EP2366821A1 - Non-woven fabric made of fibrillated natural fibres - Google Patents
Non-woven fabric made of fibrillated natural fibres Download PDFInfo
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- EP2366821A1 EP2366821A1 EP10002933A EP10002933A EP2366821A1 EP 2366821 A1 EP2366821 A1 EP 2366821A1 EP 10002933 A EP10002933 A EP 10002933A EP 10002933 A EP10002933 A EP 10002933A EP 2366821 A1 EP2366821 A1 EP 2366821A1
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- nonwoven fabric
- fibers
- natural fibers
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- fabric according
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4266—Natural fibres not provided for in group D04H1/425
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4382—Stretched reticular film fibres; Composite fibres; Mixed fibres; Ultrafine fibres; Fibres for artificial leather
- D04H1/43835—Mixed fibres, e.g. at least two chemically different fibres or fibre blends
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4382—Stretched reticular film fibres; Composite fibres; Mixed fibres; Ultrafine fibres; Fibres for artificial leather
- D04H1/43838—Ultrafine fibres, e.g. microfibres
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
- D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
- D04H1/492—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet
Definitions
- the invention relates to a nonwoven fabric comprising natural fibers, wherein the natural fibers are at least partially split into elementary fibers and supporting strands.
- WO 02/46519 A1 From the WO 02/46519 A1 is a method for fibrillating animal natural fibers, namely keratin fibers, known.
- so-called fibrils with lengths of 25 .mu.m to 60 .mu.m and diameters of 3 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m are produced.
- a chemical treatment of keratin fibers is combined with a waterjet treatment.
- Natural fibers are used in addition to glass fibers or carbon fibers, especially in fiber composites.
- the natural fibers are embedded in a matrix of plastics, in particular resins. Surface adhesion of the matrix to the natural fibers plays a decisive role in the production of such fiber-containing materials.
- the invention is therefore based on the object to produce a fiber composite material, which shows a high strength after cost-effective production.
- the present invention solves the above-mentioned object by a nonwoven fabric having the features of patent claim 1.
- the aforementioned nonwoven fabric is characterized in that the natural fibers have a length of at least 10 mm.
- the surface adhesion between natural fibers and a matrix can be favorably influenced when the surface of a natural fiber is increased. It has further been recognized that this effect can be effected by fibrillation of relatively long natural fibers. Surprisingly, it was found that very cost-effective, relatively long natural fibers can be easily split at least partially into relatively long elementary fibers, without destroying or tearing them. It has also been surprisingly found that natural fibers are simultaneously at least partially split into elementary fibers by hydroentanglement and, on the other hand can be connected to a relatively strong and stable nonwoven fabric.
- relatively lightweight nonwovens of high strength can be achieved. The length of the natural fibers ensures a high degree of orientation of the natural fibers in the x-y plane. This is particularly advantageous for the strength properties of the nonwoven fabric.
- the natural fibers could be designed as natural vegetable fibers. As a result, environmentally friendly and cost-effective renewable raw materials can be used for the production of nonwovens.
- the natural fibers could have a length of at least 20 mm. This minimum length ensures a particularly stable orientation of the natural fibers in the x-y plane.
- the supporting strands and / or the elementary fibers could have a length of at least 10 mm.
- a tear-resistant nonwoven fabric is produced, since the elementary fibers act as very thin supporting webs, which can be encased in a fiber composite material by a plastic.
- a half-timbered technology is virtually realized in a fiber composite material.
- the supporting strands and / or the elementary fibers could have a length of at least 20 mm.
- a particularly tear-resistant nonwoven fabric is produced, since the elementary fibers act as very thin supporting webs, which can be encased in a fiber composite material by a plastic.
- the natural fibers could be split into load-bearing strands with diameters in the range of 15 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m and elementary fibers with diameters smaller than 10 ⁇ m. Such fine elementary fibers complement each other favorably with said supporting strands.
- the natural fibers could be split into load-bearing strands with a diameter of 25 ⁇ m and elementary fibers with diameters of less than 10 ⁇ m.
- the nonwoven fabric could have fibrils less than 2 microns in diameter.
- the above-mentioned framework technique is advantageously supported by so-called fibrils whose diameter is smaller than 2 microns.
- Advantageous a framework of relatively thick supporting strands, fine elementary fibers and very fine fibrils is formed.
- the nonwoven fabric could be characterized by a weight fraction of elementary fibers of at most 5%. Surprisingly, it has been found that even such a low degree of decomposition of natural fibers leads to considerable increases in the strength of a nonwoven fabric.
- the nonwoven fabric can be easily split by water jet treatment alone to develop high strength.
- the nonwoven fabric could exhibit a maximum caliper tensile force along the natural fibers of at least 0.7 Nm 2 / g and a maximum caliper tensile force across the length of the natural fibers of at least 1 Nm 2 / g.
- the natural fibers could be connected with synthetic fibers.
