EP2397756B1 - Furnace for burning solid fuels - Google Patents

Furnace for burning solid fuels Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2397756B1
EP2397756B1 EP11170106.6A EP11170106A EP2397756B1 EP 2397756 B1 EP2397756 B1 EP 2397756B1 EP 11170106 A EP11170106 A EP 11170106A EP 2397756 B1 EP2397756 B1 EP 2397756B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
furnace
gasifier
combustion zone
burner
region
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EP11170106.6A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2397756A3 (en
EP2397756A2 (en
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Hans-Jürgen BRANDT
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Windhager Zentralheizung Technik GmbH
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Windhager Zentralheizung Technik GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B50/00—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone
    • F23B50/12—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone the fuel being fed to the combustion zone by free fall or by sliding along inclined surfaces, e.g. from a conveyor terminating above the fuel bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B10/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B60/00—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel burns essentially without moving
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B90/00—Combustion methods not related to a particular type of apparatus
    • F23B90/04—Combustion methods not related to a particular type of apparatus including secondary combustion
    • F23B90/06—Combustion methods not related to a particular type of apparatus including secondary combustion the primary combustion being a gasification or pyrolysis in a reductive atmosphere

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a furnace with at least one burner for the combustion of solids, in particular pellets, with at least one primary air supply and at least one secondary air supply, wherein the furnace with at least two separate combustion zones, at least a first combustion zone for the solid fuel and at least a second combustion zone is formed for the gasified solid fuel, wherein the first combustion zone is arranged in a substantially tubular carburetor part, which has at least one primary air supply in a ground-level third, and the second combustion zone is arranged in a burner part having at least one burner, wherein the second combustion zone arranged higher is, as the first combustion zone, wherein the burner part is arranged higher than the carburetor part, and wherein in a feed section of the carburettor part opens a charging device for heating material wherein at the top of the carburettor part in the feed section, a solid fuel discharges into the carburetor section via a feed opening, and wherein the feed section is located in an upper third of the carburetor section and the solid fuel
  • Wood gasification boilers for firewood furnaces are fed once with fuel, incinerate this fuel with supply of a first amount of air incomplete in a Glutzone in the bottom area - with the feed fuel by gravity down into this Glutzone slips - and subsequently the incompletely burned gases directly from the primary Glutzone forwarded to an afterburner zone below or in the side area for complete combustion, in which case the second air supply takes place.
  • the DE 600 33 782 T2 which discloses the preamble of claim 1, shows a process for the gasification of carbonaceous fuels in a fixed-bed gasifier according to the countercurrent principle, where at the fuel and - from below the fuel bed - primary air is fed into the gasification reactor is withdrawn from above the fuel bed product gas.
  • the EP 2 077 311 describes a device for the gasification of biomass, wherein the gasification is carried out by the heat released during the combustion of biomass without direct connection of heat source to the gasification material.
  • the US 5,678,494 A1 discloses a biomass furnace having a first combustion zone for the solid fuel and a second combustion zone for the gasified solid fuel, the first combustion zone having a substantially tubular carburetor portion.
  • the second combustion zone is arranged laterally of the first combustion zone.
  • a similar firing is from the US 4,463,687 A known. Again, there is a second combustion zone to the side of a first combustion zone.
  • the US 5,823,122 A shows a system for the production of fuel gas from solid biomass and for the combustion of this fuel gas.
  • the system comprises a gasification zone for the solid fuel and a combustion zone for the gasified solid fuel, wherein the gasification zone is arranged in a substantially tubular gasifier part and the combustion zone in a burner part having a burner.
  • the combustion zone is higher, arranged as the gasification zone, the burner part higher than the carburetor part.
  • the solid fuel is supplied from below via a fuel supply device. The feed section is thus below the fuel stack.
  • the DE 10 2006 046 599 A1 discloses a method and apparatus for combusting fuels in an oven having a first chamber for combusting the fuel with a primary controllable air supply and a second chamber connected to the first chamber.
  • the second chamber is used for the afterburning of incinerable reaction products formed during the pre-combustion.
  • a secondary controllable air supply is provided in the region of an opening between the first and second zone.
  • Fuel is fed discontinuously via a side entry door of the first chamber.
  • the charging section is thus arranged laterally in a lower section of the first combustion zone. In the intermittent combustion, fuel is stacked and ignited via the side entry door in the first chamber.
  • a charging device for conveying fuel into the lower chamber is not provided.
  • burners with burners for the combustion of solids are from the pamphlets DE 198 50 376 A1 .
  • the object of the invention is to reduce the NOx and dust emissions in a furnace of the type mentioned in the simplest possible way.
  • this is achieved in that the feed opening of the charging device is arranged in the jacket region of the carburetor part in the region of a maximum filling level of the heating material.
  • the burner part is connected in a region remote from the first combustion zone of the carburetor part to the carburetor part.
  • burner part is connected to the carburetor part in the region of the feed section and / or in an upper half, preferably in an upper third of the carburetor part.
  • a particularly good reduction in NOx and dust emissions can be achieved if the burner part is placed on the carburettor part.
  • the measures described cause the product gases produced in the first combustion part and the heat released to flow through the unburned part in the carburetor part counter to the material flow direction of the heating material in order to reach the second combustion zone.
  • the height of the carburetor part can be at least the simple diameter of the carburetor part in the high power range (> 100kW), preferably the diameter of the carburetor part is at least 150 mm at this power.
  • the second combustion zone of the combustion part of the gaseous solid fuel is located between 50 mm to 1000 mm above the maximum fill level of the solid fuel in the direction of the combustion gases, perpendicularly, obliquely or laterally of the fuel bed, preferably vertically above the fuel bed.
