EP2399095A2 - Heat exchanger - Google Patents
Heat exchangerInfo
- Publication number
- EP2399095A2 EP2399095A2 EP10744454A EP10744454A EP2399095A2 EP 2399095 A2 EP2399095 A2 EP 2399095A2 EP 10744454 A EP10744454 A EP 10744454A EP 10744454 A EP10744454 A EP 10744454A EP 2399095 A2 EP2399095 A2 EP 2399095A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fin
- bluff body
- heat exchanger
- collar
- bluff
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
- F28F1/24—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely
- F28F1/32—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/02—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by influencing fluid boundary
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
Definitions
- a plate fin heat exchanger or finned-tube heat exchanger generally comprises a plurality of thin metal plates or fins (hereinafter, referred to as "fins").
- the fins have holes that accept tubes therethrough, hi most plate fin heat exchangers, a large number of fins having multiple holes that are arranged to accept a generally serpentine arrangement of tubes that pass through the holes.
- the fins and tubes are connected so that heat conduction between the fins and tubes is possible.
- the fins typically have a large amount of surface area to interact with an incoming fluid flow. This fluid can be air, water, brine, refrigerant, or any other suitable heat transfer fluid hereafter referred to as "air”. The large amount of surface area promotes heat exchange between the fins and the incoming flow of air.
- a heat exchanger comprises a first fin having a hole, a collar attached to the first fin and associated with the hole, and a bluff body carried by the first fin wherein the bluff body is at least partially directly upstream of a portion of the collar.
- the heat exchanger comprises a fin having a hole, a collar attached to the fin and associated with the hole, and a bluff body.
- the bluff body is associated with the fin and a configuration of the bluff body is associated with a fin pitch separation distance of the heat exchanger.
- a method of increasing a heat exchange efficiency of a heat exchanger comprises passing an air flow adjacent a surface of a fin of the heat exchanger, at least partially obstructing the air flow with a bluff body associated with the fin, reducing a thickness of a thermal boundary layer downstream of the bluff body, and locating a reduced thickness portion of the thermal boundary layer adjacent to a collar associated with the fin.
- Figure 1 is an orthogonal top view of a portion of a plate fin heat exchanger
- Figure 2 is an oblique view of a portion of another plate fin heat exchanger
- Figure 3 is an orthogonal top view of a portion of still another plate fin heat exchanger
- Figure 4 is a an orthogonal side view of a thermal boundary layer caused by a bluff body of the plate fin heat exchanger of Figure 3;
- Figure 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for constructing a portion of a plate fin heat exchanger
- Figure 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method of increasing a heat transfer efficiency of a heat exchanger.
- a heat exchange efficiency of a plate fin heat exchanger depends, among other things, on the structural features of the components of the plate fin heat exchanger and the orientation of those components with respect an incoming flow of air.
- FIG 1 an orthogonal view of a section of a fin 102 of an existing plate fin heat exchanger 100 is shown.
- the fin 102 comprises a plurality of turbulence-inducing louvers 112 disposed on a surface of fin 102.
- An incoming flow of air 126 is indicated by dashed arrows.
- the dashed arrows point generally leftward in Figure 1, thereby indicating movement of the incoming flow of air 126 as being generally from right to left in Figure 1.
- the louvers 112 generally surround a non-louvered, generally flat, substantially oval- shaped base region 110.
- a substantially annular collar 108 is secured to the base region 110 and lies substantially coaxial with a hole formed in the fin 102.
- the collar 108 serves to increase the mechanical strength of the joinder between the fin and a tube 106 that passes through the hole and the collar 108.
- the collar 108 also serves to increase the heat conductivity between the tube 106 and the fin 102.
- the tube 106 is of the so-called "interactive" tube types and the tube 106 allows passage of fluids (i.e. refrigerants) through tube 106 and consequently generally perpendicularly through the thickness of the fin 102.
- the fin 102, tube 106, and collar 108 are each constructed of a suitable thermally-conductive material, such as, but not limited to, copper, aluminum, and the like.
- a suitable thermally-conductive material such as, but not limited to, copper, aluminum, and the like.
- the above-described transferring of heat between the incoming flow of air 126 and the fluid flowing through the tube 106 is accomplished in part by transferring heat through the fin 102, collar 108, and/or tube 106 as intermediate heat conductors between the incoming flow of air 126 and the fluid flowing through the tube 106.
