EP2319058B1 - Method for switching without any interruption between winding taps on a tap-changing transformer - Google Patents
Method for switching without any interruption between winding taps on a tap-changing transformer Download PDFInfo
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- EP2319058B1 EP2319058B1 EP08801729.8A EP08801729A EP2319058B1 EP 2319058 B1 EP2319058 B1 EP 2319058B1 EP 08801729 A EP08801729 A EP 08801729A EP 2319058 B1 EP2319058 B1 EP 2319058B1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
- H01F29/02—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings
- H01F29/04—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings having provision for tap-changing without interrupting the load current
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for uninterrupted switching with semiconductor switching elements between winding taps of a tapped transformer.
- Such a method using semiconductor switching elements is known from the WO 01/22447 known.
- the method described there works both with electrical switching means, the IGBTs, as well as mechanical contacts. It is designed so that the actual load switching in the zero crossing of the load current with two IGBT's with diodes in Griserscnies. Necessary part of this known method is the detection and detection of the respective current zero crossing as a prerequisite for the initiation of load switching at this time.
- This method requires a specific adaptation of the tap changer to the respective tap transformer, which is to be connected.
- tapped transformer and tap changer are coordinated and act together electrically.
- This known method is therefore not suitable for use in a separate, universally applicable, not tailored to a specific transformer tap changer.
- WO97 / 05536 discloses a method for uninterrupted switching between winding taps of a tapped transformer having two load branches, each of the two load branches including a series arrangement of two oppositely connected IGBTs, and with a diode connected in parallel with each IGBT.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method of the type mentioned above, which is simple in construction, has a high functionality and in which it is not necessary to have to switch only exactly at the zero crossing of the load current.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a corresponding method which in each case, i. H. without coordination to the concrete tapped transformer, which is to be wired, is functional.
- the inventive method is based on the general inventive idea, not varistors, as known from the prior art for a long time to use as components for overvoltage protection, but for commutation of the load current of the tap changer from one side to the other, ie from the previously switched Winding tap on the newly connected winding tap to use by appropriate process steps.
- the particularly dimensioned varistors connected in parallel with each IGBT exert a new function: After commutation of the impressed load current from the line voltage from the disconnecting IGBT to the parallel-lying varistor (smaller commutation circuit), the varistor flowing through the load current builds according to its characteristics IU characteristic a voltage that shows a relatively small dependence on the instantaneous value of the current and during the switching process of the OLTC remains practically constant.
- the varistors are dimensioned such that the varistor voltage, which results when loaded with the peak value of the maximum current, still has a sufficient safety margin to the maximum blocking voltage of the IGBTs.
- the clamping voltage of the varistors (U Var at 1 mA) must be well above the peak value of the maximum step voltage so that the load current can commute from the disconnecting OLTC side over the step voltage to the side taking over the load current (large commutation circuit).
- Switching off the off-switching side is done before the switch-on of the receiving side.
- the current flow time of the load current via one of the two varistors of the disconnecting side is extended accordingly.
- the switching-on of the receiving tap changer side takes place before the switch-off process of the switching-off side.
- both IGBT groups are closed so that the step voltage starts to build up a circulating current during this period.
- the di / dt of the forming circulating current depends on the instantaneous value of the step voltage in the overlapping period and on the circulating inductance of the circulating current.
- the circulation current is added to the load current on the switch-off side and leads to a gradual increase of the total current to be commented out ( I L ( t ) + I C ( t )) until the moment of the switch-off process . This leads to an increase in the commutation loss energy occurring at the disconnecting side and to an extension of the commutation process.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic flowchart of a first method according to the invention.
- the method assumes that in a tap changer in which is to be switched from a previous winding tap of a tapped transformer to a new Windungsanzapfung, two load branches are provided, via a mechanical switch DS a , DS b and a series arranged in series two oppositely connected IGBTs I an , I ap ; I bn , I bp , each with a parallel diode d an , d ap ; d bn , d bp can be electrically connected to a common load dissipation and that parallel to each of said IGBT's a varistor V an , V ap ; V bn , V bp is switched.
- Each of the two load branches should be able to be bridged by a permanent main contact MC a or MC b .
- the mechanical switches DS a and DS b acting as release contacts are shot on both sides.
- ignition voltage is applied to the gates of the IGBTs I on, I ap of the disconnecting side.
- the IGBTs turn on I and I ap turn off the hard side.
- the load current is now commutated to the varistors V an and V ap of the disconnecting side.
- this load current is commutated to the IGBT's of the receiving side I bn , I bp to be connected .
- the IGBTs I bn and I bp of the receiving side are switched to the non-conductive state.
- the final step in the process is the opening of the mechanical contacts DS a and DS b , which protect the IGBTs from the transient voltage stresses that may be applied to the step winding.
- FIG. 2 shows one for implementing the method according to FIG. 1 particularly suitable circuit.
- each of the two winding taps tap n and tap n + 1 via a mechanical switch DS A and DS B counter with a series circuit of two IGBTs I and I ap on the side of n and I bn and I BC Since n + 1 connected to the tap changer lead.
- Parallel to each IGBT is a diode d an , d ap ; d bn , d bp provided, wherein the two diodes are connected in each load branch opposite to each other.
- V an , V ap or V bn , V bp is provided in parallel with each individual IGBT.
- the varistors V on , V ap and V bn , V bp are dimensioned such that their varistor voltage is less than the maximum blocking voltage of the respective parallel IGBT but greater than the maximum instantaneous value of the step voltage.
- the inventive method ie a switching sequence of, for example, tap n on tap n + 1, will be explained in more detail with reference to this circuit:
- the load current flows through the permanent main contact MC a of tap n to tap changer lead Y.
