EP2492393B1 - Produit absorbant ayant une extensibilité en sens travers élevée et un rapport de traction faible, réalisé au moyen d'un procédé de crêpage de tissu à teneur élevée en matière solide - Google Patents
Produit absorbant ayant une extensibilité en sens travers élevée et un rapport de traction faible, réalisé au moyen d'un procédé de crêpage de tissu à teneur élevée en matière solide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2492393B1 EP2492393B1 EP12001672.0A EP12001672A EP2492393B1 EP 2492393 B1 EP2492393 B1 EP 2492393B1 EP 12001672 A EP12001672 A EP 12001672A EP 2492393 B1 EP2492393 B1 EP 2492393B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sheet
- fabric
- stretch
- creping
- web
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 title claims description 55
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 title claims description 55
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 title description 203
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 63
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title description 54
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title description 21
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 154
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 210000003660 reticulum Anatomy 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 67
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 60
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 60
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 52
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 48
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 47
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 40
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 24
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 20
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 20
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 14
- LEQAOMBKQFMDFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N glyoxal Chemical compound O=CC=O LEQAOMBKQFMDFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 241000255777 Lepidoptera Species 0.000 description 12
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229940015043 glyoxal Drugs 0.000 description 7
- -1 optical brighteners Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920002472 Starch Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 5
- NJSSICCENMLTKO-HRCBOCMUSA-N [(1r,2s,4r,5r)-3-hydroxy-4-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyloxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl] 4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)O[C@H]1C(O)[C@@H](OS(=O)(=O)C=2C=CC(C)=CC=2)[C@@H]2OC[C@H]1O2 NJSSICCENMLTKO-HRCBOCMUSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008447 perception Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 244000004281 Eucalyptus maculata Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000003128 head Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940105329 carboxymethylcellulose Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 3
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000166124 Eucalyptus globulus Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002152 alkylating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000013055 pulp slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSNHZGKSAZOEPE-SOFGYWHQSA-N (e)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperidin-1-ylprop-2-en-1-one Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(\C=C\C(=O)N2CCCCC2)=C1 HSNHZGKSAZOEPE-SOFGYWHQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000208140 Acer Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical group N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000099147 Ananas comosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007119 Ananas comosus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018185 Betula X alpestris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018212 Betula X uliginosa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002085 Dialdehyde starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethylenetriamine Chemical compound NCCNCCN RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000945868 Eulaliopsis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000207543 Euphorbia heterophylla Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000628997 Flos Species 0.000 description 1
- SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutaraldehyde Chemical compound O=CCCCC=O SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 101100287622 Haloarcula marismortui (strain ATCC 43049 / DSM 3752 / JCM 8966 / VKM B-1809) katG2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000000797 Hibiscus cannabinus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001148717 Lygeum spartum Species 0.000 description 1
- WSMYVTOQOOLQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malondialdehyde Chemical compound O=CCC=O WSMYVTOQOOLQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 240000000907 Musa textilis Species 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000007643 Phytolacca americana Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000183024 Populus tremula Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004902 Softening Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCSMJKASWLYICJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic aldehyde Chemical compound O=CCCC=O PCSMJKASWLYICJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003926 acrylamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003172 aldehyde group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003934 aromatic aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002752 cationic softener Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000000038 chest Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001246 colloidal dispersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 description 1
- DENRZWYUOJLTMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl sulfate Chemical compound CCOS(=O)(=O)OCC DENRZWYUOJLTMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940008406 diethyl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002016 disaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- UYMKPFRHYYNDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenamine Chemical class NC=C UYMKPFRHYYNDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004709 eyebrow Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002462 imidazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003605 opacifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004872 soft tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003655 tactile properties Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005068 transpiration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F11/00—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
- D21F11/02—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines of the Fourdrinier type
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F11/00—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
- D21F11/006—Making patterned paper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F1/00—Mechanical deformation without removing material, e.g. in combination with laminating
- B31F1/12—Crêping
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F1/00—Mechanical deformation without removing material, e.g. in combination with laminating
- B31F1/12—Crêping
- B31F1/126—Crêping including making of the paper to be crêped
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
- D21H11/16—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only modified by a particular after-treatment
- D21H11/20—Chemically or biochemically modified fibres
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
- D21H27/002—Tissue paper; Absorbent paper
- D21H27/004—Tissue paper; Absorbent paper characterised by specific parameters
- D21H27/005—Tissue paper; Absorbent paper characterised by specific parameters relating to physical or mechanical properties, e.g. tensile strength, stretch, softness
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
- D21H27/002—Tissue paper; Absorbent paper
- D21H27/008—Tissue paper; Absorbent paper characterised by inhomogeneous distribution or incomplete coverage of properties, e.g. obtained by using materials of chemical compounds
Definitions
- Methods of making paper tissue, towel, and the like are well known, including various features such as Yankee drying, throughdrying, fabric creping, dry creping, wet creping and so forth.
- Conventional wet pressing processes have certain advantages over conventional through-air drying processes including: (1) lower energy costs associated with the mechanical removal of water rather than transpiration drying with hot air; and (2) higher production speeds which are more readily achieved with processes which utilize wet pressing to form a web.
- through-air drying processing has been widely adopted for new capital investment, particularly for the production of soft, bulky, premium quality tissue and towel products.
- Fabric creping has been employed in connection with papermaking processes which include mechanical or compactive dewatering of the paper web as a means to influence product properties. See United States Patent Nos. 4,689,119 and 4,551,199 of Weldon ; 4,849,054 and 4,834,838 of Klowak ; and 6,287,426 of Edwards et al . Operation of fabric creping processes has been hampered by the difficulty of effectively transferring a web of high or intermediate consistency to a dryer. Note also United States Patent No. 6,350,349 to Hermans et al. which discloses wet transfer of a web from a rotating transfer surface to a fabric. Further patents relating to fabric creping more generally include the following: 4,834,838 ; 4,482,429 4,445,638 as well as 4,440,597 to Wells et al.
- the absorbency, bulk and stretch of a wet-pressed web can be vastly improved by wet fabric creping a web and rearranging the fiber on a creping fabric, while preserving the high speed, thermal efficiency, and furnish tolerance to recycle fiber of conventional wet press processes
- an absorbent sheet of cellulosic fibers including a mixture of hardwood fibers and softwood fibers arranged in a reticulum having: (i) a plurality of pileated fiber enriched regions of relatively high local basis weight interconnected by way of (ii) a plurality of lower local basis weight linking regions.
- the fiber orientation of the linking regions is biased along the direction between pileated regions interconnected thereby.
- the relative basis weight, degree of pileation, hardwood to softwood ratio, fiber length distribution, fiber orientation, and geometry of the reticulum are controlled such that the sheet exhibits a percent CD stretch of at least about 2.75 times the dry tensile ratio of the sheet.
- the sheet exhibits a void volume of at least about 5 g/g, a CD stretch of at least about 5 percent and a MD/CD tensile ratio of less than about 1.75. In another preferred embodiment the MD/CD tensile ratio is less than about 1.5. In another preferred embodiment the sheet has an absorbency of at least about 5 g/g, a CD stretch of at least about 10 percent and a MD/CD tensile ratio of less than about 2.5. In a still further preferred embodiment the sheet exhibits an absorbency of at least about 5 g/g, a CD stretch of at least about 15 percent and a MD/CD tensile ratio of less than about 3.5. A CD stretch of at least about 20 percent and a MD/CD tensile ratio of less than about 5 is believed achievable in accordance with the present invention.
- a percent CD stretch of at least about 4 and a dry tensile ratio of from about 0.4 to about 4 are typical of products of the invention.
- the products Preferably, the products have a CD stretch of least about 5 or 6. In some cases a CD stretch of at least about 8 or at least about 10 is preferred.
- the inventive products typically have a void volume of at least about 5 or 6 g/g. Void volumes of at least about 7 g/g, 8 g/g, 9 g/g or 10 g/g are likewise typical.
- the inventive sheet may consist predominantly (more than 50%) of hardwood fiber or softwood fiber. Typically the sheet includes a mixture of these two fibers.
- a method of making a cellulosic web for tissue or towel products including the steps of: (a) preparing an aqueous cellulosic papermaking furnish; (b) providing the papermaking furnish to a forming fabric as a jet issuing from a head box at a jet speed; (c) compactively dewatering the papermaking furnish to form a nascent web having an apparently random distribution of papermaking fiber; (d) applying the dewatered web having an apparently random fiber distribution to a translating transfer surface moving at a first speed; (e) belt creping the web from the transfer surface at a consistency of from about 30 to about 60 percent utilizing a patterned creping belt, the creping step occurring under pressure in a belt creping nip defined between the transfer surface of the creping belt wherein the belt is traveling at a second speed slower than the speed of said transfer surface.
- the belt pattern, nip parameters, velocity delta and web consistency are selected such that the web is creped from the transfer surface and redistributed on the creping belt to form a web with a reticulum having a plurality of interconnected regions of different local basis weights including at least (i) a plurality of fiber enriched regions of relatively high local basis weight, interconnected by way of (ii) a plurality of lower local basis weight regions.
- the web is then dried. It will be seen that the hardwood to softwood ratio, fiber length distribution, overall crepe, jet speed, drying and belt creping steps are controlled and the creping belt pattern is selected such that the web is characterized in that it has a percent CD stretch which is at least about 2.75 times the dry tensile ratio of the web.
- These parameters are also selected such that the properties noted above in connection with the inventive products are achieved in various embodiments of the invention.
- inventive process may be practiced with predominantly hardwood fiber for producing base sheet for tissue manufacture or the inventive process may be practiced with a furnish consisting predominantly of softwood fiber when it is desired to make towel. It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that other additives are selected as so desired.
- the webs having a local variation in basis weight are preferably calendered between steel calender rolls when calendering is desirable.
- the belt creped web of the invention is typically characterized in that the fibers of the fiber enriched regions are biased in the cross direction as will be appreciated from the attached photomicrographs.
- the process is operated at a fabric crepe of from about 10 to about 100 percent.
- Preferred embodiments include those wherein the process is operated at a fabric crepe of at least about 40, 60, 80 or 100 percent or more.
- the inventive process may be operated at a fabric crepe of 125 percent or more.
- the process of the present invention is exceedingly furnish tolerant, and can be operated with large amounts of secondary fiber if so desired.
- SAT Absorbency of the inventive products
- the simple absorbency tester is a particularly useful apparatus for measuring the hydrophilicity and absorbency properties of a sample of tissue, napkins, or towel.
- a sample of tissue, napkins, or towel 2.0 inches in diameter is mounted between a top flat plastic cover and a bottom grooved sample plate.
- the tissue, napkin, or towel sample disc is held in place by a 1/8 inch wide circumference flange area.
- the sample is not compressed by the holder.
- Deionized water at 73°F is introduced to the sample at the center of the bottom sample plate through a 1 mm. diameter conduit. This water is at a hydrostatic head of minus 5 mm.
- Flow is initiated by a pulse introduced at the start of the measurement by the instrument mechanism. Water is thus imbibed by the tissue, napkin, or towel sample from this central entrance point radially outward by capillary action. When the rate of water imbibation decreases below 0.005 gm water per 5 seconds, the test is terminated. The amount of water removed from the reservoir and absorbed by the sample is weighed and reported as grams of water per square meter of sample unless otherwise indicated. In practice, an M/K Systems Inc. Gravimetric Absorbency Testing System is used. This is a commercial system obtainable from M/K Systems Inc., 12 Garden Street, Danvers, Mass., 01923. WAC or water absorbent capacity also referred to as SAT is actually determined by the instrument itself.