- a thermal region 104 delineates an area where a reduced amount of thermal mixing occurs due to the temperature difference between the incoming flow of air 126 and the components of the plate fin heat exchanger 100.
- the thermal region 104 is an area where little thermal mixing and heat exchange occurs between the incoming flow of air 126 and the components of the plate fin heat exchanger 100. Such thermal mixing and heat exchange is generally beneficial to the operation of the plate fin heat exchanger 100.
- the present disclosure provides systems and methods for increasing the heat exchange efficiency of heat exchangers by causing thermal mixing and heat transfer near the interface between a fin, collar, and tube of the plate fin heat exchanger.
- the increase in heat exchange efficiency of heat exchangers is accomplished, at least in some embodiments, by providing bluff bodies on fins of heat exchangers.
- the bluff bodies are located substantially directly upstream of the tubes of heat exchangers.
- plate fin heat exchanger 200 an oblique view of a portion of a plate fin heat exchanger 200 is shown. For clarity and ease of discussion, only two fins 202 of the plate fin heat exchanger 200 are shown and the fins 202 are arranged in a so-called "open stack" configuration. However, it should be understood that plate fin heat exchanger 200 comprises more than two fins 202. Further, it will be appreciated that the teachings disclosed herein are also applicable to any other type of heat exchanger that has a fin associated with a tube. Still further, alternative embodiments of plate fin heat exchangers and other types of heat exchangers may comprise any number of fins, even as few as one fin.
- plate fin heat exchanger 200 comprises fins 202.
- Each fin 202 comprises an annular collar 208 attached thereto in substantially the same manner collar 108 is attached to fin 102.
- Tubes 206 which are substantially similar to tube 106, are disposed through collars 208 and fins 202 in substantially the same manner tube 106 is disposed through collar 108 and fin 102.
- plate fin heat exchanger 200 comprises a plurality of bluff bodies 216.
- the bluff bodies 216 are associated with the surfaces 204 of fins 202.
- a dominant aerodynamic drag characteristic of bluff bodies 216 is pressure drag (e.g., as opposed to frictional or viscous drag associated with a "streamlined" body), m this embodiment, bluff bodies 216 are located generally directly upstream of respective fin collars 208 so that associated bluff bodies 216 and collars 208 substantially lie along shared bisection lines 210.
- Bisection lines 210 lie generally parallel with the direction of an incoming air flow 226.
- bluff bodies may be generally upstream of the collars without lying on the bisection lines 210.
- bluff bodies may alternatively be located upstream of the collars and/or tubes while still at least partially remaining within an upstream footprint of the associated collars and/or tubes generally defined by the width and/or diameter of the collars and/or tubes.
- the bluff body is referred to as being at least partially directly upstream of a portion of the collars and/or tubes.
- bluff bodies 216 are formed as indentations in fins 202 and protrude away from surfaces 204.
- the bluff bodies 216 are generally hemispherical in shape and may be referred to alternatively as “dimples" or "bumps".
- a bluff body may comprise any other suitable shape and may be deposited onto surfaces such as surfaces 204 rather than being integral and formed from such surfaces. In either case, whether a bluff body is formed as a piece of a fin or whether a bluff body is attached to a fin, the bluff body is referred to as being carried by the fin.
- Bluff bodies 216 and other embodiments of bluff bodies may be formed by pressing, milling, machining, molding, or any other suitable manufacturing technique.
- alternative embodiments of bluff bodies may be generally spherical, cylindrical, elliptical, rectangular, triangular, or any other suitable shape.
- a substitute dimension may be selected for determining the size and location of the bluff body.
- the substitute dimension may be selected as one-half the length of the bluff body, where the length is the maximum length of the bluff body as measured transverse to the incoming flow of air.
- a suitable radius 214 (only one shown in Figure 2 for clarity), for a hemispherical bluff body 216 is in a range of between about 0.5 to about 1.5 times a fin pitch 212 where the fin pitch 212 is defined as a distance between adjacent fins 202.
- a radius may have a value of between about 1/2 inch to about 1 1/2 inches.
- the radius of a bluff body may be about l/20 th to 3/20 ths of an inch.
- a suitable separation distance 224 between the bluff bodies 216 and the associated collars 208 is in a range of between about 1 to about 5 times the diameter of bluff body 216 (i.e. about 2 to about 10 times the radii 214 of bluff bodies 216).
- the bluff body may be located between about 2 inches to about 10 inches upstream from the associated collar.
- the separation distance is generally measured along bisection lines 210 between the collars 208 and the associated bluff bodies 216.
