Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
  • C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/34—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with mechanical oscillations
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/38—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by centrifugal separation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
  • C02F1/722—Oxidation by peroxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
  • C02F1/78—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with ozone
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
  • C02F2103/008—Originating from marine vessels, ships and boats, e.g. bilge water or ballast water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
  • C02F2303/04—Disinfection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
  • C02F2305/02—Specific form of oxidant
  • C02F2305/023—Reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen, OH radical

Definitions

• the present invention describes a method as well as a ship's plant for inactivation of planktonic organisms in water ballast, using hydrodynamic forces.
• the present invention also includes a method comprising of running seawater through a series of hydrocyclones (upgradeable) working in parallel.
• the ship's centrifugal ballast pump f with capacity up to 3500 ra3/h and supplied pressure of > 6.0 bars, the inbound water mass achieves very high values of acceleration and decompression in the hydrocyclone, which in turn, results in mechanical inactivation of planktonic organisms by hydrodynamic forces. Separation is achieved to a lesser degree, hence, the content is returned back to the same location from where it is being pumped out.
• the present invention includes a plant consisting of specialized hydrocyclones for inactivation of planktonic organisms.
• the hydrocyclones according to present invention are installed in a simple manner, do not have movable parts, practically require no or little maintenance, require only a restricted space and they are relatively inexpensive.
• the present invention includes a process of inactivation along with the ship's plant, which is economically feasible, corrosively neutral as well as an ecologically sound method for inactivation of planktonic organisms, during uptake of ballast water into tanks.
• the method, along with a ship's plant for inactivation of planktonic organisms, provides an alternative to a traditional use of hydrocyclone, which is exclusively for separation or reduction of suspended material in water medium.
• the aim of the present invention is to provide a protocol and equipment that could be easily incorporated on a ship, feasible and manageable, while successfully achieving inactivation of planktonic organisms contained in the water ballast; thereby, preventing their distribution in the coastal area during expel.
• ballast water treatment which primarily uses mechanical pre-treatment .
• the pre-treatment is based on centrifugal and gravitational processes, which are applied in ballast water treatment systems onboard, as well as in land based systems. There are sorted into the following processes: filtration (membrane filtration, granular filtration, quick sand filtration and reverse osmosis filtration) , sedimentation, hydrocyclonic separation, centrifugal mechanical separation and centrifugal dynamic separation.
• a ship's water ballast contains various plankton stages of marine organisms (cysts, larvae and adult forms), which is a well-known fact that most of marine life goes through at least one life stage as a constituent of plankton.
• Some marine organisms are capable of forming cysts, especially resistant life forms, intended for survival in unfavorable environmental conditions. Once the conditions become favorable, resting cysts hatch into new living organisms. Even though, a portion of organisms do not live past the entrance to the ballast system, the passage through sea chest, filters, ballast pumps, valves, and/or they are not viable in the ballast tank conditions; however, some portion will survive and live through a journey which may last a few weeks.
• Hydrocyclonic filtration could ensure successful processing of water ballast in the first degree of a treatment.
• the obvious advantages are reliability, negligible expenses and the ability to incorporate in the already existing ship's ballast system.
• the particular matter and organisms, which are removed, are mainly the ones that may cause damage in the facility during the second stage of a treatment, where smaller organism removal is foreseen.
• the first study on the topic of hydrocyclon separation application in water ballast treatment is recorded on pilot- facility of capacity 55 m 3 /h ⁇ Cangelosi A, Knight IT, Balcer M, Gao X, Huq A, McGreevy JA, McGregor B, Reid D, Sturtevant R & Carlton JT (1999) .
• the Biological Effectiveness of Filtration as an Onboard Ballast Treatment Technology Proceedings of the Ninth International Zebra Mussel and Aquatic Nuisance Species Conference, Duluth, MN, April 26-30, 1999.
• the results were not encouraging because a very little success of organism removal was achieved.
• the improved hydrocyclone measuring 5 m, with capacity of 100 m 3 /h and input pressure of 2 bar, demonstrated 13,7% success rate for removal of Artemia cysts, 30% for dinoflagelates, while bacteria removal was insignificant (A. Jelmert , Preliminary Results a pilot study on a treatment for ballast water with vortex separation and UV radiation. Report of the ICES/IOC/IMO Study group on Ballast Water and Sediments, The Hague, 1999) .