- WAC is defined as the point where the weight versus time graph has a "zero" slope, i.e., the sample has stopped absorbing.
- the termination criteria for a test are expressed in maximum change in water weight absorbed over a fixed time period. This is basically an estimate of zero slope on the weight versus time graph.
- the program uses a change of 0.005 g over a 5 second time interval as termination criteria; unless "Slow Sat” is specified in which case the cut off criteria is 1 mg in 20 seconds.
- Basis weight refers to the weight of a 3000 square foot ream of product. Consistency refers to percent solids of a nascent web, for example, calculated on a bone dry basis. "Air dry” means including residual moisture, by convention up to about 10 percent moisture for pulp and up to about 6% for paper. A nascent web having 50 percent water and 50 percent bone dry pulp has a consistency of 50 percent.
- cellulosic cellulosic sheet
- papermaking fibers include virgin pulps or recycle (secondary) cellulosic fibers or fiber mixes comprising cellulosic fibers.
- Fibers suitable for making the webs of this invention include: nonwood fibers, such as cotton fibers or cotton derivatives, abaca, kenaf, sabai grass, flax, esparto grass, straw, jute hemp, bagasse, milkweed floss fibers, and pineapple leaf fibers; and wood fibers such as those obtained from deciduous and coniferous trees, including softwood fibers, such as northern and southern softwood kraft fibers; hardwood fibers, such as eucalyptus, maple, birch, aspen, or the like.
- Papermaking fibers can be liberated from their source material by any one of a number of chemical pulping processes familiar to one experienced in the art including sulfate, sulfite, polysulfide, soda pulping, etc.
- the pulp can be bleached if desired by chemical means including the use of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, oxygen and so forth.
- the products of the present invention may comprise a blend of conventional fibers (whether derived from virgin pulp or recycle sources) and high coarseness lignin-rich tubular fibers, such as bleached chemical thermomechanical pulp (BCTMP).
- BCTMP bleached chemical thermomechanical pulp
- "Furnishes" and like terminology refers to aqueous compositions including papermaking fibers, wet strength resins, debonders and the like for making paper products.
- compactively dewatering the web or furnish refers to mechanical dewatering by wet pressing on a dewatering felt, for example, in some embodiments by use of mechanical pressure applied continuously over the web surface as in a nip between a press roll and a press shoe wherein the web is in contact with a papermaking felt.
- the terminology "compactively dewatering" is used to distinguish processes wherein the initial dewatering of the web is carried out largely by thermal means as is the case, for example, in United States Patent No. 4,529,480 to Trokhan and United States Patent No. 5,607,551 to Farrington et al. noted above.
- Compactively dewatering a web thus refers, for example, to removing water from a nascent web having a consistency of less than 30 percent or so by application of pressure thereto and/or increasing the consistency of the web by about 15 percent or more by application of pressure thereto.
- Fabric side and like terminology refers to the side of the web which is in contact with the creping and drying fabric.
- Dryer side or the like is the side of the web opposite the fabric side of the web.
- Fpm refers to feet per minute while consistency refers to the weight percent fiber of the web.
- MD machine direction
- CD cross-machine direction
- Nip parameters include, without limitation, nip pressure, nip length, backing roll hardness, fabric approach angle, fabric takeaway angle, uniformity, and velocity delta between surfaces of the nip.
- Nip length means the length over which the nip surfaces are in contact.
- On line and like terminology refers to a process step performed without removing the web from the papermachine in which the web is produced. A web is drawn or calendered on line when it is drawn or calendered without being severed prior to wind-up.
- a translating transfer surface refers to the surface from which the web is creped into the creping fabric.
- the translating transfer surface may be the surface of a rotating drum as described hereafter, or may be the surface of a continuous smooth moving belt or another moving fabric which may have surface texture and so forth.
- the translating transfer surface needs to support the web and facilitate the high solids creping as will be appreciated from the discussion which follows.
- Calipers and or bulk reported herein may be 1, 4 or 8 sheet calipers.
- the sheets are stacked and the caliper measurement taken about the central portion of the stack.
- the test samples are conditioned in an atmosphere of 23° ⁇ 1.0°C (73.4° ⁇ 1.8°F) at 50% relative humidity for at least about 2 hours and then measured with a Thwing-Albert Model 89-II-JR or Progage Electronic Thickness Tester with 2-in (50.8-mm) diameter anvils, 539 ⁇ 10 grams dead weight load, and 0.231 in./sec descent rate.
- each sheet of product to be tested must have the same number of plies as the product is sold.
- eight sheets are selected and stacked together.
- napkins are enfolded prior to stacking.
- each sheet to be tested must have the same number of plies as produced off the winder.
- basesheet testing off of the papermachine reel single plies must be used. Sheets are stacked together aligned in the MD. On custom embossed or printed product, try to avoid taking measurements in these areas if at all possible. Bulk may also be expressed in units of volume/weight by dividing caliper by basis weight.
- Dry tensile strengths (MD and CD), stretch, ratios thereof, break modulus, stress and strain are measured with a standard Instron test device or other suitable elongation tensile tester which may be configured in various ways, typically using 3 or 1 inch wide strips of tissue or towel, conditioned at 50% relative humidity and 23°C (73.4), with the tensile test run at a crosshead speed of 2 in/min.
- Tensile ratios are simply ratios of the values determined by way of the foregoing methods. Tensile ratio refers to the MD/CD dry tensile ratio unless otherwise stated. Unless otherwise specified, a tensile property is a dry sheet property. Tensile strength is sometimes referred to simply as tensile. Unless otherwise specified, break tensile strength, stretch and so forth are reported herein.
- Line crepe (sometimes referred to as overall crepe), reel crepe and so forth are similarly calculated as discussed below.
- PLI or pli means pounds force per linear inch.
- Predominantly means more than about 50%, typically by weight; bone dry basis when referring to fiber.
- P+J hardness (indentation) sometimes referred to as P+J is measured in accordance with ASTM D 531, and refers to the indentation number (standard specimen and conditions).
- Velocity delta means a difference in linear speed
- the void volume and /or void volume ratio as referred to hereafter, are determined by saturating a sheet with a nonpolar POROFIL ® liquid and measuring the amount of liquid absorbed.
- the volume of liquid absorbed is equivalent to the void volume within the sheet structure.
- the percent weight increase (PWI) is expressed as grams of liquid absorbed per gram of fiber in the sheet structure times 100, as noted hereinafter. More specifically, for each single-ply sheet sample to be tested, select 8 sheets and cut out a 1 inch by 1 inch square (1 inch in the machine direction and 1 inch in the cross-machine direction). For multi-ply product samples, each ply is measured as a separate entity. Multiple samples should be separated into individual single plies and 8 sheets from each ply position used for testing.
- the PWI for all eight individual specimens is determined as described above and the average of the eight specimens is the PWI for the sample.
- the void volume ratio is calculated by dividing the PWI by 1.9 (density of fluid) to express the ratio as a percentage, whereas the void volume (gms/gm) is simply the weight increase ratio; that is, PWI divided by 100.
- an absorbent paper web is made by dispersing papermaking fibers into aqueous furnish (slurry) and depositing the aqueous furnish onto the forming wire of a papermaking machine, typically by way of a jet issuing from a headbox.
- aqueous furnish slurry
- Any suitable forming scheme might be used.
- an extensive but non-exhaustive list in addition to Fourdrinier formers includes a crescent former, a C-wrap twin wire former, an S-wrap twin wire former, or a suction breast roll former.
- the forming fabric can be any suitable foraminous member including single layer fabrics, double layer fabrics, triple layer fabrics, photopolymer fabrics, and the like.
- Non-exhaustive background art in the forming fabric area includes United States Patent Nos.
- Foam-forming of the aqueous furnish on a forming wire or fabric may be employed as a means for controlling the permeability or void volume of the sheet upon fabric-creping. Foam-forming techniques are disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,543,156 and Canadian Patent No. 2,053,505 , the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- the foamed fiber furnish is made up from an aqueous slurry of fibers mixed with a foamed liquid carrier just prior to its introduction to the headbox.
- the pulp slurry supplied to the system has a consistency in the range of from about 0.5 to about 7 weight percent fibers, preferably in the range of from about 2.5 to about 4.5 weight percent.
- the pulp slurry is added to a foamed liquid comprising water, air and surfactant containing 50 to 80 percent air by volume forming a foamed fiber furnish having a consistency in the range of from about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent fiber by simple mixing from natural turbulence and mixing inherent in the process elements.
- the addition of the pulp as a low consistency slurry results in excess foamed liquid recovered from the forming wires.
- the excess foamed liquid is discharged from the system and may be used elsewhere or treated for recovery of surfactant therefrom.
- the furnish may contain chemical additives to alter the physical properties of the paper produced. These chemistries are well understood by the skilled artisan and may be used in any known combination. Such additives may be surface modifiers, softeners, debonders, strength aids, latexes, opacifiers, optical brighteners, dyes, pigments, sizing agents, barrier chemicals, retention aids, insolubilizers, organic or inorganic crosslinkers, or combinations thereof; said chemicals optionally comprising polyols, starches, PPG esters, PEG esters, phospholipids, surfactants, polyamines, HMCP or the like.
- the pulp can be mixed with strength adjusting agents such as wet strength agents, dry strength agents and debonders/softeners and so forth. Suitable wet strength agents are known to the skilled artisan.
- strength adjusting agents such as wet strength agents, dry strength agents and debonders/softeners and so forth.
- Suitable wet strength agents are known to the skilled artisan.
- a comprehensive but non-exhaustive list of useful strength aids include urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine formaldehyde resins, glyoxylated polyacrylamide resins, polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins and the like.
- Thermosetting polyacrylamides are produced by reacting acrylamide with diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) to produce a cationic polyacrylamide copolymer which is ultimately reacted with glyoxal to produce a cationic cross-linking wet strength resin, glyoxylated polyacrylamide.
- DMDMAC diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
- a cationic polyacrylamide copolymer which is ultimately reacted with glyoxal to produce a cationic cross-linking wet strength resin, glyoxylated polyacrylamide.
- acrylamide/-DADMAC/glyoxal can be used to produce cross-linking resins, which are useful as wet strength agents.
- dialdehydes can be substituted for glyoxal to produce thermosetting wet strength characteristics.
- polyamide-epichlorohydrin wet strength resins an example of which is sold under the trade names Kymene 557LX and Kymene 557H by Hercules Incorporated of Wilmington, Delaware and Amres® from Georgia-Pacific Resins, Inc. These resins and the process for making the resins are described in United States Patent No. 3,700,623 and United States Patent No. 3,772,076 each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- Suitable temporary wet strength agents may likewise be included.
- a comprehensive but non-exhaustive list of useful temporary wet strength agents includes aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes including glyoxal, malonic dialdehyde, succinic dialdehyde, glutaraldehyde and dialdehyde starches, as well as substituted or reacted starches, disaccharides, polysaccharides, chitosan, or other reacted polymeric reaction products of monomers or polymers having aldehyde groups, and optionally, nitrogen groups.