- a bluff body may be located on a fin and separated from an associated collar and/or tube by a distance of about 0.1 to about 0.25 inches in an upstream direction, hi some embodiments, the fin pitch may be a design parameter determined by the diameters of the tubes. In some embodiments, the diameter of tubes may be in a range of about 1/8 inch to about 1 inch, hi an embodiment where the diameter of a tube is about 3/8 inch, the corresponding appropriate fin pitch may be in a range of about 0.05 inches to about 0.25 inches. It will be appreciated that the size and location of a bluff body 216 are parameters of the configuration of the bluff body 216.
- the configuration of a bluff body (i.e. a dimension of the bluff body and the location of the bluff body relative to either the tube and/or the collar) is associated with and/or depends on the fin pitch of the heat exchanger.
- a bluff body i.e. a dimension of the bluff body and the location of the bluff body relative to either the tube and/or the collar
- the fin pitch of the heat exchanger is associated with and/or depends on the fin pitch of the heat exchanger.
- heat exchangers may include no turbulence-inducing louvers.
- An incoming flow of air 326 is indicated by dashed arrows.
- the dashed arrows point generally leftward in Figure 3, thereby indicating movement of the incoming flow of air 326 as being generally from right to left in Figure 3.
- the louvers 312 generally surround a non-louvered, generally flat, substantially oval-shaped base region 310.
- a substantially annular collar 308 is secured to the base region 310 and lies substantially coaxial with a hole formed in the fin 302. The collar 308 serves to increase the mechanical strength of the joinder between the fin 302 and a tube 302 that passes through the hole and the collar 308.
- the collar 308 also serves to increase the heat conductivity between the tube 306 and the fin 308.
- the tube 306 is of the so-called “interactive" tube types and the tube 306 allows passage of fluids (i.e. refrigerants) through tube 306 and consequently generally perpendicularly through the thickness of the fin 306.
- the fin 306, tube 306, and collar 308 are each constructed of a suitable thermally- conductive material, such as, but not limited to, copper, aluminum, and the like. [0022] When the plate fin heat exchanger 300 is used in a cooling mode of operation, the incoming flow of air 326 transfers heat to the fluid flowing through the tube 306.
- heat is transferred from the fluid flowing through the tube 306 to the incoming flow of air 326.
- the above-described transferring of heat between the incoming flow of air 326 and the fluid flowing through the tube 306 is accomplished in part by transferring heat through the fin 302, collar 308, and/or tube 306 as intermediate heat conductors between the incoming flow of air 326 and the fluid flowing through the tube 306.
- the plate fin heat exchanger 300 further comprises a bluff body 316 substantially similar to bluff body 216.
- the bluff body 316 lies generally directly upstream of collar 308 and protrudes up and away from surface 310.
- Bluff body 316 is a hemispherical bump with a radius 317. In some embodiments, the radius 317 may be in a range of about 1/20* to about 3/20 tlls of an inch.
- the bluff body 316 interferes with and agitates the flow of incoming air 326 diminishing a thermal region 304 that has been experimentally identified through the use of infrared imaging.
- the thermal region 304 delineates an area where a reduced amount of thermal mixing occurs due to the temperature difference between the incoming flow of air 326 and the components of the plate fin heat exchanger 300.
- the thermal region 304 is an area where little thermal mixing and heat exchange occurs between the incoming flow of air 326 and the components of the plate fin heat exchanger 300. Such thermal mixing and heat exchange is generally beneficial to the operation of the plate fin heat exchanger 300.
- the incoming flow of air 326 flows over and around bluff body 316, improving thermal mixing primarily upstream of and around the outer surfaces of the tube 306 and the collar 308.
- the bluff bodies 216 and 316 create a stream-wise vortex in the incoming flows of air 226 and 326 that facilitates the transfer of heat, hi particular, for example, bluff body 316 generates two stream- wise vortices in the incoming flow of air 326.
- the two vortices may be considered two legs of a single vortex that wraps around the upstream-facing surface of bluff body 316. Due to the vortex shape, the vortex may be referred to as a "horseshoe vortex" or a "hairpin vortex".
- Figure 4 is an orthogonal side view of a thermal image of the effect the horseshoe vortex generated by bluff body 316 has on a thermal boundary layer, and the effect of this vortex on a thermal boundary layer 307 are depicted in Figure 4.
- the thermal boundary layer 307 signifies an area over which a temperature gradient exists between the fin 302 and the incoming flow of air 326.