  • the distance depends on the type of fuel (material, water content, piece size, etc.) and the power range of the furnace. For wood pellets in the power range of 5 kW - 20 kW, it is for example in the range of preferably 80 mm - 300 mm.
  • Burner part and carburetor can be arranged coaxially or axially offset one above the other.
  • the area between the fuel bed and the combustion zone is heated by direct or indirect energy input through the primary and secondary combustion zones, with steady state high and low power temperatures of between 200 ° C and 500 ° C.
  • the gasification is carried out mainly by the energy generated in the primary combustion zone, but also by the direct or indirect combustion heat in the burner part placed on the carburetor.
  • At least one primary air supply is provided in the bottom region of the carburetor part. Furthermore, it is provided that the burner part has at least one lateral secondary air supply in the region of the second combustion zone.
  • a further air supply can be arranged in the region of the jacket of the carburettor part and / or above the secondary air supply.
  • an ash disposal device is arranged in the bottom region of the carburetor part.
  • the fuel is introduced in countercurrent principle in the shell part, wherein as a result of heat generated in the bottom half of the carburetor in substoichiometric combustion by the supplied from below primary air gasification of the top third fuel supplied above the primary combustion zone, but below the fuel bed surface takes place. Between the primary combustion zone and the gasification zone there is a transition zone in which no significant chemical or physical reactions take place.
  • the fuel gas is then burned stoichiometrically or superstoichiometrically in the burner part with the supply of secondary air, with particularly low dust and NOx emissions are released.
  • the in the Fig. 1 to Fig. 5 shown formed on the principle of a countercurrent gasification furnace 1 has a boiler body 2 with a carburetor part 3 and a burner part 4, wherein the burner part 4 is placed on the substantially tubular carburetor part 3.
  • the burner part 4 may have one or two burners 4a, 4b.
  • the height H v of the carburetor part 3 is at least twice as large as the inner diameter D v of the carburetor part 3.
  • the inner diameter D B of the burner part 4 in the embodiment is approximately the inner diameter D v of the carburetor part 3, but can for example also significantly larger or be smaller, adapted to the respective performance or to the respective solid fuel.
  • the carburetor part 3 has a first combustion zone 11 (primary combustion zone) for the solid fuel, wherein in the lower third of the carburettor part 3 a primary air supply 6 and an ash disposal device 5 are arranged in the bottom region.
  • a second combustion zone 12 (secondary combustion zone) for gasified solid fuels is arranged in the burner part 4, wherein the burner part 4 is equipped with one or two burners 4a, 4b.
  • Each burner 4a, 4b has a lateral first secondary air supply 7a, 7b, which are passed through the combustion chamber wall in the second combustion zone 12 for the gasified solid fuel.
  • a further secondary air supply 8 may also be provided in the region of the jacket 3a of the carburetor part 3.
  • a feed device 9 opens via a feed opening 9a, the feed device 9 conveying solid fuel from a container, not further illustrated, into the carburetor part 3 up to a maximum fill level h.
  • the distance ⁇ between the maximum fill level h and the combustion zone 11 for the gasified solid fuel is between about 50 mm to 1,000 mm.
  • the distance ⁇ is measured between the maximum filling height h and the center line 7 'of the secondary air supply 7a of the adjoining the carburetor part 3 burner 4a.
  • the solid fuel formed for example by fuel pellets is introduced, for example, with a stoker screw not shown on the charging device 9 in the carburetor part 3 to the maximum filling level h.
  • the solid fuel is gasified by heat preferably generated in the first combustion zone 11 for the solid fuel, wherein in the lower part of the carburettor part 3, ie for example 5 cm above the bottom of the carburettor part 3, an air ratio ⁇ of about 0.3 is established.
  • the resulting ash in the decomposition of the fuel ashes is removed by the ash disposal facility 5.
  • the stinging in the gasification fuel gases are burned in the burner 4a of the burner part 4 with the supply of secondary air, wherein the first burner 4a, a second burner 4b can be connected downstream.
  • the exhaust gases containing only small amounts of nitrogen oxides and dust are subsequently used correspondingly energetically.
  • the exhaust gases are passed in known manner via heat exchanger not shown in detail in a boiler body 2.
  • firing burner part 4 and carburetor 3 are arranged coaxially one above the other.
  • FIG. 6 to FIG. 9 show a further embodiment of a furnace in which burner part 4 and carburetor 3 are arranged axially offset one above the other.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Solid-Fuel Combustion (AREA)
  • Hooks, Suction Cups, And Attachment By Adhesive Means (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Feuerung mit zumindest einem Brenner für die Verbrennung von Feststoffen, insbesondere Pellets, mit zumindest einer Primärluftzufuhr und zumindest einer Sekundärluftzufuhr, wobei die Feuerung mit mindestens zwei getrennten Verbrennungszonen, und zwar zumindest einer ersten Verbrennungszone für den Festbrennstoff und zumindest einer zweiten Verbrennungszone für den vergasten Festbrennstoff ausgebildet ist, wobei die erste Verbrennungszone in einem im Wesentlichen rohrförmigen Vergaserteil angeordnet ist, welcher in einem bodennahen Drittel zumindest eine Primärluftzufuhr aufweist, und die zweite Verbrennungszone in einem zumindest einen Brenner aufweisenden Brennerteil angeordnet ist, wobei die zweite Verbrennungszone höher angeordnet ist, als die erste Verbrennungszone, wobei der Brennerteil höher als der Vergaserteil angeordnet ist, und wobei in einem Beschickungsabschnitt des Vergaserteiles eine Beschickungseinrichtung für Heizmaterial einmündet, wobei im oberen Bereich des Vergaserteiles im Beschickungsabschnitt eine Festbrennstoff in den Vergaserteil fördernde Beschickungseinrichtung über eine Beschickungsöffnung einmündet, und wobei der Beschickungsabschnitt in einem oberen Drittel des Vergaserteiles angeordnet ist und der Festbrennstoff im Gegenstromprinzip einbringbar ist.The invention relates to a furnace with at least one burner for the combustion of solids, in particular pellets, with at least one primary air supply and at least one secondary air supply, wherein the furnace with at least two separate combustion zones, at least a first combustion zone for the solid fuel and at least a second combustion zone is formed for the gasified solid fuel, wherein the first combustion zone is arranged in a substantially tubular carburetor part, which has at least one primary air supply in a ground-level third, and the second combustion zone is arranged in a burner part having at least one burner, wherein the second combustion zone arranged higher is, as the first combustion zone, wherein the burner part is arranged higher than the carburetor part, and wherein in a feed section of the carburettor part opens a charging device for heating material wherein at the top of the carburettor part in the feed section, a solid fuel discharges into the carburetor section via a feed opening, and wherein the feed section is located in an upper third of the carburetor section and the solid fuel can be introduced countercurrently.

