electronically controlled phase and amplitude law applied by the individual internal supply circuits of each waveguide 11 of the lower substrate corresponding to each of the radiating slot waveguides.
  • the waveguides shown in FIG. 1a all have a parallel arrangement with the metal plates M1, M2, M3.
  • each guide of wave of a predetermined angle for example between 10 ° and 20 °, relative to the plane XY of the antenna.
  • the lower and upper walls of the different waveguides are not constituted by flat metal plates M1, M2, M3 but by metal walls inclined with respect to the XY plane, the metal plates M1, M2, M3 being replaced by metal sawtooth walls.
  • Each waveguide 11 of the Subi lower substrate being individually powered by an internal circuit 25 and having a circuit internal electronic phase shift 21 and amplification 22, the phase control is carried out continuously which allows to continuously control the radiation direction of the antenna in elevation. Furthermore, the amplification is distributed in each waveguide 11 which allows the use of low power amplifiers and to overcome a complex external amplification circuit and bulky. In addition, no high energy source switching means is required to achieve continuous beam scanning.
  • the pointing of the beam in azimuth is made by rotation of the platform and the pointing of the beam in elevation is given by the phase law applied to the incoming signals.
  • This phase law is obtained by controlling the internal phase shifters 21 and the internal amplifiers 22 integrated in each of the waveguides 11 of the Subi lower substrate.
  • the radially slotted waveguides 10 operating in a low bandwidth, it is possible to split the transmission and reception functions and to use as shown in FIG.
  • a planar antenna system 6, 8 having a first slot waveguide network dedicated to the transmission and a second slot waveguide grating, not shown, dedicated to the reception, the two slot waveguide gratings being identical and mounted on the same platform 7 rotating in azimuth.
  • the elevation of each of the transmitting and receiving antennas of the planar antenna system mounted on the rotating platform is achieved by amplification and electronic control of the phases of each of the signals flowing in the slotted guides forming the gratings. radiation of the two antennas.
  • Two consecutive slots may be offset relative to each other in the Y direction.
  • the antenna thus obtained has dimensions of 840mm long and 242mm wide.
  • the height of the antenna without the rotating platform on which it is mounted is a few millimeters.
  • the total height of the antenna with the rotating platform is almost equal to the height of the rotating platform is of the order of 2 to 3cm.
  • This antenna radiates a linearly polarized wave, the radiated wave plane being parallel to the slots.
  • the radiation pattern obtained with this antenna comprises a main lobe having a maximum amplitude at 36.2dB corresponding to the maximum directivity of the antenna and a bandwidth at 3dB of Theta angle equal to 1.5 ° in the XZ plane and at 5 ° in the YZ plane.
  • This example of dimensioning thus shows that the planar antenna thus produced meets the height requirements imposed for implantation on a means of transport and in particular on a future high-speed train.
  • the satellite receives this wave in a direction that depends on the relative position of the satellite relative to the local vertical of the vehicle equipped with the antenna and the antenna. relative position of the vehicle relative to the local vertical ground.
  • the satellite thus sees a wave whose polarization has been rotated by an angle Psi with respect to the plane of polarization of the wave emitted by the antenna. If the vehicle moves in a geographical area with slopes less than 10%, the value of Psi remains at values less than 15 °.
  • this rotation is not compensated for, it has the effect of generating two cross-energy components at the satellite.
  • the satellite receives a principal energy component parallel to the polarization plane of the transmitted wave and an additional energy component in a direction perpendicular to the main polarization plane.
  • This additional energy component can create interference for users using this other plane of polarization, it is necessary to compensate for the rotation angle Psi for the satellite to receive a wave whose polarization is perfectly aligned.
  • This angle of rotation Psi constantly varies when the vehicle equipped with the antenna moves, the compensation must be carried out continuously. To limit interference, this compensation must be performed both on transmission and on reception.
  • a transmitting auxiliary plane antenna 9 and a receiving auxiliary plane antenna 14, having the same structure as the main antennas transmission 6 and reception 8 are mounted on the rotating platform 7 as shown in FIG. 4.
  • Each auxiliary plane antenna 9, 14 has an auxiliary network
  • the orientation of the radiating slots 33 of the auxiliary network 30 makes a non-zero angle, preferably between 20 ° and 70 °, relative to the radiating slots 20 of the network main emission 5 so as to emit a secondary wave having a plane of polarization 2 inclined with respect to the plane of polarization 1 of the main wave emitted by the main network 5.
  • the auxiliary network 30 makes it possible to obtain, in the direction of the beam emitted by the main network, a secondary beam having amplitude, phase and polarization characteristics independent of the main network.
  • the polarization components of the two wave planes 1, 2 emitted by the two main and auxiliary networks 30 will combine vectorially into an overall resultant wave having a polarization plane 3.
  • the plane wave emitted by the auxiliary antenna 9, 14 being polarized according to a wave plane perpendicular to the direction of orientation of the slots 33 of the auxiliary antenna 9, 14 it therefore comprises two polarization components parallel to the X axes and Y.
  • the auxiliary network 30 By adjusting the polarization, phase and amplitude parameters of the wave emitted by the auxiliary network 30, it is then possible to obtain, at the satellite, a global resulting wave whose polarization plane 3 is aligned with the plane of polarization 1 of the main wave emitted and of thus compensate for the rotation angle Psi of the polarization of the main wave received by the satellite. For example, by applying a phase equal to 180 ° to the wave emitted by the auxiliary network 30, which corresponds to the polarization plane 4, the overall resultant wave has a polarization plane in the direction 12.
  • a second phase shift circuit for compensating a rotation of the polarization plane of a wave emitted by the main network is placed at the input of the auxiliary network 30.
  • the second phase shift circuit comprises a variable phase phase shifter 34 between 0 ° and 180 ° and a variable gain amplifier 35.
  • the radiating slots 33 of the auxiliary network 30 may be chosen oriented at 45 ° with respect to the radiating slots 20 of the main network 5.
  • the variable phase input phase-shifter 34 between 0 ° and 180 ° and the variable gain input amplifier 35 make it possible to adjust the amplitude and the phase of the signal delivered by the source of emission and derivative, by means of a power divider 36 , to the auxiliary network 30 and thus control the orientation of the polarization plane 3 of the resulting wave emitted which is derived from the combination of the two radiated waves by the two main and auxiliary radiator networks 5 and 30.
  • the secondary wave being only intended to compensate for the rotation angle Psi, it is only useful for creating a wave plane component perpendicular to the main wave plane and the amplitude of the wave that it emits can therefore be many pl weak as the amplitude of the main wave.
  • the auxiliary antenna 9, 14 can therefore be of much smaller dimensions than those of the main antenna 6, 8 and consequently the numbers of waveguides and slots of the secondary antenna can be much lower than those of the main antenna.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)

Abstract

The flat-plate scanning antenna comprises at least one network (5) of waveguides with radiating slots, comprising two dielectric substrates (Sub1) (Sub2) arranged one above the other. The two substrates (Sub1) (Sub2) comprise the same number of waveguides (10, 11) that correspond to each other and communicate between each other in pairs by means of corresponding coupling slots (13). Each waveguide (10) of the upper substrate (Sub2) also comprises a plurality of radiating slots (20), all of the radiating slots (20) being parallel to each other and oriented in the same direction, and each waveguide (11) of the lower substrate (Sub1) comprises an inner individual feeding circuit (25) comprising an individual electronic circuit for phase-shifting (21) and amplification (22).

