Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
  • C10L1/1855—Cyclic ethers, e.g. epoxides, lactides, lactones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/10—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/1817—Compounds of uncertain formula; reaction products where mixtures of compounds are obtained
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10L1/1826—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms poly-hydroxy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/14—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving low temperature properties
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
  • C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0461—Fractions defined by their origin
  • C10L2200/0469—Renewables or materials of biological origin

Definitions

• the invention relates to a gasoline automobile fuel which is characterized by increased octane number.
• oxygenates including a wide range of oxygen-containing compounds are used as antiknock agents. These are usually the mixtures with difficult to control compositions and containing alcohols, alkyl ethers and esters, carbonyl compounds and their interaction products. Most of them, under the action of air oxygen, can convert into peroxides, leading to a decrease in chemical stability of gasoline and to accumulation of carboxylic acids, causing corrosion of engine and containers and tanks for gasoline storage.
• a serious drawback of currently widely used methyl-tert-butyl ether is its appreciable toxicity and a low capacity for decomposition that leads to accumulation of toxic products in soil and natural water.
• cyclic ketals derived via interaction between glycols and carbonyl compounds used as components in fuel compositions, improve ecological characteristics of motor engines. For instance, they reduce the content of solid particles and toxic products of incomplete combustion in the exhaust gases of diesel-fuel engines [ US 2004025417 , publ. 12.02.2004, FR 2833607 , publ. 20.06.2003, AT 311428T , publ. 15.12.2005, JP 7331262 , publ. 19.12.1995], improve the ecological characteristics of biodiesel [ US 2006199970 , publ. 07.09.2006, WO 2006084048 , publ. 10.08.2006] and motor gasoline [ US 4390345 , publ. 28.06.1983, WO 8903242 , publ. 20.04.1989].
• WO 2004/000976 A2 filed on November 8, 2001 discloses an additive composition for increasing the octane number of gasoline.
• This additive composition comprises an alcohol having a first blending octane number and a non-cyclic ketal or acetal having a second blending octane number.
• the resulting composition has a third blending octane number substantially greater than a linear addition of the first and second blending octane numbers of the components of the mixture.
• the fuel additive composition significantly increases the octane number of a gasoline fuel without detrimentally affecting the environment.
• CA Pat. 2530219 , publ. 03.02.2005 discloses an oxygenate product and its application as an additive increasing the capacity of gasoline for inflammation and reducing the content of detrimental emissions into the air.
• the oxygenate is a product of interaction between glycerol and carbonyl compound, for example acetone, alkylated by tertiary olefin. Alkylation is necessary to reach sufficient solubility of such 1.3-dioxolanes in hydrocarbon fuel and to avoid the influence of non-substituted hydroxyl on solubility. This fact significantly limits the use of glycerol-based 1.3-dioxolanes as an additive to gasoline.
• the said documents do not contain any information about the capacity of 1.3-dioxolanes to exhibit the antiknock properties towards gasoline.
• the presence in the mixture of monoalkylated glycerol as well as the admixtures of free glycerol and non-alkylated 4-hydroxymethyl-1.3-dioxolane increases the probability of stratification of the gasoline composition containing this additive.
• a complex changeable composition of the additive depending on the reaction conditions in a multicomponent system results in instability and unpredictability of its antiknock properties.
• RU Pat. 2068871 C1 publ. 10.11.1996 refers to an ethanol-based additive to gasoline, containing a co-solvent as a stabilizer which is a waste of hydrolytic production of ethanol from of raw wood, so called “aldehyde-ether-ethanol fraction"(8 - 80 mass %).
• This additive (2 -20 mass %) into gasoline allows to increase its octane number and prevents its stratification at lower temperatures.
• the hydrolytic production waste in the additive is a mixture of aliphatic alcohols C 3 -C 5 , esters of methanol and ethanol and formic and acetic acids, furfural and other organic compounds.
• RU Pat. 2129141 publ. 20.04.1999 is directed to a stabilized ethanol-based additive to gasoline, containing N-methyl aniline, ferrocene, and/or its derivatives; wherein ethanol is stabilized with lower aliphatic alcohols, ethers or aldehyde-ether-alcohol fraction derived from the waste of ethanol production from raw wood.
