EP2349610B1 - Positioning surfaces on a gas exchange channel rake core - Google Patents
Positioning surfaces on a gas exchange channel rake core Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2349610B1 EP2349610B1 EP09778569.5A EP09778569A EP2349610B1 EP 2349610 B1 EP2349610 B1 EP 2349610B1 EP 09778569 A EP09778569 A EP 09778569A EP 2349610 B1 EP2349610 B1 EP 2349610B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- channel rake
- gas exchange
- exchange channel
- inlet channel
- stops
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/10—Cores; Manufacture or installation of cores
- B22C9/103—Multipart cores
Definitions
- the invention relates to a gas exchange channel computing core as part of a casting mold for a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, wherein the gas exchange channel computing core is assembled with other core parts and lower box and upper box to the mold, and wherein the gas exchange channel computing core has positioning surfaces for a Clearancebearbeitung.
- Such positioning surfaces on gas exchange channel computing core of a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine are known from EP 0 849 462 A1 are known and used to position the cast cylinder head blank for the so-called adjustment or Clearagebearbeitung more or less defined.
- a surface of the cylinder head blank is processed, in which case this surface is the base surface for further processing.
- the object of the invention is to select and arrange the positioning surfaces of a gas exchange channel computing core in such a way that a reliable and accurately fitting positioning of a positioning device for the first receiving processing is achieved.
- This object is achieved in that the positioning surfaces are three height stops, two transverse stops and a longitudinal stop.
- the thus aligned positioning device is then the basis for the Clearancebeailleung, that is, starting from, for example, reference points of the positioning device, the processing machine is controlled and one or more surfaces and / or holes or the like are processed on the cylinder head. Thereafter, the positioning is removed and, starting from the already processed surfaces and / or holes, the other necessary processing of the cylinder head are made in particular in the area that could not be processed by the initially mounted positioning. This includes, for example, the manufacture of the recesses for receiving the valve seat rings. It is clear that their position relative to the gas exchange channels for the swirl behavior of the cylinder head are particularly important.
- the height stops in the form of a tripod are arranged distributed on the gas exchange channel computing core in the form that two height stops are arranged in the region of Ventil arrangementsbutzen of different inlet channel rake teeth and the third height stop is arranged on a cylinder head side walled end of another inlet channel rake tooth.
- This arrangement of height stops ensures an exact height positioning of the positioning.
- two of the height stops are arranged in the region of valve guide studs, it is ensured that there is no influence on the flow path of the combustion air through the finished inlet duct in comparison to the further inlet duct rake.
- the Auslasskanalrechenzähne can be used in the illustrated manner for positioning.
- the two height stops are arranged on outer inlet channel rake teeth, and the third height stop is arranged on a further inlet channel rake tooth arranged between the outer inlet channel rake teeth.
- the transverse stops are arranged at least on two outer inlet channel rake teeth. This is the best place for the exact alignment of the positioning.
- a transverse stop may also be present at the other inlet channel rake teeth. This ensures that all inlet channel rake teeth are identical in this important for the flow pattern of combustion air area.
- the Queranschräge can be arranged in the area next to the Ventii Equipmentsbutzen or be arranged in the region of the cylinder head bottom side ends of the inlet channel rake teeth.
- transverse stops can be provided on each of the inlet channel rake teeth. This is particularly the case when the transverse stops are not arranged in a casting area, which is machined later in the processing of the valve seat receiving surfaces, so that fluidly uniform channels arise.
- the longitudinal stop is arranged in the region adjacent to the valve guide or at a cylinder head bottom side end of an intake passage rake tooth.
- (non-functional) longitudinal stops for ensuring a uniform flow behavior can also be arranged on the other inlet channel rake teeth; in particular if the longitudinal stop (s) are not arranged in a casting area which is later machined during the machining of the valve seat receiving surfaces.
- the gas exchange channel computing core 1 which is shown incompletely in the figures, is intended for the casting mold of a four-cylinder two-valve cylinder head. Not shown is the individual channel rake teeth cohesive connecting part, which is arranged on the cylinder head side end 6 of the channel rake teeth. At this connection part, both the intake passage rake teeth 2 and the exhaust passage rake teeth 3 are mounted. This connecting part connects the channel rake teeth outside of the (finished) cylinder head.
- the gas exchange channel computing core is positioned defined together with the other core parts in the casting mold. However, after the casting process and the subsequent gutting, the crude cylinder head must be further processed and, for example, recesses for receiving valve seat rings must be machined with an exact fit in relation to the inlet ducts.