• hydrocyclone The principal of operation of hydrocyclone is based on particle acceleration and separation. It separates lighter and heavier phases due to difference in density. Hydrocyclonic separators do not have rotational parts; they consist of a housing, which is cone shaped narrowing down toward one end.
• the lower end obstructs the whirl that causes pressure to increase in the vicinity of the lower opening.
• the flow layers get detached and are directed in the opposite direction, central and upstream, toward the area with lower pressure (inner whirl) .
• the discharge nozzle carries purified ballast water out.
• the whirl flow creates centrifugal force, which presses organisms and sediment, due to their greater mass, toward the walls of the hydrocyclone . They slide down the wall and are expelled at the lower discharge.
• the technical problem that is solved by present invention is effective inactivation of planktonic organisms using hydrodynamic forces applied within a specially constructed hydrocyclone.
• the type of hydrocyclone, as claimed in the present invention is capable of achieving lethal degree of decompression and acceleration for the organisms in ballast water. It also refers to the construction of a ship's plant that is easily incorporated, of which the most important advantage is its low maintenance and low cost.
• Patent No. US 7,198,713 of Hamman AG from Germany discloses installation for the removal and the deactivation of organisms in the ballast water, with the following characteristic features: a first feed pump for conveying the ballast water, an equipment for gravity precipitation of coarser solids and bigger organisms, connected to the first feed pump, and/or a backwashable filtration equipment, a downstream side connected equipment for the deactivation of micro-germs.
• Patent Nr. US 4,415,452 disclose a method and apparatus for treating a continuous stream of organic wastewater using highly concentrated activated sludge (10,000 mg/1 MLSS), elevated atmospheric pressure, and high levels of dissolved oxygen.
• the apparatus consists of three pressurized vessels linked in series by piping, and maintained at equal pressure by means of a common manifold.
• the first vessel receives the mixed liquor consisting of macerated sewage and return activated sludge and thoroughly aearates it with diffused air bubbles.
• the liquor then flows by gravity into the second pressurized vessel where flocculation and further aeration occur.
• From an overflow/transfer box in vessel 2 the liquor flows by gravity into the bottom tier of the third vessel which functions as a cyclone separator.
• the concentrate is drawn from the bottom of the vessel by a return sludge pump and recycled to the first vessel.
• the concentrate rises into the upper tier of the third vessel where it is clarified and discharged as tertiary quality effl
• the cited invention does not describe a ballast facility concept or method as claimed by present invention.
• Patent Nr. EP133728 discloses a method of inactivating microorganisms such as viruses within a fluid such as a biological fluid is disclosed.
• the method includes the steps of providing a UV reactor, which may take the form of an elongated UV lamp, moving the fluid within the reaction chamber in a primary flow directed along the length of the UV lamp, and including a circulating secondary flow within the fluid with the secondary flow being superimposed on the primary flow.
• a UV reactor which may take the form of an elongated UV lamp
• moving the fluid within the reaction chamber in a primary flow directed along the length of the UV lamp and including a circulating secondary flow within the fluid with the secondary flow being superimposed on the primary flow.
• the fluid moves through the reaction chamber in the primary flow, it is circulated rapidly toward and away from the UV lamp in the circulating secondary flow to provide uniform and controllable exposure of the entire volume of fluid to ultraviolet radiation.
• Microorganisms such as viruses are thus inactivated while desirable components in the fluid, such as proteins, are preserved without the use
• Patent Nr. JP2006102283 discloses a method for processing ship ballast water and method for manufacturing sterilized liquid.
• the procedure does not relate to the procedure of inactivation applying hydrodynamic forces, nor with the use of a ship's plant concept, for inactivation of planktonic organisms by hydrocyclone, as claimed by the subject patent application.
• the present invention describes a new method that consists of pumping water into ballast tanks through an upgradeable system of hydrocyclones, which are connected in parallel.
• a ship' s centrifugal pump with capacity up to 3500 m 3 /h and incoming pressure of > 6.0 bars, great acceleration and degree of decompression are achieved, which in turn, generate the effect of mechanical inactivation of planktonic organisms by hydrodynamic forces (separation is achieved to a lesser degree, and this content is returned back to where it is pumped from) .