• the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an alternative additive agent for gasoline as to improve the octane number thereof.
• the present invention provides a gasoline automobile fuel comprising an additive agent that is a combination between a C 1 -C 5 alcohol and a cyclic product of the interaction between a lower aldehyde selected from formaldehyde and acetaldehyde or a lower ketone selected from acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, and a compound containing at least two hydroxyl groups.
• an additive agent that is a combination between a C 1 -C 5 alcohol and a cyclic product of the interaction between a lower aldehyde selected from formaldehyde and acetaldehyde or a lower ketone selected from acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, and a compound containing at least two hydroxyl groups.
• said combination can be easily obtained from usual products available from the chemical industry or from waste or intermediates of carbohydrate-containing raw material processing.
• the present invention provides a combination of a C 1 -C 5 alcohol and a product of interaction between lower aldehydes or lower ketones and a compound containing at least two hydroxyl groups allowing the formation of cycles with said carbonyl compounds or mixtures of the products, as an agent for increasing the octane number of a gasoline automobile fuel.
• dihydroxy, trihydroxy and polyhydroxy alcohols are used as compounds containing at least two hydroxyl groups allowing the formation of cycles with carbonyl compounds.
• Said alcohols are preferably monosaccharides.
• oligosaccharides which convert to monosaccharides through interaction with carbonyl compounds also can be used.
• Ethanol is most preferably used as a C 1 -C 5 alcohol.
• Pentoses or hexoses as well as their mixtures obtainable via mixing the individual monosaccharides or through technological processes of carbohydrate-containing raw material processing, can be used as monosaccharides.
• Xylose or arabinose is preferably used as a pentose, and glucose as a hexose.
• Glycols such as ethylene glycol
• Glycerol is used as trihydroxy alcohol
• Erythrites such as pentaerythritol, are used as polyhydroxy alcohols.
• carbonyl compound a compound belonging to lower aldehydes or lower ketones, for instance formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone and cyclohexanone.
• An essential condition necessary to provide a high octane rating is the presence in the claimed agent of both alcohol and the products of carbonyl compound interaction with a compound containing at least two hydroxyl groups, capable of forming the cycles with carbonyl compounds or mixtures of said products.
• Alcohols are insufficiently effective antiknock agents. According to our data and also from US 4541836 , publ. 17.09.1985, the introduction of anhydrous ethanol (up to 10 %) into gasoline increases the octane number of the fuel by 2-4 units.
• alcohol additive helps to avoid the problem of phase compatibility with gasoline of the cyclic ketals and acetals having free hydroxyl groups. In presence of alcohol, these compounds, regardless of the nature of alkyl substituents, form a monophase stable system with gasoline.
• Glycerol-based cyclic ketals are known to promote the increase in phase stability of alcohol-containing gasoline (GB Pat. 811406 , publ. 02.04.1959, US 4390344 , publ. 28.06.1983).
• addition of cyclic ketals or mixtures of monosaccharide-based cyclic ketals (3 - 8 weight %) to the two-phase system containing gasoline and 10 volume % water-containing ethanol results in a homogeneous system.
• the presence of the said ketals stabilizes the gasoline phase homogeneity allowing the increase in the threshold water concentration followed by its isolation as a separate phase. Therefore, in order to compound the hydrocarbon and alcohol, it becomes possible to use not only dry ethanol but also rectificate containing 3.6 % water, and hydrous alcohol containing up to 5% water.
• One group of compounds, containing at least two hydroxyl groups allowing the formation of cycles with carbonyl compounds, is saccharides.
• the raw material is pretreated. It includes refinement to form 2.0 - 0.5 mm particles, chemical separation of accompanying components (waxes, fats, terpenes, soluble pectins, proteins, lignines, inorganic substances) by extraction with ethanol - benzene mixture, subsequent acid hydrolysis and separation of a carbohydrate fraction by the known procedures [Yu.I. Kholkin "Technology of hydrolysis industries", Moscow, Timber Industry, 1989].