- the enable contacts DS a and DS b are closed.
- these IGBTs After less than 10 ms current flow duration of I L via the IGBT group I to / I ap , these IGBTs receive a switch-off command and the IGBT group I bn / I bp simultaneously (at least in the standard case) a switch-on command.
- the varistor is dimensioned so that the voltage of the load current-carrying varistor on the one hand below the max. Blocking voltage of the parallel IGBT, on the other hand moved above the maximum instantaneous value of the step voltage.
- the excess of the instantaneous value of the varistor voltage over the instantaneous value of the step voltage causes the commutation of the load current with approximately constant di / dt from side A and a shift over the step voltage and the leakage inductance of the step winding L ⁇ (large commutation) with the same di / dt (in this Case positive) on the side B.
- the varistor voltage remains constant in a first approximation.
- the main permanent contact MC b closes and shunts the IGBT group B. Then the IGBTs I bn / I bp are switched to the non-conductive state via the gate drive.
- the switching sequence ends with the opening of the mechanical release contacts DS a and DS b , which protect the IGBTs from the transient voltage stresses that may be effective at the tap winding.
- FIG. 3 a modified suitable circuit for carrying out the method according to claim 1 is shown, in which the two varistors each have a side V on , V ap and V bn , V bp are combined to form a respective common varistor V a and V b .
- the respective mechanical switch of each side DS a or DS b and the respective varistor of the associated side V a and V b also forms a series connection to the common load dissipation.
- FIG. 4 shows a further modified inventive method, which assumes a simplification of the process and in which no mechanical switches are provided.
- the general inventive idea to use varistors for commutation of the load current is also realized in this method.
- each of the two load branches is a series connection of two oppositely connected IGBTs I an , I ap; I bn. I bp , to each of which a diode d an , d ap ; d bn , d bp is switched.
- Parallel to each of the IGBTs I an , I ap; I bn. I bp is a varistor V an , V ap ; V bn , V bp switched.
- these IGBTs receive a turn-off command, the IGBT's the turn-on side I bn and I bp a turn-on command; the IGBT's turn off the "hard” off. Subsequently, according to the invention, the load current is commutated to the varistors V an and V ap of the disconnecting side.
- the load current is commutated to and guided by the IGBTs of the receiving side I bn and I bp .
- this simplified method is based on a tap changer, which has no mechanical release contacts and no mechanical permanent main contacts, but in which the load current in stationary operation is guided by the IGBTs.
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Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur unterbrechungslosen Umschaltung mit Halbleiter-Schaltelementen zwischen Wicklungsanzapfungen eines Stufentransformators.The invention relates to a method for uninterrupted switching with semiconductor switching elements between winding taps of a tapped transformer.
Ein solches Verfahren unter Verwendung von Halbleiter-Schaltelementen ist aus der
Aus der
Dieses Verfahren erfordert eine spezifische Anpassung des Stufenschalters an den jeweiligen Stufentransformator, der beschaltet werden soll. Mit anderen Worten: Stufentransformator und Stufenschalter sind aufeinander abgestimmt und wirken elektrisch zusammen. Dieses bekannte Verfahren ist daher nicht für die Anwendung in einem separaten, universell anwendbaren, nicht auf einen speziellen Transformator zugeschnittenen Stufenschalter geeignet.This method requires a specific adaptation of the tap changer to the respective tap transformer, which is to be connected. In other words: tapped transformer and tap changer are coordinated and act together electrically. This known method is therefore not suitable for use in a separate, universally applicable, not tailored to a specific transformer tap changer.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art anzugeben, das einfach aufgebaut ist, eine hohe Funktionalität besitzt und bei dem es nicht erforderlich ist, nur genau im Nulldurchgang des Laststromes schalten zu müssen. Eine weitere Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein entsprechendes Verfahren anzugeben, das in jedem Fall, d. h. ohne Abstimmung an den konkreten Stufentransformator, der beschaltet werden soll, funktionsfähig ist.The object of the invention is to provide a method of the type mentioned above, which is simple in construction, has a high functionality and in which it is not necessary to have to switch only exactly at the zero crossing of the load current. Another object of the invention is to provide a corresponding method which in each case, i. H. without coordination to the concrete tapped transformer, which is to be wired, is functional.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des ersten Patentanspruches gelöst. Der Unteranspruch betrifft eine besonders vorteilhafte Weiterbildung der Erfindung.This object is achieved by a method having the features of the first claim. The dependent claim relates to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention.
Diese Aufgabe wird weiterhin durch ein modifiziertes Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des nebengeordneten dritten Patentanspruchs gelöst.This object is further achieved by a modified method having the features of the independent third claim.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren gehen von der allgemeinen erfinderischen Idee aus, Varistoren nicht, wie aus dem Stand der Technik seit langem bekannt, als Bauelemente zum Überspannungsschutz zu verwenden, sondern zur Kommutierung des Laststromes des Stufenschalters von einer Seite auf die andere, d. h. von der bisher geschalteten Wicklungsanzapfung auf die neu zu beschaltende Wicklungsanzapfung, durch entsprechende Verfahrensschritte zu verwenden.The inventive method is based on the general inventive idea, not varistors, as known from the prior art for a long time to use as components for overvoltage protection, but for commutation of the load current of the tap changer from one side to the other, ie from the previously switched Winding tap on the newly connected winding tap to use by appropriate process steps.