• a ship' s plant as described in the present invention uses processed water, which is transferred into a smaller tank, specially allocated for this equipment (measuring, for example 600 m 3 ) . From here water is pumped with a centrifugal pump (incoming pressure of up to - 3.5 bars, and capacity equal to the above mentioned pump) into a UV reactor, which is an advisable secondary component of a plant. Additional application of advanced oxidation system - AOP is also possible. The processed water is then transferred into individual tanks through a network of pipes, thereby achieving the proposed goal.
• Hydrocyclones are easily installed; they do not have movable parts, and practically require no maintenance. They can be fixed in an appropriate place on the ship since they do not require much space, and are also relatively inexpensive. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
• Figure 1 represents schematic overview of various modes of plant installation on a ship
• Figure 2 represents schematic overview of laboratory pilot plant for water ballast treatment.
• FIG. 3a and 3b are vertical sections through a UV reactor.
• Figure 4 represents a diagram showing a correlation of flow through and separator exhaust with inbound pressure in the hydrocyclone.
• Figures 5, 5a, 5b represents a diagram showing simulation results of water going through a hydrocyclone, with inbound pressure of 3.0, 5.0 and 9.0 bar - acceleration and pressure.
• Figure 6 shows test phytoplankton species Tetraselmis sp. and Isochrysis sp. used in experiments.
• Figure 7 represents a graphical overview of population densities in a course of 5 days monitoring.
• Figure 8 shows cysts and nauplii of species Artemia salina photographed before the treatment.
• Figure 9 shows cracked cysts photographed after hydrocyclone treatment .
• Figure 10 shows nauplii photographed after hydrocyclone treatment .
• Figures 11, 11a and lib show a blueprint of ship's pilot plant.
• Figure 12 shows a graphical overview of results at the experimental site, Sibenik bay.
• Figure 13 is a graphical overview of results at the experimental site, Omisljaj bay.
• FIG. 1 represents schematic overview of various modes of installation of a plant on the ship, and the plant comprises of: upgradable hydrocyclone cluster (1); UV reactor as a preferred startery component (that could be supplemented with "an advanced oxidation process” - AOP) (2); ballast centrifugal pump of > 6.0 bars (depending on the preferred parameters and the cluster position) , pumping the ambient water by pression through the hydrocyclone cluster (3); a tank in which the water is pouring and hissed into the hydrocyclone cluster (4); a conventional centrifugal pump of ⁇ 3.5 bars that sucks hydrocyclone treated seawater from the spilling tank, hisses through the UV reactor and transmitting it with the ballast pipeline into the ballast ship tanks (5) .
• Figure 2 represents schematic overview of laboratory pilot plant for water ballast treatment comprised of: a tank ⁇ 1000 x 1000 mm, with the volume of approximately 800 1 (1) ; a hydrocyclon (2); a hydrocyclone sludge tank with the volume of 200 1 (3); a second tank ⁇ 1000 x 1000 mm, with the volume of 800 1 (4); multimedia filter ⁇ 250 x 2000 mm (5), a sieve filter (22, 25, 100 ⁇ m) (6); UV reactor (7); processed water carrying tank, ⁇ 1000 x 1000 mm (8); frequency regulation immersing pump (Pl); an immersing pump with the constant rotation (P2); a pressure indicator (manometer) (PI); a pressure sensing instrument (PC); a flow indicator (FI) and a control unit (CU).
• Pl frequency regulation immersing pump
• P2 an immersing pump with the constant rotation
• P2 a pressure indicator
• PI pressure indicator
• PC pressure sensing instrument
• FI flow indicator
• CU control unit
• FIG. 3a and 3b represents vertical sections through UV reactor comprised of: a sterilizer's main body (1) ; an in-and-out pipe connector R 3'' (2); a sampling pipe (3); a flange 0190/085x20 (4); upper plate (5); an offset (6); a bottom ring (7); a bottom plate (8); 0-ring with diameter of ⁇ 5x280 (9); a bolt Ml0x20; an ear (11); a sterlizer's stand (12); a probe carrier (13); an UV-probe (14); reduction (15); glass sildes with diameter of ⁇ 28x3 (16); a gasket with diameter of ⁇ 30/ ⁇ 29x2 (17); a test tube (18); a test tube support (19); a bolt (20); UV-lamp (21); lamp support (22); test tube fastener (23); seal holder ring (24); 0-ring with diamter of ⁇ 3,5x40 (25); connector carrier (26); connector (27); a screw M4x7 (
• Figure 4 is a diagram representing correlation of flow through and separator exhaust with inbound hydrocyclone pressure.