- a nonwoven fabric which consists of a mixture of natural fibers and synthetic fibers, can be made particularly cost-effective and stable. Against this background, it is conceivable to use synthetic fibers made from recycled polyethylene terephthalate.
- a fiber composite could include a nonwoven fabric of the type described herein and a plastic in which the nonwoven fabric is embedded.
- a particularly stable fiber composite material is produced, since the elementary fibers act as very thin supporting webs, which can be surrounded by a plastic.
- Suitable plastics here are resins, in particular phenolic resins, aqueous phenoth resins, epoxy resins, polyesters and acrylate binders.
- Surfaces can be additionally modified in the fiber composite material.
- a constructive flame protection by glass, aramid, nonwovens, fabrics and similar materials is conceivable.
- binder systems on a surface.
- the abrasion resistance could be improved by binder-ceramic mixtures.
- Improved surface fire protection could be achieved by binder flame retardant additives.
- It could also be realized a UV protection.
- the surface could be smoothed by a fine fibrous web to facilitate subsequent surface finish.
- cost-effective long natural fibers can be converted from a loose batt into a non-woven fabric in a single step in a single step.
- the long natural fibers are split and intertwined.
- chemical pretreatments of natural fibers or loose batt is omitted in this process.
- the described fibrillation effect occurs in combination with a high degree of orientation of the long natural fibers in the xy-plane.
- the steps of the process could be carried out without chemical pretreatment of the natural fibers or the batt.
- an environmentally friendly production of the nonwoven fabric is possible.
- a chemical pretreatment is performed. This is to liberate proteins, lipids, pectins, in particular intracellular cement, and hemicelluloses from the natural fibers. Due to the customary in the prior art use of oxidants and other harsh chemicals, it can lead to damage to the natural fibers and thus to a reduction in the strength of the nonwoven fabric.
- the batt could be exposed to water jets on both sides. As a result, an orientation of the natural fibers in the z-direction can be reduced.
- Natural fibers in the sense of the claimed teaching are cellulose fibers, hemp, flax, cotton, bast, sisal or kenaf. Explicitly no natural fibers in the sense of the teaching are viscose fibers, in particular viscose fibers made of regenerative cellulose. Natural fibers are renewable resources and therefore relatively inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
- Fig. 1 shows a natural fiber 1 of a nonwoven fabric, which consists of many elementary fibers 2.
- the natural fiber 1 is designed as hemp fiber.
- Such a hemp fiber may have a length of more than 2 m. Their length is specified by a blank.
- FIG. 2 elementary fibers 2 and supporting strands 3 of hemp fibers are according to FIG Fig. 1 shown in a nonwoven fabric.
- the said supporting strands 3 are not completely decomposed into elementary fibers 2 decomposed natural fibers 1.
- the supporting strands 3 are rather residual bundle of non-fibrillated elementary fibers.
- 2 Fig. 2 further shows so-called fibrils 4, which have a diameter of less than 2 microns. These fibrils 4 are formed during fibrillation or splitting of a natural fiber 1 together with the elementary fibers 2.
- the fibrils 4 complement each other with the elementary fibers 2 and the supporting strands 3 to a particularly stable framework quasi a framework.
- Fig. 3 shows by natural water jets of a pressure of 15 MPa (150 bar) split natural fibers 1, namely hemp fibers.
- the natural fibers 1 are split into elementary fibers 2, supporting strands 3 and fibrils 4.
- Fig. 4 shows an enlarged view of Fig. 3
- the in the Fig. 1 to 4 shown natural fibers 1 have a length of at least 10 mm.
- the in the Fig. 2 to 4 shown supporting strands 3 and / or the elementary fibers 2 have a length of at least 10 mm.
- the in the Fig. 2 to 4 shown supporting strands 3 show diameters in the range 15 microns to 500 microns.
- the elementary fibers 2 show diameters smaller than 10 ⁇ m.
- the elementary fibers 2 in the Fig. 2 to 4 show a weight fraction of the nonwoven fabric of at most 5%.
- the following table shows physical data of various nonwovens made from the natural fibers hemp, flax and kenaf.
- a nonwoven fabric consisting of 100% light hemp was tested.
- a nonwoven fabric consisting of 100% flax was tested.
- a nonwoven fabric consisting of 50% flax and 50% recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) was tested.
- a nonwoven fabric consisting of 50% Kenaf and 50% recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) was tested.
- the nonwoven fabrics were each produced by needle techniques and by water jetting (HE technique) and in terms of their basis weights (weight, g / m 2 ), their thicknesses (mm), their maximum tensile forces in the direction of the longitudinal extension of natural fibers (HZK, I, N ), their maximum tensile forces transverse to the longitudinal extent of natural fibers (HZK, q, N), their tearing forces transverse to the longitudinal extent of natural fibers (WRK, q, N), their weight-related maximum tensile forces in the direction of the longitudinal extension of natural fibers (HZK, I, Nm 2 / g), their weight-related maximum tensile forces transverse to the longitudinal extent of natural fibers (HZK, q, Nm 2 / g), and their weight-related drag forces transverse to the longitudinal extent of natural fibers (WRK, q, Nm 2 / g).