- Representative nitrogen containing polymers which can suitably be reacted with the aldehyde containing monomers or polymers, includes vinyl-amides, acrylamides and related nitrogen containing polymers.
- the temporary wet strength resin may be any one of a variety of watersoluble organic polymers comprising aldehydic units and cationic units used to increase dry and wet tensile strength of a paper product. Such resins are described in United States Patent Nos. 4,675,394 ; 5,240,562 ; 5,138,002 ; 5,085,736 ; 4,981,557 ; 5,008,344 ; 4,603,176 ; 4,983,748 ; 4,866,151 ; 4,804,769 and 5,217,576 . Modified starches sold under the trademarks CO-BOND® 1000 and CO-BOND® 1000 Plus, by National Starch and Chemical Company of Bridgewater, N.J. may be used.
- the cationic aldehydic water soluble polymer can be prepared by preheating an aqueous slurry of approximately 5% solids maintained at a temperature of approximately 240 degrees Fahrenheit and a pH of about 2.7 for approximately 3.5 minutes. Finally, the slurry can be quenched and diluted by adding water to produce a mixture of approximately 1.0% solids at less than about 130 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Temporary wet strength agents such as glyoxylated polyacrylamide can be used.
- Temporary wet strength agents such glyoxylated polyacrylamide resins are produced by reacting acrylamide with diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) to produce a cationic polyacrylamide copolymer which is ultimately reacted with glyoxal to produce a cationic cross-linking temporary or semi-permanent wet strength resin, glyoxylated polyacrylamide.
- DADMAC diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
- Resins of this type are commercially available under the trade name of PAREZ 631NC, by Bayer Industries. Different mole ratios of acrylamide/DADMAC/glyoxal can be used to produce cross-linking resins, which are useful as wet strength agents. Furthermore, other dialdehydes can be substituted for glyoxal to produce wet strength characteristics.
- Suitable dry strength agents include starch, guar gum, polyacrylamides, carboxymethyl cellulose and the like. Of particular utility is carboxymethyl cellulose, an example of which is sold under the trade name Hercules CMC, by Hercules Incorporated of Wilmington, Delaware.
- the pulp may contain from about 0 to about 15 lb/ton of dry strength agent.
- the pulp may contain from about 1 to about 5 lbs/ton of dry strength agent.
- Suitable debonders are likewise known to the skilled artisan. Debonders or softeners may also be incorporated into the pulp or sprayed upon the web after its formation. The present invention may also be used with softener materials including but not limited to the class of amido amine salts derived from partially acid neutralized amines. Such materials are disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,720,383 . Evans, Chemistry and Industry, 5 July 1969, pp. 893-903 ; Egan, J.Am. Oil Chemist's Soc., Vol. 55 (1978), pp. 118-121 ; and Trivedi et al., J.Am.Oil Chemist's Soc., June 1981, pp. 754-756 , incorporated by reference in their entirety, indicate that softeners are often available commercially only as complex mixtures rather than as single compounds. While the following discussion will focus on the predominant species, it should be understood that commercially available mixtures would generally be used in practice.
- Quasoft 202-JR is a suitable softener material, which may be derived by alkylating a condensation product of oleic acid and diethylenetriamine. Synthesis conditions using a deficiency of alkylation agent (e.g., diethyl sulfate) and only one alkylating step, followed by pH adjustment to protonate the non-ethylated species, result in a mixture consisting of cationic ethylated and cationic non-ethylated species. A minor proportion (e.g., about 10%) of the resulting amido amine cyclize to imidazoline compounds.
- alkylation agent e.g., diethyl sulfate
- the compositions as a whole are pH-sensitive. Therefore, in the practice of the present invention with this class of chemicals, the pH in the head box should be approximately 6 to 8, more preferably 6 to 7 and most preferably 6.5 to 7.
- Quaternary ammonium compounds such as dialkyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium salts are also suitable particularly when the alkyl groups contain from about 10 to 24 carbon atoms. These compounds have the advantage of being relatively insensitive to pH.
- Biodegradable softeners can be utilized. Representative biodegradable cationic softeners/debonders are disclosed in United States Patent Nos. 5,312,522 ; 5,415,737 ; 5,262,007 ; 5,264,082 ; and 5,223,096 , all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- the compounds are biodegradable diesters of quaternary ammonia compounds, quaternized amine-esters, and biodegradable vegetable oil based esters functional with quaternary ammonium chloride and diester dierucyldimethyl ammonium chloride and are representative biodegradable softeners.
- a particularly preferred debonder composition includes a quaternary amine component as well as a nonionic surfactant.
- the nascent web is typically dewatered on a papermaking felt.
- Any suitable felt may be used.
- felts can have double-layer base weaves, triple-layer base weaves, or laminated base weaves.
- Preferred felts are those having the laminated base weave design.
- a wet-press-felt which may be particularly useful with the present invention is Vector 3 made by Voith Fabric. Background art in the press felt area includes United States Patent Nos. 5,657,797 ; 5,368,696 ; 4,973,512 ; 5,023,132 ; 5,225,269 ; 5,182,164 ; 5,372,876 ; and 5,618,612 .
- a differential pressing felt as is disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,533,437 to Curran et al. may likewise be utilized.
- Suitable creping fabrics include single layer, multi-layer, or composite preferably open meshed structures. Fabrics may have at least one of the following characteristics: (1) on the side of the creping fabric that is in contact with the wet web (the "top” side), the number of machine direction (MD) strands per inch (mesh) is from 10 to 200 and the number of cross-direction (CD) strands per inch (count) is also from 10 to 200; (2) The strand diameter is typically smaller than 0.050 inch; (3) on the top side, the distance between the highest point of the MD knuckles and the highest point on the CD knuckles is from about 0.001 to about 0.02 or 0.03 inch; (4) In between these two levels there can be knuckles formed either by MD or CD strands that give the topography a three dimensional hill/valley appearance which is imparted to the sheet during the wet molding step; (5) The fabric may be oriented in any suitable way so as to achieve the desired effect on processing and
- the creping fabric may thus be of the class described in United States Patent No. 5,607,551 to Farrington et al , Cols. 7-8 thereof, as well as the fabrics described in United States Patent No. 4,239,065 to Trokhan and United States Patent No. 3,974,025 to Ayers .
- Such fabrics may have about 20 to about 60 meshes per inch and are formed from monofilament polymeric fibers having diameters typically ranging from about 0.008 to about 0.025 inches. Both warp and weft monofilaments may, but need not necessarily be of the same diameter.
- the filaments are so woven and complimentarily serpentinely configured in at least the Z-direction (the thickness of the fabric) to provide a first grouping or array of coplanar top-surface-plane crossovers of both sets of filaments; and a predetermined second grouping or array of sub-top-surface crossovers.
- the arrays are interspersed so that portions of the top-surface-plane crossovers define an array of wicker-basket-like cavities in the top surface of the fabric which cavities are disposed in staggered relation in both the machine direction (MD) and the cross-machine direction (CD), and so that each cavity spans at least one sub-top-surface crossover.
- the cavities are discretely perimetrically enclosed in the plan view by a picket-like-lineament comprising portions of a plurality of the top-surface plane crossovers.
- the loop of fabric may comprise heat set monofilaments of thermoplastic material; the top surfaces of the coplanar top-surface-plane crossovers may be monoplanar flat surfaces.
- Specific embodiments of the invention include satin weaves as well as hybrid weaves of three or greater sheds, and mesh counts of from about 10 X 10 to about 120 X 120 filaments per inch (4 X 4 to about 47 X 47 per centimeter). Although the preferred range of mesh counts is from about 18 by 16 to about 55 by 48 filaments per inch (7 X 6 to about 22 X 19 per centimeter).
- a dryer fabric may be used as the creping fabric if so desired. Suitable fabrics are described in United States Patent Nos. 5,449,026 (woven style) and 5,690,149 (stacked MD tape yarn style) to Lee as well as United States Patent No. 4,490,925 to Smith (spiral style).
- a creping adhesive used on the Yankee cylinder is preferably capable of cooperating with the web at intermediate moisture to facilitate transfer from the creping fabric to the Yankee and to firmly secure the web to the Yankee cylinder as it is dried to a consistency of 95% or more on the cylinder preferably with a high volume drying hood.
- the adhesive is critical to stable system operation at high production rates and is a hygroscopic, re-wettable, substantially non-crosslinking adhesive. Examples of preferred adhesives are those which include poly(vinyl alcohol) of the general class described in United States Patent No. 4,528,316 to Soerens et al. Other suitable adhesives are disclosed in co-pending United States Patent Application Serial No. 10/409,042 (Publication No.
- Figure 1 shows a cross-section (120X) along the MD of a fabric-creped, sheet 10 illustrating a fiber-enriched, pileated region 12. It is seen that the web has microfolds transverse to the machine direction, i.e., the ridges or creases extend in the CD (into the photograph). It will be appreciated that fibers of the fiber-enriched region 12 have orientation biased in the CD, especially at the right side of region 12, where the web contacts a knuckle of the creping fabric.
- the jet/forming wire velocity delta jet velocity-wire velocity
- Figure 2 is a plot of MD/CD tensile ratio (strength at break) versus the difference between headbox jet velocity and forming wire speed (fpm).
- the upper U-shaped curve is typical of conventional wet-press absorbent sheet.
- the lower, broader curve is typical of fabric-creped product of the invention. It is readily appreciated from Figure 2 that MD/CD tensiles of below 1.5 or so are achieved in accordance with the invention over a wide range of jet to wire velocity deltas, a range which is more than twice that of the CWP curve shown.
- control of the headbox jet forming wire velocity may be used to achieve desired sheet properties.
- MD/CD ratios below square i.e. below 1
- square or below sheets are formed by way of the invention without a lot of fiber aggregates or "flocs" which is not the case with the CWP products with low MD/CD tensile ratios.
- This difference is due, in part, to the relatively low velocity deltas required to achieve low tensiles in CWP products and may be due in part to the fact that fiber is redistributed on the creping fabric when the web is creped from the transfer surface in accordance with the invention.
- CD relative tensiles may be selectively elevated by control of the headbox to forming wire velocity delta and fabric creping.
- Figure 3 is a photomicrograph (10X) of the fabric side of a fabric-creped web. It is again seen in Figure 3 that sheet 10 has a plurality of very pronounced high basis weight, fiber-enriched regions 12 having fiber with orientation biased in the cross-machine direction (CD) linked by relatively low basis weight-linking regions 14, which have fiber orientation biased in a direction between pileated or fiber-enriched regions.
- CD cross-machine direction
- FIG 4 is a schematic diagram of a papermachine 15 having a conventional twin wire forming section 17, a felt run 19, a shoe press section 16, a creping fabric 18 and a Yankee dryer 20 suitable for practicing the present invention.
- Forming section 12 includes a pair of forming fabrics 22, 24 supported by a plurality of rolls 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36 and a forming roll 38.
- a headbox 40 provides papermaking furnish in the form of a jet to a nip 42 between forming roll 38 and roll 26 and the fabrics. Control of the jet velocity relative to the forming fabrics is an important aspect of controlling tensile ratio as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art.