Bei den erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren üben die besonders dimensionierten parallel zu jedem IGBT geschalteten Varistoren eine neue Funktion aus: Nach Kommutierung des eingeprägten, von der Netzspannung getriebenen Laststromes vom abschaltenden IGBT auf den parallelliegenden Varistor-(kleiner-Kommutierungskreis) baut der vom Laststrom durchflossene Varistor entsprechend seiner I-U-Kennlinie eine Spannung auf, die eine relativ geringe Abhängigkeit vom Momentanwert des Stromes zeigt und während des Umschaltvorganges des OLTC praktisch konstant bleibt.In the method according to the invention, the particularly dimensioned varistors connected in parallel with each IGBT exert a new function: After commutation of the impressed load current from the line voltage from the disconnecting IGBT to the parallel-lying varistor (smaller commutation circuit), the varistor flowing through the load current builds according to its characteristics IU characteristic a voltage that shows a relatively small dependence on the instantaneous value of the current and during the switching process of the OLTC remains practically constant.
Die Varistoren werden dabei so dimensioniert, dass die Varistorspannung, die sich bei Belastung mit dem Scheitelwert des maximalen Stromes ergibt, noch einen ausreichenden Sicherheitsabstand zur maximalen Sperrspannung der IGBTs aufweist.The varistors are dimensioned such that the varistor voltage, which results when loaded with the peak value of the maximum current, still has a sufficient safety margin to the maximum blocking voltage of the IGBTs.
Andererseits muss die Clamping Voltage der Varistoren (UVar bei 1 mA) deutlich oberhalb des Scheitelwertes der maximalen Stufenspannung liegen, damit der Laststrom von der abschaltenden OLTC-Seite über die Stufenspannung hinweg auf die den Laststrom übernehmende Seite kommutieren kann (großer Kommutierungskreis).On the other hand, the clamping voltage of the varistors (U Var at 1 mA) must be well above the peak value of the maximum step voltage so that the load current can commute from the disconnecting OLTC side over the step voltage to the side taking over the load current (large commutation circuit).
Die Differenz ΔU zwischen Momentanwert des Spannungsabfalls am Varistor und dem Momentanwert der Stufenspannung bewirkt die Kommutierung des Laststromes über die Streuinduktivität der Stufenwicklung und die Leitungsinduktivitäten auf die übernehmende Seite des Stufenschalters und bestimmt das di/dt des Kommutierungsvorganges (ΔU = LKom • di/dt).The difference .DELTA.U between instantaneous value of the voltage drop across the varistor and the instantaneous value of the step voltage causes the commutation of the load current via the leakage inductance of the tap winding and the line inductances on the receiving side of the tap changer and determines the di / dt of the commutation process ( .DELTA.U = L Kom • di / dt ).
Es ist ersichtlich, dass die Varistoren im Rahmen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens nicht wie nach dem Stand der Technik bekannt zur Reduzierung transienter Überspannungen wirken. Beim vorliegenden Verfahren übernehmen die Varistoren folgend für ihre Gattung untypischen und durch den Stand der Technik nicht nahegelegten Funktionen als Bestandteil des Verfahrens:
- Übernahme des Laststromes von den hart abschaltenden IGBTs
- Erzeugung eines Spannungsabfalls, der unabhängig vom Momentanwert des Laststromes in einem Spannungsband zwischen der maximalen Sperrspannung der IGBTs und dem Scheitelwert der maximalen Stufenspannung liegen muss
- Bereitstellung einer Spannungszeitfläche, die den Laststrom von der stromführenden Seite des Stufenschalters über die entgegen gerichtete Stufenspannung auf die übernehmende Stufenschalterseite kommutiert:
- Takeover of the load current from the hard-breaking IGBTs
- Generation of a voltage drop, which must be independent of the instantaneous value of the load current in a voltage band between the maximum blocking voltage of the IGBTs and the peak value of the maximum step voltage
- Providing a voltage time surface that commutates the load current from the live side of the tap changer via the opposite step voltage to the receiving tap changer side:
Die Bereitstellung der vorstehend aufgelisteten Funktionen durch die Varistoren vereinfacht und entlastet den leistungselektronischen Kommutierungsvorgang in entscheidender Weise:
- Sehr geringer Energieeintrag in die hart schaltenden IGBTs
- Die beim Kommutierungsvorgang auf der abschaltenden Seite zwangsläufig anfallende Verlustenergie
wird insbesondere im Falle hoher Kommutierungsanforderungen (hoher Momentanwert des Laststromes, hoher Momentanwert einer entgegengerichteten Stufenspannung, große Streuinduktivität der geschalteten Stufe) weit überwiegend vom Varistor und nur zu einem kleinen Teil vom abschaltenden IGBT aufgenommen. - Dieser Sachverhalt erlaubt eine sehr einfache und kostengünstige Dimensionierung der leistungselektronischen Schaltgruppen, weil das energieaufnehmende Volumen im Falle des Varistors flexibel veränderbar und ungleich größer ist als das viel kleinere, teurere und volumenmäßig nur schwer variierbare Volumen des IGBT-Chips.
- Als weiterer positiver Effekt der Laststromführung durch die Varistoren, der Bereitstellung der erforderlichen Kommutierungs-Spannungs-Zeitfläche durch die Varistoren und der Aufnahme der dabei anfallenden Verlustenergie ebenfalls durch die Varistoren resultiert ein sehr großes Toleranzfeld im Hinblick auf die Synchronisation des Abschaltzeitpunktes der ausschaltenden IGBT-Gruppe und des Einschaltzeitpunktes der übernehmenden IGBT-Gruppe. Folgende Schaltmodi sind möglich und zulässig:
- Very low energy input into the hard-switching IGBTs
- The loss energy inevitably incurred during the commutation process on the disconnecting side
Especially in the case of high Kommutierungsanforderungen (high instantaneous value of the load current, high instantaneous value of an opposing step voltage, large leakage inductance of the switched stage) is largely absorbed by the varistor and only a small part of the turn-off IGBT. - This situation allows a very simple and cost-effective dimensioning of power electronic switching groups, because the energy-absorbing volume in the case of the varistor is flexibly variable and not much larger than the much smaller, more expensive and hardly variable in volume volume of the IGBT chip.