Description

Antenne piane à balayage pour application mobile terrestre, véhicule comportant une telle antenne et système de télécommunication par satellite comportant un tel véhicule  Scanning antenna for land mobile application, vehicle comprising such an antenna and satellite telecommunication system comprising such a vehicle
La présente invention concerne une antenne plane à balayage, un véhicule comportant une telle antenne et un système de télécommunication par satellite comportant un tel véhicule. Elle s'applique notamment au domaine des télécommunications par satellite et plus particulièrement aux équipements de télécommunication implantés sur des véhicules mobiles tels que des moyens de transport terrestres, maritimes ou aéronautiques pour assurer une connexion bi-directionneîle entre un terminal mobile et une station terrestre par i'intermédiaire d'un répéteur implanté sur un satellite. Dans les moyens de transport, tels que les trains et les bus, les besoins en connexions à un service Internet à large bande et les besoins en antennes à haute performance, bas coût et de faible dimension sont croissants. The present invention relates to a planar scanning antenna, a vehicle comprising such an antenna and a satellite telecommunication system comprising such a vehicle. It applies in particular to the field of satellite telecommunications and more particularly to telecommunications equipment installed on mobile vehicles such as terrestrial, maritime or aeronautical means of transport to ensure a bi-directional connection between a mobile terminal and a land station by via a repeater implanted on a satellite. In the means of transport, such as trains and buses, the need for connections to a broadband Internet service and the need for high-performance, low-cost and small-sized antennas are increasing.
Actuellement, il est connu de réaliser un lien satellitaire entre un terminal mobile et une station terrestre pour, par exemple, assurer une connexion internet aux passagers d'un train ou d'un bus, en utilisant une antenne très peu directive fonctionnant en bande L. Le problème est qu'en bande L, il y a très peu de fréquences disponibles et que le débit de transmission des communications est donc très faible. Pour augmenter le débit, il est nécessaire d'établir des liens avec des satellites fonctionnant en bande Ku {10,5GHz à 14,5GHz) ou Ka (20 à 30 GHz) et de réaliser des antennes directives. Cependant, avec une antenne directive, il est nécessaire de pointer en continu le satellite quelle que soit la position du véhicule.  Currently, it is known to achieve a satellite link between a mobile terminal and a land station to, for example, provide an internet connection to the passengers of a train or a bus, using a very directional antenna operating in L-band. The problem is that in L-band there are very few frequencies available and therefore the communication transmission rate is very low. To increase the throughput, it is necessary to establish links with satellites operating in Ku band {10.5GHz to 14.5GHz) or Ka (20 to 30 GHz) and to realize directional antennas. However, with a directional antenna, it is necessary to continuously point the satellite regardless of the position of the vehicle.
Pour couvrir un territoire tel que l'Europe, les spécifications en émission et en réception du terminal mobile capable d'assurer les qualités de transmission requises conduisent, en bande Ku, à des gains d'antenne typiquement de l'ordre de 34 à 35 dB sur la zone couverte et l'antenne doit être en mesure d'assurer, en émission et en réception, un pointage dans un domaine angulaire compris entre 0° et 360° en azimut et entre 20° et 60° en moyenne en élévation. Ces performances peuvent être obtenues en utilisant une antenne réseau comportant des éléments rayonnants élémentaires dont la phase est réglée pour obtenir un pointage précis dans une direction choisie. Ces antennes réseau ont l'avantage d'être planes et donc à faible encombrement dans le sens de leur hauteur, cependant le domaine angulaire à couvrir étant très important, pour obtenir de bonnes performances et éviter l'apparition de lobes de réseau dans ie diagramme de rayonnement de l'antenne, il est nécessaire d'utiliser un réseau de formation de faisceaux comportant un très grand nombre de contrôles de phase, ce qui est prohibitif. Par exemple, pour une antenne en bande Ku ayant une surface de l'ordre de 1 m2, le nombre d'éléments rayonnants de l'antenne doit être supérieur à 15000, ce qui est rédhibitoire en termes de coût et de complexité de l'antenne pour une application aux moyens de transport. To cover a territory such as Europe, the transmission and reception specifications of the mobile terminal capable of ensuring the required transmission qualities lead, in the Ku-band, to antenna gains typically of the order of 34 to 35. dB on the covered area and the antenna must be able to provide, in transmission and reception, a pointing in an angular range between 0 ° and 360 ° in azimuth and between 20 ° and 60 ° on average in elevation. These performances can be obtained by using a network antenna comprising elementary radiating elements whose phase is adjusted to obtain a precise pointing in a chosen direction. These network antennas have the advantage of being flat and thus compact in the direction of their height, however the angular range to be covered is very important, to obtain good performance and avoid the appearance of network lobes in the diagram. radiation of the antenna, it is necessary to use a beam forming network with a very large number of phase controls, which is prohibitive. For example, for a Ku-band antenna having a surface area of the order of 1 m2, the number of radiating elements of the antenna must be greater than 15000, which is prohibitive in terms of cost and complexity of the antenna. antenna for an application to the means of transport.
il est également possible de réaliser un pointage dans un large domaine angulaire en utilisant une antenne à pointage mécanique. Dans ce type d'antenne, le pointage de l'antenne en direction du satellite est réalisé par une combinaison de deux mouvements mécaniques. Un premier mouvement mécanique est obtenu par l'intermédiaire d'une plateforme tournante disposée dans un plan XY et assurant l'orientation de l'antenne en site et en azimut. Un deuxième mouvement en élévation est réalisé par un dispositif annexe, par exemple un miroir plan, solidaire de la plateforme. L'antenne comporte classiquement un réflecteur parabolique et une source rayonnante illuminant le réflecteur. Pour diminuer l'encombrement du réflecteur et réduire la hauteur de l'antenne, sa périphérie est elliptique au lieu de circulaire. Typiquement, une telle antenne actuellement déployée sur des trains à grande vitesse présente une hauteur de l'ordre de 45cm. Bien que cette hauteur soit compatible des trains actuels, elle est trop importante pour les futurs trains à grande vitesse à deux ponts pour lesquels la hauteur disponible pour l'implantation d'une antenne, entre le toit du train et les caténaires, est beaucoup plus faible.  it is also possible to score in a wide angular range using a mechanical pointing antenna. In this type of antenna, the pointing of the antenna towards the satellite is achieved by a combination of two mechanical movements. A first mechanical movement is obtained via a rotating platform disposed in an XY plane and ensuring the orientation of the antenna in elevation and azimuth. A second movement in elevation is achieved by an auxiliary device, for example a plane mirror, integral with the platform. The antenna conventionally comprises a parabolic reflector and a radiating source illuminating the reflector. To reduce the size of the reflector and reduce the height of the antenna, its periphery is elliptical instead of circular. Typically, such an antenna currently deployed on high-speed trains has a height of the order of 45cm. Although this height is compatible with current trains, it is too important for future two-decker high-speed trains for which the height available for the installation of an antenna, between the roof of the train and the catenaries, is much higher. low.
De même, pour une application dans le domaine aéronautique, la hauteur de l'antenne a une influence sur la traînée engendrée par l'avion ainsi que sur ia consommation du carburant. Par exemple, les antennes à réflecteur actuelles implantées sur les avions ont une hauteur de l'ordre de 30cm et entraînent une surconsommation de carburant équivalente à huit passagers supplémentaires. Likewise, for an application in the aeronautical field, the height of the antenna has an influence on the drag generated by the aircraft as well as on the consumption of fuel. For example, current reflector antennas implanted on aircraft have a height of the order of 30cm and result in overconsumption of fuel equivalent to eight additional passengers.
Il existe des architectures permettant de réduire la hauteur de l'antenne à pointage mécanique. Selon une première architecture, l'antenne est composée de deux plaques parallèles entre lesquelles circulent des composantes de courant longitudinales et d'un réseau à une dimension de rainures continues transversales qui couplent et rayonnent l'énergie dans l'espace. Les deux plaques et le réseau de rainures sont montés sur deux plateaux coplanaires tournant mécaniquement indépendamment l'un de l'autre, les deux mouvements de rotation étant superposés et réalisés dans le même plan des plateaux. L'orientation du plateau inférieur permet de régler la direction de pointage en azimut, l'orientation du plateau supérieur permet d'obtenir une inclinaison variable des rainures et de modifier ainsi la direction de pointage en élévation du faisceau engendré par l'antenne. Cependant, cette antenne fonctionnant initialement en polarisation linéaire, il est nécessaire d'ajouter une grille de polarisation orientable supplémentaire montée sur la face supérieure de l'antenne pour contrôler le plan de polarisation de l'antenne ce qui accroît la complexité de mise en œuvre et la hauteur de l'antenne qui n'est alors pas plane.  There are architectures to reduce the height of the mechanical pointing antenna. According to a first architecture, the antenna is composed of two parallel plates between which longitudinal current components and a one-dimensional network of transverse continuous grooves that couple and radiate the energy in space. The two plates and the network of grooves are mounted on two coplanar plates mechanically rotating independently of each other, the two rotational movements being superimposed and made in the same plane of the trays. The orientation of the lower plate makes it possible to adjust the pointing direction in azimuth, the orientation of the upper plate makes it possible to obtain a variable inclination of the grooves and thus to modify the direction of pointing in elevation of the beam generated by the antenna. However, since this antenna initially operates in linear polarization, it is necessary to add an additional orientable polarization gate mounted on the upper face of the antenna to control the plane of polarization of the antenna which increases the complexity of implementation. and the height of the antenna which is not flat.