- the furnish forms a nascent web 44 which is dewatered on the fabrics with the assistance of vacuum, for example, by way of vacuum box 46.
- the nascent web is advanced to a papermaking felt 48 which is supported by a plurality of rolls 50, 52, 54, 55 and the felt is in contact with a shoe press roll 56.
- the web is of low consistency as it is transferred to the felt. Transfer may be assisted by vacuum; for example roll 50 may be a vacuum roll if so desired or a pickup or vacuum shoe as is known in the art.
- roll 50 may be a vacuum roll if so desired or a pickup or vacuum shoe as is known in the art.
- the shoe press roll it may have a consistency of 10-25 percent, preferably 20 to 25 percent or so as it enters nip 58 between shoe press roll 56 and transfer roll 60.
- Transfer roll 60 may be a heated roll if so desired.
- roll 56 could be a conventional suction pressure roll.
- roll 54 is a vacuum roll effective to remove water form the felt prior to the felt entering the shoe press nip since water from the furnish will be pressed into the felt in the shoe press nip.
- using a vacuum roll or STR at 54 is typically desirable to ensure the web remains in contact with the felt during the direction change as one of skill in the art will appreciate from the diagram.
- Web 44 is wet-pressed on the felt in nip 58 with the assistance of pressure shoe 62.
- the web is thus compactively dewatered at 58, typically by increasing the consistency by 15 or more points at this stage of the process.
- the configuration shown at 58 is generally termed a shoe press; in connection with the present invention cylinder 60 is operative as a transfer cylinder which operates to convey web 44 at high speed, typically 1000 fpm-6000 fpm to the creping fabric.
- Cylinder 60 has a smooth surface 64 which may be provided with adhesive and/or release agents if needed. Web 44 is adhered to transfer surface 64 of cylinder 60 which is rotating at a high angular velocity as the web continues to advance in the machine-direction indicated by arrows 66. On the cylinder, web 44 has a generally random apparent distribution of fiber.
- Direction 66 is referred to as the machine-direction (MD) of the web as well as that of papermachine 15; whereas the cross-machine-direction (CD) is the direction in the plane of the web perpendicular to the MD.
- MD machine-direction
- CD cross-machine-direction
- Web 44 enters nip 58 typically at consistencies of 10-25 percent or so and is dewatered and dried to consistencies of from about 25 to about 70 by the time it is transferred to creping fabric 18 as shown in the diagram.
- Fabric 18 is supported on a plurality of rolls 68, 70, 72 and a press nip roll or solid pressure roll 74 such that there is formed a fabric crepe nip 76 with transfer cylinder 60 as shown in the diagram.
- the creping fabric defines a creping nip over the distance in which creping fabric 18 is adapted to contact roll 60; that is, applies significant pressure to the web against the transfer cylinder.
- backing (or creping) roll 70 may be provided with a soft deformable surface which will increase the length of the creping nip and increase the fabric creping angle between the fabric and the sheet and the point of contact or a shoe press roll could be used as roll 70 to increase effective contact with the web in high impact fabric creping nip 76 where web 44 is transferred to fabric 18 and advanced in the machine-direction.
- creping nip 76 it is possible to influence the nature and amount of redistribution of fiber, delamination/debonding which may occur at fabric creping nip 76 by adjusting these nip parameters.
- the creping nip parameters can influence the distribution of fiber in the web in a variety of directions, including inducing changes in the z-direction as well as the MD and CD.
- the transfer from the transfer cylinder to the creping fabric is high impact in that the fabric is traveling slower than the web and a significant velocity change occurs.
- the web is creped anywhere from 10-60 percent and even higher during transfer from the transfer cylinder to the fabric.
- Creping nip 76 generally extends over a fabric creping nip distance of anywhere from about 1/8" to about 2", typically 1 ⁇ 2" to 2". For a creping fabric with 32 CD strands per inch, web 44 thus will encounter anywhere from about 4 to 64 weft filaments in the nip.
- nip pressure in nip 76 that is, the loading between backing roll 70 and transfer roll 60 is suitably 20-100, preferably 40-70 pounds per linear inch (PLI).
- nip 82 occurs at a web consistency of generally from about 25 to about 70 percent. At these consistencies, it is difficult to adhere the web to surface 84 of cylinder 80 firmly enough to remove the web from the fabric thoroughly.
- a poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyamide adhesive composition as noted above is applied at 86 as needed.
- a vacuum box may be employed at 67 in order to increase caliper.
- a vacuum typically, a vacuum of from about 5 to about 30 inches of Mercury is employed.
- the web is dried on Yankee cylinder 80 which is a heated cylinder and by high jet velocity impingement air in Yankee hood 88.
- Yankee cylinder 80 which is a heated cylinder and by high jet velocity impingement air in Yankee hood 88.
- web 44 is creped from the cylinder by creping doctor 89 and wound on a take-up roll 90.
- Creping of the paper from a Yankee dryer may be carried out using an undulatory creping blade, such as that disclosed in United States Patent No. 5,690,788 , the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
- Use of the undulatory crepe blade has been shown to impart several advantages when used in production of tissue products. In general, tissue products creped using an undulatory blade have higher caliper (thickness), increased CD stretch, and a higher void volume than do comparable tissue products produced using conventional crepe blades. All of these changes effected by use of the undulatory blade tend to correlate with improved softness perception of the tissue products.
- calender station 85 with rolls 85(a), 85(b) to calender the sheet if so desired.
- Impingement air dryers are disclosed in the following patents and applications, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference:
- absorbent sheet was prepared at various weights, crepe ratios and so forth. This material exhibited high CD stretch at low dry tensile ratios as is seen particularly in Figures 5 through 9 .
- the relative basis weight of the fiber enriched regions and linking regions, degree of pileation, fiber orientation and geometry of the reticulum are controlled by appropriate selection of materials and fabrics, as well as controlling the fabric crepe ratio, nip parameters and jet to wire velocity delta.
- BRT - Bath tissue CD MD -
- tensile strength CD% MD% - Stretch at break in the direction indicated
- CMC Carboxy methyl cellulose
- CWP Conventional Wet Press
- FC Fabric crepe or fabric crepe ratio GM
- GMT Geometric Mean, typically tensile Mod - Modulus Ratio - Dry Tensile Ratio, MD/ CD SPR - Solid pressure roll, roll 74 seen in Figure 4 STR - Suction turning roll, roll 54 as seen in Figure 4 T - Ton TAD - Through Air Dried '819 -
- Table 1 - Representative Examples 1-194 - Basesheet Data Basis Weight Caliper 8 Sheet Tensile MD Stretch MD Tensile CD Stretch CD
- Tensile GM Tensile Dry Ratio Example lb/3000 ft ⁇ 2 mils/ 8 sht g
- Tissue Products non-permanent wet strength grades where softness is a key parameter
- a high solids fabric crepe process as described herein can use many of the same process parameters as would be used to make towel products (permanent wet strength grades where absorbency is important, strength in use is critical, and softness is less important than in tissue grades.)
- towel products permanent wet strength grades where absorbency is important, strength in use is critical, and softness is less important than in tissue grades.
- 1-ply and 2-ply products can be made.
- Fibers Soft tissue products are optimally produced using high amounts of hardwood fibers. These fibers are not as coarse as the longer, stronger, softwood fibers. Further, these finer, shorter, fibers exhibit much higher counts per gram of fiber. On the negative side, these hardwood pulps generally contain more fines that are a result of the wood structures from which the pulp was made. Removing these fines can increase the numbers of actual fibers present in the final paper sheets. Also, removing these fines reduces the bonding potential during the drying process, making it easier to debond the sheet either with chemicals or with blade creping at the dry end of the paper machine. The key benefit derived from high fiber counts per gram of pulp is sheet opacity or lack of transparency.
- Softwood fibers are usually needed to provide a mesh-like structure on which the hardwood fibers can be arranged to optimize softness and optical properties. But even in the case of softwoods, fiber coarseness and fibers per gram are important properties. Long, thin, flexible, softwood fibers like northern softwoods present many more fibers per gram than do the long, coarse, thick, stiff southern softwoods. The net result of fiber selection is that with this technology, like all others, northern softwoods and low fines, low coarseness hardwoods like eucalyptus make softer sheets at a given tensile than do northern hardwoods and more so southern hardwoods.
- Tissue sheets generally employ a variety of chemicals to help meet consumer demands for performance and softness. Generally, it is much preferred to apply a dry strength chemical to the long fiber portion of the pulp blend than to use a refiner to develop tensile. Refining generates fines and tends to make more bonds of higher bonding strength because refining makes the fibers more flexible, which increases the potential for fiber-fiber contacts during drying. On the other hand, dry strength additives increase the strengths of the available bonds without increasing the number of bonds. Such a sheet then ends up being inherently more flexible even before the fabric creping step of the fabric crepe process.
- Applying a debonding chemical to the hardwood portion is desirable so that these hardwood fibers have a lower propensity of bonding to each other, but retain the capability of being bonded to the network of softwood fibers that is primarily responsible for the working tensile strengths of the paper.
- a temporary wet strength agent can also be added along with the softwood and hardwood fibers to improve the perception of wet strength performance without sacrificing flush ability or septic tank safeness.
- Fabric Creping This process step is primarily responsible for the unique and desirable properties of a tissue sheet. Increased fabric creping increases caliper and decreases tensiles. Further, fabric creping changes the tensile ratios measured in the base sheets allowing sheets with equal MD/CD tensiles or sheets with lower MD than CD tensiles. However, it is desirable for tissue sheets to exhibit equal tensiles in the two directions as most products are used in a manner independent of sheet direction. For example, "poke through" in a toilet paper is influenced by this tensile ratio along with the fact that fabric creping develops higher CD stretch, especially at lower MD/CD ratios than conventional technology.
- Fabrics The design of the fabrics is a salient aspect of the process. But the parameters of the fabric go beyond the size and depth of the depressions woven into it. Their shape and placement is also very important. Diameters of the strands making up the woven fabric are also important. For example, the size of the knuckle that stands at the leading edge of the depression into which the sheet will be creped determines the parameters of fabric crepe ratio and basis weight at which holes will appear in the sheet. The challenge, especially for tissue grades, is to make these depressions as deep as possible with finest possible strand diameters, thereby allowing greater fabric crepe ratios resulting in higher sheet calipers at a given ratio. Clearly, fabric designs need to change based upon the weight of the sheet being produced.
- a very high quality, premium, 2-ply bathroom tissue exhibiting high strength, caliper, and softness can be made on a 44M-design fabric.
- the 44G can also be used to make a heavier (up to 2x) weight single ply sheet with very good results.
- Another property of the fabric design is to impart a pattern into the sheet. Some fabric designs can impart a very noticeable pattern while others produce a pattern that seems to disappear into the background. Often times, consumers want to see the embossing pattern put into the sheet at converting and in these instances a lesser sheet pattern might be more desirable. Some grades may be made without embossing and so a more distinct pattern imparted by the fabric creping step would help impart a "premium" look to the sheet. Consumers tend to view plain sheets as lower quality, lower priced products.