- As a further positive effect of the load current control by the varistors, the provision of the required commutation voltage-time area by the varistors and the recording of the resulting loss energy also by the varistors results in a very large tolerance field with regard to the synchronization of the turn-off of the disabling IGBT group and the switch-on time of the acquiring IGBT group. The following switching modes are possible and permissible:
Abschaltvorgang der ausschaltenden Seite erfolgt vor dem Einschaltvorgang der übernehmenden Seite. Die Stromflusszeit des Laststromes über einen der beiden Varistoren der abschaltenden Seite verlängert sich entsprechend.Switching off the off-switching side is done before the switch-on of the receiving side. The current flow time of the load current via one of the two varistors of the disconnecting side is extended accordingly.
Abschaltvorgang und Einschaltvorgang der beiden IGBT-Gruppen erfolgt gleichzeitig. Standardfall, keine zusätzliche Laststrom-Belastungszeiten am Varistor.Switch-off and switch-on of the two IGBT groups takes place simultaneously. Standard case, no additional load current load times on the varistor.
Einschaltvorgang der übernehmenden Stufenschalterseite erfolgt schon vor dem Abschaltvorgang der ausschaltenden Seite. Während der Überlappungszeit sind beide IGBT-Gruppen geschlossen, so dass die Stufenspannung in diesem Zeitraum beginnt, einen Zirkulationsstrom aufzubauen. Das di/dt des sich ausbildenden Zirkulationsstromes hängt ab vom Momentanwert der Stufenspannung im Überlappungszeitraum und von der Kreisinduktivität des Zirkulationsstromes. Der Zirkulationsstrom addiert sich auf der abschaltenden Seite zum Laststrom und führt bis zum Moment des Abschaltvorganges zu einem allmählichen Anstieg des in Summe abzukommentierenden Stromes (IL (t)+IC (t)). Dies führt zu einer Erhöhung der an der abschaltenden Seite anfallenden Kommutierungs-Verlustenergie und zu einer Verlängerung des Kommutierungsvorganges.The switching-on of the receiving tap changer side takes place before the switch-off process of the switching-off side. During the overlap time, both IGBT groups are closed so that the step voltage starts to build up a circulating current during this period. The di / dt of the forming circulating current depends on the instantaneous value of the step voltage in the overlapping period and on the circulating inductance of the circulating current. The circulation current is added to the load current on the switch-off side and leads to a gradual increase of the total current to be commented out ( I L ( t ) + I C ( t )) until the moment of the switch-off process . This leads to an increase in the commutation loss energy occurring at the disconnecting side and to an extension of the commutation process.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren weisen eine Reihe von Vorteilen gegenüber dem Stand der Technik auf:The processes of the invention have a number of advantages over the prior art:
Die geringsten Verluste und kürzesten Kommutierungszeiten werden beim simultanen Aus- und Einschalten der beiden IGBT-Gruppen erreicht.The lowest losses and shortest commutation times are achieved with simultaneous switching on and off of the two IGBT groups.
Falls sich im Laufe der Betriebsjahre durch Bauteilalterung und Arbeitspunktverschiebung in der Ansteuerelektronik ein überlappendes oder lückendes Umschaltverhalten in einer Größenordnung von ca. ± 10 µs einstellen sollte, resultiert daraus keine Funktionsgefährdung beim erfindungsgemäßen Schaltkonzept.If, in the course of the operating years due to component aging and working point displacement in the control electronics, an overlapping or gaping switching behavior should be on the order of about ± 10 μs, this does not result in a functional hazard in the switching concept according to the invention.
Die einzigen Folgen sind moderat ansteigende Kommutierungsverluste und eine etwas verlängerte Kommutierungszeit.
- Bei allen 3 vorstehend erläuterten Schaltmodi bewirkt die ohmsch/resistive Energieaufnahme der Varistoren eine ausgezeichnete Dämpfung der Strom- und Spannungsverläufe beim Umschaltvorgang als wichtigem positiven Nebeneffekt. Störende Oszillationen, die bei derart schnellen Kommutierungsvorgängen (Größenordnung 10 µs) in Verbindung mit den Wicklungskapazitäten und Streuinduktivitäten der Stufenwicklung an sich erwartet wurden, können sich infolge der stark dämpfenden Wirkung der Varistoren nicht ausbilden. Hinzu kommt, dass die sich an den Varistoren als Folge des Laststromflusses ausbildende Spannung relativ konstant ist und infolgedessen ein konstantes di/dt beim Kommutierungsvorgang erzeugt. Infolge dieses Sachverhaltes wird eine starke Schwingungsanregung zusätzlich erschwert.
- Im Falle sehr hoher Lastströme bietet es sich an, in an sich bekannter Weise eine Stromnulldurchgangsdetektion vorzusehen und den Umschalt- bzw. Kommutierungsvorgang bei sehr kleinen Momentanwerten des Laststromes, in zeitlicher Nähe zum Stromnulldurchgang durchzuführen.
Diese Maßnahme führt zu einer drastischen Reduzierung der Strombelastung von IGBTs und Varistoren sowie der Kommutierungs-Verlustenergie und zu einer Verkürzung der Kommutierungszeit.
Das Umschalten in der Nähe des Stromnulldurchgangs erlaubt eine signifikante Anhebung der Nenn-Schaltleistungsdaten des Stufenschalters bei unveränderter Hardware der leistungselektronischen Komponenten.