Selon une deuxième architecture d'antenne plane à hauteur réduite, l'antenne comporte plusieurs plans alternés de substrats et de plans métalliques superposés les uns au-dessus des autres. L'antenne comporte un premier plan métallique inférieur, puis un premier plan de substrat comportant plusieurs sources, le premier plan de substrat comportant une extrémité latérale formant une surface parabolique sur laquelle les ondes émises par les sources se réfléchissent. Au-dessus du premier plan de substrat se trouve un deuxième plan métallique comportant des fentes de couplage du plan d'onde réfléchi, chaque fente de couplage débouchant dans des guides d'onde à fentes respectifs disposés côte à côte parallèlement les uns aux autres dans un même deuxième plan de substrat. Les ondes guidées sont ensuite émises sous forme d'un faisceau rayonné au travers d'une pluralité d'ouvertures rayonnantes pratiquées dans un troisième plan métallique supérieur. Un balayage et un dépointage du faisceau en élévation, dans un plan perpendiculaire au plan de l'antenne, est obtenu par commutation des différentes sources mais aucune modification de pointage en azimut n'est possible. Par ailleurs, ce type d'antenne très compacte présente l'inconvénient de nécessiter des moyens de commutation à haute puissance, ce qui n'est jamais simple à réaliser. En outre, la commutation des sources est discrète ce qui ne permet pas d'obtenir un pointage continu du faisceau. Enfin, cette antenne très compacte est alimentée par une unique source de puissance ce qui nécessite d'utiliser des amplificateurs de puissance volumineux qui accroissent considérabiement le volume de l'antenne qui devient trop important pour une application aux moyens de transport. According to a second reduced-height planar antenna architecture, the antenna comprises several alternating planes of substrates and metal planes superposed one above the other. The antenna comprises a first lower metal plane, then a first substrate plane having a plurality of sources, the first substrate plane having a lateral end forming a parabolic surface on which the waves emitted by the sources are reflected. Above the first substrate plane is a second metallic plane having coupling slots of the reflected wave plane, each coupling slot opening into respective slot waveguides arranged side by side parallel to each other in the same second plane of substrate. The guided waves are then emitted as a radiated beam through a plurality of radiating apertures in a third upper metal plane. Scanning and misalignment of the beam in elevation, in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the antenna, is obtained by switching the different sources but no change in pointing. in azimuth is not possible. Moreover, this type of very compact antenna has the disadvantage of requiring high power switching means, which is never easy to achieve. In addition, the switching of the sources is discrete which does not allow to obtain a continuous pointing of the beam. Finally, this very compact antenna is powered by a single source of power which requires the use of large power amplifiers that greatly increase the volume of the antenna which becomes too important for an application to the means of transport.
Pour résoudre le problème de pointage discret de cette antenne plane, il a été proposé de n'utiliser qu'une seule source et de placer l'antenne plane sur une plateforme tournante permettant de régler le pointage en azimut, la plateforme comportant un miroir articulé sur la plateforme dont l'angle d'inclinaison par rapport au plan de la plateforme est variable par rotation. L'onde plane émise par la source illumine le miroir qui réfléchit cette onde suivant une direction de pointage choisie, l'angle d'inclinaison du miroir permettant de régler l'angle d'élévation du faisceau émis. Cette antenne est très elliptique, la dimension du miroir dans sa région articulée sur la plateforme étant très supérieure à la dimension du miroir dans sa région inclinée au-dessus de la plateforme, ce qui permet de réduire la hauteur de l'antenne à 20 ou 30cm, mais cette hauteur reste encore trop importante pour une application aux moyens de transport.  To solve the discreet pointing problem of this flat antenna, it has been proposed to use only one source and to place the antenna plane on a rotating platform for adjusting the azimuth pointing, the platform comprising an articulated mirror on the platform whose angle of inclination with respect to the plane of the platform is variable by rotation. The plane wave emitted by the source illuminates the mirror which reflects this wave in a selected pointing direction, the angle of inclination of the mirror to adjust the elevation angle of the beam emitted. This antenna is very elliptical, the size of the mirror in its region articulated on the platform being much greater than the dimension of the mirror in its region inclined above the platform, which makes it possible to reduce the height of the antenna to 20 or 30cm, but this height is still too important for an application to the means of transport.
Le but de l'invention est de réaliser une antenne plane à balayage ne comportant pas les inconvénients des antennes existantes et pouvant être implantée sur un moyen de transport mobile. En particulier, le but de l'invention est de réaliser une antenne plane directive, fonctionnant en bande Ku, très compacte dans le sens de sa hauteur, simple à mettre en œuvre et à faible coût, capable de rester pointée sur un satellite en continu quelle que soit la position du moyen de transport et permettant un contrôle du plan de polarisation sans ajout d'une grille orientable. The object of the invention is to provide a planar scan antenna not having the disadvantages of existing antennas and can be implanted on a mobile transport means. In particular, the object of the invention is to provide a directional plane antenna, operating in Ku band, very compact in the sense of its height, simple to implement and low cost, able to stay pointed on a satellite continuously regardless of the position of the means of transport and allowing control of the polarization plane without adding a steerable grid.
Pour cela, l'invention concerne une antenne plane à balayage comportant au moins un réseau de guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes, le réseau de guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes comportant deux substrats de diélectrique, respectivement inférieur et supérieur, superposés l'un au- dessus de l'autre. Les deux substrats Subi , Sub2, inférieur et supérieur, comportent des guides d'onde en nombre identique qui se correspondent et chaque guide d'onde du substrat supérieur communique avec un seul guide d'onde correspondant du substrat inférieur par l'intermédiaire d'une fente de couplage (13). Chaque guide d'onde du substrat supérieur Sub2 comporte en outre une pluralité de fentes rayonnantes, toutes les fentes rayonnantes étant parallèles entre elles et orientées dans une même direction parallèle à un axe longitudinal des guides d'onde et chaque guide d'onde du substrat inférieur Subi comporte un circuit d'alimentation individuel interne comportant un circuit électronique individuel de déphasage et d'amplification. For this purpose, the invention relates to a planar scanning antenna comprising at least one array of radially slotted waveguides, the network of radiating slot waveguides comprising two substrates of dielectric, respectively lower and upper, superimposed one above the other. The two substrates Sub1, Sub2, lower and upper, comprise waveguides in identical number which correspond and each waveguide of the upper substrate communicates with a single corresponding waveguide of the lower substrate through a coupling slot (13). Each waveguide of the upper substrate Sub2 furthermore comprises a plurality of radiating slots, all the radiating slots being parallel to each other and oriented in the same direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the waveguides and each waveguide of the substrate. Subi comprises an internal individual supply circuit comprising an individual electronic phase shift and amplification circuit.
Selon un mode de réalisation, dans chaque substrat de diélectrique, les guides d'onde sont placés parallèlement les uns à côté des autres et comportent des parois métalliques inférieures et supérieures parallèles à un plan de l'antenne. Dans ce cas, avantageusement, les parois supérieures et inférieures de tous les guides d'onde peuvent être constituées par trois plaques métalliques planes, respectivement inférieure, intermédiaire et supérieure, parallèles au plan de l'antenne, les fentes de couplage traversant la plaque métallique intermédiaire, les fentes rayonnantes traversant la plaque métallique supérieure. According to one embodiment, in each dielectric substrate, the waveguides are placed parallel to one another and have lower and upper metal walls parallel to a plane of the antenna. In this case, advantageously, the upper and lower walls of all the waveguides may be constituted by three flat metal plates, respectively lower, intermediate and upper, parallel to the plane of the antenna, the coupling slots passing through the metal plate. intermediate, the radiating slots passing through the upper metal plate.
