EP2273610A1 - Mehrstufige Antennen - Google Patents

Mehrstufige Antennen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2273610A1
EP2273610A1 EP10185339A EP10185339A EP2273610A1 EP 2273610 A1 EP2273610 A1 EP 2273610A1 EP 10185339 A EP10185339 A EP 10185339A EP 10185339 A EP10185339 A EP 10185339A EP 2273610 A1 EP2273610 A1 EP 2273610A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
multilevel
antenna
antennae
polygons
elements
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Ceased
Application number
EP10185339A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Carles Puente Baliarda
Carmen Borja Borau
Jaume Anguera Pros
Jordi Soler Castany
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Fractus SA
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Fractus SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fractus SA filed Critical Fractus SA
Priority claimed from EP05000379A external-priority patent/EP1526604A1/de
Publication of EP2273610A1 publication Critical patent/EP2273610A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0093—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices having a fractal shape
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/005—Patch antenna using one or more coplanar parasitic elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to antennae formed by sets of similar geometrical elements (polygons, polyhedrons electro magnetically coupled and grouped such that in the antenna structure may be distinguished each of the basic elements which form it.
  • the antenna may operate simultaneously in several frequencies and/or its size can be substantially reduced.
  • the scope of application of the present invention is mainly within the field of telecommunications, and more specifically in the field of radio-communication.
  • Patent n° 9501019 the fractal or multifractal type antennae
  • Patent n° 9800954 the multitriangular antennae which operated simultaneously in bands GSM 900 and GSM 1800.
  • the antennae described in the present patent have their origin in fractal and multitriangular type antennae, but solve several problems of a practical nature which limit the behavior of said antennae and reduce their applicability in real environments.
  • fractal objects are a mathematical abstraction which include an infinite number of elements. It is possible to generate antennae with a form based on said fractal objects, incorporating a finite number of iterations.
  • the performance of such antennae is limited to the specific geometry of each one. For example, the position of the bands and their relative spacing is related to fractal geometry and it is not always possible, viable or economic to design the antennae maintaining its fractal appearance and at the same time placing the bands at the correct area of the radioelectric spectrum.
  • truncation implies a clear example of the limitations brought about by using a real fractal type antenna which attempts to approximate the theoretical behavior of an ideal fractal antenna. Said effect breaks the behavior of the ideal fractal structure in the lower band, displacing it from its theoretical position relative to the other bands and in short requiring a too large size for the antenna which hinders practical applications.
  • Multitriangular structures were an example of non-fractal structures with a geometry designed such that the antennae could be used in base stations of GSM and DCS cellular telephony.
  • Antennae described in said patent consisted of three triangles joined only at their vertices, of a size adequate for use in bands 890 MHz - 960 MHz and 1710 MHz - 1880 MHz. This was a specific solution for a specific environment which did not provide the flexibility and versatility required to deal with other antennae designs for other environments.
  • Multilevel antennae solve the operational limitations of fractal and multitriangular antennae. Their geometry is much more flexible, rich and varied, allowing operation of the antenna from two to many more bands, as well as providing a greater versatility as regards diagrams, band positions and impedance levels, to name a few examples. Although they are not fractal, multilevel antennae are characterised in that they comprise a number of elements which may be distinguished in the overall structure. Precisely because they clearly show several levels of detail (that of the overall structure and that of the individual elements which make it up), antennae provide a multiband behavior and/or a small size. The origin of their name also lies in said property.
  • the present invention consists of an antenna whose radiating element is characterised by its geometrical shape, which basically comprises several polygons or polyhedrons of the same type. That is, it comprises for example triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons or even circles and ellipses as a limiting case of a polygon with a large number of sides, as well as tetrahedra, hexahedra, prisms, dodecahedra, etc. coupled to each other electrically (either through at least one point of contact o through a small separation providing a capacitive coupling) and grouped in structures of a higher level such that in the body of the antenna can be identified the polygonal or polyhedral elements which it comprises.
  • structures generated in this manner can be grouped in higher order structures in a manner similar to the basic elements, and so on until reaching as many levels as the antenna designer desires.
  • multilevel antenna Its designation as multilevel antenna is precisely due to the fact that in the body of the antenna can be identified at least two levels of detail: that of the overall structure and that of the majority of the elements (polygons or polyhedrons) which make it up. This is achieved by ensuring that the area of contact or intersection (if it exists) between the majority of the elements forming the antenna is only a fraction of the perimeter or surrounding area of said polygons or polyhedrons.