Konventionelle Feuerungen für die Verbrennung von Feststoffen setzen - im Gegensatz zu mit flüssigen oder gasförmigen Brennstoffen betriebenen Feuerungen - relativ hohe NOx- und Staubemissionen frei, wodurch ähnlich niedrige Emissionen nicht oder nur mit aufwendigen Abgasnachbehandlungseinrichtungen erfüllt werden können.Conventional solid fuel combustion systems release relatively high NOx and dust emissions, unlike with liquid or gaseous fuel fired furnaces, so that similarly low emissions can not be met or can only be met with expensive exhaust aftertreatment equipment.

Allgemein bekannt und vielfältig in der Praxis eingesetzt sind Feuerungen für feste Brennstoffe, bei denen die Verbrennungsluft in zwei räumlich getrennten Bereichen zugeführt wird, um die Verbrennungsqualität zu optimieren. Holzvergaserkessel für Scheitholzfeuerungen zum Beispiel werden einmalig mit Brennstoff beschickt, verbrennen diesen Brennstoff unter Zufuhr einer ersten Luftmenge unvollständig in einer Glutzone im Bodenbereich - wobei der beschickte Brennstoff durch die Schwerkraft nach unten in diese Glutzone nachrutscht - und nachfolgend werden die unvollständig verbrannten Gase direkt aus der primären Glutzone in eine Nachverbrennungszone unterhalb oder im Seitenbereich zur vollständigen Verbrennung weitergeleitet, wobei hier die zweite Luftzufuhr erfolgt.Commonly known and widely used in practice are firings for solid fuels in which the combustion air is supplied in two spatially separated areas in order to optimize the quality of combustion. Wood gasification boilers for firewood furnaces, for example, are fed once with fuel, incinerate this fuel with supply of a first amount of air incomplete in a Glutzone in the bottom area - with the feed fuel by gravity down into this Glutzone slips - and subsequently the incompletely burned gases directly from the primary Glutzone forwarded to an afterburner zone below or in the side area for complete combustion, in which case the second air supply takes place.

Die DE 600 33 782 T2 , welche den Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 offenbart, zeigt ein Verfahren zur Vergasung von kohlenstoffhaltigen Brennstoffen in einem Festbettvergaser nach dem Gegenstromprinzip, wo bei der Brennstoff und - von unterhalb des Brennstoffbetts - Primärluft in den Vergasungsreaktor eingespeist wird von oberhalb des Brennstoffbettes Produktgas abgezogen wird.The DE 600 33 782 T2 , which discloses the preamble of claim 1, shows a process for the gasification of carbonaceous fuels in a fixed-bed gasifier according to the countercurrent principle, where at the fuel and - from below the fuel bed - primary air is fed into the gasification reactor is withdrawn from above the fuel bed product gas.

Die EP 2 077 311 beschreibt eine Einrichtung zur Vergasung von Biomasse, wobei die Vergasung durch die bei der Verbrennung von Biomasse frei werdende Wärme ohne direkte Verbindung von Wärmequelle zum Vergasungsmaterial erfolgt.The EP 2 077 311 describes a device for the gasification of biomass, wherein the gasification is carried out by the heat released during the combustion of biomass without direct connection of heat source to the gasification material.

Aus der WO 2006/117579 A1 ist es bekannt, die Vergasung und Verbrennung von Pellets in der Brennkammer eines Heizkessels durchzuführen, wobei die Luftmenge, die Gasmenge und die Dicke des Pelletsbettes so geregelt werden, dass die sich einstellende Temperatur unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes der produzierten Asche verbleibt. Das Glutbett (in variabler Höhe) ist jedoch in direktem Kontakt mit der Brennkammer, was erfahrungsgemäß mit hohen Staubemissionen verbunden ist.From the WO 2006/117579 A1 It is known to carry out the gasification and combustion of pellets in the combustion chamber of a boiler, wherein the amount of air, the amount of gas and the thickness of the pellet bed are controlled so that the adjusting temperature remains below the melting point of the produced ash. However, the ember bed (in variable height) is in direct contact with the combustion chamber, which experience has shown to be associated with high dust emissions.