Selon un autre mode de réalisation, dans chaque substrat de diélectrique, les guides d'onde sont placés parallèlement les uns à côté des autres et comportent des parois métalliques inférieures et supérieures inclinées par rapport à un plan de l'antenne, According to another embodiment, in each dielectric substrate, the waveguides are placed parallel to each other and have lower and upper metal walls inclined with respect to a plane of the antenna,
Avantageusement, le réseau de guides à fentes rayonnantes est monté sur une plateforme tournante en azimut. Advantageously, the network of guides with radiating slots is mounted on a rotating platform in azimuth.
Préférentiellement, l'antenne comporte deux réseaux identiques de guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes dédiés respectivement à l'émission et à la réception. Préférentiellement, l'antenne comporte à l'émission et à la réception, un réseau principal de guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes et un réseau auxiliaire de guides à fentes rayonnantes, les deux réseaux comportant chacun un premier circuit de déphasage interne réglé à une même valeur de phase, le réseau auxiliaire comportant des fentes rayonnantes orientées avec un angle incliné non nul par rapport aux fentes du réseau principal, Preferably, the antenna comprises two identical networks of waveguides with radiating slots dedicated respectively to transmission and reception. Preferably, the antenna comprises on transmission and on reception, a main grating of radially slotted waveguides and an auxiliary grating of radially slotted guides, the two arrays each comprising a first internal phase shift circuit set to the same phase value, the auxiliary grating having radiating slots oriented with a inclined angle not zero relative to the slits of the main network,
un deuxième circuit de déphasage placé en entrée du réseau auxiliaire, le deuxième circuit de déphasage étant destiné à compenser une rotation du plan de polarisation d'une onde émise par le réseau principal et comportant un déphaseur à phase variable entre 0° et 180° et un amplificateur à gain variable. Préférentiellement, l'angle d'inclinaison des fentes rayonnantes du réseau principal est compris entre 20° et 70°.  a second phase shift circuit placed at the input of the auxiliary network, the second phase shift circuit being intended to compensate for a rotation of the polarization plane of a wave emitted by the main grating and comprising a variable phase phase shifter between 0 ° and 180 ° and a variable gain amplifier. Preferably, the angle of inclination of the radiating slots of the main network is between 20 ° and 70 °.
L'invention concerne aussi un véhicule comportant au moins une telle antenne et un système de télécommunication par satellite comportant au moins un tel véhicule. The invention also relates to a vehicle comprising at least one such antenna and a satellite telecommunication system comprising at least one such vehicle.
D'autres particularités et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront clairement dans la suite de la description donnée à titre d'exemple purement iilustratif et non limitatif, en référence aux dessins schématiques annexés qui représentent : Other features and advantages of the invention will become clear in the following description given by way of purely illustrative and non-limiting example, with reference to the attached schematic drawings which represent:
figures 1a et 1 b : deux schémas, respectivement en perspective et en coupe parallèle au plan XZ, d'un premier exemple d'antenne plane, selon l'invention ;  FIGS. 1a and 1b: two diagrams, respectively in perspective and in section parallel to the XZ plane, of a first example of a planar antenna, according to the invention;
figure 1c : une vue schématique en coupe transversale, d'un exemple d'implantation des guides d'onde dans lequel les parois des guides d'onde sont parallèles au plan XY de l'antenne, selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention ;  FIG. 1c is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of an example of implantation of the waveguides in which the walls of the waveguides are parallel to the XY plane of the antenna, according to a first embodiment of FIG. invention;
figure 1d : une vue schématique en coupe transversale parallèle au plan YZ, d'un exemple d'implantation des guides d'onde dans iequel les parois des guides d'ondes sont inclinées par rapport au plan XY de l'antenne, selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention ; FIG. 1d: a schematic cross-sectional view parallel to the YZ plane of an example of implantation of the guides wave in which the walls of the waveguides are inclined with respect to the XY plane of the antenna, according to a second embodiment of the invention;
figure 2 : un schéma d'un deuxième exemple d'antenne plane comportant des fonctions d'émission et de réception séparées, selon l'invention ;  FIG. 2: a diagram of a second example of a planar antenna comprising separate transmission and reception functions, according to the invention;
figures 3a, 3b : un exemple de dimensionnement d'un réseau de guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes et un diagramme de rayonnement obtenu avec une antenne plane comportant ce réseau, selon l'invention ;  FIGS. 3a, 3b: an example of dimensioning of a network of waveguides with radiating slots and a radiation pattern obtained with a planar antenna comprising this network, according to the invention;
figure 4 : un schéma d'un troisième exemple d'antenne plane comportant des fonctions d'émission et de réception séparées et un plan d'onde optimisé à l'émission, selon l'invention ; L'antenne plane représentée sur les figures 1a, 1 b, 1c comporte un réseau 5 de guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes comportant deux substrats de diélectrique Sub , Sub2, respectivement inférieur et supérieur, superposés l'un au-dessus de l'autre. Le substrat de diélectrique supérieur Sub2 supporte des guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes 10, le substrat inférieur Subi supporte des guides d'onde 11 destinés à alimenter individuellement chaque guide d'ondes à fentes rayonnantes 10 par un signal hyperfréquence. Trois guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes sont représentés sur la figure 1a et quatre guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes sont représentés sur les figures 1c et 1d, mais ces nombres ne sont pas limitatifs et peuvent avoir n'importe quelle valeur supérieure ou égale à un. Préférentiellement, les guides d'onde ont une section transversale de forme rectangulaire. Dans te mode de réalisation correspondant aux figures 1 a, 1 b, 1c, les pians des différentes couches de l'antenne sont parallèles à un plan XY et dans chaque couche de substrat, les guides d'onde sont placés les uns à côté des autres parallèlement au plan XY. Les parois supérieures et inférieures de tous les guides d'onde sont alors constituées par trois plaques métalliques M1 , 2, M3 respectivement inférieure, intermédiaire et supérieure, parallèles au plan XY et délimitant les deux substrats de diélectrique équipés des guides d'onde, les deux substrats de diélectrique Subi , Sub2 étant intercalés entre deux plaques métalliques consécutives. La hauteur de l'antenne est selon un axe Z orthogonal au plan XY. Les guides d'onde à fente rayonnantes 10 du substrat supérieur et les guides d'onde 1 1 du substrat inférieur sont en nombre identique, se correspondent deux à deux et communiquent entre eux deux à deux par l'intermédiaire de fentes de couplage pratiquées dans la plaque métallique intermédiaire 2. Ainsi, sur la figure 1a, chaque guide d'onde 1 1 du substrat inférieur Subi comporte deux parois métalliques, inférieure et supérieure, respectivement formées par les plaques métalliques inférieure M1 et intermédiaire M2 et des parois métalliques latérales reliant les deux plaques métalliques inférieure M1 et intermédiaire M2. Chaque guide d'onde 11 du substrat inférieur Subi comporte en outre une fente de couplage 13 traversant la plaque métallique intermédiaire M2 et débouchant dans un seul guide d'onde 10 correspondant du substrat supérieur Sub2. Les fentes de couplage 13 qui alimentent chaque guide d'onde 10 du substrat supérieur Sub2, peuvent déboucher par exemple au milieu de chaque guide d'onde 10 ou à une extrémité 16 de ces guides d'onde comme sur les figures 1 a et 1 b ou à un autre endroit de ces guides d'onde 10. Chaque guide d'onde 10 du substrat supérieur Sub2 comporte deux parois métalliques, inférieure et supérieure, respectivement formées par les plaques métalliques intermédiaire M2 et supérieure 3 et des parois métalliques latérales reliant les deux plaques métalliques intermédiaire M2 et supérieure M3. Les guides d'onde 10, 11 s'étendent selon un axe longitudinal parallèle à une même direction, pouvant correspondre, par exemple, à l'axe X et comportent deux extrémités opposées 15, 16 sur cet axe. Comme représenté sur la figure 1 b, les guides d'onde du