- In all three switching modes explained above, the ohmic / resistive energy absorption of the varistors produces an excellent damping of the current and voltage characteristics during the switching process as an important positive side effect. Disturbing oscillations, which were expected in such rapid commutation processes (order of magnitude 10 microseconds) in connection with the winding capacitances and stray inductances of the step winding per se, can not be formed due to the strong damping effect of the varistors. In addition, the voltage developed across the varistors as a result of the load current flow is relatively constant and consequently produces a constant di / dt in the commutation process. As a result of this situation, a strong vibration excitation is further complicated.
- In the case of very high load currents, it makes sense to provide a current zero crossing detection in a manner known per se and to carry out the switching or commutation process at very low instantaneous values of the load current, in temporal proximity to the current zero crossing.
This measure leads to a drastic reduction of the current load of IGBTs and varistors as well as the commutation loss energy and to a shortening of the commutation time.
Switching in the vicinity of the current zero crossing allows a significant increase in the rated switching power data of the tap changer with unchanged hardware of the power electronic components.
Die Verfahren sollen nachfolgend an Hand von Zeichnungen beispielhaft noch näher erläutert werden.The methods will be explained in more detail by way of example with reference to drawings.
Es zeigen:
Figur 1- einen schematischen Ablaufplan eines ersten erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens
- Figur 2
- eine für die Durchführung des Verfahrens besonders geeignete erste Schaltung mit IGBT's und zu jedem IGBT parallel geschalteten Varistoren
- Figur 3
- eine weitere, abgewandelte Schaltung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
- Figur 4
- einen schematischen Ablaufplan eines zweiten, vereinfachten erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens.
- FIG. 1
- a schematic flowchart of a first method according to the invention
- FIG. 2
- a particularly suitable for carrying out the method of the first circuit with IGBT's and parallel to each IGBT varistors
- FIG. 3
- another, modified circuit for carrying out the method
- FIG. 4
- a schematic flowchart of a second, simplified method according to the invention.
Als erster Schritt werden die als Freischaltkontakte wirkenden mechanischen Schalter DSa und DSb beider Seiten geschossen.As a first step, the mechanical switches DS a and DS b acting as release contacts are shot on both sides.
Nachfolgend wird Zündspannung an die Gates der IGBT's Ian, Iap der abschaltenden Seite angelegt.Subsequently, ignition voltage is applied to the gates of the IGBTs I on, I ap of the disconnecting side.
Nachfolgend wird der Dauerhauptkontakt MCa der abschaltenden Seite geöffnet.Subsequently, the permanent main contact MC a of the disconnecting side is opened.
Wiederum nachfolgend erfolgt die Kommutierung des Laststromes IL auf die IGBT's der abschaltenden Seite.Again, the commutation of the load current I L occurs on the IGBT's the turn-off side.
Diese IGBT's der abschaltenden Seite Ian, Iap erhalten jetzt einen Abschaltbefehl, die IGBT's der aufzuschaltenden Seite Ibn, Ibp hingegen einen Einschaltbefehl.These IGBTs of disengaging side I to, I ap now get a stop, its IGBTs of aufzuschaltenden Page I bn, I bp, however, a close command.
In der Folge schalten die IGBT's Ian und Iap der abschaltenden Seite "hart" ab.As a result, the IGBTs turn on I and I ap turn off the hard side.
Der Laststrom wird jetzt erfindungsgemäß auf die Varistoren Van und Vap der abschaltenden Seite kommutiert.According to the invention, the load current is now commutated to the varistors V an and V ap of the disconnecting side.
Nachfolgend wird dieser Laststrom auf die IGBT's der übernehmenden, aufzuschaltenden Seite Ibn, Ibp kommutiert.Subsequently, this load current is commutated to the IGBT's of the receiving side I bn , I bp to be connected .
Wiederum nachfolgend wird der Dauerhauptkontakt MCb der übernehmenden Seite geschlossen.Again, the permanent main contact MC b of the receiving side is closed.
Anschließend werden die IGBT's Ibn und Ibp der übernehmenden Seite in den nicht leitenden Zustand geschaltet.Subsequently, the IGBTs I bn and I bp of the receiving side are switched to the non-conductive state.
Der letzte Verfahrensschritt besteht in der Öffnung der mechanischen Kontakte DSa und DSb, die die IGBT's vor dem transienten Spannungsbeanspruchungen schützen, die an der Stufenwicklung wirksam werden können.The final step in the process is the opening of the mechanical contacts DS a and DS b , which protect the IGBTs from the transient voltage stresses that may be applied to the step winding.
Parallel zu jedem einzelnen IGBT ist wiederum jeweils ein Varistor Van, Vap bzw. Vbn, Vbp vorgesehen.In turn, a varistor V an , V ap or V bn , V bp is provided in parallel with each individual IGBT.
Schließlich sind auch noch die, die gesamte Schalteinrichtung im stationären Betrieb jeweils überbrückenden, Dauerhauptkontakte jeder Seite MCa bzw. MCb dargestellt. Die IGBTs beider Seiten Ian, Iap; Ibn, Ibp werden durch einen gemeinsamen, nur schematisch dargestellten, aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten IGBT-Treiber angesteuert.Finally, even the, the entire switching device in stationary operation each bridging, permanent main contacts each side MC a and MC b are shown. The IGBTs of both sides I an , I ap ; I bn , I bp are driven by a common, only schematically illustrated, known from the prior art IGBT driver.