- a positioning device is used in the gas exchange channels and, starting from defined reference points of the positioning device, quasi an adjustment or Clearancebearbeitung made of certain surfaces and / or holes on the cylinder head. Starting from this Justage- or Warfactbearbeitung then the recesses for the valve seat rings can be made.
- the gas exchange channel computing core 1 Fig. 1 to the outer inlet channel rake teeth 2a, 2d height stops 4a, 4d arranged in the region of Ventil Resultssbutzen 5 and a third height stop 4b is at one in between lying inlet channel rake tooth 2b attached to the cylinder head sidewall end 6.
- the height stops 4a, 4b, 4d form a tripod and ensure a secure positioning of the positioning.
- Transverse stops 7a, 7d are in turn arranged on the outer inlet channel rake teeth 2a, 2d, namely on their cylinder head bottom side ends.
- a longitudinal stopper 8 is disposed at the cylinder head side end of the intake passage rake tooth 2c. Both the transverse stops 7a, 7b and the longitudinal stop 8 are located in a region of the finished cylinder head, in which a machining operation for the creation of receiving recesses for valve seat rings takes place.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Gaswechselkanalrechenkern als Teil einer Gießform für einen Zylinderkopf einer Brennkraftmaschine, wobei der Gaswechselkanalrechenkern mit anderen Kernteilen sowie Unterkasten und Oberkasten zu der Gießform zusammengesetzt ist, und wobei der Gaswechselkanalrechenkern für eine Erstaufnahmebearbeitung Positionierflächen aufweist.The invention relates to a gas exchange channel computing core as part of a casting mold for a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, wherein the gas exchange channel computing core is assembled with other core parts and lower box and upper box to the mold, and wherein the gas exchange channel computing core has positioning surfaces for a Erstaufnahmebearbeitung.
Derartige Positionierflächen an Gaswechselkanalrechenkern eines Zylinderkopfs einer Brennkraftmaschine sind aus der
Im Zuge der Erfüllung von strengen Abgasgesetzgebungsvorschriften ist es heutzutage wichtig, dass bei einem solchermaßen hergestellten Zylinderkopf die Luftströmung durch die einzelnen Gaswechselkanäle, die durch die Gaswechselkanalrechen gebildet werden, möglichst einheitlich ist.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Positionierflächen eines Gaswechselkanalrechenkerns so auszuwählen und anzuordnen, dass eine zuverlässige und passgenaue Positionierung einer Positioniereinrichtung für die Erstaufnahmebearbeitung erzielt wird.
Diese Aufgabe wird dadurch gelöst, dass die Positionierflächen drei Höhenanschläge, zwei Queranschläge und ein Längsanschlag sind. Durch diese Auswahl ist mit einer Mindestzahl von verschiedenen Positionierflächen eine äußerst passgenaue Positionierung des Zylinderkopfs für eine Erstaufnahmebearbeitung sichergestellt. Dies geschieht in der Form, dass eine Positioniereinrichtung in den entkernten Zylinderkopfrohling eingesetzt wird und diese mit allen genannten Positionierflächen zusammenwirkt. Die so ausgerichtete Positioniereinrichtung ist dann die Grundlage für die Erstaufnahmebearbeitung, dass heißt, ausgehend von beispielsweise Referenzpunkten der Positioniereinrichtung wird die Bearbeitungsmaschine gesteuert und es werden eine oder mehrere Flächen und/oder Bohrungen oder Ähnliches an dem Zylinderkopf bearbeitet. Danach wird die Positioniereinrichtung entfernt und, ausgehend von den schon bearbeiteten Flächen und/oder Bohrungen, werden die weiteren notwendigen Bearbeitungen des Zylinderkopfs insbesondere auch in dem Bereich vorgenommen, der durch die zunächst angebrachte Positioniereinrichtung nicht bearbeitet werden konnte. Hierzu zählt beispielsweise die Fertigung der Ausnehmungen zur Aufnahme der Ventilsitzringe. Es ist einsichtig, dass deren Lage in Bezug zu den Gaswechselkanälen für das Drallverhalten des Zylinderkopfs besonders wichtig sind.Such positioning surfaces on gas exchange channel computing core of a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine are known from
In the course of the fulfillment of strict exhaust gas legislation regulations, it is important today that in a cylinder head produced in this way, the air flow through the individual gas exchange channels, which are formed by the Gaswechselkanalrechen, as uniform as possible.
The object of the invention is to select and arrange the positioning surfaces of a gas exchange channel computing core in such a way that a reliable and accurately fitting positioning of a positioning device for the first receiving processing is achieved.