substrat supérieur Sub2 sont fermés à leurs deux extrémités 15, 16 par deux parois métalliques 17, 18 transversales reliant les trois plaques métalliques M1 , M2, M3, alors que les guides d'onde du substrat inférieur ne sont fermés qu'à une seule extrémité 16 par la paroi transversale 17, leur extrémité ouverte 15 correspondant à une entrée de signal 19. Chaque guide d'onde 10 du substrat supérieur Sub2 comporte en outre une pluralité de fentes rayonnantes 20 traversant la plaque métallique supérieure M3, toutes les fentes rayonnantes 20 étant parallèles entre elles et orientées dans une même direction parallèle à l'axe longitudinal des guides d'onde, par exemple la direction X, la direction Y orthogonale à la direction X dans le plan XY des fentes correspondant à un plan d'onde de polarisation linéaire. Les fentes peuvent être alignées selon l'axe longitudinal X des guides d'onde ou décalées d'une distance ds par rapport à cet axe, comme représenté sur l'exemple de la figure 3a. Chaque guide d'onde 11 du substrat inférieur Subi comporte un circuit interne d'alimentation individuel 25 apte à recevoir un signal hyperfréquence entrant 19 appliqué à son extrémité ouverte, ce circuit interne d'alimentation individuel 25 comportant un circuit électronique individuel interne de déphasage et d'amplification comportant un déphaseur interne 21 pour contrôler la phase du signal à émettre et un dispositif d'amplification interne 22 du signal entrant permettant de maîtriser le rayonnement émis par l'antenne. Le signal entrant 19 peut être émis par exemple par une source externe 24, par exemple unique, puis divisé par un diviseur 26 relié en entrée de chacun des guides d'onde 11 du substrat inférieur Subi . Après déphasage 21 et amplification 22, le signal entrant 19 dans l'un des guides d'onde 1 du substrat inférieur Subi est transmis dans un guide d'onde 10 correspondant du substrat supérieur Sub2 par l'intermédiaire des fentes de couplage 13 dans la plaque métallique intermédiaire M2 puis rayonné par les fentes rayonnantes 20. Un balayage et un dépointage du faisceau en élévation, dans un plan YZ perpendiculaire au plan XY de l'antenne, est obtenu par contrôle de la loi de phase et d'amplitude appliquée électroniquement par ies circuits internes d'alimentation individuels de chaque guide d'onde 11 du substrat inférieur correspondant à chacun des guides d'onde 10 à fentes rayonnantes. Les guides d'onde représentés sur la figure 1a ont tous une disposition parallèle aux plaques métalliques M1 , M2, M3. Selon un mode de réalisation particulier représenté schématiquement en coupe transversale selon un plan de coupe parallèle au plan YZ sur la figure 1d, pour réaliser des dépointages très importants, par exemple supérieurs à 50°, il est également possible d'incliner chaque guide d'onde d'un angle prédéterminé, par exemple entre 10° et 20°, par rapport au pian XY de l'antenne. Dans ce cas, les parois inférieures et supérieures des différents guides d'onde ne sont pas constituées par des plaques métalliques M1 , M2, M3 planes mais par des parois métalliques inclinées par rapport au plan XY, les plaques métalliques M1 , M2, M3 étant remplacées par des parois métalliques en dent de scie. FIG. 4 is a diagram of a third example of a planar antenna comprising separate transmission and reception functions and an emission-optimized wave plane according to the invention; The planar antenna shown in FIGS. 1a, 1b, 1c comprises an array 5 of radially slotted waveguides comprising two substrates of dielectric Sub, Sub2, respectively lower and upper, superimposed one above the other. The upper dielectric substrate Sub2 supports radiating slot waveguides 10, the lower Subi substrate supporting waveguides 11 for individually supplying each radiating slot waveguide 10 with a microwave signal. Three waveguides with radiating slots are shown in FIG. 1a and four radiating slot waveguides are shown in FIGS. 1c and 1d, but these numbers are not limiting and may have any value greater than or equal to has a. Preferably, the waveguides have a cross section of rectangular shape. In the embodiment corresponding to FIGS. 1a, 1b, 1c, the planes of the different layers of the antenna are parallel to an XY plane and in each substrate layer, the waveguides are placed next to each other. others parallel to the XY plane. The upper and lower walls of all the waveguides are then constituted by three metal plates M1, 2, M3 respectively lower, intermediate and upper, parallel to the XY plane and delimiting the two dielectric substrates equipped with waveguides, the two Subi dielectric substrates, Sub2 being interposed between two consecutive metal plates. The antenna height is along an axis Z orthogonal to the plane XY. The radially slit waveguides 10 of the upper substrate and the waveguides 11 of the lower substrate are identical in number, correspond in pairs and communicate with each other in pairs through coupling slots in the intermediate metal plate 2. Thus, in FIG. 1a, each waveguide 1 1 of the lower Subi substrate comprises two lower and upper metal walls respectively formed by the lower metal plates M1 and intermediate M2 and lateral metal walls connecting the two lower metal plates M1 and intermediate M2. Each waveguide 11 of the lower substrate Subi further comprises a coupling slot 13 passing through the intermediate metal plate M2 and opening into a single corresponding waveguide 10 of the upper substrate Sub2. The coupling slots 13 which feed each waveguide 10 of the upper substrate Sub2, can lead for example in the middle of each waveguide 10 or at one end 16 of these waveguides as in FIGS. 1a and 1 b or at another place of these waveguides 10. Each waveguide 10 of the upper substrate Sub2 comprises two metal walls, upper and lower, respectively formed by the intermediate metal plates M2 and upper 3 and lateral metal walls connecting the two intermediate metal plates M2 and upper M3. The waveguides 10, 11 extend along a longitudinal axis parallel to the same direction, which may correspond, for example, to the X axis and comprise two opposite ends 15, 16 on this axis. As shown in FIG. 1b, the waveguides of the upper substrate Sub2 are closed at their two ends 15, 16 by two transverse metal walls 17, 18 connecting the three metal plates M1, M2, M3, while the waveguides of the lower substrate are only closed at one end 16 by the transverse wall 17, their open end 15 corresponding to a signal input 19. Each waveguide 10 of the upper substrate Sub2 further comprises a plurality of slots radiating 20 through the upper metal plate M3, all the radiating slots 20 being parallel to each other and oriented in the same direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the waveguides, for example the X direction, the Y direction orthogonal to the X direction in the XY plane slots corresponding to a linear polarization wave plane. Slots may be aligned along the longitudinal axis X of the waveguides or offset by a distance ds relative to this axis, as shown in the example of Figure 3a. Each waveguide 11 of the lower Subi substrate comprises an internal power supply circuit 25 adapted to receive an incoming microwave signal 19 applied at its open end, this individual internal supply circuit 25 having an internal electronic phase shift circuit and amplifier having an internal phase shifter 21 for controlling the phase of the signal to be transmitted and an internal amplification device 22 of the incoming signal for controlling the radiation emitted by the antenna. The incoming signal 19 may be emitted for example by an external source 24, for example unique, then divided by a divider 26 connected at the input of each of the waveguides 11 of the Subi lower substrate. After phase-shifting 21 and amplification 22, the incoming signal 19 in one of the waveguides 1 of the lower substrate Subi is transmitted in a corresponding waveguide 10 of the upper substrate Sub2 through the coupling slots 13 in the intermediate metal plate M2 and then radiated by the radiating slots 20. A scanning and detachment of the beam in elevation, in a plane YZ perpendicular to the XY plane of the antenna, is obtained by electronically controlled phase and amplitude law applied by the individual internal supply circuits of each waveguide 11 of the lower substrate corresponding to each of the radiating slot waveguides. The waveguides shown in FIG. 1a all have a parallel arrangement with the metal plates M1, M2, M3. According to a particular embodiment shown schematically in cross-section along a section plane parallel to the YZ plane in FIG. 1d, to achieve very large misalignments, for example greater than 50 °, it is also possible to tilt each guide of wave of a predetermined angle, for example between 10 ° and 20 °, relative to the plane XY of the antenna. In this case, the lower and upper walls of the different waveguides are not constituted by flat metal plates M1, M2, M3 but by metal walls inclined with respect to the XY plane, the metal plates M1, M2, M3 being replaced by metal sawtooth walls.
