EP2326905A2 - Tubular heat exchanger for controlling a wide performance range - Google Patents
Tubular heat exchanger for controlling a wide performance rangeInfo
- Publication number
- EP2326905A2 EP2326905A2 EP09748948A EP09748948A EP2326905A2 EP 2326905 A2 EP2326905 A2 EP 2326905A2 EP 09748948 A EP09748948 A EP 09748948A EP 09748948 A EP09748948 A EP 09748948A EP 2326905 A2 EP2326905 A2 EP 2326905A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- medium flow
- heat exchanger
- cooling medium
- way valve
- tube bundle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010327 methods by industry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F27/00—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus
- F28F27/02—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus for controlling the distribution of heat-exchange media between different channels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2250/00—Arrangements for modifying the flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. flow guiding means; Particular flow patterns
- F28F2250/10—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media
- F28F2250/102—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media with change of flow direction
Definitions
- Tube bundle heat exchanger for controlling a wide power range
- the invention relates to a shell and tube heat exchanger for controlling a wide power range.
- heat exchangers for the cooling of medium streams, especially gases in numerous process engineering systems, such. B. gasification plants, thermal and catalytic cracking systems, steam reforming plants, etc.
- heat exchangers in particular shell and tube heat exchanger (cooler), used in which flow to be cooled medium flows through straight Schundrohre and thereby the existing heat of the hot medium flow through the pipe wall deliver to the cooling medium surrounding the tubes.
- the main object of such a heat exchanger or shell-and-tube heat exchanger is the transfer of heat between two media, wherein one medium (hot medium) dissipates a certain amount of heat and the other medium (cooling medium) is supplied with an adequate amount of heat.
- the amount of heat transferred is known to depend on the size of the heat exchanger, the heat transfer coefficients of the two media, and the temperature difference between the two media. With single-phase media, the medium temperature changes with the heat supply or heat dissipation.
- the temperature profile over the length of the apparatus of the heat exchanger is in this case similar to an exponential function.
- a shell-and-tube heat exchanger generally comprises a large number of heating surface tubes, a pressure jacket surrounding the heating surface tubes and forming a jacket space, and two tube plates, between which the heating surface tubes are arranged.
- the one medium flows through the tube inlet chamber of the heat exchanger, then through the Schundrohre and the tube outlet chamber of the heat exchanger.
- the second medium flows through a nozzle into the shell space of the Heat exchanger, flows around the individual heating surfaces several times tube and then flows through a second nozzle out of the heat exchanger.
- the two media can flow in a heat exchanger or tube bundle heat exchanger in the same axial direction of the heat exchanger (DC) or one of the two media in the opposite direction to the other medium (countercurrent) within the heat exchanger.
- the temperature profile of the heat exchange of the media in the countercurrent and direct current is different and therefore leads to a different high mean logarithmic temperature difference between the two media.
- the amount of heat transferred between the two media is therefore different for both circuits, i. Countercurrent or DC circuit, different sizes.
- the performance of the heat exchanger or shell-and-tube heat exchanger can be changed by fouling (deposits or contaminants within the heating surface tubes) or other influences with the operating time of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, resulting in a need for control intervention.
- the thermal performance of the tube bundle heat exchanger is often a bypass control, consisting of a bypass line and a three-way mixing valve, that is a controlled three-way valve used.
- a part of the medium stream is taken from the main stream before being introduced into the tube bundle heat exchanger and guided or bypassed around the tube bundle heat exchanger.
- the reduced flow rate of a medium reduces the heat transfer and influences the average logarithmic temperature difference via the changed medium outlet temperature.
- the achievable with this bypass arrangement control range or control intervention is relatively small.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a tube bundle heat exchanger with a bypass system, in which the aforementioned disadvantages are avoided or in which the outlet temperatures of the media and the amount of heat to be transferred in a very wide range is regulated.
- the above object is achieved with respect to the tube bundle heat exchanger by the entirety of the features of claim 1.
- a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a wide control range is made available, allowing for better control of tube bundle heat exchangers at the cold end of a heat recovery line.
- controllable three-way valve is arranged with respect to the cooling medium flow in the discharge side of the tube bundle heat exchanger.
- the advantage of this arrangement is the exact controllability of the medium outlet temperature.