This object is achieved in that the positioning surfaces are three height stops, two transverse stops and a longitudinal stop. By This selection is ensured with a minimum number of different positioning surfaces extremely accurate positioning of the cylinder head for a Erstaufnahmebearbeitung. This is done in the form that a positioning device is inserted into the cored cylinder head blank and this cooperates with all mentioned positioning surfaces. The thus aligned positioning device is then the basis for the Erstaufnahmebearbeitung, that is, starting from, for example, reference points of the positioning device, the processing machine is controlled and one or more surfaces and / or holes or the like are processed on the cylinder head. Thereafter, the positioning is removed and, starting from the already processed surfaces and / or holes, the other necessary processing of the cylinder head are made in particular in the area that could not be processed by the initially mounted positioning. This includes, for example, the manufacture of the recesses for receiving the valve seat rings. It is clear that their position relative to the gas exchange channels for the swirl behavior of the cylinder head are particularly important.
Erfindungsgemäss sind die Höhenanschläge in Form eines Dreibeins ausgebildet an dem Gaswechselkanalrechenkern in der Form verteilt angeordnet, dass zwei Höhenanschläge im Bereich von Ventilführungsbutzen von verschiedenen Einlasskanalrechenzähnen angeordnet sind und der dritte Höhenanschlag ist an einem zylinderkopfseitenwandigen Ende eines weiteren Einlasskanalrechenzahnes angeordnet. Diese Anordnung der Höhenanschläge gewährleistet eine exakte Höhenpositionierung der Positioniereinrichtung. Dadurch, dass zwei der Höhenanschläge im Bereich von Ventilführungsbutzen angeordnet sind, ist darüber hinaus sichergestellt, dass keine Beeinflussung des Strömungslaufs der Verbrennungsluft durch den fertigen Einlasskanal im Vergleich zu dem weiteren Einlasskanalrechen gegeben ist. Selbstverständlich können aber auch die Auslasskanalrechenzähne in der dargestellten Art und Weise zur Positionierung herangezogen werden.According to the invention, the height stops in the form of a tripod are arranged distributed on the gas exchange channel computing core in the form that two height stops are arranged in the region of Ventilführungsbutzen of different inlet channel rake teeth and the third height stop is arranged on a cylinder head side walled end of another inlet channel rake tooth. This arrangement of height stops ensures an exact height positioning of the positioning. In addition, because two of the height stops are arranged in the region of valve guide studs, it is ensured that there is no influence on the flow path of the combustion air through the finished inlet duct in comparison to the further inlet duct rake. Of course, however, the Auslasskanalrechenzähne can be used in the illustrated manner for positioning.
In Weiterbildung der Erfindung sind die zwei Höhenanschläge an äußeren Einlasskanalrechenzähnen angeordnet und der dritte Höhenanschlag ist an einem zwischen den äußeren Einlasskanalrechenzähnen angeordneten weiteren Einlasskanalrechenzahn angeordnet. Dadurch ist eine genaue Fixierung der Positioniereinrichtung gewährleistet.In a development of the invention, the two height stops are arranged on outer inlet channel rake teeth, and the third height stop is arranged on a further inlet channel rake tooth arranged between the outer inlet channel rake teeth. As a result, an accurate fixation of the positioning is guaranteed.
In weiterer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sind die Queranschläge zumindest an zwei äußeren Einlasskanalrechenzähnen angeordnet. Dies ist für die exakte Ausrichtung der Positioniereinrichtung die günstigste Stelle. Dabei kann darüber hinausgehend an den weiteren Einlasskanalrechenzähnen ebenfalls ein Queranschlag vorhanden sein. Dadurch ist sichergestellt, dass alle Einlasskanalrechenzähne in diesem für das Strömungsbild der Verbrennungsluft wichtigen Bereich gleich ausgebildet sind. Die Queranschräge können im Bereich neben den Ventiiführungsbutzen angeordnet sein oder aber im Bereich der zylinderkopfbodenseitigen Enden der Einlasskanalrechenzähne angeordnet sein. Insbesondere im letzten Fall können an jedem der Einlasskanalrechenzähne Queranschläge vorgesehen sein. Dies ist insbesondere dann der Fall, wenn die Queranschläge nicht in einem Gussbereich angeordnet sind, der später bei der Bearbeitung der Ventilsitzaufnahmeflächen bearbeitet wird, so dass strömungsmäßig einheitliche Kanäle entstehen.In a further embodiment of the invention, the transverse stops are arranged at least on two outer inlet channel rake teeth. This is the best place for the exact alignment of the positioning. In addition, a transverse stop may also be present at the other inlet channel rake teeth. This ensures that all inlet channel rake teeth are identical in this important for the flow pattern of combustion air area. The Queranschräge can be arranged in the area next to the Ventiiführungsbutzen or be arranged in the region of the cylinder head bottom side ends of the inlet channel rake teeth. In particular, in the latter case, transverse stops can be provided on each of the inlet channel rake teeth. This is particularly the case when the transverse stops are not arranged in a casting area, which is machined later in the processing of the valve seat receiving surfaces, so that fluidly uniform channels arise.
In Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist der Längsanschlag im Bereich neben dem Ventilführungsbutzen oder aber an einem zylinderkopfbodenseitigen Ende eines Einlasskanalrechenzahnes angeordnet. Auch hier können an den weiteren Einlasskanalrechenzähnen ebenfalls (funktionslose) Längsanschläge für die Gewährleistung eines einheitlichen Strömungsverhaltens angeordnet sein; insbesondere dann, wenn der beziehungsweise die Längsanschläge nicht in einem Gussbereich angeordnet sind, der später bei der Bearbeitung der Ventilsitzaufnahmeflächen bearbeitet wird.In a further development of the invention, the longitudinal stop is arranged in the region adjacent to the valve guide or at a cylinder head bottom side end of an intake passage rake tooth. Again, (non-functional) longitudinal stops for ensuring a uniform flow behavior can also be arranged on the other inlet channel rake teeth; in particular if the longitudinal stop (s) are not arranged in a casting area which is later machined during the machining of the valve seat receiving surfaces.
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind der Zeichnungsbeschreibung zu entnehmen, in der in den Fig. dargestellte Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung näher beschrieben sind.Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are described in the drawings, are described in more detail in the illustrated in the figures embodiments of the invention.
Es zeigen:
-
Fig. 1 eine erste Variante eines Gaswechselkanalrechenkerns mit Positionierflächen und -
Fig. 2 eine zweite Variante eines Gaswechselkanalrechenkerns bei dem die Queranschläge als Bestandteil der Positionierflächen an anderer Stelle angeordnet sind.
-
Fig. 1 a first variant of a gas exchange channel computing core with positioning and -
Fig. 2 a second variant of a Gaswechselkanalrechenkerns in which the transverse stops are arranged as part of the positioning at another location.
Der in den Figuren unvollständig dargestellte Gaswechselkanalrechenkern 1 ist für die Gießform eines vierzylindrigen Zweiventilzylinderkopfs bestimmt. Nicht dargestellt ist der die einzelnen Kanalrechenzähne zusammenhaltende Verbindungsteil, der an dem zylinderkopfseitenwandigen Ende 6 der Kanalrechenzähne angeordnet ist. An diesem Verbindungsteil sind sowohl die Einlasskanalrechenzähne 2 als auch die Auslasskanalrechenzähne 3 angebracht. Dieses Verbindungsteil verbindet die Kanalrechenzähne außerhalb des (fertigen) Zylinderkopfs. Der Gaswechselkanalrechenkern ist zusammen mit den weiteren Kernteilen in der Giesform definiert positioniert. Nach dem Gießvorgang und der anschließenden Entkernung muss der Rohzylinderkopf aber weiterbearbeitet werden und beispielsweise passgenau in Bezug zu den Einlasskanälen Ausnehmungen zur Aufnahme von Ventilsitzringen eingearbeitet werden. Hierzu wird eine Positioniereinrichtung in den Gaswechselkanälen eingesetzt und, ausgehend von definierten Referenzpunkten der Positioniereinrichtung, wird quasi eine Justage- oder Erstaufnahmebearbeitung von bestimmten Flächen und/oder Bohrungen an dem Zylinderkopf vorgenommen. Ausgehend von dieser Justage- oder Erstaufnahmebearbeitung können dann die Ausnehmungen für die Ventilsitzringe gefertigt werden.
Für die genaue Ausrichtung der Positioniereinrichtung sind bei dem Gaswechselkanalrechenkern 1 gemäß
For the exact alignment of the positioning are in accordance with the gas exchange
Im Unterschied hierzu sind bei dem Gaswechselkanalrechenkern gemäß
- 11
- GaswechselkanalrechenkernGas exchange channel calculation engine
- 22
- EinlasskanalrechenzahnInlet duct computing gear
- 33
- AuslasskanalrechenzahnAuslasskanalrechenzahn
- 44
- Höhenanschlagheight stop
- 55
- VentilführungsbutzenVentilführungsbutzen
- 66
- zylinderkopfseitenwandiges Endecylinder head sidewalled end
- 77
- Queranschlagcross stop
- 88th
- Längsanschlaglongitudinal stop
Claims (7)
- Gas exchange channel rake core as part of a casting mould for a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, wherein the gas exchange channel rake core is assembled with other core parts and also bottom box and top box to form the casting mould, and wherein the gas exchange channel rake core has positioning surfaces for an initial reception processing, characterized in that the positioning surfaces are three vertical stops (4), two transverse stops (7) and one longitudinal stop (8), and in that the vertical stops (4a, 4b, 4d), formed in the shape of a tripod, are arranged on the gas exchange channel rake core (1) in a manner distributed in said shape, in that two vertical stops (4a, 4d) are arranged in the region of valve guide bows (5) of various inlet channel rake teeth (2) and the third vertical stop (4b) is arranged at a cylinder-head side-wall end (6) of a further inlet channel rake tooth (2).