- HE technique water jetting
- Maximum tensile force is the force in Newton (N) that must be applied before a nonwoven fabric breaks.
- the weight-related maximum tensile force is the quotient of the maximum tensile force and the basis weight of the nonwoven fabric examined.
- the table shows that the nonwoven fabrics produced by water jetting always have a much higher weight-related maximum tensile force than the nonwovens produced by needle techniques.
- the maximum tensile forces of the table were measured according to DIN EN 29073-3.
- table fiber method Weight thickness HZK, I HZK, q WRK, q D, I D, q wt, PAC, I * gew.HZK, q * gew.WRK, q ** density g / m 2 mm N N N N % % Nm 2 / g Nm 2 / g Nm 2 / g g / cm 2 Hemp light (100%) needle technique 713 3.49 211.8 251.3 65 49 40.8 0.297 0.353 0.0812 0.204 HE technology 174 1.04 167 205.4 9.6 6.6 8th 0.906 1,181 0.0567 0.167 358 1.80 349.4 516.4 18.7 12.2 12.7 0,976 1,443 0.0467 0,189 Flax (
- the foam is a mixture of air, water and an acrylic binder from Acrodur.
- the foam has a density of 300-400 g / l and exhibits a weight fraction of solids of 40%.
- the impregnated with foam or plastic blank, the so-called prepreg, is pressed and cured under heating.
- the resulting fiber composite material has a weight fraction of cellulose of 70% and a share of 30% of plastic, namely Acrodur.
- the natural fibers of cellulose are embedded in the plastic Acrodur.
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- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Vliesstoff, umfassend Naturfasern, wobei die Naturfasern zumindest teilweise in Elementarfasern und tragende Stränge aufgespalten sind.The invention relates to a nonwoven fabric comprising natural fibers, wherein the natural fibers are at least partially split into elementary fibers and supporting strands.
Aus der
Naturfasern finden neben Glasfasern oder Carbonfasern insbesondere in Faserverbundwerkstoffen Verwendung. Die Naturfasern werden hierbei in eine Matrix aus Kunststoffen, insbesondere Harzen, eingebettet. Bei der Herstellung solcher Faserverfiundwerkstoffe spielt die Oberflächenhaftung der Matrix an den Naturfasern eine entscheidende Rolle.Natural fibers are used in addition to glass fibers or carbon fibers, especially in fiber composites. The natural fibers are embedded in a matrix of plastics, in particular resins. Surface adhesion of the matrix to the natural fibers plays a decisive role in the production of such fiber-containing materials.
Ein gute Oberflächenhaftung der Matrix auf den Naturfasern bewirkt, dass eine auf die Matrix einwirkende Kraft gut auf die eingebetteten Naturfasern übertragen wird. Eine schlechte Oberflächenhaftung bewirkt das Gegenteil, so dass der Faserverbundwerkstoff eine nur geringe Festigkeit zeigt.Good surface adhesion of the matrix to the natural fibers causes a force on the matrix to act well on the embedded natural fibers is transmitted. A poor surface adhesion causes the opposite, so that the fiber composite shows only low strength.
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Faserverbundwerkstoff zu fertigen, der nach kostengünstiger Herstellung eine hohe Festigkeit zeigt.The invention is therefore based on the object to produce a fiber composite material, which shows a high strength after cost-effective production.
Die vorliegende Erfindung löst die zuvor genannte Aufgabe durch einen Vliesstoff mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1.The present invention solves the above-mentioned object by a nonwoven fabric having the features of patent claim 1.
Danach ist der eingangs genannte Vliesstoff dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Naturfasern eine Länge von mindestens 10 mm aufweisen.Thereafter, the aforementioned nonwoven fabric is characterized in that the natural fibers have a length of at least 10 mm.