Chaque guide d'onde 11 du substrat inférieur Subi étant alimenté individuellement par un circuit interne 25 et comportant un circuit électronique individuel interne de déphasage 21 et d'amplification 22, le contrôle de phase est réalisé de manière continue ce qui permet de maîtriser continûment la direction de rayonnement de l'antenne en élévation. Par ailleurs, l'amplification est répartie dans chaque guide d'onde 11 ce qui permet une utilisation d'amplificateurs à faible puissance et de s'affranchir d'un circuit d'amplification externe complexe et volumineux. En outre, aucun moyen de commutation de source à haute énergie n'est nécessaire pour réaliser un balayage continu du faisceau. Each waveguide 11 of the Subi lower substrate being individually powered by an internal circuit 25 and having a circuit internal electronic phase shift 21 and amplification 22, the phase control is carried out continuously which allows to continuously control the radiation direction of the antenna in elevation. Furthermore, the amplification is distributed in each waveguide 11 which allows the use of low power amplifiers and to overcome a complex external amplification circuit and bulky. In addition, no high energy source switching means is required to achieve continuous beam scanning.
En plaçant l'antenne plane 6 ainsi obtenue sur une plateforme 7 tournante en azimut, le pointage du faisceau en azimut est réalisé par rotation de la plateforme et le pointage du faisceau en élévation est donné par la loi de phase appliquée sur les signaux entrant 19. Cette loi de phase est obtenue par la commande des déphaseurs internes 21 et des amplificateurs internes 22 intégrés dans chacun des guides d'onde 11 du substrat inférieur Subi . Avantageusement, les guides d'onde 10 à fentes rayonnantes fonctionnant dans une faible bande passante, il est possible de scinder les fonctions d'émission et de réception et d'utiliser comme représenté sur la figure 2, un système d'antennes planes 6, 8 comportant un premier réseau de guides d'onde à fentes dédié à l'émission et un deuxième réseau de guides d'onde à fentes, non représenté, dédié à la réception, les deux réseaux de guides d'onde à fentes étant identiques et montés sur la même plateforme 7 tournante en azimut. Le pointage en élévation de chacune des antennes d'émission et de réception du système d'antennes planes monté sur la plateforme tournante est réalisé par une amplification et un contrôle électronique des phases de chacun des signaux circulant dans les guides à fentes formant les réseaux de rayonnement des deux antennes.  By placing the plane antenna 6 thus obtained on a rotating platform 7 in azimuth, the pointing of the beam in azimuth is made by rotation of the platform and the pointing of the beam in elevation is given by the phase law applied to the incoming signals. This phase law is obtained by controlling the internal phase shifters 21 and the internal amplifiers 22 integrated in each of the waveguides 11 of the Subi lower substrate. Advantageously, the radially slotted waveguides 10 operating in a low bandwidth, it is possible to split the transmission and reception functions and to use as shown in FIG. 2, a planar antenna system 6, 8 having a first slot waveguide network dedicated to the transmission and a second slot waveguide grating, not shown, dedicated to the reception, the two slot waveguide gratings being identical and mounted on the same platform 7 rotating in azimuth. The elevation of each of the transmitting and receiving antennas of the planar antenna system mounted on the rotating platform is achieved by amplification and electronic control of the phases of each of the signals flowing in the slotted guides forming the gratings. radiation of the two antennas.
La figure 3b montre un exemple non limitatif de diagramme de rayonnement obtenu avec une antenne plane ayant une structure conforme aux figures 1 a et 1 b et comportant un réseau de Ny=21 guides d'onde à fentes et Nx=70 fentes par guide d'onde, les fentes étant réparties uniformément le long de chaque guide d'onde. Comme représenté sur la figure 3a, dans cet exemple, les guides d'onde ont une constante diélectrique er de 2,2 et une section rectangulaire de a=12mm de long et de b=1 ,575mm de haut. Les fentes sont rectangulaires et leurs dimensions sont de ls=15mm de long selon la direction X et de ws=1 mm de large selon la direction Y. L'espacement entre deux fentes consécutives est de dx=11 , 82mm dans le sens de la longueur selon la direction X. Deux fentes consécutives peuvent être décalées l'une par rapport à l'autre selon la direction Y. Sur la figure 3, le décalage est de ds=0,14mm par rapport à la médiane séparant deux fentes. L'antenne ainsi obtenue a des dimensions de 840mm de long et de 242mm de large. La hauteur de l'antenne sans la plateforme tournante sur laquelle elle est montée est de quelques millimètres. La hauteur totale de l'antenne avec la plateforme tournante est quasiment égale à la hauteur de la plateforme tournante soit de l'ordre de 2 à 3cm. Cette antenne rayonne une onde polarisée linéairement, le plan d'onde rayonné étant parallèle aux fentes. Le diagramme de rayonnement obtenu avec cette antenne comporte un lobe principal ayant une amplitude maximale à 36,2dB correspondant à la directivité maximale de l'antenne et une largeur de bande à 3dB d'angle Thêta égal à 1 ,5° dans le plan XZ et à 5° dans le plan YZ. FIG. 3b shows a non-limiting example of a radiation pattern obtained with a planar antenna having a structure according to FIGS. 1a and 1b and comprising an array of Ny = 21 slotted waveguides and Nx = 70 slots per guide of FIG. wave, the slots being evenly distributed along each waveguide. As shown in FIG. 3a, in this example, the waveguides have a dielectric constant e r of 2.2 and a rectangular section of a = 12mm long and b = 1, 575mm high. The slots are rectangular and their dimensions are ls = 15mm long in the X direction and ws = 1mm wide in the Y direction. The spacing between two consecutive slots is dx = 11, 82mm lengthwise in the X direction. Two consecutive slots may be offset relative to each other in the Y direction. In FIG. the offset is ds = 0.14mm from the median separating two slots. The antenna thus obtained has dimensions of 840mm long and 242mm wide. The height of the antenna without the rotating platform on which it is mounted is a few millimeters. The total height of the antenna with the rotating platform is almost equal to the height of the rotating platform is of the order of 2 to 3cm. This antenna radiates a linearly polarized wave, the radiated wave plane being parallel to the slots. The radiation pattern obtained with this antenna comprises a main lobe having a maximum amplitude at 36.2dB corresponding to the maximum directivity of the antenna and a bandwidth at 3dB of Theta angle equal to 1.5 ° in the XZ plane and at 5 ° in the YZ plane.
Cet exemple de dimensionnement montre donc que l'antenne plane ainsi réalisée répond aux conditions de hauteur imposées pour une implantation sur un moyen de transport et notamment sur un train à grande vitesse futur. Cependant lorsqu'une antenne émet un plan d'onde polarisée linéairement dans une direction donnée, le satellite reçoit cette onde selon une direction qui dépend de la position relative du satellite par rapport à la verticale locale du véhicule équipé de l'antenne et de la position relative du véhicule par rapport à la verticale locale au sol. Le satellite voit donc une onde dont la polarisation a subit une rotation d'un angle Psi par rapport au plan de polarisation de l'onde émise par l'antenne. Si le véhicule se déplace dans une zone géographique comportant des pentes inférieures à 10%, la valeur de Psi reste à des valeurs inférieures à 15°. Si cette rotation n'est pas compensée, elle a pour effet d'engendrer deux composantes d'énergie croisées au niveau du satellite. Le satellite reçoit alors une composante d'énergie principale parallèle au plan de polarisation de l'onde émise et une composante d'énergie additionnelle dans une direction perpendiculaire au plan de polarisation principal. Cette composante d'énergie additionnelle pouvant créer une interférence pour des utilisateurs utilisant cet autre plan de polarisation, il faut compenser l'angle de rotation Psi pour que le satellite ne reçoive qu'une onde dont la polarisation est parfaitement alignée. Cet angle de rotation Psi variant en permanence lorsque le véhicule équipé de l'antenne se déplace, la compensation doit être réalisée en permanence. Pour limiter les interférences, cette compensation doit être réalisée aussi bien à l'émission qu'à la réception. This example of dimensioning thus shows that the planar antenna thus produced meets the height requirements imposed for implantation on a means of transport and in particular on a future high-speed train. However, when an antenna transmits a linearly polarized wave plane in a given direction, the satellite receives this wave in a direction that depends on the relative position of the satellite relative to the local vertical of the vehicle equipped with the antenna and the antenna. relative position of the vehicle relative to the local vertical ground. The satellite thus sees a wave whose polarization has been rotated by an angle Psi with respect to the plane of polarization of the wave emitted by the antenna. If the vehicle moves in a geographical area with slopes less than 10%, the value of Psi remains at values less than 15 °. If this rotation is not compensated for, it has the effect of generating two cross-energy components at the satellite. The satellite then receives a principal energy component parallel to the polarization plane of the transmitted wave and an additional energy component in a direction perpendicular to the main polarization plane. This additional energy component can create interference for users using this other plane of polarization, it is necessary to compensate for the rotation angle Psi for the satellite to receive a wave whose polarization is perfectly aligned. This angle of rotation Psi constantly varies when the vehicle equipped with the antenna moves, the compensation must be carried out continuously. To limit interference, this compensation must be performed both on transmission and on reception.
