EP2276613B1 - Cylindre à aiguilles - Google Patents
Cylindre à aiguilles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2276613B1 EP2276613B1 EP09729329A EP09729329A EP2276613B1 EP 2276613 B1 EP2276613 B1 EP 2276613B1 EP 09729329 A EP09729329 A EP 09729329A EP 09729329 A EP09729329 A EP 09729329A EP 2276613 B1 EP2276613 B1 EP 2276613B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- needle
- roller
- needles
- carrier
- rotation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008429 bread Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002445 nipple Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
- B26F1/24—Perforating by needles or pins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
- B26F1/02—Perforating by punching, e.g. with relatively-reciprocating punch and bed
- B26F1/04—Perforating by punching, e.g. with relatively-reciprocating punch and bed with selectively-operable punches
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B—MAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B70/00—Making flexible containers, e.g. envelopes or bags
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B—MAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B2155/00—Flexible containers made from webs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B—MAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B2155/00—Flexible containers made from webs
- B31B2155/001—Flexible containers made from webs by folding webs longitudinally
- B31B2155/0012—Flexible containers made from webs by folding webs longitudinally having their openings facing in the direction of movement
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B—MAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B2160/00—Shape of flexible containers
- B31B2160/10—Shape of flexible containers rectangular and flat, i.e. without structural provision for thickness of contents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B—MAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B70/00—Making flexible containers, e.g. envelopes or bags
- B31B70/004—Closing bags
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B—MAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31B70/00—Making flexible containers, e.g. envelopes or bags
- B31B70/14—Cutting, e.g. perforating, punching, slitting or trimming
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T83/00—Cutting
- Y10T83/04—Processes
- Y10T83/0481—Puncturing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T83/00—Cutting
- Y10T83/202—With product handling means
- Y10T83/2092—Means to move, guide, or permit free fall or flight of product
- Y10T83/2096—Means to move product out of contact with tool
- Y10T83/21—Out of contact with a rotary tool
Definitions
- Needle rollers are often used to perforate webs of material, such as paper webs, from which pieces of tubing and ultimately sacks or bags are made. Such perforations are often created to vent such bags after filling can. The same applies to bags in which, for example, bread is packed. Here, the perforations produced in this way serve to remove the moisture.
- a device that incorporates such needle rollers is in EP 0 776 741 A1 described. Also printed products are often provided with perforations, as in the patent US 4,055,101 is disclosed.
- the already mentioned roller is arranged on a block.
- This block can be a cylindrical body.
- This block is rotatable relative to the needle roller and relative to the machine frame. This axis of rotation of the block is aligned with the axis of rotation of the needle roller. It is advantageous if two such blocks are provided, one at each end. The block can even be twisted during operation of the needle roller.
- rollers of the second nip 14 can also be moved relative to the hose 10, for example vertically, and applied to the hose.
- the rollers of the second nip 14 abut the hose, the hose breaks along the cut or perforation introduced into the web at station 6.
- Another cylinder 65 penetrates both the hollow cylinder 63 and the central opening 62 and thus projects into the interior of the cylinder body 60.
- the hollow cylinder 63 can still be supported on the cylinder 65.
- This cylinder 65 can be fixed to non-illustrated parts of the machine frame 25, but can also be rotated relative to this. This Vermosmlögixie serves, as described below, the adjustment of the needles relative to the outer surface of the cylinder body 60th
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Making Paper Articles (AREA)
- Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
- Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
- Massaging Devices (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
- Supplying Of Containers To The Packaging Station (AREA)
Claims (8)
- Cylindre à aiguilles (50) pour la perforation ou la réception de pièces ou bandes de matériau avec un corps de cylindre à aiguilles (60) et des aiguilles (72, 72') qui, pour piquer dans la pièce de matériau (38') fait saillie sur la surface extérieure (74) du corps de cylindre à aiguilles (60),
où le corps de cylindre à aiguilles (60) est logé d'une manière tournante dans le bâti de machine (25),
où les aiguilles (72, 72') sont déplaçables relativement au corps de cylindre à aiguilles (60),
caractérisé par un porte-aiguilles (67), qui supporte des aiguilles (72, 72') ou au moins une barre d'aiguilles (75) qui (67) s'étend dans une direction parallèle à l'axe de rotation du cylindre à aiguilles (50) et qui (67) est déplaçable dans une direction radiale (R) du cylindre à aiguilles (50), où le porte-aiguilles (67) présente à au moins un côté frontal une courbe de guidage (70) dans ou à laquelle roule un rouleau (71). - Cylindre à aiguilles (50) selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une barre d'aiguilles (75) est prévue qui s'étend dans la direction parallèle à l'axe de rotation du cylindre à aiguilles (50) et sur laquelle sont disposées plusieurs aiguilles (72, 72'), où cette barre d'aiguilles (75) est déplaçable relativement au corps de cylindre à aiguilles (60).