- Creping Since in a typical fabric crepe process of the invention the sheet is transferred to a Yankee dryer for final drying, the sheet can be (and usually is) creped off this dryer to further enhance the softness. Tissue products benefit greatly from this creping step that adds caliper and softness to the sheet. It especially makes for a smooth surface on the Yankee side of the sheet. Further, since the ratio of reel crepe and fabric crepe can be varied independent of production rate (reel speed) there is considerable latitude in changing the properties of the final sheet. Increasing the reel crepe/fabric crepe ratio decreases the two sidedness of the paper since less fabric crepe will be put in for a level of MD stretch. There less prominent "eyebrow" structures in the paper that can affect two-sidedness.
- Calendering By all accounts, more calendering is better insofar as a reasonable level of caliper is maintained in the sheet for subsequent converting. Too little caliper requires too much embossing which then degrades the overall quality. Therefore, one strategy for producing for quality toilet paper is use the coarsest fabric without putting holes in the sheet, reducing the fabric creping level so that more of the MD stretch will come from the reel crepe portion and still get sufficient caliper prior to calendering so that at least about 20-40% of this caliper may be removed during the calendering step. These calendering levels tend to reduce the sidedness of sheets. Alternatively, a quality sheet can be made with a finer fabric but with a lower reel crepe/fabric crepe ratio.
- Towel Products behave in a fashion similar to the tissue sheets to various process parameters. However, in many cases towel products utilize the same parameters but in an opposite direction with some in the same direction. For example, both product forms desire caliper as caliper relates directly to softness in tissue products and absorbency in towel products. In the following parameters, only the differences from tissue situations will be discussed.
- Towels require functional strength in use, which usually means when wetted. To reach these needed tensiles, long softwood fibers are used in ratios about opposite that of tissue products. Ratios of 70 to 90 percent softwood fibers are common. Refining can be used but tends to close up the sheet so much so that the subsequent fabric creping cannot "open" the structure. This results in slower absorbency rates and lower capacities. Unlike tissue products, fines can be utilized in towel sheets providing that not too much hardwood is used as this again would tend to close the sheet and also to reduce its tensile capability.
- debonders can also be used in towels! But their use must be done judiciously. Likewise, refining of the fibers needs to be regulated to lower levels to keep the sheet open and a quick absorber. Therefore chemical strength agents are routinely added. Of course wet strength chemicals must be added to prevent shredding in use. But to get to high wet tensile levels the ratio of wet to dry tensiles must be maximized. If dry tensile levels get too high the towel sheet becomes too "papery" and is judged as low quality by consumers. Therefore, wet strength agents and CMC are added to increase the CD wet/dry ratio from the typical 25% up to the desired 30-35% range.
- Fabric Creping Increasing the fabric creping increases the absorbency directly. Therefore it is desirable to maximize fabric creping.
- FC also reduces tensiles so there is the balance that must be maintained.
- Towel sheets sometimes cannot exhibit high levels of MD stretch because of the type of dispensers that are used. In these cases FC must also be limited. Therefore, towels require a coarser fabric design on average than do tissue sheets. Further, since these wet sheets will typically exhibit considerable wet strength, they may be more difficult to mold at the same consistency as a tissue sheet.
- Coarse fabrics are desirable for towels in general.
- Two-ply towel sheets are typically made on a 44G or 36G fabric or coarser with good results, although good results can be obtained with finer fabrics, particularly if the fabric crepe ratio is increased.
- One-ply sheets often require an even coarser fabric along with other technology to make and acceptable sheet. The longer fibers in the sheets and the higher strengths permit the use of these fabrics and higher FC ratios before holes appear in the sheets.
- Creping Very little creping is done on towel sheets. Creping does increase caliper but does so in a manner similar to CWP sheets. This caliper disappears when wetted and the sheet expands. Caliper from fabric creping acts like a dry sponge when wetted. The sheet expands in the Z-direction and can shrink in the MD & CD directions. This behavior adds greatly to the perceived absorbency of the towels and makes them look similar to TAD towels.
- using the serrated blades of Taurus technology in conjunction with fabric crepe process improves the absorbency, caliper, and softness of the towel sheet. The CD stiffness is reduced while the CD stretch is increased. The higher caliper produced at the blade allows more calendering and hence more sheet smoothness.
- Calendering Towel sheets benefit from calendering for two key reasons. First, calendering smoothes the sheets and improves the tactile feel. Second, it "crushes" the domes produced by the fabrics imparting more Z-direction depth to the feel of the sheet and often improve the absorbent properties at a given caliper.
- the objects included determining: the process requirements that produce 1-ply retail tissue with a sensory softness of 17.0 using Southern hardwood (HW) and softwood (SW); the process requirements that produce 1-ply commercial tissue with a sensory softness of 17.0 using HW and recycled fiber and the effects of fiber and other process variables on sensory softness and physical properties.
- HW Southern hardwood
- SW softwood
- the commercial 1-ply BRT sensory softness objective of 17.0 was achieved at 20 lb basis weight. Consumer testing will determine the effect of reduced basis weight on consumer acceptance of the product.
- calendering at higher than 65 PLI may decrease softness when using virgin HW and recycled fiber.
- 80 PLI may be the upper limit.
- creping fabrics used in this study affected basesheet caliper, but did not significantly affect sensory softness.
- the fabric crepe process of the invention produces a very low modulus sheet that is acceptable for retail or commercial BRT.
- the sheet is attached to the Yankee with a fabric, there is less contact area on the dryer.
- less smoothing of the sheet surface occurs compared to conventional attachment to the Yankee with a felt.
- the airside of the sheet as in conventional wet-press creping, is less smooth than the dryerside. In a 1-ply product the airside contributes to overall softness, since it cannot be hidden to the inside as in a 2-ply product.
- the current approach to improving softness is to build caliper with a relatively coarse creping fabric, add a softening agent and calender with "high" load to smooth the sheet and reduce two-sidedness.
- the tissue (commercial) furnish, for 1-ply BRT, will be 40% Northern HW and 60% recycled fiber.
- FRF is Fox River recycled wet-lap.
- FRF is a high brightness recycled fiber. With only a few data points, 17.5 sensory softness is the best so far. The average, thus far, is 16.9. Here the 17.0 softness target will be less of a challenge. All of the data in the tables below are for a blended basesheet. HW and SW were usually made in separate pulpers and run from different chests.
- the fibers are usually blended at the fan pumps creating a homogenous blend of fiber.
- Table 3 Furnish Softness Adjusted to 450 GMT 80%EUC/20%MAR 17.6 80%SHW/20%MARSW 16.9 40%NHW/60%FRF 16.8 100% FRF 16.4 80%SHW/20%SSW 16.4
- Table 4 Furnish Highest Softness Adjusted to 450 GMT 80%EUC/20%MAR 18.3 40%NHW/60%FRF 17.5 80%SHW/20%SSW 16.9 80%SHW/20%MARSW 16.9 100% FRF 16.4
- Hercules D1152, TQ456 and TQ236 were compared as spray softeners added to the airside of the sheet.
- the table below shows the results.
- Hercules M-5118 was also tried as a spray softener. This material is a polypropylene glycol ether, as is known in the art.
- This material is a polypropylene glycol ether, as is known in the art.
- the sheet was on the 4-foot dryer (transfer cylinder, Figure 3 ), the sheet would not stick to the creping fabric.
- Table 10 Southern HW/Southern SW Emboss Pattern GMT Sensory Softness Softness at 450 GMT Double Hearts 493 16.4 16.6 819 399 16.6 16.4 Butterflies and Swirls 454 16.3 16.3 Butterflies and Swirls 421 16.4 16.3 819 417 16.4 16.3 819 420 16.3 16.2 819 403 16.3 16.1 Table 11 - 40% Northern HW/60% Fox River Recycled Fiber (FRF) Emboss Pattern GMT Sensory Softness Softness at 450 GMT Mosaic Iris 439 17.5 17.5 Butterflies and Swirls, Micro 376 17.3 17.0 Table 12 - 40% Eucalyptus HW/60% Fox River Recycled Fiber (FRF) Example Emboss Pattern GMT Sensory Softness Softness at 450 GMT 255 Mosaic Iris 477 17.6 17.7 254 Butterflies and Swirls, Micro 451 17.0 17.0 256 Butterflies and Swirls, Micro 419 17.0 16.9 Table 13
- Line crepe or overall crepe is calculated by dividing transfer cylinder speed (also appx forming speed) by reel speed. From this value, I is subtracted. The resulting value is multiplied by 100 and is expressed as percent.
- transfer cylinder speed is divided by Yankee speed, because this is also the creping fabric speed, and then 1 is subtracted and multiplied by 100.
- the Yankee speed is divided by the reel speed and then 1 is subtracted and multiplied by 100.
- the transfer cylinder speed and reel speed were held constant and Yankee speed varied to create the different fabric/reel crepe conditions. Basesheet data shows that the highest MD stretch occurred at the highest reel crepe.
- the 56X25G sheets, at 80 PLI calendering had directionally higher sensory softness.
- the fabric crepe process has the ability to easily control MD/CD tensile ratio over a much wider range than conventional wet-press and TAD processes. Ratios of 4.0 to 0.4 have been produced without pushing the process to its limits.
- tissue products required that MD tensile be higher than CD tensile to maximize formation. For maximum softness, CD tensile was kept as low as possible. This increases the risk of failure in use by consumers. If CD tensile could be increased and MD tensile decreased, GMT would remain constant. Therefore, at equivalent overall strength there would be less chance of failure.
- the table below shows 1-ply finished BRT data for two separate trials in which MD/CD tensile ratio was varied. Compare examples 90, 89 107 and 108 in Table 18 below.
- the molding box was located on the creping fabric, between the crepe roll and the solid pressure roll. Sheet solids were usually between 38 and 44% at this point. The effect of vacuum on sheet caliper can be seen in the table. An increase of almost 8 mils of "8-sheet caliper" was observed with 21 inches of mercury vacuum at the molding box. This is about a 14% increase. Both rolls were calendered at 50 PLI with steel/steel rolls. The amount of caliper development is dependent on the coarseness of the fabric weave and the amount of vacuum applied. Other sheet properties were not significantly affected. Drying was affected by use of the molding box. Without a significant change in Yankee hood temperature, sheet moisture after the Yankee increased from 2.66 to 3.65%.