• Figures 5, 5a and 5b are showing simulation results of water going through a hydrocyclone, with inbound pressure of 3.0, 5.0 and 9.0 bars.
• Inbound pressure of 3.0 and 5.0 bars generate acceleration measuring > 5000 g, which is labeled in dark colour.
• Inbound pressure of 9.0 bars generates acceleration up to 15 000g.
• Acceleration of > 7000 g is labeled with light grey, generated acceleration of > 10000 g is labeled with grey colour and generated acceleration of > 15000 g is labeled with black colour.
• Figure 6 shows test phytoplankton species
• Tetraselmis sp. and Isochrysis sp. that are used to test the efficiency of the plant.
• Figure 7 is a graphical overview of population densities in a course of 5 days monitoring, a graphical display of average concentrations in a given time after the treatment.
• Figure 8 shows cysts and nauplii of species Artemia salina photographed before the treatment.
• FIG. 9 shows cracked cysts photographed after hydrocyclone treatment
• Figure 10 shows nauplii photographed after hydrocyclone treatment: a) live; b) dead (without viscera); c) lacerated
• Figure 11, 11a and lib shows a blueprint of ship's pilot plant.
• Figure 12 represents a graphical overview of experimental results with average values of individuals separated by hydrocyclone, at the experimental site Sibenik bay.
• Figure 13 represents graphical overview of experimental results with average values of unviable individuals in respect to the total number of individuals, at the experimental site Omisljaj bay.
• the present invention encompasses the method and ship plant for inactivation of planktonic organisms in water ballast, using hydrodinamic forces.
• the present invention describes a method that consists of pumping water into ballast tanks through upgradeable system of hydrocyclones connected in a parallel. Using a ship's centrifugal pump with capacity up to 3500 m 3 /h and incoming pressure of > 6.0 bars, great acceleration and degree of decompression are achieved, which in turn, generate the effect of mechanical inactivation of planktonic organisms by hydrodynamic forces (separation is achieved to a lesser degree, and this content is returned back to where it is pumped from) .
• a ship' s plant according to present invention relates to use of the above processed water that is transferred into a smaller tank, specially designed for this equipment (measuring, for example, 600 m 3 ) .
• water is pumped with a centrifugal pump (incoming pressure of up to - 3.5 bars, and capacity equal to the above mentioned pump) into a UV reactor, which is an advisable secondary component of a plant. Additional application of an advanced oxidation system - AOP is also possible.
• the processed water is then transferred into individual tanks through a network of pipes, thereby achieving the proposed goal.
• a method and a plant, in accordance with the present invention comprise of plant construction and installation on a ship, which inactivates organisms contained in the ballast during process of manipulation with the same, and thereby prevents distribution of organisms in coastal areas where pumped out .
• the present invention describes the use of a special type of hydrocyclone capable of achieving acceleration and pressure values that are lethal for organisms contained within the ballast .
• a method used in the present invention provides effective inactivation of introduced planktonic organisms, provided that they are in the extending zone, which is submitted to acceleration not less than 5000 g, and a degree of decompression not less than 65.0 bar/s.
• a method in accordance with the present invention has advantages with respect to other solutions described in prior art as it represents a new technology that enables economically feasible, corrosively neutral, as well as an ecologically sound method for inactivation of planktonic organisms during uptake of ballast water into tanks. Furthermore, hydrocyclones are easily installed, do not have movable parts, practically require no or little maintenance, do not take up much space and they are relatively inexpensive.
• step (a) portable laboratory blue print and construction is performed to meet the requirements for invention of concern (schematic overview is shown in figure 2) .
• Multimedia filter (5) and sieve-filter (6) according to figure 2 were bypassed and therefore excluded from treatment process during the course of all experiments.
• UV reactor is designed and constructed to meet experiment requirements, and is shown with components description in figures 3, 3a and 3b.
• UV reactor is equipped with an axially located agitator (3 propellers), with regulator for revolutions, from 0 to 500, and four lamps, 55 W each, wavelength 254 nm. All components are specially designed and produced in domestic companies.
• Laboratory pilot plant is installed in TIBO container to enable the possibility of moving it to a ship or shipyard.