- Cylindre à aiguilles (50) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la barre d'aiguilles (75) est fixée amoviblement au porte-aiguilles (67).
- Cylindre à aiguilles (50) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la courbe de guidage a la forme d'une ellipse (70), où le petit demi-axe de l'ellipse s'étend sensiblement perpendiculairement à la direction de déplacement (R) du porte-aiguilles (67).
- Cylindre à aiguilles (50) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le rouleau (71) est disposé à un bloc (65, 65'), où ce bloc (65, 65') peut tourner relativement au cylindre à aiguilles (50) et relativement au châssis de machine (25), où l'axe de rotation du bloc (65, 65') est en alignement avec l'axe de rotation du cylindre à aiguilles (50).
- Cylindre à aiguilles (50) selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que l'axe de rotation (87) du rouleau (71) est disposé d'une manière parallèle mais excentrique à l'axe de rotation du bloc (65, 65').
- Cylindre à aiguilles (50) selon l'une des deux revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'un moteur (80), de préférence un moteur électrique est prévu au moyen duquel le bloc (65, 65') peut être tourné.
- Procédé pour la perforation ou la réception de pièces ou bandes de matériau avec un cylindre à aiguilles (50) avec un corps de cylindre à aiguilles (60) et des aiguilles (72, 72') qui, pour piquer dans la pièce de matériau (38') fait saillie sur la surface extérieure (74) du corps de cylindre à aiguilles (60),
où le corps de cylindre à aiguilles (60) est amené à tourner relativement au châssis de machine (25), où les aiguilles (72, 72') sont déplacées relativement au corps de cylindre à aiguilles (60), caractérisé en ce qu'un porte-aiguilles (67), qui supporte des aiguilles (72, 72') ou au moins une barre d'aiguilles (75), qui (67) s'étend dans une direction parallèle à l'axe de rotation du cylindre à aiguilles (50) et qui (67) est déplacé dans une direction radiale (R) du cylindre à aiguilles (50), où le porte-aiguilles (67) présente à au moins un côté frontal une courbe de guidage (70) dans ou à laquelle roule un rouleau (71) .
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL09729329T PL2276613T3 (pl) | 2008-04-07 | 2009-04-07 | Walec igłowy |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE200810017726 DE102008017726A1 (de) | 2008-04-07 | 2008-04-07 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Beuteln |
PCT/EP2009/054138 WO2009124930A1 (fr) | 2008-04-07 | 2009-04-07 | Cylindre à aiguilles |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2276613A1 EP2276613A1 (fr) | 2011-01-26 |
EP2276613B1 true EP2276613B1 (fr) | 2011-08-10 |
Family
ID=40834482
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09729842A Active EP2268481B1 (fr) | 2008-04-07 | 2009-04-07 | Dispositif et procede de fabrication de sachets |
EP09729329A Active EP2276613B1 (fr) | 2008-04-07 | 2009-04-07 | Cylindre à aiguilles |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09729842A Active EP2268481B1 (fr) | 2008-04-07 | 2009-04-07 | Dispositif et procede de fabrication de sachets |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US8752460B2 (fr) |
EP (2) | EP2268481B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE519574T1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2720882C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE102008017726A1 (fr) |
ES (2) | ES2369181T3 (fr) |
PL (2) | PL2268481T3 (fr) |