- the present invention is also directed at the following embodiments.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Sanitary Thin Papers (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Claims (14)
- Feuille absorbante de fibres cellulosiques comprenant un mélange de fibres de feuillus et de fibres de résineux aménagées dans un réticulum, la feuille absorbante comprenant :(i) une pluralité de régions enrichies en fibres entassées d'un poids de base local relativement élevé, les régions enrichies en fibres entassées ayant une sollicitation à l'orientation des fibres dans le sens machine (SM) de la feuille et étant interconnectées au moyen(ii) d'une pluralité de régions de liaison de poids de base local inférieur dont l'orientation de fibres est sollicitée dans le sens machine (SM) entre des régions enrichies en fibres entassées interconnectées par celles-ci,dans laquelle la feuille présente un étirage en sens
travers (ST) en pourcentage qui est d'au moins environ 2,75 fois le rapport de traction à sec de la feuille. - Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille présente un volume de vide d'au moins environ 5 g/g, un étirage ST d'au moins environ 5 pour cent et un rapport de traction du sens machine au sens travers (SM/ST) inférieur à environ 1,75.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille présente un volume de vide d'au moins environ 5 g/g, un étirage ST d'au moins environ 10 pour cent et un rapport de traction du sens machine au sens travers (SM/ST) inférieur à environ 2,5.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille présente une absorption d'au moins environ 5 g/g, un étirage ST d'au moins environ 20 pour cent et un rapport de traction du sens machine au sens travers (SM/ST) inférieur à environ 5.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille présente un étirage ST en pourcentage qui est d'au moins environ 3 fois le rapport de traction à sec de la feuille.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille présente un étirage ST en pourcentage qui est d'au moins environ 3,5 fois le rapport de traction à sec de la feuille.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille présente un étirage ST en pourcentage d'au moins environ 4 fois et un rapport de traction à sec d'environ 0,4 à environ 4.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 7, dans laquelle la feuille présente un étirage ST en pourcentage d'au moins environ 6.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 7, dans laquelle la feuille présente un étirage ST en pourcentage d'au moins environ 10.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille a un volume de vide d'au moins 7 g/g.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille a un volume de vide d'au moins 9 g/g.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille a un volume de vide d'au moins 10 g/g.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille est constituée principalement de fibres de feuillus.
- Feuille cellulosique absorbante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la feuille est constituée principalement de fibres de résineux.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SI200532093A SI2492393T1 (sl) | 2004-04-14 | 2005-04-12 | Vpojni izdelek s povečano CD raztegljivostjo in nizkimi nateznimi količniki, narejeni s procesom krepiranja blaga z veliko trdne snovi |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US56202504P | 2004-04-14 | 2004-04-14 | |
EP05733808.9A EP1735496B1 (fr) | 2004-04-14 | 2005-04-12 | Produits en tissu et en eponge, a pressage humide, ayant une extensibilite en sens travers elevee et des rapports de traction faibles, realises au moyen d'un processus de crepage de tissu a teneur elevee en matiere solide |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05733808.9A Division EP1735496B1 (fr) | 2004-04-14 | 2005-04-12 | Produits en tissu et en eponge, a pressage humide, ayant une extensibilite en sens travers elevee et des rapports de traction faibles, realises au moyen d'un processus de crepage de tissu a teneur elevee en matiere solide |
EP05733808.9A Division-Into EP1735496B1 (fr) | 2004-04-14 | 2005-04-12 | Produits en tissu et en eponge, a pressage humide, ayant une extensibilite en sens travers elevee et des rapports de traction faibles, realises au moyen d'un processus de crepage de tissu a teneur elevee en matiere solide |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2492393A1 EP2492393A1 (fr) | 2012-08-29 |
EP2492393B1 true EP2492393B1 (fr) | 2016-07-06 |
Family
ID=34965210
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05733808.9A Active EP1735496B1 (fr) | 2004-04-14 | 2005-04-12 | Produits en tissu et en eponge, a pressage humide, ayant une extensibilite en sens travers elevee et des rapports de traction faibles, realises au moyen d'un processus de crepage de tissu a teneur elevee en matiere solide |
EP12001672.0A Active EP2492393B1 (fr) | 2004-04-14 | 2005-04-12 | Produit absorbant ayant une extensibilité en sens travers élevée et un rapport de traction faible, réalisé au moyen d'un procédé de crêpage de tissu à teneur élevée en matière solide |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05733808.9A Active EP1735496B1 (fr) | 2004-04-14 | 2005-04-12 | Produits en tissu et en eponge, a pressage humide, ayant une extensibilite en sens travers elevee et des rapports de traction faibles, realises au moyen d'un processus de crepage de tissu a teneur elevee en matiere solide |
Country Status (18)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (2) | EP1735496B1 (fr) |
CN (2) | CN101575823B (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2559526C (fr) |
CY (2) | CY1117270T1 (fr) |
DK (2) | DK2492393T3 (fr) |
EG (1) | EG24371A (fr) |
ES (2) | ES2552762T3 (fr) |
HK (2) | HK1168395A1 (fr) |
HU (2) | HUE026574T2 (fr) |
IL (2) | IL177760A (fr) |
LT (1) | LT2492393T (fr) |
NO (2) | NO340490B1 (fr) |
PL (2) | PL1735496T3 (fr) |
PT (2) | PT1735496E (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2365326C2 (fr) |
SI (2) | SI1735496T1 (fr) |
TN (1) | TNSN06280A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005106117A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DK1985754T3 (en) * | 2002-10-07 | 2016-09-19 | Georgia Pacific Consumer Products Lp | A process for producing a bæltekreppet absorbent cellulose layer, and absorbent layer |
US7442278B2 (en) | 2002-10-07 | 2008-10-28 | Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp | Fabric crepe and in fabric drying process for producing absorbent sheet |
US7588660B2 (en) * | 2002-10-07 | 2009-09-15 | Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp | Wet-pressed tissue and towel products with elevated CD stretch and low tensile ratios made with a high solids fabric crepe process |
US7494563B2 (en) * | 2002-10-07 | 2009-02-24 | Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp | Fabric creped absorbent sheet with variable local basis weight |
US8398820B2 (en) | 2002-10-07 | 2013-03-19 | Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp | Method of making a belt-creped absorbent cellulosic sheet |
US7789995B2 (en) * | 2002-10-07 | 2010-09-07 | Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, LP | Fabric crepe/draw process for producing absorbent sheet |
US8293072B2 (en) | 2009-01-28 | 2012-10-23 | Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp | Belt-creped, variable local basis weight absorbent sheet prepared with perforated polymeric belt |
US7585388B2 (en) * | 2005-06-24 | 2009-09-08 | Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp | Fabric-creped sheet for dispensers |
US8540846B2 (en) | 2009-01-28 | 2013-09-24 | Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp | Belt-creped, variable local basis weight multi-ply sheet with cellulose microfiber prepared with perforated polymeric belt |
JP5278237B2 (ja) * | 2008-10-08 | 2013-09-04 | Jnc株式会社 | 複合スパンボンド不織布 |
SE536202C2 (sv) * | 2011-07-12 | 2013-06-25 | Metso Paper Sweden Ab | Förfarande och maskin för tillverkning av en strukturerad fiberbana av papper |
US9267240B2 (en) | 2011-07-28 | 2016-02-23 | Georgia-Pacific Products LP | High softness, high durability bath tissue incorporating high lignin eucalyptus fiber |
EA031293B1 (ru) * | 2013-11-14 | 2018-12-28 | Джиписипи Айпи Холдингз Элэлси | Мягкий абсорбирующий лист, имеющий высокую абсорбирующую способность и большую толщину |
BR112017001514A2 (pt) * | 2014-08-27 | 2018-01-30 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | tecido prensado úmido durável |
US9863095B2 (en) | 2014-09-25 | 2018-01-09 | Gpcp Ip Holdings Llc | Absorbent sheet of cellulosic fibers having an upper side and a lower side with connecting regions forming a network interconnecting hollow domed regions |
EA039115B1 (ru) * | 2015-09-25 | 2021-12-06 | Джиписипи Айпи Холдингз Элэлси | Абсорбирующий лист из целлюлозных волокон |
SE543168C2 (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2020-10-20 | Stora Enso Oyj | A moldable fibrous sheet and a production method thereof |
EP4048127A4 (fr) * | 2019-10-21 | 2023-11-01 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Articles absorbants et leurs procédés de fabrication |
Family Cites Families (113)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3556932A (en) | 1965-07-12 | 1971-01-19 | American Cyanamid Co | Water-soluble,ionic,glyoxylated,vinylamide,wet-strength resin and paper made therewith |
US3545705A (en) | 1967-04-14 | 1970-12-08 | Jwi Ltd | Stainless steel fourdrinier cloth |
US3432936A (en) | 1967-05-31 | 1969-03-18 | Scott Paper Co | Transpiration drying and embossing of wet paper webs |
US3549742A (en) | 1967-09-29 | 1970-12-22 | Scott Paper Co | Method of making a foraminous drainage member |
US3556933A (en) | 1969-04-02 | 1971-01-19 | American Cyanamid Co | Regeneration of aged-deteriorated wet strength resins |
US3858623A (en) | 1969-06-10 | 1975-01-07 | Huyck Corp | Papermakers fabrics |
US3772076A (en) | 1970-01-26 | 1973-11-13 | Hercules Inc | Reaction products of epihalohydrin and polymers of diallylamine and their use in paper |
US3700623A (en) | 1970-04-22 | 1972-10-24 | Hercules Inc | Reaction products of epihalohydrin and polymers of diallylamine and their use in paper |
US4071050A (en) | 1972-09-01 | 1978-01-31 | Nordiska Maskinfilt Aktiebolaget | Double-layer forming fabric |
US3974025A (en) | 1974-04-01 | 1976-08-10 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Absorbent paper having imprinted thereon a semi-twill, fabric knuckle pattern prior to final drying |
SE385486B (sv) | 1974-10-10 | 1976-07-05 | Nordiska Maskinfilt Ab | Formeringsvira for pappers-, cellulosa- eller liknande maskiner samt sett att framstella densamma |
DE2517228C2 (de) | 1975-04-18 | 1981-09-24 | Hermann Wangner Gmbh & Co Kg, 7410 Reutlingen | Papiermaschinensieb und Verwendung desselben in der Nasspartie einer Papiermaschine |
US3994771A (en) | 1975-05-30 | 1976-11-30 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for forming a layered paper web having improved bulk, tactile impression and absorbency and paper thereof |
SE397371C (sv) | 1976-02-24 | 1980-08-18 | Nordiska Maskinfilt Ab | Formeringsvira for pappers-, cellulosa- eller liknande maskiner |
GB1572905A (en) | 1976-08-10 | 1980-08-06 | Scapa Porritt Ltd | Papermakers fabrics |
US4102737A (en) | 1977-05-16 | 1978-07-25 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process and apparatus for forming a paper web having improved bulk and absorptive capacity |
US4161195A (en) | 1978-02-16 | 1979-07-17 | Albany International Corp. | Non-twill paperforming fabric |
US4149571A (en) | 1978-03-03 | 1979-04-17 | Huyck Corporation | Papermaking fabrics |
US4184519A (en) | 1978-08-04 | 1980-01-22 | Wisconsin Wires, Inc. | Fabrics for papermaking machines |
US4314589A (en) | 1978-10-23 | 1982-02-09 | Jwi Ltd. | Duplex forming fabric |
US4239065A (en) | 1979-03-09 | 1980-12-16 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Papermachine clothing having a surface comprising a bilaterally staggered array of wicker-basket-like cavities |
US4225382A (en) * | 1979-05-24 | 1980-09-30 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method of making ply-separable paper |
US4453573A (en) | 1980-02-11 | 1984-06-12 | Huyck Corporation | Papermakers forming fabric |
US4359069A (en) | 1980-08-28 | 1982-11-16 | Albany International Corp. | Low density multilayer papermaking fabric |
US4482429A (en) | 1980-08-29 | 1984-11-13 | James River-Norwalk, Inc. | Paper webs having high bulk and absorbency and process and apparatus for producing the same |
US4376455A (en) | 1980-12-29 | 1983-03-15 | Albany International Corp. | Eight harness papermaking fabric |
US4379735A (en) | 1981-08-06 | 1983-04-12 | Jwi Ltd. | Three-layer forming fabric |
US4420372A (en) * | 1981-11-16 | 1983-12-13 | Crown Zellerbach Corporation | High bulk papermaking system |
DE3146385C2 (de) | 1981-11-23 | 1985-10-31 | Hermann Wangner Gmbh & Co Kg, 7410 Reutlingen | Doppellagiges Gewebe als Bespannung für Papiermaschinen |
US4440597A (en) | 1982-03-15 | 1984-04-03 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Wet-microcontracted paper and concomitant process |