Pour réaliser une compensation de la rotation du pian de polarisation à l'émission, selon une caractéristique additionnelle de l'invention, une antenne plane auxiliaire d'émission 9 et une antenne plane auxiliaire de réception 14, comportant la même structure que les antennes principales d'émission 6 et de réception 8 sont montées sur la plateforme 7 tournante comme représenté sur la figure 4.  To compensate for the rotation of the transmission polarization plane, according to an additional feature of the invention, a transmitting auxiliary plane antenna 9 and a receiving auxiliary plane antenna 14, having the same structure as the main antennas transmission 6 and reception 8 are mounted on the rotating platform 7 as shown in FIG. 4.
Chaque antenne plane auxiliaire 9, 14 comporte un réseau auxiliaire Each auxiliary plane antenna 9, 14 has an auxiliary network
30 de guides à fentes alimenté de manière identique que celle du réseau d'émission principal c'est-à dire par un circuit de déphasage 31 et d'amplification 32 interne implanté dans les guides d'onde du substrat inférieur du réseau auxiliaire, le déphasage étant réglé à la même valeur que celle du réseau principal 5. L'orientation des fentes rayonnantes 33 du réseau auxiliaire 30 fait un angle a non nul, de préférence compris entre 20° et 70°, par rapport aux fentes rayonnantes 20 du réseau d'émission principal 5 de façon à émettre une onde secondaire ayant un plan de polarisation 2 incliné par rapport au plan de polarisation 1 de l'onde principale émise par le réseau principal 5. Slot guide supplied identically to that of the main transmission network, ie by an internal phase shift and amplification circuit 32 implanted in the waveguides of the lower substrate of the auxiliary network, the phase shift being set to the same value as that of the main network 5. The orientation of the radiating slots 33 of the auxiliary network 30 makes a non-zero angle, preferably between 20 ° and 70 °, relative to the radiating slots 20 of the network main emission 5 so as to emit a secondary wave having a plane of polarization 2 inclined with respect to the plane of polarization 1 of the main wave emitted by the main network 5.
Le réseau auxiliaire 30 permet d'obtenir, dans la direction du faisceau émis par le réseau principal, un faisceau secondaire possédant des caractéristiques d'amplitude, de phase et de polarisation indépendantes du réseau principal. Les composantes de polarisation des deux plans d'ondes 1 , 2 émis par les deux réseaux principal 5 et auxiliaire 30 vont se combiner vectoriellement en une onde résultante globale ayant un plan de polarisation 3.  The auxiliary network 30 makes it possible to obtain, in the direction of the beam emitted by the main network, a secondary beam having amplitude, phase and polarization characteristics independent of the main network. The polarization components of the two wave planes 1, 2 emitted by the two main and auxiliary networks 30 will combine vectorially into an overall resultant wave having a polarization plane 3.
L'onde plane émise par l'antenne auxiliaire 9, 14 étant polarisée selon un plan d'onde perpendiculaire à la direction d'orientation des fentes 33 de l'antenne auxiliaire 9, 14 elle comporte donc deux composantes de polarisation parallèles aux axes X et Y.  The plane wave emitted by the auxiliary antenna 9, 14 being polarized according to a wave plane perpendicular to the direction of orientation of the slots 33 of the auxiliary antenna 9, 14 it therefore comprises two polarization components parallel to the X axes and Y.
En ajustant les paramètres de polarisation, de phase et d'amplitude de l'onde émise par le réseau auxiliaire 30, il est alors possible d'obtenir, au niveau du satellite, une onde résultante globale dont le plan de polarisation 3 est aligné avec le plan de polarisation 1 de l'onde principale émise et de compenser ainsi l'angle de rotation Psi de la polarisation de l'onde principale reçue par le satellite. Par exemple, en appliquant une phase égale à 180° à l'onde émise par le réseau auxiliaire 30, ce qui correspond au plan de polarisation 4, l'onde résultante globale a un plan de polarisation selon la direction 12. By adjusting the polarization, phase and amplitude parameters of the wave emitted by the auxiliary network 30, it is then possible to obtain, at the satellite, a global resulting wave whose polarization plane 3 is aligned with the plane of polarization 1 of the main wave emitted and of thus compensate for the rotation angle Psi of the polarization of the main wave received by the satellite. For example, by applying a phase equal to 180 ° to the wave emitted by the auxiliary network 30, which corresponds to the polarization plane 4, the overall resultant wave has a polarization plane in the direction 12.
Pour cela, un deuxième circuit de déphasage destiné à compenser une rotation du plan de polarisation d'une onde émise par le réseau principal, est placé en entrée du réseau auxiliaire 30. Le deuxième circuit de déphasage comporte un déphaseur 34 à phase variable entre 0° et 180° et un amplificateur 35 à gain variable.  For this, a second phase shift circuit for compensating a rotation of the polarization plane of a wave emitted by the main network is placed at the input of the auxiliary network 30. The second phase shift circuit comprises a variable phase phase shifter 34 between 0 ° and 180 ° and a variable gain amplifier 35.