- Gas exchange channel rake core according to Claim 1, characterized in that the two vertical stops (4a, 4b) are arranged on outer inlet channel rake teeth (2a, 2d) and the third vertical stop (4c) is arranged on a further inlet channel rake tooth (2b) arranged between the outer inlet channel rake teeth (2a, 2d).
- Gas exchange channel rake core according to either of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transverse stops (7) are arranged at least on two outer inlet channel rake teeth (2).
- Gas exchange channel rake core according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transverse stops (7a, 7d) are arranged in the region next to the valve guide bows (5).
- Gas exchange channel rake core according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transverse stops (7a', 7d') are arranged in the region of the cylinder-head-bottom-side ends of the inlet channel rake teeth (2a, 2d).
- Gas exchange channel rake core according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the longitudinal stop (8) is arranged in the region next to the valve guide bows (5).
- Gas exchange channel rake core according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the longitudinal stop (8') is arranged on a cylinder-head-bottom-side end of an inlet channel rake tooth (2c).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE200810049527 DE102008049527A1 (en) | 2008-09-29 | 2008-09-29 | Positioning surfaces on a gas exchange duct rake |
PCT/EP2009/006711 WO2010034426A1 (en) | 2008-09-29 | 2009-09-17 | Positioning surfaces on a gas exchange channel rake |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2349610A1 EP2349610A1 (en) | 2011-08-03 |
EP2349610B1 true EP2349610B1 (en) | 2016-05-04 |
Family
ID=41572542
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09778569.5A Active EP2349610B1 (en) | 2008-09-29 | 2009-09-17 | Positioning surfaces on a gas exchange channel rake core |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2349610B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102008049527A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2585570T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010034426A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN114535511A (en) * | 2022-03-09 | 2022-05-27 | 广西玉柴机器股份有限公司 | Core assembly positioning device and method for improving consistency of air passages of cylinder cover |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5119881A (en) * | 1990-03-07 | 1992-06-09 | Navistar International Transportation Corp. | Cylinder head casting core assembly and method |
DE19542492C1 (en) * | 1995-11-15 | 1997-01-16 | Daimler Benz Ag | Liquid-cooled cylinder head for a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine |
DE19655020C2 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 2000-03-23 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Method for the first reception of a cast blank of a cylinder head for internal combustion engines |
US6527040B2 (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2003-03-04 | General Motors Corporation | Casting of engine blocks |
US6527039B2 (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2003-03-04 | General Motors Corporation | Casting of engine blocks |
US6615901B2 (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2003-09-09 | General Motors Corporation | Casting of engine blocks |
ATE297830T1 (en) * | 2002-12-09 | 2005-07-15 | Boehringer Werkzeugmaschinen | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR ALIGNING THE ANGLE POSITION OF ECCENTRIC PARTS SUCH AS CRANKSHAFTS USING ALIGNMENT JAWS ON A steadiness |
DE10339653A1 (en) * | 2003-08-28 | 2005-03-24 | Deutz Ag | Casting core minimized cylinder head |
DE102004034524A1 (en) * | 2004-07-16 | 2006-02-16 | Deutz Ag | Cast cylinder head with cooling channel for internal combustion engine has crankcase and the cooling channels formed during the casting process |
DE102006026131B4 (en) * | 2006-06-03 | 2018-12-20 | Daimler Ag | Method for producing a cylinder head for a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine |
-
2008
- 2008-09-29 DE DE200810049527 patent/DE102008049527A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2009
- 2009-09-17 ES ES09778569.5T patent/ES2585570T3/en active Active
- 2009-09-17 WO PCT/EP2009/006711 patent/WO2010034426A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-09-17 EP EP09778569.5A patent/EP2349610B1/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2010034426A1 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
DE102008049527A1 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
EP2349610A1 (en) | 2011-08-03 |
ES2585570T3 (en) | 2016-10-06 |
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