PT (2) | PT2268481E (fr) |
WO (2) | WO2009124929A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102010029139A1 (de) * | 2010-05-19 | 2011-11-24 | Windmöller & Hölscher Kg | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Schlauchabschnitten zur Herstellung von Beuteln |
DE202012100652U1 (de) | 2012-02-27 | 2012-04-02 | Windmöller & Hölscher Kg | Behältnis und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Behältnissen |
CN103433971B (zh) * | 2013-08-08 | 2015-04-22 | 朱文龙 | 机械式薄片打孔机 |
FR3030352B1 (fr) * | 2014-12-19 | 2018-09-07 | Holweg Group | Procede et machine de fabrication de sacs |
CN109877907B (zh) * | 2019-04-19 | 2023-09-29 | 涿州皓原箔业有限公司 | 一种孔状铝箔加工装置及其加工方法 |
DE102021204369A1 (de) | 2020-11-27 | 2022-06-02 | Windmöller & Hölscher Kg | Beutel, Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Beutels |
Family Cites Families (32)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR786579A (fr) | 1934-06-26 | 1935-09-05 | Holweg Const Mec | Procédé et dispositifs pour la fabrication de sacs plats |
DE647889C (de) * | 1934-09-05 | 1937-07-15 | Holweg Const Mec | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Flachbeuteln von der Bahn |
GB482765A (en) | 1936-12-05 | 1938-04-05 | Holweg Const Mec | Improvements in and relating to machines for the manufacture of flat or gussetted paper bags |
GB494040A (en) * | 1937-07-02 | 1938-10-19 | Henry Jex Woods | Improvements in or relating to machines for forming flat bags |
DE720665C (de) | 1940-10-31 | 1942-05-12 | Windmoeller & Hoelscher | Maschine zum Herstellen von Flach- und Seitenfaltenbeuteln |
AT186515B (de) * | 1949-10-07 | 1956-08-25 | Hans Hirt | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Papiersäcken und nach diesem Verfahren hergestellter Papiersack |
FR1159929A (fr) | 1956-10-24 | 1958-07-03 | Holweg Const Mec | Dispositif de coupe pour la fabrication de sacs plats |
US3350988A (en) * | 1961-06-23 | 1967-11-07 | Frank L Schultz | Method of making continuous form envelopes |
US3390617A (en) * | 1962-02-28 | 1968-07-02 | Cloud Machine Corp | Packaging method and apparatus |
US3355974A (en) * | 1965-08-23 | 1967-12-05 | Du Pont | Film-perforating apparatus |
US3552278A (en) * | 1967-10-09 | 1971-01-05 | Lion Packaging Products Co Inc | Method and apparatus for making interconnected bags having closure flaps and bottom gussets |
US3599538A (en) * | 1969-05-07 | 1971-08-17 | Continental Can Co | Three dimensional bag forming method and apparatus |
US3683736A (en) * | 1970-12-23 | 1972-08-15 | Guenter H Loose | Ultrasonic perforating of a sheet of film, paper or the like |
US3877353A (en) * | 1973-11-12 | 1975-04-15 | Rockwell International Corp | Stripping device |
US4213363A (en) * | 1975-11-19 | 1980-07-22 | Maurice Granger | Apparatus for the cutting and simultaneous dispensing of a web of roll material |
US4055101A (en) * | 1976-05-19 | 1977-10-25 | Burroughs Corporation | Roll fed rotary web device with improved perforator |
US4395254A (en) * | 1978-10-27 | 1983-07-26 | Schuster Samuel J | Apparatus for making disposable, breathable receptacles |
FR2460776B1 (fr) * | 1979-07-13 | 1987-06-12 | Michel Venthenat | Procede pour realiser de facon selective des micro-perforations sur un produit plat, machine pour la mise en oeuvre du procede et produit obtenu par la mise en oeuvre du procede |
US4594926A (en) * | 1983-10-24 | 1986-06-17 | Didde Graphic Systems Corporation | File hole punch ring apparatus for web fed paper conveying mechanism |