Erfindungsgemäß ist zunächst erkannt worden, dass die Oberflächenhaftung zwischen Naturfasern und einer Matrix günstig beeinflusst werden kann, wenn die Oberfläche einer Naturfaser vergrößert wird. Weiter ist erkannt worden, dass dieser Effekt durch eine Fibrillierung relativ langer Naturfasern bewirkt werden kann. Überraschend wurde festgestellt, dass sehr kostengünstige, relativ lange Naturfasern problemlos zumindest teilweise in relativ lange Elementarfasern aufgesplittet werden können, ohne diese zu zerstören oder zu zerreissen, Überraschend wurde weiter festgestellt, dass Naturfasern durch eine Wasserstrahlverfestigung gleichzeitig einerseits zumindest teilweise in Elementarfasern aufgespalten werden und andererseits zu einem relativ festen und stabilen Vliesstoff verbunden werden können. Vorteilhaft sind relativ leichte Vliesstoffe einer hohen Festigkeit erzielbar. Die Länge der Naturfasern stellt einen hohen Orientierungsgrad der Naturfasern in der x-y-Ebene sicher. Dies ist besonders vorteilhaft für die Festigkeitseigenschaften des Vliesstoffs.According to the invention, it has first been recognized that the surface adhesion between natural fibers and a matrix can be favorably influenced when the surface of a natural fiber is increased. It has further been recognized that this effect can be effected by fibrillation of relatively long natural fibers. Surprisingly, it was found that very cost-effective, relatively long natural fibers can be easily split at least partially into relatively long elementary fibers, without destroying or tearing them. It has also been surprisingly found that natural fibers are simultaneously at least partially split into elementary fibers by hydroentanglement and, on the other hand can be connected to a relatively strong and stable nonwoven fabric. Advantageously, relatively lightweight nonwovens of high strength can be achieved. The length of the natural fibers ensures a high degree of orientation of the natural fibers in the x-y plane. This is particularly advantageous for the strength properties of the nonwoven fabric.
Folglich ist die eingangs genannte Aufgabe gelöst.Consequently, the object mentioned above is achieved.
Die Naturfasern könnten als pflanzliche Naturfasern ausgestaltet sein. Hierdurch können zur Herstellung von Vliesstoffen umweltverträgliche und kostengünstige nachwachsende Rohstoffe verwendet werden.The natural fibers could be designed as natural vegetable fibers. As a result, environmentally friendly and cost-effective renewable raw materials can be used for the production of nonwovens.
Die Naturfasern könnten eine Länge von mindestens 20 mm aufweisen. Diese Mindestlänge stellt eine besonders stabile Orientierung der Naturfasern in der x-y-Ebene sicher.The natural fibers could have a length of at least 20 mm. This minimum length ensures a particularly stable orientation of the natural fibers in the x-y plane.
Die tragenden Stränge und/ oder die Elementarfasern könnten eine Länge von mindestens 10 mm aufweisen. Hierdurch wird ein reissfester Vliesstoff erzeugt, da die Elementarfasern als sehr dünne stützende Stege wirken, die in einem Faserverbundwerkstoff von einem Kunststoff umflossen werden können. Hierdurch wird quasi eine Fachwerktechnik in einem Faserverbundwerkstoff realisiert.The supporting strands and / or the elementary fibers could have a length of at least 10 mm. As a result, a tear-resistant nonwoven fabric is produced, since the elementary fibers act as very thin supporting webs, which can be encased in a fiber composite material by a plastic. As a result, a half-timbered technology is virtually realized in a fiber composite material.
Vor diesem Hintergrund könnten die tragenden Stränge und/ oder die Elementarfasern eine Länge von mindestens 20 mm aufweisen. Hierdurch wird ein besonders reissfester Vliesstoff erzeugt, da die Elementarfasern als sehr dünne stützende Stege wirken, die in einem Faserverbundwerkstoff von einem Kunststoff umflossen werden können.Against this background, the supporting strands and / or the elementary fibers could have a length of at least 20 mm. As a result, a particularly tear-resistant nonwoven fabric is produced, since the elementary fibers act as very thin supporting webs, which can be encased in a fiber composite material by a plastic.
Die Naturfasern könnten in tragende Stränge mit Durchmessern im Bereich 15 µm bis 500 µm und Elementarfasern mit Durchmessern kleiner 10 µm aufgespalten sein. Derart feine Elementarfasern ergänzen sich vorteilhaft mit den genannten tragenden Strängen. Vor diesem Hintergrund könnten die Naturfasern in tragende Stränge mit einem Durchmesser von 25 µm und Elementarfasern mit Durchmessern kleiner 10 µm aufgespalten sein.The natural fibers could be split into load-bearing strands with diameters in the range of 15 μm to 500 μm and elementary fibers with diameters smaller than 10 μm. Such fine elementary fibers complement each other favorably with said supporting strands. Against this background, the natural fibers could be split into load-bearing strands with a diameter of 25 μm and elementary fibers with diameters of less than 10 μm.
Der Vliesstoff könnte Fibrillen mit einem Durchmesser von weniger als 2 µm aufweisen. Die oben genannte Fachwerktechnik wird vorteilhaft unterstützt durch sogenannte Fibrillen, deren Durchmesser kleiner als 2 µm ist. Vorteilhaft wird ein Gerüst aus relativ dicken tragenden Strängen, feinen Elementarfasern und sehr feinen Fibrillen gebildet.The nonwoven fabric could have fibrils less than 2 microns in diameter. The above-mentioned framework technique is advantageously supported by so-called fibrils whose diameter is smaller than 2 microns. Advantageous a framework of relatively thick supporting strands, fine elementary fibers and very fine fibrils is formed.