SE441016B (sv) | 1982-04-26 | 1985-09-02 | Nordiskafilt Ab | Formeringsvira for pappers-, cellulosa- eller liknande maskiner |
US4543156A (en) | 1982-05-19 | 1985-09-24 | James River-Norwalk, Inc. | Method for manufacture of a non-woven fibrous web |
US4551199A (en) | 1982-07-01 | 1985-11-05 | Crown Zellerbach Corporation | Apparatus and process for treating web material |
US4689119A (en) | 1982-07-01 | 1987-08-25 | James River Corporation Of Nevada | Apparatus for treating web material |
US4445638A (en) | 1982-09-20 | 1984-05-01 | Honeywell Inc. | Hydronic antitrust operating system |
US4533437A (en) | 1982-11-16 | 1985-08-06 | Scott Paper Company | Papermaking machine |
SE435739B (sv) | 1983-02-23 | 1984-10-15 | Nordiskafilt Ab | Formeringsvira av dubbelvevnadstyp |
DE3307144A1 (de) | 1983-03-01 | 1984-09-13 | Hermann Wangner Gmbh & Co Kg, 7410 Reutlingen | Papiermaschinenbespannung in einer gewebebindung, die keine in laengsrichtung verlaufenden symmetrieachse aufweist |
US4490925A (en) | 1983-06-08 | 1985-01-01 | Wangner Systems Corporation | Low permeability spiral fabric and method |
US4637859A (en) | 1983-08-23 | 1987-01-20 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Tissue paper |
US4529480A (en) | 1983-08-23 | 1985-07-16 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Tissue paper |
US4528316A (en) | 1983-10-18 | 1985-07-09 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Creping adhesives containing polyvinyl alcohol and cationic polyamide resins |
JPS60119293A (ja) | 1983-11-30 | 1985-06-26 | 日本フィルコン株式会社 | 製紙用織物 |
US4605702A (en) | 1984-06-27 | 1986-08-12 | American Cyanamid Company | Temporary wet strength resin |
US4983748A (en) | 1984-08-17 | 1991-01-08 | National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation | Acetals useful for the preparation of polysaccharide derivatives |
US4703116A (en) | 1984-08-17 | 1987-10-27 | National Starch And Chemical Corporation | Polysaccharide derivatives containing aldehyde groups, their preparation from the corresponding acetals and use as paper additives |
US4675394A (en) | 1984-08-17 | 1987-06-23 | National Starch And Chemical Corporation | Polysaccharide derivatives containing aldehyde groups, their preparation from the corresponding acetals and use as paper additives |
US4603176A (en) | 1985-06-25 | 1986-07-29 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Temporary wet strength resins |
US5114777B2 (en) | 1985-08-05 | 1997-11-18 | Wangner Systems Corp | Woven multilayer papermaking fabric having increased stability and permeability and method |
US5066532A (en) | 1985-08-05 | 1991-11-19 | Hermann Wangner Gmbh & Co. | Woven multilayer papermaking fabric having increased stability and permeability and method |
US4849054A (en) | 1985-12-04 | 1989-07-18 | James River-Norwalk, Inc. | High bulk, embossed fiber sheet material and apparatus and method of manufacturing the same |
DE3600530A1 (de) | 1986-01-10 | 1987-07-16 | Wangner Gmbh Co Kg Hermann | Verwendung einer papiermaschinenbespannung zur herstellung von tissue-papier oder poroesem vlies und dafuer geeignete papiermaschinenbespannung |
US4709732A (en) | 1986-05-13 | 1987-12-01 | Huyck Corporation | Fourteen harness dual layer weave |
US4720383A (en) | 1986-05-16 | 1988-01-19 | Quaker Chemical Corporation | Softening and conditioning fibers with imidazolinium compounds |
US4834838A (en) | 1987-02-20 | 1989-05-30 | James River Corporation | Fibrous tape base material |
US4866151A (en) | 1987-03-25 | 1989-09-12 | National Starch And Chemical Corporation | Polysaccharide graft polymers containing acetal groups and their conversion to aldehyde groups |
DE3713510A1 (de) | 1987-04-22 | 1988-11-10 | Oberdorfer Fa F | Papiermaschinensieb aus einem doppellagigen gewebe |
US4759976A (en) | 1987-04-30 | 1988-07-26 | Albany International Corp. | Forming fabric structure to resist rewet of the paper sheet |
US5277761A (en) | 1991-06-28 | 1994-01-11 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Cellulosic fibrous structures having at least three regions distinguished by intensive properties |
DE3817144A1 (de) | 1988-05-19 | 1989-11-30 | Wangner Gmbh Co Kg Hermann | Doppellagige bespannung fuer den blattbildungsbereich einer papiermaschine |
EP0346307A3 (fr) | 1988-06-09 | 1991-03-06 | Nordiskafilt Ab | Feutre humide pour machine à papier |
US4981557A (en) | 1988-07-05 | 1991-01-01 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Temporary wet strength resins with nitrogen heterocyclic nonnucleophilic functionalities and paper products containing same |
US5008344A (en) | 1988-07-05 | 1991-04-16 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Temporary wet strength resins and paper products containing same |
US5138002A (en) | 1988-07-05 | 1992-08-11 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Temporary wet strength resins with nitrogen heterocyclic nonnucleophilic functionalities and paper products containing same |
US5085736A (en) | 1988-07-05 | 1992-02-04 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Temporary wet strength resins and paper products containing same |
US4967085A (en) | 1989-02-03 | 1990-10-30 | Eastman Kodak Company | X-ray intensifying screen including a titanium activated hafnium dioxide phosphor containing neodymium to reduce afterglow |
US4942077A (en) | 1989-05-23 | 1990-07-17 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Tissue webs having a regular pattern of densified areas |
US5054525A (en) | 1989-06-23 | 1991-10-08 | F. Oberdorfer Gmbh & Co. | Double layer forming wire fabric |
US5225269A (en) | 1989-06-28 | 1993-07-06 | Scandiafelt Ab | Press felt |
US5098519A (en) | 1989-10-30 | 1992-03-24 | James River Corporation | Method for producing a high bulk paper web and product obtained thereby |
US5211815A (en) | 1989-10-30 | 1993-05-18 | James River Corporation | Forming fabric for use in producing a high bulk paper web |
US4973512A (en) | 1990-04-03 | 1990-11-27 | Mount Vernon Mills, Inc. | Press felt for use in papermaking machine |
US5023132A (en) | 1990-04-03 | 1991-06-11 | Mount Vernon Mills, Inc. | Press felt for use in papermaking machine |
US5167261A (en) | 1990-06-06 | 1992-12-01 | Asten Group, Inc. | Papermakers fabric with stacked machine direction yarns of a high warp fill |
US5103874A (en) | 1990-06-06 | 1992-04-14 | Asten Group, Inc. | Papermakers fabric with stacked machine direction yarns |
US5199467A (en) | 1990-06-06 | 1993-04-06 | Asten Group, Inc. | Papermakers fabric with stacked machine direction yarns |
US5199261A (en) | 1990-08-10 | 1993-04-06 | Cummins Engine Company, Inc. | Internal combustion engine with turbocharger system |
ATE140046T1 (de) | 1990-10-17 | 1996-07-15 | James River Corp | Schaumbildende methode und vorrichtung |
CA2069193C (fr) | 1991-06-19 | 1996-01-09 | David M. Rasch | Papier de soie portant de grands motifs decoratifs et appareil de fabrication utilise pour ce faire |
US5245025A (en) | 1991-06-28 | 1993-09-14 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method and apparatus for making cellulosic fibrous structures by selectively obturated drainage and cellulosic fibrous structures produced thereby |
US5217576A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1993-06-08 | Dean Van Phan | Soft absorbent tissue paper with high temporary wet strength |
US5223096A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1993-06-29 | Procter & Gamble Company | Soft absorbent tissue paper with high permanent wet strength |
US5219004A (en) | 1992-02-06 | 1993-06-15 | Lindsay Wire, Inc. | Multi-ply papermaking fabric with binder warps |
US5262007A (en) | 1992-04-09 | 1993-11-16 | Procter & Gamble Company | Soft absorbent tissue paper containing a biodegradable quaternized amine-ester softening compound and a temporary wet strength resin |
US5264082A (en) | 1992-04-09 | 1993-11-23 | Procter & Gamble Company | Soft absorbent tissue paper containing a biodegradable quaternized amine-ester softening compound and a permanent wet strength resin |
US5368696A (en) | 1992-10-02 | 1994-11-29 | Asten Group, Inc. | Papermakers wet press felt having high contact, resilient base fabric with hollow monofilaments |
US5240562A (en) | 1992-10-27 | 1993-08-31 | Procter & Gamble Company | Paper products containing a chemical softening composition |
US5312522A (en) | 1993-01-14 | 1994-05-17 | Procter & Gamble Company | Paper products containing a biodegradable chemical softening composition |
US5411636A (en) | 1993-05-21 | 1995-05-02 | Kimberly-Clark | Method for increasing the internal bulk of wet-pressed tissue |
US5372876A (en) | 1993-06-02 | 1994-12-13 | Appleton Mills | Papermaking felt with hydrophobic layer |
US5607551A (en) | 1993-06-24 | 1997-03-04 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Soft tissue |
CA2142805C (fr) | 1994-04-12 | 1999-06-01 | Greg Arthur Wendt | Methode pour l'obtention de papier-mouchoirs |
CA2134594A1 (fr) | 1994-04-12 | 1995-10-13 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Methode pour l'obtention de papier-mouchoir |
US5415737A (en) | 1994-09-20 | 1995-05-16 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Paper products containing a biodegradable vegetable oil based chemical softening composition |
US5508818A (en) | 1994-09-23 | 1996-04-16 | Scan-Code, Inc. | Mixed mail transport |
US5690788A (en) | 1994-10-11 | 1997-11-25 | James River Corporation Of Virginia | Biaxially undulatory tissue and creping process using undulatory blade |
FI102623B (fi) | 1995-10-04 | 1999-01-15 | Valmet Corp | Menetelmä ja laite paperikoneessa |
US5618612A (en) | 1995-05-30 | 1997-04-08 | Huyck Licensco, Inc. | Press felt having fine base fabric |
US5657797A (en) | 1996-02-02 | 1997-08-19 | Asten, Inc. | Press felt resistant to nip rejection |
SE9601136D0 (sv) * | 1996-03-25 | 1996-03-25 | Eka Nobel Ab | Hygienic paper and production thereof |
US6350349B1 (en) * | 1996-05-10 | 2002-02-26 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method for making high bulk wet-pressed tissue |
US6119362A (en) | 1996-06-19 | 2000-09-19 | Valmet Corporation | Arrangements for impingement drying and/or through-drying of a paper or material web |
US5968590A (en) | 1996-09-20 | 1999-10-19 | Valmet Corporation | Method for drying a surface-treated paper web in an after-dryer of a paper machine and after-dryer of a paper machine |
US6001421A (en) | 1996-12-03 | 1999-12-14 | Valmet Corporation | Method for drying paper and a dry end of a paper machine |
US5851353A (en) | 1997-04-14 | 1998-12-22 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method for wet web molding and drying |
US6187137B1 (en) | 1997-10-31 | 2001-02-13 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method of producing low density resilient webs |
US6287426B1 (en) | 1998-09-09 | 2001-09-11 | Valmet-Karlstad Ab | Paper machine for manufacturing structured soft paper |
SE512808C2 (sv) * | 1998-09-09 | 2000-05-15 | Valmet Karlstad Ab | Pappersmaskin och sätt för framställning av strukturerat mjukpapper |
US6432267B1 (en) | 1999-12-16 | 2002-08-13 | Georgia-Pacific Corporation | Wet crepe, impingement-air dry process for making absorbent sheet |
CN1171721C (zh) | 2000-05-12 | 2004-10-20 | 金伯利-克拉克环球有限公司 | 用于增大原纸柔软度的方法和由这种原纸形成的产品 |
US6610173B1 (en) | 2000-11-03 | 2003-08-26 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Three-dimensional tissue and methods for making the same |
JP2002201830A (ja) | 2000-12-30 | 2002-07-19 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | 車両ドアラッチ装置のストライカとその製造方法 |
US6896768B2 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2005-05-24 | Fort James Corporation | Soft bulky multi-ply product and method of making the same |
-
2005
- 2005-04-12 WO PCT/US2005/012320 patent/WO2005106117A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2005-04-12 PT PT57338089T patent/PT1735496E/pt unknown
- 2005-04-12 PL PL05733808T patent/PL1735496T3/pl unknown
- 2005-04-12 DK DK12001672.0T patent/DK2492393T3/en active
- 2005-04-12 ES ES05733808.9T patent/ES2552762T3/es active Active
- 2005-04-12 ES ES12001672.0T patent/ES2590139T3/es active Active
- 2005-04-12 HU HUE05733808A patent/HUE026574T2/en unknown
- 2005-04-12 RU RU2006140088/12A patent/RU2365326C2/ru active
- 2005-04-12 PL PL12001672.0T patent/PL2492393T3/pl unknown
- 2005-04-12 HU HUE12001672A patent/HUE030454T2/en unknown
- 2005-04-12 DK DK05733808.9T patent/DK1735496T3/en active
- 2005-04-12 SI SI200532022T patent/SI1735496T1/sl unknown
- 2005-04-12 PT PT120016720T patent/PT2492393T/pt unknown
- 2005-04-12 CA CA2559526A patent/CA2559526C/fr active Active
- 2005-04-12 SI SI200532093A patent/SI2492393T1/sl unknown
- 2005-04-12 EP EP05733808.9A patent/EP1735496B1/fr active Active
- 2005-04-12 LT LTEP12001672.0T patent/LT2492393T/lt unknown
- 2005-04-12 CN CN2009101348872A patent/CN101575823B/zh active Active
- 2005-04-12 CN CN200580011238A patent/CN100587158C/zh active Active
- 2005-04-12 EP EP12001672.0A patent/EP2492393B1/fr active Active
-
2006
- 2006-08-29 IL IL177760A patent/IL177760A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-09-12 TN TNP2006000280A patent/TNSN06280A1/en unknown