Weiters sind kombinierte Heizungs- und Vergaserkessel ("Halbvergaser") aus den Veröffentlichungen CN 201043760 Y und CN 101059248 A bekannt, die aber beide den Vergasungsprozess nur unvollständig bzw. nicht mit nötigem räumlichen Abstand durchführen können.Furthermore, combined heating and carburettor ("semi-carburettor") from the publications CN 201043760 Y and CN 101059248 A but both of them can perform the gasification process only incomplete or not with the necessary spatial distance.

Aus der Internetseite www.pyro-man.net ist es weiters bekannt, Pellets-Brennstoff zu vergasen und die Verbrennungsgase zu einem Brenner zu leiten. Sind Vergaserteil und Brennerteil räumlich relativ weit beabstandet, so hat dies den Nachteil, dass die Verbindungsleitung zwischen Vergaserteil und Brennerteil durch niedrige Temperaturen zu Verteerungen neigt.From the website www.pyro-man.net, it is also known to gas pellets fuel and direct the combustion gases to a burner. Are carburetor and burner part spatially relatively widely spaced, so this has the disadvantage that the connecting line between the carburetor part and burner part tends by low temperatures to Verteerungen.

Die US 5,678,494 A1 offenbart eine Feuerung für Biomasse, welche eine erste Verbrennungszone für den Festbrennstoff und eine zweite Verbrennungszone für den vergasten Festbrennstoff aufweist, wobei die erste Verbrennungszone einen im Wesentlichen rohrförmigen Vergaserteil aufweist. Die zweite Verbrennungszone ist dabei seitlich der ersten Verbrennungszone angeordnet.The US 5,678,494 A1 discloses a biomass furnace having a first combustion zone for the solid fuel and a second combustion zone for the gasified solid fuel, the first combustion zone having a substantially tubular carburetor portion. The second combustion zone is arranged laterally of the first combustion zone.

Eine ähnliche Feuerung ist aus der US 4,463,687 A bekannt. Auch hier befindet sich eine zweite Verbrennungszone seitlich einer ersten Verbrennungszone.A similar firing is from the US 4,463,687 A known. Again, there is a second combustion zone to the side of a first combustion zone.

Die US 5,823,122 A zeigt ein System für die Produktion von Brenngas aus fester Biomasse und für die Verbrennung dieses Brenngases. Das System weist eine Vergasungszone für den Festbrennstoff und eine Verbrennungszone für den vergasten Festbrennstoff auf, wobei die Vergasungszone in einem im Wesentlichen rohrförmigen Vergaserteil und die Verbrennungszone in einem einen Brenner aufweisenden Brennerteil angeordnet ist. Die Verbrennungszone ist höher angeordnet, als die Vergasungszone, der Brennerteil höher als der Vergaserteil angeordnet. Der Festbrennstoff wird über eine Kraftstoffversorgungseinrichtung von unten zugeführt. Der Beschickungsabschnitt befindet sich somit unterhalb des Brennstoffstapels.The US 5,823,122 A shows a system for the production of fuel gas from solid biomass and for the combustion of this fuel gas. The system comprises a gasification zone for the solid fuel and a combustion zone for the gasified solid fuel, wherein the gasification zone is arranged in a substantially tubular gasifier part and the combustion zone in a burner part having a burner. The combustion zone is higher, arranged as the gasification zone, the burner part higher than the carburetor part. The solid fuel is supplied from below via a fuel supply device. The feed section is thus below the fuel stack.

Die DE 10 2006 046 599 A1 offenbart ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Verbrennung von Brennstoffen in einem Ofen mit einer ersten Kammer zur Verbrennung des Brennstoffes mit einer primären regelbaren Luftzufuhr und einer zweiten, mit der ersten Kammer verbundenen Kammer. Die zweite Kammer dient zur Nachverbrennung von bei der Vorverbrennung entstehenden nachverbrennbaren Reaktionsprodukten. Im Bereich einer Öffnung zwischen erster und zweiter Zone ist eine sekundäre regelbare Luftzufuhr vorgesehen. Brennstoff wird diskontinuierlich über eine seitliche Einfalltür der ersten Kammer zugeführt. Der Beschickungsabschnitt ist somit seitlich in einem unteren Abschnitt der ersten Verbrennungszone angeordnet. Bei der diskontinuierlichen Verbrennung wird Brennstoff über die seitliche Einfalltür in der ersten Kammer aufgestapelt und angezündet. Eine Beschickungseinrichtung zur Förderung von Brennstoff in die untere Kammer ist nicht vorgesehen.The DE 10 2006 046 599 A1 discloses a method and apparatus for combusting fuels in an oven having a first chamber for combusting the fuel with a primary controllable air supply and a second chamber connected to the first chamber. The second chamber is used for the afterburning of incinerable reaction products formed during the pre-combustion. In the region of an opening between the first and second zone, a secondary controllable air supply is provided. Fuel is fed discontinuously via a side entry door of the first chamber. The charging section is thus arranged laterally in a lower section of the first combustion zone. In the intermittent combustion, fuel is stacked and ignited via the side entry door in the first chamber. A charging device for conveying fuel into the lower chamber is not provided.