US4730943A (en) * | 1986-11-07 | 1988-03-15 | Johnson James R | Plastic bag with carrying handle |
US4790803A (en) * | 1987-06-30 | 1988-12-13 | T. C. Manufacturing Company, Inc. | Method of making bottom gusset bag pad arrangement for liquid containers |
US4820251A (en) * | 1988-02-22 | 1989-04-11 | Amplas, Inc. | Web notching control apparatus |
US4954124A (en) * | 1988-03-21 | 1990-09-04 | The Dow Chemical Company | Stand-up plastic bag and method of making same |
US4913693A (en) * | 1988-12-02 | 1990-04-03 | Cello Bag Co. | Method of manufacturing a top gusset bag with integral handle |
US5765345A (en) * | 1993-09-29 | 1998-06-16 | Ivers-Lee Corporation | Deep draw package and system for making same, including apparatus and method |
JPH07256596A (ja) * | 1994-03-23 | 1995-10-09 | Tokyo Autom Mach Works Ltd | 穿孔装置 |
DE19544330C2 (de) * | 1995-11-28 | 2000-07-27 | Windmoeller & Hoelscher | Nadelwalzenanordnung mit mehreren Nadelwalzen zur Perforierung einer durchlaufenden Materialbahn |
CA2288259A1 (fr) * | 1999-11-03 | 2001-05-03 | Bonar Inc. | Perforateur retractable |
US7182010B2 (en) * | 2001-07-30 | 2007-02-27 | Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag | Apparatus and process for producing different hole patterns in sheet-shaped print materials |
US20040057637A1 (en) * | 2002-09-25 | 2004-03-25 | Akira Nishibe | Pouch with a straw hole and method of manufacturing the same |
CA2509485A1 (fr) * | 2005-06-16 | 2006-12-16 | Ionel Mihailescu | Moteur a combustion interne continu |
JP4612612B2 (ja) * | 2006-12-01 | 2011-01-12 | 株式会社日本製鋼所 | 成形ロール、薄膜形成装置および薄膜形成方法 |
-
2008
- 2008-04-07 DE DE200810017726 patent/DE102008017726A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2009
- 2009-04-07 EP EP09729842A patent/EP2268481B1/fr active Active
- 2009-04-07 CA CA2720882A patent/CA2720882C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-04-07 AT AT09729329T patent/ATE519574T1/de active
- 2009-04-07 US US12/736,384 patent/US8752460B2/en active Active
- 2009-04-07 ES ES09729329T patent/ES2369181T3/es active Active
- 2009-04-07 PT PT97298426T patent/PT2268481E/pt unknown
- 2009-04-07 ES ES09729842T patent/ES2402390T3/es active Active
- 2009-04-07 US US12/736,427 patent/US10391664B2/en active Active
- 2009-04-07 PL PL09729842T patent/PL2268481T3/pl unknown
- 2009-04-07 WO PCT/EP2009/054136 patent/WO2009124929A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2009-04-07 EP EP09729329A patent/EP2276613B1/fr active Active
- 2009-04-07 PT PT09729329T patent/PT2276613E/pt unknown
- 2009-04-07 PL PL09729329T patent/PL2276613T3/pl unknown
- 2009-04-07 WO PCT/EP2009/054138 patent/WO2009124930A1/fr active Application Filing
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
PT2268481E (pt) | 2013-04-08 |
US10391664B2 (en) | 2019-08-27 |
US20110143901A1 (en) | 2011-06-16 |
ES2369181T3 (es) | 2011-11-28 |
US8752460B2 (en) | 2014-06-17 |
CA2720882C (fr) | 2016-11-08 |
WO2009124929A1 (fr) | 2009-10-15 |
DE102008017726A1 (de) | 2009-10-08 |
PL2276613T3 (pl) | 2012-01-31 |
CA2720882A1 (fr) | 2009-10-15 |
EP2276613A1 (fr) | 2011-01-26 |
US20110100176A1 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
PT2276613E (pt) | 2011-09-01 |
EP2268481A1 (fr) | 2011-01-05 |
ATE519574T1 (de) | 2011-08-15 |
ES2402390T3 (es) | 2013-05-03 |
WO2009124930A1 (fr) | 2009-10-15 |
PL2268481T3 (pl) | 2013-06-28 |
EP2268481B1 (fr) | 2013-01-16 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
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