- the other three-way valve is formed as a changeover next to a regulated three-way valve. With the three-way valve designed as a reversing valve, the complete cooling medium flow can be clearly directed into the front or rear end of the jacket space or out of the front or rear end of the jacket space and thus a direct or countercurrent flow of the cooling medium to the first medium flow in the jacket space can be achieved.
- the three-way valve designed as a reversing valve with respect to the cooling medium flow in the inlet side of the tube bundle heat exchanger.
- the other three-way valves in addition to the one regulated three-way valve, also a regulated three-way valve.
- control technology can be controlled, which works as a switching valve of both three-way valves.
- a flow measuring device is arranged within the bypass line.
- this flow measuring device (s)
- the partial flow rates within the bypass line can be precisely recorded and thus act as controlled variables on the control process and the regulated three-way valves.
- the nozzle at the rear end of the pressure jacket and / or the nozzle at the front end of the pressure jacket in the direction of the longitudinal axis L of the tube bundle heat exchanger seen are each gleichholz. This results in a short path when flowing through the jacket space in the case of bypassing a partial mass flow of the cooling medium.
- nozzle at the rear end of the pressure jacket and / or the nozzle at the front end of the pressure jacket relative to a lying perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L of the tube bundle heat exchanger level E lie on the latter in each case at an arbitrary angle ,
- the resistance or the pressure loss of the bypassing partial flow of the cooling medium flow can be reduced or kept small.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic longitudinal section through a tube bundle heat exchanger, in which the cooling medium is passed in countercurrent through the heat exchanger
- FIG. 2 as in FIG. 1, but with a partial flow of the cooling medium flow being guided through the second bypass line,
- FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal section through a tube bundle heat exchanger shown schematically, in which the cooling medium is passed through the heat exchanger in cocurrent, FIG. 4 as in FIG. 3, but with a partial stream of the cooling medium stream being branched off before being passed through the medium of the tube bundle heat exchanger and being supplied to the discharge line, FIG.
- FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment to FIG. 2,
- Fig. 6 shows a cross section through the tube bundle heat exchanger shown schematically at the level of the nozzle and according to section A-A in Figure 1.
- the tube bundle heat exchanger 1 shows a tube bundle heat exchanger 1 shown schematically in longitudinal section.
- Such tube bundle heat exchanger 1 are used in numerous process engineering systems, such. As gasification plants, thermal and catalytic crackers, steam reforming plants, etc., required, in which a process gas, an exhaust gas or the like. Is produced.
- the tube bundle heat exchanger 1 is generally used for cooling the aforementioned hot gas or a first medium stream 7, which is introduced through a pipe, not shown, in the pipe inlet chamber 9 of the tube bundle heat exchanger 1 and passed from here through a plurality of straight Schuzan 2 , then collected in the tube outlet chamber 10 of the tube bundle heat exchanger 1 and discharged by means not shown line from the tube bundle heat exchanger 1.
- the Schuvidrohre 2 takes place through which an indirect heat exchange with the Schuvidrohre 2 surrounding cooling medium 8, are each spaced from each other between two tube plates 3, 4 and with these firm and gas-tight - usually welded - connected.
- the entire Schuphilrohre 2 are covered by a jacket 5 forming a pressure jacket 6.
- a jacket 5 forming a pressure jacket 6.
- the better assignment because here is the adjacent to the tube outlet chamber 10 end of the pressure jacket 6 as the rear end 15th and the end of the pressure jacket 6 adjoining the tube inlet chamber 9 is referred to as the front end 16.
- the two ports 11, 13 for the supply of the cooling medium flow 8 are each connected to a first and second bypass line 21 a, 21 b, both bypass lines 21 a, 21 b lead to a first three-way valve 19 and are each connected to this.
- the feed line 17 is connected to the three-way valve 19, through which the cooling medium flow m 0 8 the tube bundle heat exchanger 1 is supplied.
- the two connecting pieces 12, 14 are each connected to a third and fourth bypass line 22a, 22b, whereby both bypass lines 22a, 22b lead to a second three-way valve 20 and respectively to this for the discharge of the cooling medium flow 8 are connected.
- the drain line 18 is connected to the three-way valve 20, through which the K ⁇ hlmediumstrom m 0 8 is discharged from the tube bundle heat exchanger 1.