Weitere Feuerungen mit Brenner für die Verbrennung von Feststoffen sind aus den Druckschriften DE 198 50 376 A1 , DE 39 22 060 A1 und DE 203 21 670 U1 bekannt.Other burners with burners for the combustion of solids are from the pamphlets DE 198 50 376 A1 . DE 39 22 060 A1 and DE 203 21 670 U1 known.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, bei einer Feuerung der eingangs genannten Art auf möglichst einfache Weise die NOx- und Staubemissionen zu verringern.The object of the invention is to reduce the NOx and dust emissions in a furnace of the type mentioned in the simplest possible way.

Erfindungsgemäß wird dies dadurch erreicht, dass die Beschickungsöffnung der Beschickungseinrichtung im Mantelbereich des Vergaserteiles im Bereich einer maximalen Füllhöhe des Heizmaterials angeordnet ist.According to the invention this is achieved in that the feed opening of the charging device is arranged in the jacket region of the carburetor part in the region of a maximum filling level of the heating material.

Vorzugsweise ist vorgesehen, dass der Brennerteil in einem der ersten Verbrennungszone des Vergaserteiles abgewandten Bereich an den Vergaserteil angeschlossen ist.It is preferably provided that the burner part is connected in a region remote from the first combustion zone of the carburetor part to the carburetor part.

Besonders geringe Emissionen können erreicht werden, wenn der Brennerteil im Bereich des Beschickungsabschnittes und/oder in einer oberen Hälfte, vorzugsweise in einem oberen Drittel des Vergaserteiles an den Vergaserteil angeschlossen ist.Particularly low emissions can be achieved if the burner part is connected to the carburetor part in the region of the feed section and / or in an upper half, preferably in an upper third of the carburetor part.

Eine besonders gute Verringerung der NOx- und Staubemissionen lässt sich erzielen, wenn der Brennerteil auf den Vergaserteil aufgesetzt ist.A particularly good reduction in NOx and dust emissions can be achieved if the burner part is placed on the carburettor part.

Die beschriebenen Maßnahmen bewirken, dass die im ersten Verbrennungsteil entstehenden Produktgase und die freigesetzte Wärme den unverbrannten Teil im Vergaserteil entgegen der Materialflussrichtung des Heizmateriales durchströmen müssen, um zur zweiten Verbrennungszone zu gelangen.The measures described cause the product gases produced in the first combustion part and the heat released to flow through the unburned part in the carburetor part counter to the material flow direction of the heating material in order to reach the second combustion zone.

Die Höhe des Vergaserteiles kann dabei im kleinen Leistungsbereich (<= 30kW) mindestens den doppelten Durchmesser des Vergaserteiles betragen, vorzugsweise beträgt der Durchmesser des Vergaserteiles mindestens 100 mm.The height of the carburetor part can be at least twice the diameter of the carburetor part in the small power range (<= 30kW), preferably the diameter of the carburetor part is at least 100 mm.

Die Höhe des Vergaserteiles kann dabei im mittleren Leistungsbereich (> 30kW bis <= 100kW) mindestens den ein-einhalb-fachen Durchmesser des Vergaserteiles betragen, vorzugsweise beträgt der Durchmesser des Vergaserteiles bei dieser Leistung mindestens 125 mm.The height of the carburettor part can be at least one and a half times the diameter of the carburetor part in the middle power range (> 30kW to <= 100kW), preferably the diameter of the carburetor part is at least 125 mm for this power.

Die Höhe des Vergaserteiles kann dabei im hohen Leistungsbereich (> 100kW) mindestens den einfachen Durchmesser des Vergaserteiles betragen, vorzugsweise beträgt der Durchmesser des Vergaserteiles bei dieser Leistung mindestens 150 mm.The height of the carburetor part can be at least the simple diameter of the carburetor part in the high power range (> 100kW), preferably the diameter of the carburetor part is at least 150 mm at this power.

Gemäß der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, die zweite Verbrennungszone des Brennerteiles für die Verbrennung des vergasten Festbrennstoffes zwischen 50 mm bis 1.000 mm über der maximalen Füllhöhe des Festbrennstoffes in Richtung der Verbrennungsgase senkrecht, schräg oder seitwärts des Brennstoffbettes, vorzugsweise senkrecht über dem Brennstoffbett, angeordnet ist. Die Entfernung ist abhängig von der Art des Brennstoffes (Material, Wassergehalt, Stückgröße, etc.) und vom Leistungsbereich der Feuerung. Für Holzpellets im Leistungsbereich von 5 kW - 20 kW liegt er beispielsweise im Bereich von vorzugsweise 80 mm - 300 mm.According to the invention, it is provided that the second combustion zone of the combustion part of the gaseous solid fuel is located between 50 mm to 1000 mm above the maximum fill level of the solid fuel in the direction of the combustion gases, perpendicularly, obliquely or laterally of the fuel bed, preferably vertically above the fuel bed. The distance depends on the type of fuel (material, water content, piece size, etc.) and the power range of the furnace. For wood pellets in the power range of 5 kW - 20 kW, it is for example in the range of preferably 80 mm - 300 mm.