• step (b) testing of hydrocyclone characteristics is performed. Since the market offers exclusively hydrocyclones of industrial type (for purpose of separation, with small acceleration up to 20 g) , extensive research in the area of the specific application market (other than water treatment area) was conducted. Hydrocyclones of small capacity and great acceleration (up to 7500 g) were found. Prior to this discovery, hydrocyclones of capacities 2000 1/hr and 4500 1/hr were progressively used to meet the needs of the experiment. They were named «small» cyclone and «large» cyclone. During the hydrocyclone- testing course, inbound pressure was varied from 2.0 to 5.0 bars, and computer simulations checked motions occurring inside the hydrocyclone (pressure, speed, acceleration) . It was found that when raising inbound pressure, both cyclones achieved increase in flow rate, while outflow at the lower opening (loss of liquid in course of separation) stayed unchanged ( «large» cyclone 2%, «small» cyclone 3%)
• Pressures were chosen according to the following criteria: 2.0 bar, a first step under nominal hydrocyclone pressure (which is 2.5 bar) and 5.0 bar because it is adequate pressure for ship's ballast pump of large capacity (in laboratory pilot plant, lesser values of pressure were achieved during experiment) .
• Simulation of flow in «large» cyclone with inbound pressure of 5.0 bar indicates values of acceleration up to 5000 g and more, in a slightly extending zone, accompanied by a degree of decompression of 19.6 bar/s.
• Simulation of flow in «small» cyclone with inbound pressure of 3.0 bar indicates values of acceleration up to 5000 g and more, achieved in zone of significant extension, accompanied by a degree of decompression of 20.6 bar/s.
• Simulation of flow in «small» cyclone with inbound pressure of 5.0 bar indicates values of acceleration up to 5000 g and more, in predominant extension, accompanied by a degree of decompression of 65.0 bar/s.
• step (b) the hydrocyclone flow rate is examined using a stream of computer simulations with the help of Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ( Figure 4) .
• CFD Computation Fluid Dynamics
• inbound pressure of 5.0 bar is chosen, because the acceleration values that are generated measure > 5000 g in predominant extension are accompanied by a degree of decompression of 65.0 bar/s.
• Such pressure could be reached with centrifugal pump with a big capacity ( ⁇ 3500 m 3 /h) , which is common on large ships today.
• step (c) the experiments are conducted in a laboratory- pilot plant.
• the experiment in line with invention of concern, used test phytoplankton species Tetraselmis sp. and Isochrysis sp. as well as zooplankton species Artemia salina.
• Artemia salina testing was conducted on permanent stages, cysts and early developmental stages, which are nauplii (24 hours after hatching) .
• nauplii 2 g/1 of cysts were used, which were hydrated 1 hour prior to use.
• the cysts were cultured in jars for 24 hours, under conditions of illumination and temperature of 25°C. After 24 hours, hatched nauplii were transferred into clean jars, counted and set at a concentration of 2000 individuals/1.
• test species Tetraselmis sp. and Isochrysis sp. were selected for research on effectiveness of plant on phytoplankton (figure 7) .
• seawater passed through the hydrocyclone with inbound pressure of 2,4 bar (declared optimal inbound pressure), and 4,8 bar (maximal pressure achieved in the pilot plant in line with invention of concern) as well as combined; hydrocyclone (4,8 bar) and UV reactor.
• Phytoplankton was injected through an aircompressed chamber into the system, in order to avoid possible damage the pump can inflict on the organisms.
• the plant was calibrated injecting clean seawater, thereafter, volume and concentration of phytoplankton was determined for the compressed chamber, which was diluted in the 200 1 seawater system.
• the total treated volume was calculated from flow rate values ( ⁇ 1,9 m 3 /h) and duration of the experiment ( ⁇ 5 min) , and it was ⁇ 200 1.
• 10 1 of concentrated phytoplankton was added (10 8 cell/1) to make a final concentration in the treatment process one order in magnitude smaller (10 7 cell./l). This particular concentration was chosen because it is greater than the values that are noted for algal blooms (10 6 cell/1), and therefore testing the effectiveness of the plant in the worst-case scenario, as if the ballast was taken in an area of algal bloom.
• the samples were taken at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the experiment, 10 1 of treated sea water.
• the experimental samples along with control and purge samples were subsequently cultured in RIC, under ideal conditions with addition of feeding medium.
• the density of phytoplankton population was determined daily in the course of 5 days, using the Uterm ⁇ l method. Samples were than analyzed under Olympus® 1X71 inversion microscope.