A titre d'exemple non limitatif, comme représenté sur la figure 4, les fentes rayonnantes 33 du réseau auxiliaire 30 peuvent être choisies orientées à 45° par rapport aux fentes rayonnantes 20 du réseau principal 5. Le déphaseur d'entrée 34 à phase variable entre 0° et 180° et l'amplificateur d'entrée 35 à gain variable permettent d'ajuster l'amplitude et la phase du signal délivré par la source d'émission et dérivé, par l'intermédiaire d'un diviseur de puissance 36, vers le réseau auxiliaire 30 et de contrôler ainsi l'orientation du plan de polarisation 3 de l'onde résultante émise qui est issue de la combinaison des deux ondes rayonnées par les deux réseaux rayonnants principal 5 et auxiliaire 30. L'onde secondaire étant uniquement destinée à compenser l'angle de rotation Psi, elle n'a pour seule utilité que de créer une composante de plan d'onde perpendiculaire au plan d'onde principal et l'amplitude de l'onde qu'elle émet peut donc être beaucoup plus faible que l'amplitude de l'onde principale. L'antenne auxiliaire 9, 14 peut donc être de dimensions beaucoup plus faibles que celles de l'antenne principale 6, 8 et par conséquent, les nombres de guides d'ondes et de fentes de l'antenne secondaire peuvent être très inférieurs à ceux de l'antenne principale. Bien que l'invention ait été décrite en liaison avec des modes de réalisation particuliers, il est bien évident qu'elle n'y est nullement limitée et qu'elle comprend tous les équivalents techniques des moyens décrits ainsi que leurs combinaisons si celles-ci entrent dans le cadre de l'invention.  By way of non-limiting example, as shown in FIG. 4, the radiating slots 33 of the auxiliary network 30 may be chosen oriented at 45 ° with respect to the radiating slots 20 of the main network 5. The variable phase input phase-shifter 34 between 0 ° and 180 ° and the variable gain input amplifier 35 make it possible to adjust the amplitude and the phase of the signal delivered by the source of emission and derivative, by means of a power divider 36 , to the auxiliary network 30 and thus control the orientation of the polarization plane 3 of the resulting wave emitted which is derived from the combination of the two radiated waves by the two main and auxiliary radiator networks 5 and 30. The secondary wave being only intended to compensate for the rotation angle Psi, it is only useful for creating a wave plane component perpendicular to the main wave plane and the amplitude of the wave that it emits can therefore be many pl weak as the amplitude of the main wave. The auxiliary antenna 9, 14 can therefore be of much smaller dimensions than those of the main antenna 6, 8 and consequently the numbers of waveguides and slots of the secondary antenna can be much lower than those of the main antenna. Although the invention has been described in connection with particular embodiments, it is obvious that it is not limited thereto and that it includes all the technical equivalents of the means described and their combinations if they are within the scope of the invention.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Antenne plane à balayage comportant au moins un réseau (5) de guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes, caractérisée en ce que : Scanning planar antenna comprising at least one grating (5) of radially slotted waveguides, characterized in that:
le réseau (5) de guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes comporte deux substrats de diélectrique, respectivement inférieur (Subi ) et supérieur (Sub2), superposés l'un au- dessus de l'autre  the grating (5) of radially slotted waveguides comprises two dielectric substrates, respectively lower (Subi) and higher (Sub2), superimposed one above the other
les deux substrats inférieur (Subi ) et supérieur (Sub2), comportent des guides d'onde (10, 1 ) en nombre identique qui se correspondent,  the two substrates lower (Subi) and higher (Sub2), comprise waveguides (10, 1) in identical numbers which correspond to each other,
chaque guide d'onde (10) du substrat supérieur (Subi ) communique avec un seul guide d'onde (11 ) correspondant du substrat inférieur (Sub2) par l'intermédiaire d'une fente de couplage (13),  each waveguide (10) of the upper substrate (Subi) communicates with a single corresponding waveguide (11) of the lower substrate (Sub2) via a coupling slot (13),
chaque guide d'onde (10) du substrat supérieur (Sub2) comporte en outre une pluralité de fentes rayonnantes (20), toutes les fentes rayonnantes (20) étant parallèles entre elles et orientées dans une même direction parallèle à un axe longitudinal (X) des guides d'onde,  each waveguide (10) of the upper substrate (Sub2) further comprises a plurality of radiating slots (20), all the radiating slots (20) being parallel to each other and oriented in the same direction parallel to a longitudinal axis (X ) waveguides,
chaque guide d'onde (11) du substrat inférieur (Subi ) comporte un circuit interne (25) d'alimentation individuel comportant un circuit électronique individuel interne de déphasage (21 ) et d'amplification (22).  each waveguide (11) of the lower substrate (Subi) comprises an individual internal supply circuit (25) comprising an internal electronic phase shifting (21) and amplifying (22) internal circuit.
Antenne plane seion la revendication 1 , caractérisée en ce que dans chaque substrat de diélectrique, les guides d'onde sont placés parallèlement les uns à côté des autres et comportent des parois métalliques inférieures et supérieures parallèles à un plan (XY) de l'antenne. Planar antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that in each dielectric substrate, the waveguides are placed parallel to each other and have lower and upper metal walls parallel to a plane (XY) of the antenna .
Antenne plane selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce que les parois supérieures et inférieures de tous les guides d'onde sont constituées par trois plaques métalliques planes, respectivement inférieure (M1 ), intermédiaire ( 2) et supérieure (M3), parallèles au plan (XY) de l'antenne, les fentes de couplage (13) traversant la plaque métallique intermédiaire ( 2), les fentes rayonnantes (20) traversant la plaque métallique supérieure (M3). Planar antenna according to claim 2, characterized in that the upper and lower walls of all the waveguides are constituted by three flat metal plates, respectively lower (M1), intermediate (2) and upper (M3), parallel to the plane (XY) of the antenna, the coupling slots (13) passing through the intermediate metal plate (2), the radiating slots (20) passing through the upper metal plate (M3) ).
Antenne plane selon la revendication 1 , caractérisée en ce que dans chaque substrat de diélectrique, les guides d'onde sont placés parallèlement les uns à côté des autres et comportent des parois métalliques inférieures et supérieures inclinées par rapport à un plan (XY) de l'antenne, Planar antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that in each dielectric substrate, the waveguides are placed parallel to each other and have lower and upper metal walls inclined with respect to a plane (XY) of the 'antenna,
Antenne plane selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le réseau (5) de guides à fentes rayonnantes est monté sur une plateforme (7) tournante en azimut . Planar antenna according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the network (5) of radially slotted guides is mounted on a platform (7) rotating in azimuth.
Antenne plane selon la revendication 1 , caractérisée en ce qu'elle comporte deux réseaux identiques de guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes dédiés respectivement à l'émission et à la réception. Planar antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises two identical networks of waveguides with radiating slots dedicated respectively to transmission and reception.
Antenne plane selon l'une des revendications 3 ou 4, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comporte à l'émission et à la réception, Antenna plane according to one of claims 3 or 4, characterized in that it comprises the transmission and reception,
un réseau principal (5) de guides d'onde à fentes rayonnantes et un réseau auxiliaire (30) de guides à fentes rayonnantes, les deux réseaux (5, 30) comportant chacun un premier circuit de déphasage interne (21 , 22), (31 , 32) réglé à une même valeur de phase, le réseau auxiliaire (30) comportant des fentes rayonnantes (33) orientées avec un angle (σ) incliné non nul par rapport aux fentes (20) du réseau principal (5), un deuxième circuit de déphasage placé en entrée du réseau auxiliaire (30), le deuxième circuit de déphasage étant destiné à compenser une rotation du plan de polarisation d'une onde émise par le réseau principal (5) et comportant un déphaseur (34) à phase variable entre 0° et 180° et un amplificateur (35) à gain variable. a main network (5) of radially slotted waveguides and an auxiliary grating (30) of radially slotted guides, the two arrays (5, 30) each having a first internal phase shift circuit (21, 22), ( 31, 32) set to the same phase value, the auxiliary network (30) having radiating slots (33) oriented at an angle (σ) inclined non-zero with respect to the slots (20) of the main network (5), a second phase shift circuit placed at the input of the auxiliary network (30), the second phase shift circuit being intended to compensate for a rotation of the polarization plane of a wave emitted by the main grating (5) and comprising a phase shifter (34) variable between 0 ° and 180 ° and an amplifier (35) variable gain.
8. Antenne selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que l'angle (a) d'inclinaison des fentes rayonnantes (33) du réseau auxiliaire (30) est compris entre 20° et 70°. 8. Antenna according to claim 7, characterized in that the angle (a) of inclination of the radiating slots (33) of the auxiliary network (30) is between 20 ° and 70 °.
9. Véhicule comportant au moins une antenne selon l'une des revendications précédentes, 9. Vehicle comprising at least one antenna according to one of the preceding claims,
10. Système de télécommunication par satellite comportant au moins une antenne montée sur un véhicule selon la revendication 9. Satellite communication system comprising at least one vehicle-mounted antenna according to claim 9.
EP11701218.7A 2010-02-05 2011-01-17 Flat-plate scanning antenna for land mobile application, vehicle comprising such an antenna, and satellite telecommunication system comprising such a vehicle Active EP2532046B1 (en)

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FR1000473A FR2956249B1 (en) 2010-02-05 2010-02-05 SCANNING PLANAR ANTENNA FOR GROUND MOBILE APPLICATION, VEHICLE COMPRISING SUCH ANTENNA AND SATELLITE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM COMPRISING SUCH A VEHICLE
PCT/EP2011/050513 WO2011095384A1 (en) 2010-02-05 2011-01-17 Flat-plate scanning antenna for land mobile application, vehicle comprising such an antenna, and satellite telecommunication system comprising such a vehicle

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US8976072B2 (en) 2015-03-10
FR2956249A1 (en) 2011-08-12
JP5771877B2 (en) 2015-09-02
FR2956249B1 (en) 2012-12-14
WO2011095384A1 (en) 2011-08-11
US20120287006A1 (en) 2012-11-15
JP2013519280A (en) 2013-05-23
EP2532046B1 (en) 2020-03-18

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