- Figure 4 shows that thermal boundary layer 307 is thickest upstream from the bluff body 316 at upstream portion 307a of the thermal boundary layer 307.
- Figure 4 further shows that the thermal boundary layer 307 is removed from the surface of fin 302 immediately downstream of bluff body 216 at offset portion 307b of the thermal boundary layer 307.
- a thin reformation portion 307c forms adjacent the surface of fin 302 while some offset remnant portions 307d exist offset from fin 302 but disconnected from and downstream from offset portion 307b.
- the thermal boundary layer 307 gradually increases in thickness between thin reformation portion 307c and the further downstream reduced thickness portion 307e. It will be appreciated that the bluff body 316 causes the thinning of the boundary layer 307 which indicates that heat transfer is accomplished more efficiently downstream of the bluff body 316 than upstream of the bluff body 316 at upstream portion 307a.
- the plate fin heat exchanger 300 exchanges heat more efficiently. Further, the vortex agitates the viscous boundary layer around the tube 306 thereby reducing a pressure drop that may occur near the tube 306.
- Empirical data indicates that, in some embodiments, the heat transfer efficiency of the fin 302 may be substantially higher by including the bluff body 316 as shown in Figures 3 and 4.
- a plate fin substantially similar to fin 302 may be used in heat exchangers for HVAC residential applications such as for example, heating and/or air conditioning systems in apartments, condominiums, dwellings, or houses.
- a plate fin substantially similar to fin 302 may be used in heat exchangers for HVAC commercial applications such as, for example, HVAC systems in commercial, public or industrial buildings or facilities, or other types of buildings or facilities that distribute conditioned air.
- a plate fin substantially similar to fin 302 may be incorporated into various components and structures that might benefit from the use of a fin with a bluff body disposed thereon, such as for example, an evaporative coil of an outdoor air coil or a condenser coil in an air handling unit.
- Figure 5 details the steps of a method 400 of constructing a HVAC heat exchanger in accordance with the principles disclosed herein.
- method 400 may be used to construct one or more of the fins 202, 302.
- a plate fin is formed.
- the plate fin may be structurally and functionally similar to that of the fins 202, 302.
- the fin may include a thin elongated plate constructed of a thermally conductive material such as copper or aluminum.
- a hole is formed through the fin.
- the formed hole may be structurally and functionally similar to that of the opening provided by the holes associated with collars 108, 208, 308.
- the hole is sized to accommodate a tube such as 106, 206, 306 and might be formed by a mechanical punch or mill.
- a collar is assembled in association with the hole and the fin.
- the collar may be structurally and functionally similar to the collar 108, 208, 308.
- the collar may include a thermally conductive material and might be mounted over the associated hole, and fixed to the fin by welding or brazing.
- the collar may be molded or pressed into the fin.
- a bluff body is formed adjacent to the collar on the fin.
- the formed bluff body may be structurally and functionally similar to that of the bluff bodies 216, 316.
- the bluff body might be a hemi-spherical bump, or might include other shapes.
- the bluff body may be formed by, for example pressing, stamping, milling, or molding the bluff body into the fin.
- the bluff body might be disposed on the fin rather than formed from the fin.
- the size and location of the bluff body may be any of those locations and sized described above with respect to bluff bodies 216, 316.
- the steps 402, 404, 406, and 408 may be interchanged and may occur sequentially or in parallel.
- the collar might be formed over the fin prior to forming the hole through at steps 406 and 404.
- the bluff body and the collar may be formed prior to forming the hole at steps 408, 406, and 404.
- This disposing the bluff body on radiative bodies, on a fin in this embodiment, at the above-described locations with above-described dimensions promotes enhanced heat transfer efficiency and greater thermal mixing.
- a method 500 of increasing a heat exchange efficiency of a heat exchanger is shown.
- the method 500 is accomplished, at block 502, by passing an incoming flow of air (such as incoming flow of air 126, 226, 326) over a surface of a fin such as fin 102, 202, 302.
- the incoming flow of air is at least partially obstructed by a bluff body (such as bluff body 216, 316) that is associated with the fin.
- a thickness of a thermal boundary layer is reduced downstream of the bluff body.
- the thermal boundary layer is caused to be located adjacent a collar associated with the fin.