• Table 1 shows that the population density of species Tetraselmis sp. was increasing in the first two days, while third, fourth and fifth day it was decreasing. Population density of species Isochrysis sp . was decreasing the first and second day, following a slight trend of growth. Graphical overview was modulated and it is shown in figure 8.
• Samples of 1000 1 were taken for analysis. Three control samples were taken prior to the beginning of the experiment, while five samples were taken in regular intervals during the course of experiment, and at the system exit after the treatment .
• the samples containing cysts were analyzed immediately after treatment, by counting, and were cultured subsequently in aerated chambers with ideal conditions for 24 hours. They were then counted to check for hatched nauplii.
• the samples containing nauplii were analyzed immediately after the treatment, by counting living, damaged and unviable individuals. Analysis was performed on Olympus® SZ4060 binocular loupe.
• results show as number of individuals (cysts and nauplii) in volume of one liter (ind./l) .
• step (d) pilot plant was designed and constructed for incorporation into a ship system.
• the UV reactor is added which was priorly used in a portable laboratory.
• minimal volume of sample for experiments in marine environment was 1 m 3 .
• Special storage tanks were designed and installed along with concentrators (plankton sieve, 53 ⁇ m net) .
• the treated samples showed uncertain effectiveness of chosen count method. Almost all organisms were colored red, which would indicate that they all survived the treatment. These results are in contrast with the results conducted in the laboratory pilot plant (4 %, that is 2 % viable) . Due to contrasting results, a series of experiments on species Artemia salina, were repeated in the laboratory pilot plant. The results indicated that «Neutral red» colors the organisms that are lacerated as well. At this point it was concluded that the method does not registers death of an organisms, but death of cells, which occurs at a later time.
• the sea was pumped and treated with a small hydrocyclones in 3 consecutive cycles, with inbound pressure of 5,0 bar.
• 10 m 3 of sea volume was treated.
• the precipitate of all three cycles was comprised into one sample, and was named purge.
• the entire process is repeated under continuous hydrocyclonic and UV radiation treatments.
• the treated 10 m 3 volume of sea water was concentrated using plankton sieve into a 5 1 canister.
• the samples obtained were: control "K”; one for each of 3 hydrocyclonic treatments “HCl” (1, 2 and 3) ; combined purge sample (3 hydrocyclone cycles) “HC2G”; samples for each of three hydrocyclone and UV cycles “HCUV” (1, 2, 3) and combined purge sample (3 hydrocyclone + UV cycles) "HC2UVG” . All samples were colored 24 hours following the treatment, in the meantime they were aerated.
• the average parameters during the experiments were: temperature 20,31 0 C, salinity 32,49 psu and conductivity 50,1 ⁇ s/cm.
• Density of zooplankton population during the experiment measured on average, 31872 organisms in m 3 . On average, 62,69% organisms were separated, out of which 74,55 % were unviable. This fact is not relevant for the inactivation process, because the entire separated content was returned back to the surrounding sea. The organisms that passed through measured on average to be 37,31 %, out of which 95,3 % were unviable. In the ship's tanks, 1,75% organisms, from the surrounding sea populations, were viable after 24 hours.
• the treated 10 m 3 volume of sea water was concentrated using plankton sieve into a 5 1 canister.
• the samples obtained were: control "K”; one for each of 3 hydrocyclonic treatments u “HCl” (1, 2 and 3); combined purge sample (3 hydrocyclone cycles) "HC2G”; samples for each of three hydrocyclone and UV cycles “HCUV” (1, 2, 3) and combined purge sample (3 hydrocyclone + UV cycles) "HC2UVG” . All samples were colored 8 hours following the treatment and in the meantime they were aerated.
• the average parameters during the experiments were: temperature 20,97°C, salinity 37,44 psu and conductivity 56,64 ⁇ s/cm (figure 14) .
• Density of zooplankton population during the experiment measured on average, 21425 organisms in m 3 . On average, 54,50 % organisms were separated, out of which 38,89 % was unviable. The organisms that passed through measured on average to be 45,50 %, out of which 67,21 % were unviable. In the ship's tanks, 14,92 % organisms, from the surrounding sea populations, were viable after 8 hours.
• Copepods were a dominant group which made up to 98,70 % of overall population, which was in accordance with published scientific data. Since the copepods are predominantly an abundant group within zooplankton, they are generally considered as an indicator of zooplankton population.

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