• the resulting mixtures of monosaccharides making 25 - 30 weight % of raw material are so - called "pentose fraction", primarily containing xylose and arabinose with glucose admixture.
• Table 1 lists the product composition of pretreatment and hydrolysis of various raw materials.
• Table 1 The product composition of pre-treatment and hydrolysis of various raw materials Raw material Yield of various fractions, weight % Overall yield of pentose fraction, weight % Pretreatment Hydrolysis Waxes, fats, terpenes Ashes Pentose fraction Cellulose, lignine Pentose fraction Wheat straw 6 6 4 59 25 29 Rice straw 4 5 5 61 25 30 Dried silver grass 5 5 5 55 30 35
• the products are obtained by the interaction of these substances with carbonyl compounds under acid catalysis with elimination of the formed water by one of the known methods [ Ed. N.K. Kochetkov, "Methods of carbohydrate chemistry", Mir, Moscow, 1967, p.165 ].
• the reaction mixture is extracted with benzene or other suitable solvent.
• the extract is evaporated and used as a component of the agent to increase the octane number.
• the interaction is the acetalization reaction, and the reaction products are cyclic acetals; in the second case, the interaction reaction is the ketalization reaction, and the reaction products are cyclic ketals. Since such monosaccharides contain at least two pairs of hydroxyl groups capable, upon interaction with carbonyl compounds, to form cycles, the derivatives, containing both one and two cyclic groups per monosaccharide molecule can be obtained. To maximize the octane-increasing effect, the reaction is conducted in presence of an excess of carbonyl compound, which provides the maximal depth of conversion to form products containing two oxygen-containing cycles.
• Table 2 exemplifies the physical and chemical characteristics of products of interaction between saccharides (individual monosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharide mixtures) and acetone Table 2. Physical and chemical characteristics of cyclic products, derived via interaction of monosaccharides and acetone Product of interaction between saccharides and acetone Phase state, m.p.
• Cyclic diketal obtained by ketalization of D-glucose with acetone (glucose - acetone diketal) Solid, 110 Cyclic diketal obtained by ketalization of D-arabinose with acetone (arabinose - acetone diketal) Solid, 48-49 Cyclic diketal obtained by ketalization of D-xylose with acetone (xylose - acetone diketal) Thick oil A mixture of cyclic diketals of glucose and fructose, obtained by ketalization of saccharose with acetone Solid, 95-99 A mixture of cyclic diketals, obtained by ketalization of the mixture of monosaccharides isolated from dried silver grass with acetone Thick oil
• the total yield of the mixture of cyclic diketals is 57 - 70% depending on the type of material from which the pentose fraction was derived.
• the dried silver grass is a promising material for obtaining claimed additives since it is the richest source of pentoses and provides the highest yield of resulting mixture of cyclic diketals.
• Table 3 shows the weight content of the mixture obtained upon acetone ketalization of pentose fraction isolated from silver grass.
• Table 3 Composition of the mixture obtained by acetone ketalization of pentose fraction isolated from dried silver grass Product of ketalization Content, weight % Xylose - acetone diketal 77 Arabinose - acetone diketal 14 Glucose - acetone diketal 6 Diacetone alcohol 3
• Cyclic monosaccharides diketals are stable in the additive agent for increasing the octane number; they can be hydrolyzed to form non-toxic products. It is their major advantage over toxic, non-degradable alkyl ethers, such as methyl tert-butyl ether widely used as a component of oxygenates.
• Another group of compounds containing at least two hydroxyl groups, allowing the formation of cycles with carbonyl compounds, is composed of di-, tri- and polyhydroxy alcohols.
• reaction products of di-, tri- and polyhydroxy alcohols with carbonyl compounds - cyclic acetals and ketals - are obtained by one-step synthesis using available large-tonnage products of industrial production (glycerol, ethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, etc.) by the known procedures in the conditions of acid catalysis with azeotropic elimination of water [ A. Terney "Modern Methods of Organic Chemistry," Volume 2, Moscow: Mir, 1981, pp. 20 ].
• reaction product is a mixture of cyclic compounds, which can also be used as a part of the claimed octane-increasing agent.