Die Varistoren Van, Vap bzw. Vbn, Vbp sind derart dimensioniert, dass ihre Varistorspannung geringer als die maximale Blockierspannung des jeweils parallelen IGBT's aber größer als der maximale Momentanwert der Stufenspannung ist.The varistors V on , V ap and V bn , V bp are dimensioned such that their varistor voltage is less than the maximum blocking voltage of the respective parallel IGBT but greater than the maximum instantaneous value of the step voltage.
Nachfolgend soll das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren, d. h. eine Umschaltsequenz von beispielsweise tap n auf tap n+1, an Hand dieser Schaltung noch einmal näher erläutert werden: In der Grundposition fließt der Laststrom über den Dauerhauptkontakt MCa von tap n zur Stufenschalterableitung Y.Subsequently, the inventive method, ie a switching sequence of, for example, tap n on tap n + 1, will be explained in more detail with reference to this circuit: In the home position, the load current flows through the permanent main contact MC a of tap n to tap changer lead Y.
Als erster Schritt der Umschaltsequenz werden die Freischaltkontakte DSa und DSb geschlossen.As a first step of the switching sequence, the enable contacts DS a and DS b are closed.
Anschließend wird Zündspannung an die Gates der IGBTs Ian und Iap gelegt. Jetzt öffnet der Dauerhauptkontakt MCa und kommutiert den Laststrom IL auf die IGBT-Gruppe Ian/Iap.Then starting voltage is applied to the gates of the IGBTs I and I ap. Now opens the permanent main contact MC a and commutates the load current I L to the IGBT group I an / I ap.
Nach weniger als 10 ms Stromflussdauer von IL über die IGBT-Gruppe Ian/Iap erhalten diese IGBTs einen Abschaltbefehl und die IGBT-Gruppe Ibn/lbp gleichzeitig (zumindest im Standardfall) einen Einschaltbefehl.After less than 10 ms current flow duration of I L via the IGBT group I to / I ap , these IGBTs receive a switch-off command and the IGBT group I bn / I bp simultaneously (at least in the standard case) a switch-on command.
Die sich am abschaltenden IGBT aufbauende Spannung überträgt sich auf den parallel liegenden Varistor. Wenn nach wenigen 100 ns die Clamping Voltage des Varistors erreicht wird, beginnt der Varistor zu leiten und die Spannung am IGBT teilt sich in zwei Komponenten auf:
- die nur noch geringfügig ansteigende Varistorspannung
- das L• di/dt des kleinen Kommutierungskreises zwischen IGBT und parallelem Varistor.
- the only slightly increasing varistor voltage
- the L • di / dt of the small commutation circuit between the IGBT and the parallel varistor.
Infolge der sehr induktivitätsarmen Ankopplung des Varistors an den IGBT erfolgt die Kommutierung des max. Laststromes vom IGBT auf den Varistor innerhalb von 0,1...1 µs.Due to the very low inductance coupling of the varistor to the IGBT, the commutation of the max. Load current from the IGBT to the varistor within 0.1 ... 1 μs.
Der Varistor ist so dimensioniert, dass sich die Spannung des laststromdurchflossenen Varistors einerseits unterhalb der max. Blockierspannung des parallelen IGBTs, andererseits oberhalb des maximalen Momentanwerts der Stufenspannung bewegt.The varistor is dimensioned so that the voltage of the load current-carrying varistor on the one hand below the max. Blocking voltage of the parallel IGBT, on the other hand moved above the maximum instantaneous value of the step voltage.
Der Überschuss des Momentanwertes der Varistorspannung über den Momentanwert der Stufenspannung bewirkt die Abkommutierung des Laststromes mit etwa konstantem di/dt von Seite A und ein Hinüberschieben über die Stufenspannung und die Streuinduktivität der Stufenwicklung Lσ (großer Kommutierungskreis) mit gleichem di/dt (in diesem Fall positiv) auf die Seite B. Trotz des kontinuierlich abnehmenden Stromes, der den Varistor auf Seite A durchfließt, bleibt die Varistorspannung in erster Näherung konstant.The excess of the instantaneous value of the varistor voltage over the instantaneous value of the step voltage causes the commutation of the load current with approximately constant di / dt from side A and a shift over the step voltage and the leakage inductance of the step winding L σ (large commutation) with the same di / dt (in this Case positive) on the side B. Despite the continuously decreasing current flowing through the varistor on side A, the varistor voltage remains constant in a first approximation.
Nach etwa 10 µs ist der gesamte Laststrom vom stromdurchflossenen Varistor der Seite A auf die leitenden IGBTs der Seite B hinüberkommutiert. Mit Annäherung des Stromes der Seite A auf den Wert 0 ändert sich die Spannung an der Schaltgruppe A grundlegend:After about 10 μs, the entire load current from the current-carrying side A varistor is commutated over to the side B conductive IGBTs. As the current of side A approaches 0, the voltage on switch group A changes fundamentally:
Die Varistorspannung bricht zusammen, das transiente
Weniger als 10 ms nach der leistungselektronischen Kommutierung des Laststromes von Seite A auf Seite B schließt der Dauerhauptkontakt MCb und shuntet die IGBT-Gruppe B. Anschlieβend werden die IGBTs Ibn/Ibp über die Gateansteuerung in den nichtleitenden Zustand geschaltet.Less than 10 ms after the power electronic commutation of the load current from side A to side B, the main permanent contact MC b closes and shunts the IGBT group B. Then the IGBTs I bn / I bp are switched to the non-conductive state via the gate drive.
Die Umschaltsequenz endet mit dem Öffnen der mechanischen Freischaltkontakte DSa und DSb, die die IGBTs vor den transienten Spannungsbeanspruchungen schützen, die an der Stufenwicklung wirksam werden können.The switching sequence ends with the opening of the mechanical release contacts DS a and DS b , which protect the IGBTs from the transient voltage stresses that may be effective at the tap winding.