- 2006-10-12 EG EGNA2006000974 patent/EG24371A/xx active
- 2006-11-14 NO NO20065220A patent/NO340490B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2007
- 2007-02-16 HK HK12108494.0A patent/HK1168395A1/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-02-16 HK HK07101896.6A patent/HK1095861A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2010
- 2010-01-17 IL IL203346A patent/IL203346A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2015
- 2015-11-12 CY CY20151101017T patent/CY1117270T1/el unknown
-
2016
- 2016-09-13 CY CY20161100910T patent/CY1118013T1/el unknown
-
2017
- 2017-03-28 NO NO20170506A patent/NO20170506A1/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7588660B2 (en) | Wet-pressed tissue and towel products with elevated CD stretch and low tensile ratios made with a high solids fabric crepe process | |
EP2492393B1 (fr) | Produit absorbant ayant une extensibilité en sens travers élevée et un rapport de traction faible, réalisé au moyen d'un procédé de crêpage de tissu à teneur élevée en matière solide | |
CA2780065C (fr) | Procede de crepage par toile et de sechage dans la toile pour la fabrication d'une feuille absorbante | |
CA2858122C (fr) | Procede d'extension d'un tissu crepe utilise pour produire une feuille absorbante | |
EP1985754A2 (fr) | Procédé de tissu crêpe pour réaliser une feuille absorbante |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
AC | Divisional application: reference to earlier application |
Ref document number: 1735496 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: P |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
RIC1 | Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant |
Ipc: D21F 11/02 20060101AFI20120807BHEP Ipc: B31F 1/12 20060101ALI20120807BHEP Ipc: D21H 11/20 20060101ALI20120807BHEP |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20121107 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HK Ref legal event code: DE Ref document number: 1168395 Country of ref document: HK |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20140403 |
|
GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
INTG | Intention to grant announced |
Effective date: 20151015 |
|
INTG | Intention to grant announced |
Effective date: 20160229 |
|
GRAS | Grant fee paid |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AC | Divisional application: reference to earlier application |
Ref document number: 1735496 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: P |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: REF Ref document number: 810805 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Effective date: 20160715 Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R096 Ref document number: 602005049705 Country of ref document: DE |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: PT Ref legal event code: SC4A Ref document number: 2492393 Country of ref document: PT Date of ref document: 20160902 Kind code of ref document: T Free format text: AVAILABILITY OF NATIONAL TRANSLATION Effective date: 20160829 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: RO Ref legal event code: EPE |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DK Ref legal event code: T3 Effective date: 20160906 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: NL Ref legal event code: FP |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: SE Ref legal event code: TRGR |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: EE Ref legal event code: FG4A Ref document number: E012515 Country of ref document: EE Effective date: 20160912 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FG2A Ref document number: 2590139 Country of ref document: ES Kind code of ref document: T3 Effective date: 20161118 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GR Ref legal event code: EP Ref document number: 20160402122 Country of ref document: GR Effective date: 20161118 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: PLFP Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R097 Ref document number: 602005049705 Country of ref document: DE |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: MC Payment date: 20170310 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: LT Payment date: 20170320 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: RO Payment date: 20170321 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: EE Payment date: 20170329 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HK Ref legal event code: GR Ref document number: 1168395 Country of ref document: HK |
|
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HU Ref legal event code: AG4A Ref document number: E030454 Country of ref document: HU |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Payment date: 20170313 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: IS Payment date: 20170307 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: BG Payment date: 20170330 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: LU Payment date: 20170324 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: SK Payment date: 20170313 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
26N | No opposition filed |
Effective date: 20170407 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IE Payment date: 20170410 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: CY Payment date: 20170308 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: DK Payment date: 20170411 Year of fee payment: 13 Ref country code: CH Payment date: 20170412 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: PT Payment date: 20170626 Year of fee payment: 7 Ref country code: SI Payment date: 20170327 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: NV Representative=s name: SCHNEIDER FELDMANN AG PATENT- UND MARKENANWAEL, CH Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PUE Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC, US Free format text: FORMER OWNER: GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS LP, US |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: NL Ref legal event code: PD Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC; US Free format text: DETAILS ASSIGNMENT: CHANGE OF OWNER(S), ASSIGNMENT; FORMER OWNER NAME: GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS LP Effective date: 20180123 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: EE Ref legal event code: GB1A Ref document number: E012515 Country of ref document: EE Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: PLFP Year of fee payment: 14 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: LU Ref legal event code: PD Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC; US Free format text: FORMER OWNER: GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS LP Effective date: 20180220 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: SI Ref legal event code: SP73 Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC; US Effective date: 20180206 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: SK Ref legal event code: PC4A Ref document number: E 22056 Country of ref document: SK Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, US Free format text: FORMER OWNER: GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS LP, ATLANTA GA, US Effective date: 20180312 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: PC2A Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC Effective date: 20180403 Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: PC2A Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC Effective date: 20180417 Ref country code: BE Ref legal event code: FP Effective date: 20160912 Ref country code: BE Ref legal event code: PD Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC; US Free format text: DETAILS ASSIGNMENT: CHANGE OF OWNER(S), CESSION; FORMER OWNER NAME: GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS LP Effective date: 20180314 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: PC Ref document number: 810805 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC, US Effective date: 20180314 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HU Ref legal event code: FH1C Free format text: FORMER REPRESENTATIVE(S): SBGK SZABADALMI UEGYVIVOEI IRODA, HU Representative=s name: DR. KOCSOMBA NELLI UEGYVEDI IRODA, HU Ref country code: HU Ref legal event code: GB9C Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC, US Free format text: FORMER OWNER(S): GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS LP, US |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: 732E Free format text: REGISTERED BETWEEN 20180503 AND 20180509 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: TP Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC, US Effective date: 20180611 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R081 Ref document number: 602005049705 Country of ref document: DE Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC, ATLANTA, US Free format text: FORMER OWNER: GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS LP, ATLANTA, GA., US |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: LT Ref legal event code: MM4D Effective date: 20180412 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: EE Ref legal event code: MM4A Ref document number: E012515 Country of ref document: EE Effective date: 20180430 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DK Ref legal event code: EBP Effective date: 20180430 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: MC Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180430 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: BE Ref legal event code: MM Effective date: 20180430 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: SK Ref legal event code: MM4A Ref document number: E 22056 Country of ref document: SK Effective date: 20180412 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: UEP Ref document number: 810805 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Effective date: 20160706 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: MM4A |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20181012 Ref country code: EE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180430 Ref country code: CY Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180412 Ref country code: LT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180412 Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180412 Ref country code: IS Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20181031 Ref country code: SK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180412 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: SI Ref legal event code: KO00 Effective date: 20181204 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180430 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180430 Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180430 Ref country code: SI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180413 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180412 Ref country code: RO Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180412 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20180430 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BG Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20190430 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20191105 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HU Ref legal event code: HC9C Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC, US Free format text: FORMER OWNER(S): GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS LP, US |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HU Ref legal event code: HC9C Owner name: GPCP IP HOLDINGS LLC, US Free format text: FORMER OWNER(S): GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS LP, US |
|
P01 | Opt-out of the competence of the unified patent court (upc) registered |
Effective date: 20230528 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: HU Payment date: 20230320 Year of fee payment: 19 Ref country code: FI Payment date: 20230411 Year of fee payment: 19 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Payment date: 20240315 Year of fee payment: 20 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CZ Payment date: 20240319 Year of fee payment: 20 Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20240229 Year of fee payment: 20 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: TR Payment date: 20240320 Year of fee payment: 20 Ref country code: SE Payment date: 20240312 Year of fee payment: 20 Ref country code: PL Payment date: 20240315 Year of fee payment: 20 Ref country code: IT Payment date: 20240313 Year of fee payment: 20 Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20240308 Year of fee payment: 20 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20240306 Year of fee payment: 20 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Payment date: 20240509 Year of fee payment: 20 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: AT Payment date: 20240326 Year of fee payment: 20 |