Der Vliesstoff könnte durch einen Gewichtsanteil an Elementarfasern von höchstens 5% gekennzeichnet sein. Überraschend hat sich herausgestellt, dass bereits ein derart geringer Aufspaltungsgrad von Naturfasern zu erheblichen Festigkeitssteigerungen eines Vliesstoffs führt. Der Vliesstoff kann allein durch Wasserstrahlbehandlung bzw. Wasserstrahlverfestigung leicht aufgespalten werden, um eine hohe Festigkeit zu entfalten.The nonwoven fabric could be characterized by a weight fraction of elementary fibers of at most 5%. Surprisingly, it has been found that even such a low degree of decomposition of natural fibers leads to considerable increases in the strength of a nonwoven fabric. The nonwoven fabric can be easily split by water jet treatment alone to develop high strength.
Der Vliesstoff könnte eine gewichtsbezogene Höchstzugkraft längs der Naturfasern von mindestens 0,7 Nm2/g und eine gewichtsbezogene Höchstzugkraft quer zur Längserstreckung der Naturfasern von mindestens 1 Nm2/g zeigen. Durch Einbettung eines solchen Vliesstoffs in eine Matrix kann ein besonders fester Faserverbundwerkstoff gefertigt werden.The nonwoven fabric could exhibit a maximum caliper tensile force along the natural fibers of at least 0.7 Nm 2 / g and a maximum caliper tensile force across the length of the natural fibers of at least 1 Nm 2 / g. By embedding such a nonwoven fabric in a matrix, a particularly strong fiber composite material can be produced.
Die Naturfasern könnten mit Kunstfasern verbunden sein. Ein Vliesstoff, der aus einer Mischung aus Naturfasern und Kunstfasern besteht, kann besonders kostengünstig und stabil gefertigt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist denkbar, Kunstfasern aus recyceltem Polyethylenterephthalat einzusetzen.The natural fibers could be connected with synthetic fibers. A nonwoven fabric, which consists of a mixture of natural fibers and synthetic fibers, can be made particularly cost-effective and stable. Against this background, it is conceivable to use synthetic fibers made from recycled polyethylene terephthalate.
Ein Faserverbundwerkstoff könnte einen Vliesstoff der hier beschriebenen Art und einen Kunststoff enthalten, in welchen der Vliesstoff eingebettet ist. Hierdurch wird ein besonders stabiler Faserverbundwerkstoff erzeugt, da die Elementarfasern als sehr dünne stützende Stege wirken, die von einem Kunststoff umflossen werden können. Als Kunststoffe kommen hierbei Harze, insbesondere Phenolharze, wässrige Phenotharze, Epoxidharze, Polyester und Acrylatbinder in Frage.A fiber composite could include a nonwoven fabric of the type described herein and a plastic in which the nonwoven fabric is embedded. As a result, a particularly stable fiber composite material is produced, since the elementary fibers act as very thin supporting webs, which can be surrounded by a plastic. Suitable plastics here are resins, in particular phenolic resins, aqueous phenoth resins, epoxy resins, polyesters and acrylate binders.
Im Faserverbundwerkstoff könnten mehrere Vliesstoffe schichtweise übereinander angeordnet und durch Schichten des Kunststoffs voneinander getrennt sein. Hierdurch kann ein sogenannter Sperrholzeffekt realisiert werden, der dem Faserverbundwerkstoff eine sehr hohe Festigkeit verleiht. Die einzelnen Vliesstoffe und Kunststoffschichten stützen sich bei Deformierungen des Faserverbundwerkstoffs gegeneinander ab.In the fiber composite material, several nonwoven fabrics could be stacked one on top of the other and by layering the plastic from each other be separated. In this way, a so-called plywood effect can be realized, which gives the fiber composite material a very high strength. The individual nonwovens and plastic layers are based on deformations of the fiber composite material against each other.
Im Faserverbundwerkstoff lassen sich Oberflächen zusätzlich modifizieren. Dabei ist ein konstruktiver Flammschutz durch Glas, Aramid, Vliese, Gewebe und ähnliche Materialien denkbar. Des Weiteren ist denkbar, Bindemittelsysteme auf einer Oberfläche aufzubringen. Die Abriebfestigkeit könnte durch Binder-Keramik-Mischungen verbessert werden. Ein verbesserter Oberflächenflammschutz könnte durch Binder-Flammschutzmitteladditive erzielt werden. Es könnte auch ein UV-Schutz realisiert werden. Die Oberfläche könnte durch ein feinfaseriges Vlies geglättet werden, um ein anschließendes Oberflächenfinish zu erleichtern.Surfaces can be additionally modified in the fiber composite material. In this case, a constructive flame protection by glass, aramid, nonwovens, fabrics and similar materials is conceivable. Furthermore, it is conceivable to apply binder systems on a surface. The abrasion resistance could be improved by binder-ceramic mixtures. Improved surface fire protection could be achieved by binder flame retardant additives. It could also be realized a UV protection. The surface could be smoothed by a fine fibrous web to facilitate subsequent surface finish.
Ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Vliesstoffs der hier beschriebenen Art könnte die Schritte umfassen:
- a) Bereitstellen eines Faserflors aus Naturfasern,
- b) Beaufschlagen des Faserflors mit Wasserstrahlen, die unter einem Druck von 50 - 400 MPa erzeugt werden,
- c) Verfestigen des Faserflors zu einem Vliesstoff unter gleichzeitigem Aufspalten der Naturfasern in Elementarfasern und tragende Stränge.
- a) providing a batt made of natural fibers,
- b) impinging the batt with water jets produced under a pressure of 50-400 MPa,
- c) solidifying the batt into a nonwoven fabric while splitting the natural fibers into elementary fibers and supporting strands.
Durch ein solches Verfahren können kostengünstige lange Naturfasern, zeitsparend in einem Schritt von einem losen Faserflor in einen Vliesstoff überführt werden. Zeitgleich werden die langen Naturfasern nämlich aufgespalten und miteinander verschlungen. Auf chemische Vorbehandlungen der Naturfasern bzw. des losen Faserflors wird bei diesem Verfahren verzichtet. Der beschriebene Aufspaltungs- bzw. Fibrillierungseffekt tritt in Kombination mit einem hohen Orientierungsgrad der langen Naturfasern in der x-y-Ebene auf.By means of such a method, cost-effective long natural fibers can be converted from a loose batt into a non-woven fabric in a single step in a single step. At the same time, the long natural fibers are split and intertwined. On chemical pretreatments of natural fibers or loose batt is omitted in this process. The described fibrillation effect occurs in combination with a high degree of orientation of the long natural fibers in the xy-plane.
Diese Kombination ist durch eine mechanische Verfestigung mittels Nadeltechniken nicht erzielbar, da hier stets auch Naturfasern in z-Richtung orientiert werden. Des Weiteren werden die Naturfasern bei einer Behandlung mit Nadeltechniken weit mehr geschädigt als bei einer Behandlung mit Wasserstrahlen. Durch diese Schädigung wird die Einzelfestigkeit der Naturfasern und dadurch die Höchstzugkraft des Vliesstoffs reduziert. Mit Wasserstrahlen behandelte Vliesstoffe aus Naturfasern zeigen daher eine weit höhere gewichtsbezogene Höchstzugkraft als mit Nadeln behandelte Vliesstoffe aus Naturfasern. Dieser Effekt ist in der einzigen Tabelle quantifiziert.This combination can not be achieved by mechanical consolidation by means of needle techniques, since here natural fibers are always oriented in the z-direction. Furthermore, natural fibers are much more damaged when treated with needle techniques than when treated with water jets. This damage reduces the individual strength of the natural fibers and thereby the maximum tensile strength of the nonwoven fabric. Nonwoven fabrics made of natural fibers treated with water jets therefore exhibit a far higher weight-related maximum tensile force than needled natural fiber nonwovens. This effect is quantified in the only table.
Die Schritte des Verfahrens könnten ohne chemische Vorbehandlung der Naturfasern oder des Faserflors durchgeführt werden. Hierdurch ist eine umweltschonende Fertigung des Vliesstoff möglich. Üblicherweise wird bei den Verfahren des Stands der Technik eine chemische Vorbehandlung durchgeführt. Diese soll Proteine, Lipide, Pektine, insbesondere intrazellurären Zement, und Hemizellulosen aus den Naturfasern herauslösen. Aufgrund des im Stand der Technik üblichen Einsatzes von Oxidationsmitteln und anderen aggressiven Chemikalien kann es zu einer Schädigung der Naturfasern und damit zu einer Reduzierung der Festigkeit des Vliesstoffs kommen.The steps of the process could be carried out without chemical pretreatment of the natural fibers or the batt. As a result, an environmentally friendly production of the nonwoven fabric is possible. Usually, in the prior art processes, a chemical pretreatment is performed. This is to liberate proteins, lipids, pectins, in particular intracellular cement, and hemicelluloses from the natural fibers. Due to the customary in the prior art use of oxidants and other harsh chemicals, it can lead to damage to the natural fibers and thus to a reduction in the strength of the nonwoven fabric.
Der Faserflor könnte beidseitig mit Wasserstrahlen beaufschlagt werden. Hierdurch kann eine Orientierung der Naturfasern in z-Richtung reduziert werden.The batt could be exposed to water jets on both sides. As a result, an orientation of the natural fibers in the z-direction can be reduced.