- one of the two three-way valves 19, 20 is designed to be adjustable.
- Figures 1 and 2 show circuits of the tube bundle heat exchanger 1 according to the invention, in which the cooling medium flow 8 flows through the heat exchanger in countercurrent to the first medium flow 7.
- Figures 1 and 2 show thereby preferred variants, which provides a three-way valve in the second three-way valve 20 in the discharge line 18 and the first three-way valve 19 in the supply line 17 designed as a change-over valve three-way valve. According to FIG.
- the three-way valve 19 designed as a reversing valve is controlled in such a way that the inflow of the cooling medium flow 8 through the feed line 17 and the first bypass line 21 a is conducted into the rear end 15 of the jacket space 5 and the three-way valve 20 is controlled such that the complete supplied mass flow m 0 of the cooling medium flow 8 passed through the jacket space 5 and is discharged through the third bypass line 22 a and the drain line 18.
- FIG. 2 shows no change with respect to the circuit of FIG. 1 with regard to the three-way valve 19 configured as a reversing valve, that is, the inlet of the cooling medium flow 8 takes place in the ⁇
- the three-way valve 20 is controlled such that a partial flow m 2 of the complete mass flow supplied m 0 of the cooling medium flow 8 through the fourth bypass line 22 b and the remaining partial flow m, passed through the shell space 5 and through the third bypass line 22a and both partial flows m, and m 2 is derived jointly through the drain line 18.
- Trained as a switching valve three-way valve 19 is a controlled guide member and passes the supplied cooling medium flow 8 to one of the two existing outputs, as there are the bypass lines 21 a and 21 b.
- Figures 3 and 4 show circuits of the tube bundle heat exchanger 1 according to the invention, in which the cooling medium stream 8 flows through the tube bundle heat exchanger 1 in direct current to the first medium flow 7, ie both medium streams 7, 8 have the same direction within the tube bundle heat exchanger 1.
- Figures 3 and 4 show as before in Figures 1 and 2 preferred variants, which provides a three-way valve in the second three-way valve 20 in the discharge line 18 and the first three-way valve 19 in the supply line 17 designed as a three-way valve.
- FIG. 1 preferred variants, which provides a three-way valve in the second three-way valve 20 in the discharge line 18 and the first three-way valve 19 in the supply line 17 designed as a three-way valve.
- the three-way valve 19 designed as a reversing valve 19 is controlled in such a way that the inflow of the cooling medium flow 8 is conducted through the second bypass line 21b into the front end 16 of the jacket space 5 and the three-way valve 20 is controlled in such a way that the complete supply is effected Mass flow m 0 of the cooling medium flow 8 passed through the shell space 5 and then through the fourth bypass line 22 b and through the drain line 18 downstream of the three-way valve 20 is derived.
- FIG. 4 shows no change with regard to the three-way valve 19 designed as a reversing valve with respect to the circuit of FIG.
- the first three-way valve 19, ie the three-way valve located in the feed line 17, can be designed as a regulated three-way valve and the second three-way valve 20, ie the three-way valve located in the drain line 18, as a three-way valve designed as a reversing valve be formed.
- FIG. 1 the first three-way valve 19, ie the three-way valve located in the feed line 17, can be designed as a regulated three-way valve and the second three-way valve 20, ie the three-way valve located in the drain line 18, as a three-way valve designed as a reversing valve be formed.
- FIG. 5 shows this variant, in which the three-way valve 19 regulates the mass flow m 0 of the coolant stream 8 flowing through the inlet line 17 by supplying a partial mass flow ITi 1 through the first bypass line 21a to the jacket space 5 and a partial mass flow m 2 through the second bypass line 21 b and thus on the jacket space 5 of the tube bundle heat exchanger 1 over and in the front end 16 of the shell space 5 passes.
- the complete mass flow m 0 then exits from the tube bundle heat exchanger 1 under the appropriate position of the three-way valve 20 designed as a changeover valve through the third bypass line 22 a and the drain line 18.
- the regulated three-way valve 19 is arranged in the inlet and thus in the cold region of the cooling medium flow 8. This can be advantageous over arrangements in which cooling medium flows 8 emerge very strongly heated at the outlet, since thereby the contact of the regulated three-way valve 19 with the strongly heated cooling medium flow 8 is avoided.