• Cyclic acetals and ketals of di-and trihydroxy alcohols are fluids, readily soluble in alcohol; their mixtures with alcohol are readily soluble in gasoline.
• pentaerythritol diformal is the product of the interaction between pentaerythritol and formaldehyde.
• Pentaerythritol is available large-tonnage product of chemical industry and is a pentahydroxy alcohol with branched structure, containing four hydroxyl groups. Their paired interaction with formaldehyde forms two dioxane cycles.
• Pentaerythritol diformal is a solid product soluble in alcohol.
• Octanometer OK-2m manufactured by the manufacturer "Plus Radio"
• the operation principle of Octanometer OK-2m is based on measuring the parameters of the reaction of cold-flame oxidation of gasolines followed by determination of a detonation resistance, equivalent to the motor and research methods.
• the comparison standards are taken to be the parameters of the reactions of cold-oxidation control fuels, manufactured according to GOST 511-82.
• Tables 4 and 5 list the octane-increasing effect on n-heptane, and model hydrocarbon isooctane - n-heptane mixtures of additive agents containing various individual cyclic ketals and acetals and various aliphatic alcohols. Table 4.
• Table 6 shows the octane-increasing activity of agents containing ethanol in combination with mixtures of cyclic ketals of various structures. Table 6. Octane-increasing effects on the model hydrocarbon mixture iso-octane - n-heptane 4:1 of ethanol-containing agents comprising the mixtures of cyclic ketals (data are obtained by Method 1) Mixture of ketals containing in the additive agent Content of the mixture of cyclic ketals in the additive agent, wt % Content of the additive agent in model hydrocarbon mixture, vol.
• Example No Ketal containing in the additive agent Content of ketal in the additive agent, wt.% Content of additive agent in gasoline, vol.% The increase of octane number, ⁇ ON 1 Cyclic diketal of arabinose and acetone 25 5 5.7 2 10 11.9 3 15 13.8 4 33 5 5.2 5 10 11.1 6 15 13.4 7 20 14.5 8 50 5 2.7 9 10 6.1 10 15 11.7 11 Cyclic diketal of glucose and acetone 25 5 5.4 12 10 11.4 13 15 14.7 14 33 5 4.9 15 10 9.7 16 15 14.3 17 20 15.0 18* Mixture of cyclic diketals, obtained by ketalization of pentos
• Table 8 lists the test results for some types of gasoline automobile fuel, including a straight-run gasoline fraction and octane-increasing additive agents containing cyclic ketals on the basis of glycerol or ethylene glycol and ethanol. Table 8. Test results for straight-run gasoline fraction containing cyclic ketals on the basis of glycerol or ethylene glycol and ethanol Cyclic ketal (CK) Ratio CK : ethanol (vol.) in the additive agent Content of the additive agent in gasoline, vol.% The increase of octane number, ⁇ ON Temperature of exfoliation T exfol.
• a ready-for-use gasoline - alcohol composition is used as gasoline fuel, the cyclic ketal or a mixture of cyclic ketals is added in the required amount directly to the gasoline - alcohol composition.
• Tables 9 and 10 show the effect of cyclic ketals on octane characteristics of gasoline-alcohol composition.
• Table 9 Effect of monosaccharide-based cyclic diketals on octane characteristics of gasoline-alcohol composition with 10 % (vol) ethanol Cyclic ketal (CK) CK amount added to gasoline-alcohol composition, wt% The increase of octane number, ⁇ ON Cyclic diketal of arabinose and acetone 8 7.0 Cyclic diketal of xylose and acetone 8 9.2 Cyclic diketal of glucose and acetone 5 6.1 Mixture of cyclic diketals of monosaccharides from wheat straw 3 4.3 Table 10.
• Phase stability of gasoline - alcohol compositions is measured according to GOST 5066-91 using low-temperature thermostat KRIO-VT (company TERMEX-II).
• Table 11 data show the effect of glycerol or ethylene glycol- based cyclic ketals on phase stability of alcohol - gasoline compositions at lower temperatures.

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• 2009
  • 2009-05-27 EA EA201001729A patent/EA018090B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
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