Brennerteil und Vergaserteil können achsgleich oder axial versetzt übereinander angeordnet sein.Burner part and carburetor can be arranged coaxially or axially offset one above the other.

Der Bereich zwischen Brennstoffbett und Verbrennungszone ist durch direkte oder indirekte Energiezufuhr durch die Primär- und die Sekundärverbrennungszone beheizt, wobei die Temperaturen im stationären Betrieb mit höchster und niedrigster Leistung zwischen 200°C und 500°C liegen.The area between the fuel bed and the combustion zone is heated by direct or indirect energy input through the primary and secondary combustion zones, with steady state high and low power temperatures of between 200 ° C and 500 ° C.

Die Vergasung erfolgt hauptsächlich durch die in der Primärverbrennungszone erzeugte Energie, jedoch auch durch die direkte oder indirekte Verbrennungswärme im auf den Vergaserteil aufgesetzten Brennerteil.The gasification is carried out mainly by the energy generated in the primary combustion zone, but also by the direct or indirect combustion heat in the burner part placed on the carburetor.

Im Bodenbereich des Vergaserteiles ist zumindest eine Primärluftzufuhr vorgesehen. Weiters ist vorgesehen, dass der Brennerteil im Bereich der zweiten Verbrennungszone zumindest eine seitliche Sekundärluftzufuhr aufweist.At least one primary air supply is provided in the bottom region of the carburetor part. Furthermore, it is provided that the burner part has at least one lateral secondary air supply in the region of the second combustion zone.

Eine weitere Luftzufuhr kann im Bereich des Mantels des Vergaserteiles und/oder oberhalb der Sekundärluftzufuhr angeordnet sein.A further air supply can be arranged in the region of the jacket of the carburettor part and / or above the secondary air supply.

Im Bodenbereich des Vergaserteils ist eine Ascheentsorgungseinrichtung angeordnet.In the bottom region of the carburetor part, an ash disposal device is arranged.

Der Brennstoff wird im Gegenstromprinzip in den Mantelteil eingebracht, wobei in Folge der bei der unterstöchiometrischen Verbrennung durch die von unten zugeführte Primärluft in der unteren Hälfte des Vergaserteiles entstehenden Wärme eine Vergasung des im oberen Drittel zugeführten Brennstoffes oberhalb der Primärverbrennungszone, aber unterhalb des Brennstoffbettoberfläche stattfindet. Zwischen der Primärverbrennungszone und der Vergasungszone befindet sich ein Übergangsbereich, in dem keine wesentlichen chemischen oder physikalischen Reaktionen stattfinden. Das Brennstoffgas wird anschließend im Brennerteil unter Zufuhr von Sekundärluft stöchiometrisch oder überstöchiometrisch verbrannt, wobei besonders geringe Staub- und NOx-Emissionen freigesetzt werden.The fuel is introduced in countercurrent principle in the shell part, wherein as a result of heat generated in the bottom half of the carburetor in substoichiometric combustion by the supplied from below primary air gasification of the top third fuel supplied above the primary combustion zone, but below the fuel bed surface takes place. Between the primary combustion zone and the gasification zone there is a transition zone in which no significant chemical or physical reactions take place. The fuel gas is then burned stoichiometrically or superstoichiometrically in the burner part with the supply of secondary air, with particularly low dust and NOx emissions are released.

Die Erfindung wird im Folgenden anhand der Figuren näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
eine erfindungsgemäße Feuerung im kleinen Leistungsbereich eingebaut in einem Kessel zur Verwendung als Heizanlage in einer Schrägansicht in einer ersten Ausführungsvariante;
Fig. 2
die Feuerung in einer ersten Seitenansicht;
Fig. 3
die Feuerung in einer zweiten Seitenansicht;
Fig. 4
die Feuerung in einem Schnitt gemäß der Linie IV-IV in Fig. 2;
Fig. 5
die Feuerung in einem Schnitt gemäß der Linie V-V in Fig. 2;
Fig. 6
eine erfindungsgemäße Feuerung in einer zweiten Ausführungsvariante in einem Schnitt gemäß der Linie VI-VI in Fig. 7;
Fig. 7
diese Feuerung in einer Vorderansicht;
Fig. 8
diese Feuerung in einer Seitenansicht; und
Fig. 9
diese Feuerung in einem Schnitt gemäß der Line IX-IX in Fig. 6.
The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. Show it:
Fig. 1
a furnace according to the invention in the small power range installed in a boiler for use as a heating system in an oblique view in a first embodiment;
Fig. 2
the firing in a first side view;
Fig. 3
the furnace in a second side view;
Fig. 4
the firing in a section along the line IV-IV in Fig. 2 ;
Fig. 5
the firing in a section along the line VV in Fig. 2 ;
Fig. 6
a furnace according to the invention in a second embodiment in a section along the line VI-VI in Fig. 7 ;
Fig. 7
this firing in a front view;
Fig. 8
this firing in a side view; and
Fig. 9
this firing in a section according to the line IX-IX in Fig. 6 ,

Funktionsgleiche Teile sind in den Ausführungsvarianten mit gleichen Bezugszeichen versehen.Functionally identical parts are provided in the embodiment variants with the same reference numerals.