- the sizing and location of the bluff body on the fin contributes to the location of the reduced thickness boundary layer adjacent the collar. It will further be appreciated that in alternative embodiments where no collar is used, the reduced thickness boundary layer may be caused to be located adjacent a tube associated with the fin. In the manner described above, a heat exchange efficiency of a heat exchanger may be increased. [0034] At least one embodiment is disclosed and variations, combinations, and/or modifications of the embodiment(s) and/or features of the embodiment(s) made by a person having ordinary skill in the art are within the scope of the disclosure. Alternative embodiments that result from combining, integrating, and/or omitting features of the embodiment(s) are also within the scope of the disclosure.
- R Ri+k*(R u -R]), wherein k is a variable ranging from 1 percent to 100 percent with a 1 percent increment, i.e., k is 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, 5 percent, ... 50 percent, 51 percent, 52 percent, ..., 95 percent, 96 percent, 97 percent, 98 percent, 99 percent, or 100 percent.
- any numerical range defined by two R numbers as defined in the above is also specifically disclosed.
- Use of the term "optionally" with respect to any element of a claim means that the element is required, or alternatively, the element is not required, both alternatives being within the scope of the claim.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/390,843 US20100212876A1 (en) | 2009-02-23 | 2009-02-23 | Heat Exchanger |
PCT/US2010/024995 WO2010096796A2 (en) | 2009-02-23 | 2010-02-23 | Heat exchanger |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2399095A2 true EP2399095A2 (en) | 2011-12-28 |
EP2399095A4 EP2399095A4 (en) | 2014-04-02 |
Family
ID=42629923
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP10744454.9A Withdrawn EP2399095A4 (en) | 2009-02-23 | 2010-02-23 | Heat exchanger |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20100212876A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2399095A4 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102326048A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2753385C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010096796A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102083296A (en) * | 2009-11-27 | 2011-06-01 | 鸿富锦精密工业(深圳)有限公司 | Heat radiating device |
EP2836783B1 (en) * | 2012-04-12 | 2019-06-05 | Carrier Corporation | Sacrificial aluminum fins for failure mode protection of an aluminum heat exchanger |
US20140262188A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Ramana Venkato Rao Sistla | Fin Spacing On An Evaporative Atmospheric Water Condenser |
CN103245244B (en) * | 2013-05-10 | 2016-03-16 | 丹佛斯微通道换热器(嘉兴)有限公司 | Heat exchanger |
US10287983B2 (en) * | 2014-01-07 | 2019-05-14 | United Technologies Corporation | Cross-stream heat exchanger |
CN107576218B (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2023-06-30 | 广东美的暖通设备有限公司 | Heat exchanger assembly and method of manufacturing the same |
BE1027057B1 (en) * | 2019-02-18 | 2020-09-14 | Safran Aero Boosters Sa | AIR-OIL HEAT EXCHANGER |
US11549757B2 (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2023-01-10 | Joseph M. Loiacano | Aftercooler device with ribs for aligning cooling tubes in a twelve-pass configuration |
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2009
- 2009-02-23 US US12/390,843 patent/US20100212876A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2010
- 2010-02-23 CA CA2753385A patent/CA2753385C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-02-23 EP EP10744454.9A patent/EP2399095A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-02-23 CN CN2010800090192A patent/CN102326048A/en active Pending
- 2010-02-23 WO PCT/US2010/024995 patent/WO2010096796A2/en active Application Filing
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US5628362A (en) * | 1993-12-22 | 1997-05-13 | Goldstar Co., Ltd. | Fin-tube type heat exchanger |
JPH08170889A (en) * | 1994-12-16 | 1996-07-02 | Daikin Ind Ltd | Cross fin type heat-exchanger |
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FR2866104A1 (en) * | 2004-02-06 | 2005-08-12 | Lgl France | Metallic fin for heat exchanger, has heat exchange increasing unit constituted by deviation structures placed upstream and downstream of holes for forcing air to pass on both sides of holes, so that tubes cross holes |
EP2006629A2 (en) * | 2006-03-23 | 2008-12-24 | Panasonic Corporation | Fin-tube heat exchanger, fin for heat exchanger, and heat pump device |
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Title |
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See also references of WO2010096796A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN102326048A (en) | 2012-01-18 |
WO2010096796A3 (en) | 2010-11-04 |
CA2753385A1 (en) | 2010-08-26 |
US20100212876A1 (en) | 2010-08-26 |
CA2753385C (en) | 2015-10-06 |
EP2399095A4 (en) | 2014-04-02 |
WO2010096796A2 (en) | 2010-08-26 |
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