Durch die Wasserstrahlen ist ein Einbringen von Oberflächenkonturen, wie Streifen, Löcher oder sonstige Muster, möglich. Bei der Wasserstrahlverfestigung ist es möglich, weitere Verstärkungseffekte zu erzielen, indem Mono- oder Multifilamente, Gewebe, Gelege, Vliese, insbesondere aus Glas, Metall, Synthesefasern, Aramid oder aus Naturfasern, eingebracht werden. Im Faserverbundwerkstoff können solche Verstärkungseffekte ebenfalls durch entsprechende Zwischenlagen in einem Laminat erzielt werden.By the water jets is an introduction of surface contours, such as stripes, holes or other patterns, possible. In hydroentanglement, it is possible to add further reinforcing effects can be achieved by mono- or multifilaments, fabrics, scrims, nonwovens, in particular of glass, metal, synthetic fibers, aramid or natural fibers are introduced. In the fiber composite such reinforcing effects can also be achieved by appropriate interlayers in a laminate.
Naturfasern im Sinne der beanspruchten Lehre sind Zellulosefasern, Hanf, Flachs, Baumwolle, Bast, Sisal oder Kenaf. Ausdrücklich keine Naturfasern im Sinne der Lehre sind Viskosefasern, insbesondere Viskosefasern aus regenerativer Zellulose. Naturfasern sind nachwachsende Rohstoffe und daher relativ kostengünstig und umweltverträglich.Natural fibers in the sense of the claimed teaching are cellulose fibers, hemp, flax, cotton, bast, sisal or kenaf. Explicitly no natural fibers in the sense of the teaching are viscose fibers, in particular viscose fibers made of regenerative cellulose. Natural fibers are renewable resources and therefore relatively inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Es gibt nun verschiedene Möglichkeiten, die Lehre der vorliegenden Erfindung in vorteilhafter Weise auszugestalten und weiter zu bilden. Dazu ist einerseits auf die nachgeordneten Ansprüche, andererseits auf die nachfolgende Erläuterung bevorzugter Ausführungsbeispiele des erfindungsgemäßen Vliesstoffs anhand der Zeichnung zu verweisen.There are now various possibilities for embodying and further developing the teaching of the present invention in an advantageous manner. For this purpose, on the one hand to the subordinate claims, on the other hand, to refer to the following explanation of preferred embodiments of the nonwoven fabric according to the invention with reference to the drawings.
In Verbindung mit der Erläuterung der bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiele anhand der Zeichnung werden auch im Allgemeinen bevorzugte Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen der Lehre erläutert.In conjunction with the explanation of the preferred embodiments with reference to the drawings, generally preferred embodiments and developments of the teaching are explained.
In der Zeichnung zeigen
- Fig. 1
- eine rasterelektronenmikroskopische Aufnahme einer Naturfaser, nämlich einer Hanffaser, im unfibrillierten Zustand,
- Fig. 2
- eine Ansicht eines Vliesstoffs aus fibrillierten Naturfasern gemäß
Fig.1 .
- Fig. 3
- eine rasterelektronenmikroskopische Aufnahme von Naturfasern im fibrillierten Zustand, wobei die Naturfasern zumindest teilweise in Elementartasern aufgespalten ist, und
- Fig. 4
- eine vergrößerte Ansicht der Naturfasern im fibrillierten Zustand, wobei die Naturfasern zumindest teilweise in Elementarfasern aufgespalten sind.
- Fig. 1
- a scanning electron micrograph of a natural fiber, namely a hemp fiber, in the unfibrillated state,
- Fig. 2
- a view of a nonwoven fabric made of fibrillated natural fibers according to
Fig.1 ,
- Fig. 3
- a scanning electron micrograph of natural fibers in the fibrillated state, wherein the natural fibers is at least partially split into elementary fibers, and
- Fig. 4
- an enlarged view of the natural fibers in the fibrillated state, wherein the natural fibers are at least partially split into elementary fibers.
In Fig- 2 sind Elementarfasern 2 und tragende Stränge 3 von Hanffasern gemäß
Der Vliesstoff gemäß den
Es wurde ein Faserflor aus Naturfasern 1 bzw. ein Faserflor aus einer Mischung aus Naturfasern 1 und Kunstfasern bereitgestellt, nämlich auf einer Unterlage abgelegt. Der Faserflor wurde beidseitig mit Wasserstrahlen beaufschlagt, die unter einem Druck von 15 MPa erzeugt wurden. Der Faserflor wurde hierbei zu einem Vliesstoff verfestigt, wobei die Naturfasern 1 gleichzeitig in Elementarfasern 2, tragende Stränge 3 und Fibrillen 4 aufgespalten wurden. Das Verfahren wurde ohne chemische Vorbehandlung der Naturfasern 1 oder des Faserflors durchgeführt.It was a batt made of natural fibers 1 and a batt made of a mixture of natural fibers 1 and synthetic fibers, namely stored on a base. The batt was impinged on both sides with water jets produced under a pressure of 15 MPa. The batt was hereby consolidated to a nonwoven fabric, wherein the natural fibers 1 were simultaneously split into
Die nachfolgende Tabelle zeigt physikalische Daten von verschiedenen Vliesstoffen aus den Naturfasern Hanf, Flachs und Kenaf.The following table shows physical data of various nonwovens made from the natural fibers hemp, flax and kenaf.