Die in den Fig. 1 bis Fig. 5 dargestellte nach dem Prinzip einer Gegenstromvergasung ausgebildete Feuerung 1 weist einen Kesselkörper 2 mit einem Vergaserteil 3 und einem Brennerteil 4 auf, wobei der Brennerteil 4 auf den im Wesentlichen rohrförmigen Vergaserteil 3 aufgesetzt ist. Der Brennerteil 4 kann einen oder zwei Brenner 4a, 4b aufweisen.The in the Fig. 1 to Fig. 5 shown formed on the principle of a countercurrent gasification furnace 1 has a boiler body 2 with a carburetor part 3 and a burner part 4, wherein the burner part 4 is placed on the substantially tubular carburetor part 3. The burner part 4 may have one or two burners 4a, 4b.

Die Höhe Hv des Vergaserteils 3 ist mindestens doppelt so groß wie der innere Durchmesser Dv des Vergaserteils 3. Der innere Durchmesser DB des Brennerteiles 4 beträgt im Ausführungsbeispiel etwa den inneren Durchmesser Dv des Vergaserteiles 3, kann aber beispielsweise auch deutlich größer oder kleiner sein, angepasst an die jeweilige Leistung oder an den jeweiligen Festbrennstoff.The height H v of the carburetor part 3 is at least twice as large as the inner diameter D v of the carburetor part 3. The inner diameter D B of the burner part 4 in the embodiment is approximately the inner diameter D v of the carburetor part 3, but can for example also significantly larger or be smaller, adapted to the respective performance or to the respective solid fuel.

Der Vergaserteil 3 weist eine erste Verbrennungszone 11 (Primärverbrennungszone) für den Festbrennstoff auf, wobei im unteren Drittel des Vergaserteiles 3 eine Primärluftzufuhr 6 sowie eine Ascheentsorgungseinrichtung 5 im Bodenbereich angeordnet ist. Eine zweite Verbrennungszone 12 (Sekundärverbrennungszone) für vergaste Festbrennstoffe ist im Brennerteil 4 angeordnet, wobei der Brennerteil 4 mit einem oder zwei Brennern 4a, 4b ausgestattet ist. Jeder Brenner 4a, 4b weist eine seitliche erste Sekundärluftzufuhr 7a, 7b auf, die durch die Brennkammerwand in die zweite Verbrennungszone 12 für den vergasten Festbrennstoff geleitet werden. Eventuell kann auch im Bereich des Mantels 3a des Vergaserteiles 3 eine weitere Sekundärluftzufuhr 8 vorgesehen sein.The carburetor part 3 has a first combustion zone 11 (primary combustion zone) for the solid fuel, wherein in the lower third of the carburettor part 3 a primary air supply 6 and an ash disposal device 5 are arranged in the bottom region. A second combustion zone 12 (secondary combustion zone) for gasified solid fuels is arranged in the burner part 4, wherein the burner part 4 is equipped with one or two burners 4a, 4b. Each burner 4a, 4b has a lateral first secondary air supply 7a, 7b, which are passed through the combustion chamber wall in the second combustion zone 12 for the gasified solid fuel. Optionally, a further secondary air supply 8 may also be provided in the region of the jacket 3a of the carburetor part 3.

Im oberen Bereich des Vergaserteiles 3 mündet in einem Beschickungsabschnitt 30 eine Beschickungseinrichtung 9 über eine Beschickungsöffnung 9a ein, wobei die Beschickungseinrichtung 9 Festbrennstoff aus einem nicht weiterdargestellten Behälter in den Vergaserteil 3 bis zu einer maximalen Füllhöhe h fördert.In the upper region of the carburettor part 3, in a feed section 30, a feed device 9 opens via a feed opening 9a, the feed device 9 conveying solid fuel from a container, not further illustrated, into the carburetor part 3 up to a maximum fill level h.

Besonders niedrige NOx- und Staubemissionen lassen sich erzielen, wenn der Abstand α zwischen der maximalen Füllhöhe h und der Verbrennungszone 11 für den vergasten Festbrennstoff zwischen etwa 50 mm bis 1.000 mm beträgt. Der Abstand α wird dabei gemessen zwischen der maximalen Füllhöhe h und der Mittellinie 7' der Sekundärluftzufuhr 7a des an den Vergaserteil 3 anschließenden Brenners 4a.Particularly low NOx and dust emissions can be achieved if the distance α between the maximum fill level h and the combustion zone 11 for the gasified solid fuel is between about 50 mm to 1,000 mm. The distance α is measured between the maximum filling height h and the center line 7 'of the secondary air supply 7a of the adjoining the carburetor part 3 burner 4a.

Der beispielsweise durch Brennstoffpellets gebildete Festbrennstoff wird zum Beispiel mit einer nicht weiter ersichtlichen Stokerschnecke über die Beschickungseinrichtung 9 in den Vergaserteil 3 bis zur maximalen Füllhöhe h eingebracht. Im Vergaserteil 3 wird der Festbrennstoff durch vorzugsweise in der ersten Verbrennungszone 11 für den Festbrennstoff entstehender Wärme vergast, wobei im unteren Bereich des Vergaserteiles 3, also beispielsweise 5 cm über dem Boden des Vergaserteiles 3, sich eine Luftzahl λ von etwa 0,3 einstellt. Die bei der Zersetzung des Brennstoffes anfallende Asche wird durch die Ascheentsorgungseinrichtung 5 entfernt.The solid fuel formed for example by fuel pellets is introduced, for example, with a stoker screw not shown on the charging device 9 in the carburetor part 3 to the maximum filling level h. In the carburettor part 3, the solid fuel is gasified by heat preferably generated in the first combustion zone 11 for the solid fuel, wherein in the lower part of the carburettor part 3, ie for example 5 cm above the bottom of the carburettor part 3, an air ratio λ of about 0.3 is established. The resulting ash in the decomposition of the fuel ashes is removed by the ash disposal facility 5.