- the three-way valve 20 embodied as a changeover valve takes up the discharged cooling medium flow 8 in one of the two existing inputs, as there are the bypass lines 22a and 22b.
- a further controlled three-way valve can be used, which would mean that both three-way valves 19, 20 are formed regulated. In such a case, however, it makes sense that one of the two controlled three-way valves 19, 20 takes over the function of a pure change-over valve.
- FIG. 6 shows a further possibility in which the connecting pieces 11, 12 are at 45 ° to each other on a plane E which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L of the tube bundle heat exchanger 1.
- This angle between the two nozzles can be designed as desired and depends inter alia on the narrowness of the passages between the Schuvinrohren 2 within the jacket space 5 from. If the passages are very narrow, one will rather choose a smaller angle between the two ports 11, 12 in order to allow a relatively resistance-free flow and exit for a partial mass flow of the cooling medium flow 8 intended for the bypass line 22b.
- the above also applies to the nozzle 13, 14 at the front end 16 of the pressure jacket. 6
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102008048405A DE102008048405B3 (en) | 2008-09-23 | 2008-09-23 | Tube bundle heat exchanger for the regulation of a wide power range |
PCT/DE2009/001317 WO2010034292A2 (en) | 2008-09-23 | 2009-09-18 | Tubular heat exchanger for controlling a wide performance range |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2326905A2 true EP2326905A2 (en) | 2011-06-01 |
EP2326905B1 EP2326905B1 (en) | 2013-07-17 |
Family
ID=42035253
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09748948.8A Active EP2326905B1 (en) | 2008-09-23 | 2009-09-18 | Tubular heat exchanger for controlling a wide performance range |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9170055B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2326905B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5528458B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102150003B (en) |
CA (1) | CA2735836C (en) |
DE (1) | DE102008048405B3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010034292A2 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA201102100B (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102010048065A1 (en) * | 2010-10-12 | 2012-04-12 | Martin GmbH für Umwelt- und Energietechnik | Device with a heat exchanger and method for operating a heat exchanger of a steam generating plant |
RS56234B1 (en) * | 2013-04-10 | 2017-11-30 | Outotec Finland Oy | Gas slide heat exchanger |
FR3010781B1 (en) * | 2013-09-18 | 2017-11-10 | Kp1 | THERMAL EXCHANGER PURGE SYSTEM EQUIPPED WITH A SHOWER HEAT RECOVERY |
CH708685A2 (en) * | 2013-10-14 | 2015-04-15 | Weidmann Plastics Tech Ag | Motor vehicle with an air conditioner. |
FR3013823B1 (en) * | 2013-11-28 | 2018-09-21 | F2A - Fabrication Aeraulique Et Acoustique | DOUBLE FLOW AIR / AIR EXCHANGER, AIR TREATMENT PLANT AND METHOD FOR CLEANING SUCH EXCHANGER |
DE102014103691A1 (en) * | 2014-03-18 | 2015-09-24 | Basf Se | Heat exchanger, reactor assembly comprising this heat exchanger and method for controlling the temperature of a reactor |
CN106090988A (en) * | 2016-08-05 | 2016-11-09 | 宁波天净科环保科技有限公司 | A kind of anti-freeze type heat pipe wind-warming unit system |
DE102016013459A1 (en) | 2016-11-12 | 2018-05-17 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Process for changing the temperature of a fluid by means of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger and shell-and-tube heat exchanger |
CN106855367B (en) * | 2017-02-28 | 2024-01-26 | 郑州大学 | Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with distributed inlets and outlets |
CN106679467B (en) * | 2017-02-28 | 2019-04-05 | 郑州大学 | Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with external bobbin carriage |
CN107560470A (en) * | 2017-10-10 | 2018-01-09 | 河北建筑工程学院 | A kind of heat-exchange method of adjustable concurrent-countercurrent mode high efficient heat exchanging system |