Es wurde ein Vliesstoff untersucht, der zu 100 % aus hellem Hanf besteht.
Es wurde ein Vliesstoff untersucht, der zu 100 % aus Flachs besteht.
Es wurde ein Vliesstoff untersucht, der zu 50 % aus Flachs und zu 50 % aus recyceltem Polyethylenterephtalat (r-PET) besteht.
Es wurde ein Vliesstoff untersucht, der zu 50 % aus Kenaf und zu 50 % aus recyceltem Polyethylenterephthalat (r-PET) besteht.A nonwoven fabric consisting of 100% light hemp was tested.
A nonwoven fabric consisting of 100% flax was tested.
A nonwoven fabric consisting of 50% flax and 50% recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) was tested.
A nonwoven fabric consisting of 50% Kenaf and 50% recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) was tested.
Die Vliesstoffe wurden jeweils durch Nadeltechniken und durch Wasserstrahlen (HE-Technik) erzeugt und im Hinblick auf ihre Flächengewichte (Gewicht, g/m2), ihre Dicken (mm), ihre Höchstzugkräfte in Richtung der Längserstreckung der Naturfasern (HZK, I, N), ihre Höchstzugkräfte quer zur Längserstreckung der Naturfasern (HZK, q, N), ihre Weiterreisskräfte quer zur Längserstreckung der Naturfasern (WRK, q, N), ihre gewichtsbezogenen Höchstzugkräfte in Richtung der Längserstreckung der Naturfasern (gew. HZK, I, Nm2/g), ihre gewichtsbezogenen Höchstzugkräfte quer zur Längserstreckung der Naturfasern (gew. HZK, q, Nm2/g), und ihre gewichtsbezogenen Wefterreisskräfte quer zur Längserstreckung der Naturfasern (gew. WRK, q, Nm2/g) miteinander verglichen.The nonwoven fabrics were each produced by needle techniques and by water jetting (HE technique) and in terms of their basis weights (weight, g / m 2 ), their thicknesses (mm), their maximum tensile forces in the direction of the longitudinal extension of natural fibers (HZK, I, N ), their maximum tensile forces transverse to the longitudinal extent of natural fibers (HZK, q, N), their tearing forces transverse to the longitudinal extent of natural fibers (WRK, q, N), their weight-related maximum tensile forces in the direction of the longitudinal extension of natural fibers (HZK, I, Nm 2 / g), their weight-related maximum tensile forces transverse to the longitudinal extent of natural fibers (HZK, q, Nm 2 / g), and their weight-related drag forces transverse to the longitudinal extent of natural fibers (WRK, q, Nm 2 / g).
Unter Höchstzugkraft wird die Kraft in Newton (N) verstanden, die aufzubringen ist, bevor ein Vliesstoff reisst. Die gewichtsbezogene Höchstzugkraft ist der Quotient aus der Höchstzugkraft und dem Flächengewicht des untersuchten Vliesstoffs.Maximum tensile force is the force in Newton (N) that must be applied before a nonwoven fabric breaks. The weight-related maximum tensile force is the quotient of the maximum tensile force and the basis weight of the nonwoven fabric examined.
Die Tabelle zeigt, dass die Vliesstoffe, die durch Wasserstrahlen hergestellt wurden, stets eine weitaus höhere gewichtsbezogene Höchstzugkraft aufweisen als die Vliesstoffe, die durch Nadeltechniken hergestellt wurden. Die Höchstzugkräfte der Tabelle wurden gemäß DIN EN 29073 - 3 gemessen.
Hinsichtlich weiterer vorteilhafter Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen der erfindungsgemäßen Lehre wird einerseits auf den allgemeinen Teil der Beschreibung und andererseits auf die beigefügten Patentansprüche verwiesen.With regard to further advantageous embodiments and developments of the teaching of the invention reference is made on the one hand to the general part of the description and on the other hand to the appended claims.
Abschließend sei ganz besonders hervorgehoben, dass die zuvor ausgewählten Ausführungsbeispiele lediglich zur Erörterung der erfindungsgemäßen Lehre dienen, diese jedoch nicht auf diese Ausführungsbeispiele einschränken.Finally, it should be particularly emphasized that the previously selected embodiments are merely for the purpose of discussion of the teaching of the invention, but not limit these to these embodiments.
Claims (16)
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Naturfasern (1) eine Länge von mindestens 10 mm aufweisen.Nonwoven fabric comprising natural fibers (1), the natural fibers (1) being split at least partially into elementary fibers (2) and supporting strands (3),
characterized in that the natural fibers (1) have a length of at least 10 mm.
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Cited By (1)
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EP3028846A1 (en) * | 2014-12-03 | 2016-06-08 | Galle, Rudy | A composite board made from recycled and recyclable materials |
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