In
In
Dieses weitere Verfahren geht davon aus, dass bei einem Stufenschalter wiederum zwei Lastzweige vorgesehen sind, wobei jeder der beiden Lastzweige eine Reihenschaltung aus zwei entgegengesetzt geschalteten IGBT's Ian, Iap; Ibn. Ibp enthält, zu denen jeweils parallel eine Diode dan, dap; dbn, dbp geschaltet ist. Parallel zu jedem der genannten IGBT's Ian, Iap; Ibn. Ibp ist jeweils ein Varistor Van, Vap; Vbn, Vbp geschaltet.This further method assumes that, in turn, two load branches are provided in a tap changer, wherein each of the two load branches is a series connection of two oppositely connected IGBTs I an , I ap; I bn. I bp , to each of which a diode d an , d ap ; d bn , d bp is switched. Parallel to each of the IGBTs I an , I ap; I bn. I bp is a varistor V an , V ap ; V bn , V bp switched.
Zu Beginn der Umschaltung führen die IGBT's der abschaltenden Seite Ian und Iap den Laststrom.At the beginning of switching the IGBTs of disengaging side I lead and I ap the load current.
Nachfolgend erhalten diese IGBT's einen Abschaltbefehl, die IGBT's der anschaltenden Seite Ibn und Ibp einen Einschaltbefehl; die IGBT's der abschaltenden Seite schalten "hart" ab. Nachfolgend wird der Laststrom erfindungsgemäß auf die Varistoren Van und Vap der abschaltenden Seite kommutiert.Subsequently, these IGBTs receive a turn-off command, the IGBT's the turn-on side I bn and I bp a turn-on command; the IGBT's turn off the "hard" off. Subsequently, according to the invention, the load current is commutated to the varistors V an and V ap of the disconnecting side.
Wiederum nachfolgend wird der Laststrom auf die IGBT's der übernehmenden Seite Ibn und Ibp kommutiert und von diesen geführt.Again, the load current is commutated to and guided by the IGBTs of the receiving side I bn and I bp .
Wie bereits erläutert, geht dieses vereinfachte Verfahren von einem Stufenschalter aus, der keine mechanischen Freischaltkontakte und keine mechanischen Dauerhauptkontakte aufweist, sondern bei dem der Laststrom im stationären Betrieb von den IGBT's geführt wird.As already explained, this simplified method is based on a tap changer, which has no mechanical release contacts and no mechanical permanent main contacts, but in which the load current in stationary operation is guided by the IGBTs.
Beide Verfahren, sowohl das in
Abschließend sollen nach einmal die weiter oben bereits detailliert erläuterten Vorteile des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens gegenüber dem Stand der Technik zusammengefasst werden.
- Option der Umschaltung bei jedem beliebigen Momentwert des Laststromes ohne thermische Überbeanspruchung der IGBTs
- Außerordentlich schneller Kommutierungsvorgang des Laststromes von Stufenschalterseite A → B oder B → A innerhalb von ca. 10 µs.
- Vermeidung störender Oszillationen
- Eine auftragsspezifische Anpassung jedes Stufenschalters an die konkreten NennStufendaten des Bestellfalles (Stufenspannung, Nenn-Durchgangsstrom, Streuinduktivität) entfällt, solange die Grenzwerte von Stufenspannung und Nenn-Durchgangsstrom nicht überschritten werden.
- Robustes, eigensicheres Kommutierungskonzept mit einem sehr großen Toleranzbereich in Bezug auf Schaltzeitdrift zwischen den beiden IGBT-Schaltgruppen. Keine Nachjustierung nach längerer Betriebszeit erforderlich.
- Option of switching at any torque value of the load current without thermal overstressing of the IGBTs
- Extremely fast commutation of the load current from tap-changer side A → B or B → A within approx. 10 μs.
- Avoid disturbing oscillations
- An order-specific adaptation of each tap changer to the specific nominal step data of the order case (step voltage, nominal through-current, leakage inductance) is eliminated, as long as the limit values of step voltage and nominal through-current are not exceeded.
- Robust, intrinsically safe commutation concept with a very large tolerance range with regard to switching time drift between the two IGBT switching groups. No readjustment required after a longer period of operation.
Claims (3)
- Method for uninterrupted changeover between winding taps of a tapped transformer with two load branches (tap n, tap n+1), wherein each of the two load branches (tap n, tap n+1) is connectible with a common load output line by way of a mechanical switch (DSa, DSb) and a series circuit, which is arranged in series therewith, consisting of two oppositely connected IGBTs (Ian, Iap; Ibn, Ibp), wherein a diode (dan, dap; dbn, dbp) is provided in parallel with each IGBT (Ian, Iap; Ibn, Ibp), wherein a varistor (Van, Vap; Vbn, Vbp) is provided in parallel with each IGBT (Ian, Iap; Ibn, Ibp) and wherein each of the two load branches (tap n, tap n+1) can be bridged over by a mechanical latching main contact (MCa, MCb), characterised by the following method steps:- closing the free-switching contacts DSa, DSb of the two sides,- applying ignition voltage to the gates of the IGBTs Ian, Iap of the side switching off and thus switching on those IGBTs,- opening the latching main contact MCa of the side switching off,- commutating the load current IL to the IGBTs of the side switching off,- switching off the IGBTs Ian, Iap of the side switching off and switching on the IGBTs Ibn, Ibp of the side, which is being switched to, in such a manner that the IGBTs Ian, Iap of the side switching off switch off 'hard',- the load current is subsequently commutated to the varistors Van, Vap of the side switching off,- the load current is further subsequently commutated to the IGBTs Ibn, Ibp of the side taking over,- closing the latching main contact MCb of the side taking over,- switching off the IGBTs Ibn and Ibp of the side taking over and- opening the mechanical contacts DSa and DSb of the two sides.