CN107560471A (en) * | 2017-10-10 | 2018-01-09 | 河北建筑工程学院 | A kind of high efficient heat exchanging system of adjustable concurrent-countercurrent mode |
DE102018117654A1 (en) * | 2018-07-20 | 2019-10-17 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Apparatus with a steam reformer, method using the apparatus and a corresponding use of the apparatus |
DE102019120096A1 (en) * | 2019-07-25 | 2021-01-28 | Kelvion Machine Cooling Systems Gmbh | Shell and tube heat exchanger |
US20210063092A1 (en) * | 2019-08-30 | 2021-03-04 | Trane International Inc. | Heat transfer circuit with flow dependent heat exchanger |
EP4328519A1 (en) * | 2022-08-25 | 2024-02-28 | ERK Eckrohrkessel GmbH | Method and device for producing geothermal heat and method for producing electrical energy |
Family Cites Families (18)
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DE1776089A1 (en) * | 1968-09-19 | 1971-09-16 | Siemens Ag | Water cooler for gaseous media |
US4007774A (en) * | 1975-09-23 | 1977-02-15 | Uop Inc. | Heat exchange apparatus and method of controlling fouling therein |
GB2018967B (en) | 1978-03-28 | 1982-08-18 | Osaka Gas Co Ltd | Apparatus and process for vaporizing liquefied natural gas |
JPS5564697U (en) * | 1978-10-27 | 1980-05-02 | ||
US4220011A (en) * | 1978-12-22 | 1980-09-02 | The Trane Company | Air cooled centrifugal refrigeration system with water heat recovery |
DE2913748C2 (en) * | 1979-04-03 | 1983-09-29 | Borsig Gmbh, 1000 Berlin | Tube bundle heat exchanger for cooling slag-containing hot gases from coal gasification |
JPS58189478U (en) * | 1982-06-09 | 1983-12-16 | 株式会社クボタ | Heat exchanger |
GB2169393B (en) * | 1985-01-07 | 1988-09-01 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method for cleaning heat exchangers |
JP2726478B2 (en) * | 1989-02-21 | 1998-03-11 | 大阪瓦斯株式会社 | Cooling or heating equipment |
US5615738A (en) * | 1994-06-29 | 1997-04-01 | Cecebe Technologies Inc. | Internal bypass valve for a heat exchanger |
JPH11142072A (en) * | 1997-11-07 | 1999-05-28 | Mitsui Chem Inc | Vertical type heat exchanger |
JP2002054511A (en) * | 2000-08-14 | 2002-02-20 | Hino Motors Ltd | Egr cooler |
US7594536B2 (en) * | 2002-10-02 | 2009-09-29 | Hino Motors, Ltd. | EGR cooler |
US6936112B2 (en) * | 2002-11-26 | 2005-08-30 | Refined Technologies, Inc. | Heat exchanger cleaning process |
CN1796923B (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2010-05-26 | 张吉礼 | Back washing shell and tube type heat exchanger with sliding cleanliness unit built in |
CN100351604C (en) * | 2005-03-08 | 2007-11-28 | 大连理工大学 | Intelligent controlled heat exchanger |
GB0509746D0 (en) * | 2005-05-13 | 2005-06-22 | Ashe Morris Ltd | Variable plate heat exchangers |
JP4253006B2 (en) * | 2006-03-27 | 2009-04-08 | リンナイ株式会社 | Circulating water heater |
-
2008
- 2008-09-23 DE DE102008048405A patent/DE102008048405B3/en active Active
-
2009
- 2009-09-18 WO PCT/DE2009/001317 patent/WO2010034292A2/en active Application Filing
- 2009-09-18 CN CN2009801348122A patent/CN102150003B/en active Active
- 2009-09-18 JP JP2011529445A patent/JP5528458B2/en active Active
- 2009-09-18 EP EP09748948.8A patent/EP2326905B1/en active Active
- 2009-09-18 CA CA2735836A patent/CA2735836C/en active Active
- 2009-09-18 US US12/998,034 patent/US9170055B2/en active Active
-
2011
- 2011-03-22 ZA ZA2011/02100A patent/ZA201102100B/en unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2010034292A3 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102008048405B3 (en) | 2010-04-22 |
CN102150003B (en) | 2012-11-14 |
WO2010034292A3 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
EP2326905B1 (en) | 2013-07-17 |
WO2010034292A2 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
CA2735836A1 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
US9170055B2 (en) | 2015-10-27 |
CN102150003A (en) | 2011-08-10 |
JP2012503169A (en) | 2012-02-02 |
CA2735836C (en) | 2015-09-15 |
JP5528458B2 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
US20110186275A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
ZA201102100B (en) | 2012-06-27 |
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