Die bei der Vergasung entstechenden Brennstoffgase werden im Brenner 4a des Brennerteiles 4 unter Zufuhr von Sekundärluft verbrannt, wobei dem ersten Brenner 4a ein zweiter Brenner 4b nachgeschaltet werden kann. Die nur geringe Mengen an Stickoxiden und Staub enthaltenden Abgase werden in weiterer Folge entsprechend energetisch genutzt. In dem vorliegenden Beispiel werden die Abgase in bekannter Weise über nicht weiter im Detail dargestellte Wärmetauscher in einen Kesselkörper 2 geleitet.The stinging in the gasification fuel gases are burned in the burner 4a of the burner part 4 with the supply of secondary air, wherein the first burner 4a, a second burner 4b can be connected downstream. The exhaust gases containing only small amounts of nitrogen oxides and dust are subsequently used correspondingly energetically. In the present example, the exhaust gases are passed in known manner via heat exchanger not shown in detail in a boiler body 2.

Bei der in den Fig. 1 bis Fig. 5 dargestellten Feuerung sind Brennerteil 4 und Vergaserteil 3 achsgleich übereinander angeordnet.In the in the Fig. 1 to Fig. 5 shown firing burner part 4 and carburetor 3 are arranged coaxially one above the other.

Die Fig. 6 bis Fig. 9 zeigen eine weitere Ausführungsvariante einer Feuerung, bei der Brennerteil 4 und Vergaserteil 3 axial versetzt übereinander angeordnet sind.The FIG. 6 to FIG. 9 show a further embodiment of a furnace in which burner part 4 and carburetor 3 are arranged axially offset one above the other.

Claims (12)

  1. A furnace, comprising at least one burner (4a, 4b) for the combustion of solid materials, especially pellets, at least one primary air feed and at least one secondary air feed (7a, 7b; 8), wherein the furnace (1) is formed with at least two separate combustion zones (11, 12), namely at least one first combustion zone (11) for the solid fuel and at least one second combustion zone (12) for the gasified solid fuel, wherein the first combustion zone (11) is arranged in a substantially tubular gasifier part (3), which comprises at least one primary air feed (6) in a third close to the ground, and the second combustion zone (12) is arranged in a burner part (4) having at least one burner (4a, 4b), wherein the second combustion zone (12) is arranged at a higher altitude than the first combustion zone (11), wherein the burner part (4) is arranged at a higher altitude than the gasifier part (3), and wherein a feed device (9) for heating material opens into a feed section (30) of the gasifier part (3), wherein a feed device (9), which conveys solid fuel into the gasifier part (3), opens via a feed opening (9a) into the upper region of the gasifier part (3) in the feed section (30), and wherein the feed section (30) is arranged in an upper third of the gasifier part (3) and the solid fuel can be introduced according to the reverse-current principle, characterised in that the feed opening (9a) of the feed device (9) is arranged in the jacket region (3a) of the gasifier part (3) in the region of a maximum filling height (h) of the heating material.
  2. A furnace (1) according to claim 1, characterised in that the burner part (4) is connected to the gasifier part (3) in a region which faces away from the first combustion zone (11) of the gasifier part (3).
  3. A furnace (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 2, characterised in that the burner part (4) is connected to the gasifier part (3) in the region of the feed section (30) of the gasifier part (3).
  4. A furnace (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the burner part (4) is fitted onto the gasifier part (3).
  5. A furnace (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the second combustion zone (12) is arranged between 50 mm to 1000 mm above the maximum filling height (h) of the solid fuel in the gasifier part (3).
  6. A furnace (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the height (Hv) of the gasifier part (3) corresponds at least to the single, preferably at least the double, inner diameter (Dv) of the gasifier part (3), wherein the inner diameter (Dv) of the gasifier part (3) is at least 100 mm.
  7. A furnace (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the burner part (4) comprises at least one lateral first secondary air feed (7a, 7b) in the region of the second combustion zone (12).
  8. A furnace (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the gasifier part (3) comprises at least one further secondary air feed (8) in its jacket region (3a).
  9. A furnace (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 8, characterised in that an ash disposal device (6) is arranged in the base region of the gasifier part (3).
  10. A furnace (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 9, characterised in that the furnace power is solely adjustable by precise control of the primary air, wherein preferably the temperature is between approximately 200°C and 500°C in the region between the upper edge of the fuel bed and the combustion zone.
  11. A furnace (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 10, characterised in that the burner part (4) and gasifier part (3) are arranged on top of each other in a substantially axially identical way.
  12. A furnace (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 11, characterised in that the burner part (4) and the gasifier part (3) are arranged on top of each other in an axially offset manner.
EP11170106.6A 2010-06-21 2011-06-16 Furnace for burning solid fuels Active EP2397756B1 (en)

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AT10252010A AT510063B8 (en) 2010-06-21 2010-06-21 FIRE FOR THE BURNING OF SOLIDS

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EP2397756A3 (en) 2014-02-19
AT510063B8 (en) 2012-08-15
AT510063A1 (en) 2012-01-15
EP2397756A2 (en) 2011-12-21
AT510063B1 (en) 2012-05-15

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