- Method according to claim 1, characterised in that in addition a current zero transition detection is carried out and the changeover or commutating process takes place in time proximity to the current zero transition of the load current.
- Method for uninterrupted changeover between winding taps of a tapped transformer with two load branches (tap n, tap n+1), wherein each of the two load branches (tap n, tap n+1) contains a series circuit consisting of two oppositely connected IGBTs (Ian, Iap; Ibn, Ibp), wherein a diode(dan, dap; dbn, dbp) is connected in parallel with each IGBT (Ian, Iap; Ibn, Ibp) and wherein a varistor (Van, Vap; Vbn, Vbp) is connected in parallel with each IGBT (Ian, Iap; Ibn, Ibp), characterised by the following method steps:- conducting the load current initially through the IGBTs Ian and Iap of the side switching off,- subsequent switching off of the IGBTs of the side switching off and switching on of the IGBTs Ibn and Ibp of the side switching on in such a manner that the IGBTs of the side switching off switch off 'hard',- subsequent commutation of the load current to the varistors Van and Vap of the side switching off and- further subsequent commutation of the load current to the IGBTs of the side taking over and conducting the load current through these.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/EP2008/007003 WO2010022751A1 (en) | 2008-08-27 | 2008-08-27 | Method for switching without any interruption between winding taps on a tap-changing transformer |
Publications (2)
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EP2319058A1 EP2319058A1 (en) | 2011-05-11 |
EP2319058B1 true EP2319058B1 (en) | 2014-07-16 |
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EP08801729.8A Active EP2319058B1 (en) | 2008-08-27 | 2008-08-27 | Method for switching without any interruption between winding taps on a tap-changing transformer |
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US (1) | US8289068B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2319058B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5599796B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101416787B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102077306B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2008361188B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0822730A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2735031A1 (en) |
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WO2022017732A1 (en) | 2020-07-22 | 2022-01-27 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | On-load tap changer and method for actuating an on-load tap changer |
WO2022089870A1 (en) | 2020-10-29 | 2022-05-05 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | On-load tap changer and method for actuating an on-load tap changer |
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KR20110056259A (en) * | 2008-08-27 | 2011-05-26 | 마쉬넨파브릭 레인하우센 게엠베하 | Tap switch with semiconductor switching elements |
WO2011023238A1 (en) * | 2009-08-31 | 2011-03-03 | Abb Technology Ag | A method and a device for overvoltage protection, and an electric system with such a device |
DE102010008973B4 (en) * | 2010-02-24 | 2015-11-05 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Step switch of the hybrid type with semiconductor switching elements |
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CN102075007B (en) * | 2011-01-19 | 2013-06-12 | 西安盟创电器有限公司 | Switching switch device |
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US9570252B2 (en) | 2014-01-27 | 2017-02-14 | General Electric Company | System and method for operating an on-load tap changer |
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DE102015102727A1 (en) * | 2015-02-25 | 2016-08-25 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Method for changing the active number of turns of a control winding in an electrical system and electrical system with a control winding |
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CN111835247B (en) * | 2020-08-04 | 2024-05-14 | 上海华明电力设备制造有限公司 | Electronic on-load voltage regulator and tap unit thereof |
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-
2008
- 2008-08-27 AU AU2008361188A patent/AU2008361188B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2008-08-27 WO PCT/EP2008/007003 patent/WO2010022751A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-08-27 UA UAA201102191A patent/UA97210C2/en unknown
- 2008-08-27 CA CA2735031A patent/CA2735031A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-08-27 EP EP08801729.8A patent/EP2319058B1/en active Active
- 2008-08-27 KR KR1020107026292A patent/KR101416787B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2008-08-27 JP JP2011524192A patent/JP5599796B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-08-27 BR BRPI0822730-6A patent/BRPI0822730A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-08-27 CN CN2008801300345A patent/CN102077306B/en active Active
- 2008-08-27 US US12/989,427 patent/US8289068B2/en active Active
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- 2011-05-23 HK HK11105041.5A patent/HK1151130A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (4)
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WO2022017732A1 (en) | 2020-07-22 | 2022-01-27 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | On-load tap changer and method for actuating an on-load tap changer |
DE102020119344A1 (en) | 2020-07-22 | 2022-01-27 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | LOAD CONTROLLER AND METHOD OF OPERATING A LOAD CONTROLLER |
WO2022089870A1 (en) | 2020-10-29 | 2022-05-05 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | On-load tap changer and method for actuating an on-load tap changer |
DE102020128463A1 (en) | 2020-10-29 | 2022-05-05 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | LOAD CONTROLLER AND METHOD OF OPERATING A LOAD CONTROLLER |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2010022751A1 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
CN102077306A (en) | 2011-05-25 |
CA2735031A1 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
JP5599796B2 (en) | 2014-10-01 |
AU2008361188A1 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
UA97210C2 (en) | 2012-01-10 |
US20110102056A1 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
BRPI0822730A2 (en) | 2015-07-14 |
JP2012501070A (en) | 2012-01-12 |
KR101416787B1 (en) | 2014-07-08 |
CN102077306B (en) | 2013-03-27 |
EP2319058A1 (en) | 2011-05-11 |
KR20110056260A (en) | 2011-05-26 |
AU2008361188B2 (en) | 2014-11-20 |
US8289068B2 (en) | 2012-10-16 |
HK1151130A1 (en) | 2012-01-20 |
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