  • a particular property of multilevel antennae is that their radioelectric behavior can be similar in several frequency bands.
  • Antenna input parameters impedance and radiation diagram
  • the number of frequency bands is proportional to the number of scales or sizes of the polygonal elements or similar sets in which they are grouped contained in the geometry of the main radiating element.
  • multilevel structure antennae In addition to their multiband behavior, multilevel structure antennae usually have a smaller than usual size as compared to other antennae of a simpler structure. (Such as those consisting of a single polygon or polyhedron). This is because the path followed by the electric current on the multilevel structure is longer and more winding than in a simple geometry, due to the empty spaces between the various polygon or polyhedron elements. Said empty spaces force a given path for the current (which must circumvent said spaces) which travels a greater distance and therefore resonates at a lower frequency. Additionally, its edge-rich and discontinuity-rich structure simplifies the radiation process, relatively increasing the radiation resistance of the antenna and reducing the quality factor Q , i.e. increasing its bandwidth.
  • the main characteristic of multilevel antennae are the following:
  • Multilevel antennae base their behavior on their particular geometry, offering a greater flexibility to the antenna designer as to the number of bands (proportional to the number of levels of detail), position, relative spacing and width, and thereby offer better and more varied characteristics for the final product.
  • a multilevel structure can be used in any known antenna configuration. As a nonlimiting example can be cited: dipoles, monopoles, patch or microstrip antennae, coplanar antennae, reflector antennae, wound antennae or even antenna arrays. Manufacturing techniques are also not characteristic of multilevel antennae as the best suited technique may be used for each structure or application. For example: printing on dielectric substrate by photolithography (printed circuit technique); dieing on metal plate, repulsion on dielectric, etc.
  • Publication WO 97/06578 discloses a fractal antenna, which has nothing to do with a multilevel antenna being both geometries essentially different.
  • the present invention relates to an antenna which includes at least one construction element in a multilevel structure form.
  • a multilevel structure is characterized in that it is formed by gathering several polygon or polyhedron of the same type (for example triangles, parallelepipeds, pentagons, hexagons, etc., even circles or ellipses as special limiting cases of a polygon with a large number of sides, as well as tetrahedra, hexahedra, prisms, dodecahedra, etc. coupled to each other electromagnetically, whether by proximity or by direct contact between elements.
  • a multilevel structure or figure is distinguished from another conventional figure precisely by the interconnection (if it exists) between its component elements (the polygon or polyhedron).
  • a multilevel structure In a multilevel structure at least 75% of its component elements have more than 50% of their perimeter (for polygons) not in contact with any of the other elements of the structure. Thus, in a multilevel structure it is easy to identify geometrically and individually distinguish most of its basic component elements, presenting at least two levels of detail: that of the overall structure and that of the polygon or polyhedron elements which form it. Its name is precisely due to this characteristic and from the fact that the polygon or polyhedron can be included in a great variety of sizes. Additionally, several multilevel structures may be grouped and coupled electromagnetically to each other to form higher level structures. In a multilevel structure all the component elements are polygons with the same number of sides or polyhedron with the same number of faces. Naturally, this property is broken when several multilevel structures of different natures are grouped and electromagnetically coupled to form meta-structures of a higher level.
  • Figure 1 shows a multilevel element exclusively consisting of triangles of various sizes and shapes. Note that in this particular case each and every one of the elements (triangles, in black) can be distinguished, as the triangles only overlap in a small area of their perimeter, in this case at their vertices.
  • Figure 2 shows examples of assemblies of multilevel antennae in various configurations: monopole (21), dipole (22), patch (23), coplanar antennae (24), coil in a side view (25) and front view (26) and array (27).
  • Figure 3 shows further examples of multilevel structures (3.1-3.15) with a triangular origin, all comprised of triangles.
  • case (3.14) is an evolution of case (3.13); despite the contact between the 4 triangles, 75% of the elements (three triangles, except the central one) have more than 50% of the perimeter free.
  • Figure 4 describes multilevel structures (4.1-4.14) formed by parallelepipeds (squares, rectangles, rhombi). Note that the component elements are always individually identifiable (at least most of them are). In case (4.12), specifically, said elements have 100% of their perimeter free, without there being any physical connection between them (coupling is achieved by proximity due to the mutual capacitance between elements).
  • Figures 5 , 6 and 7 show non limiting examples of other multilevel structures based on pentagons, hexagons and polyhedron respectively.
  • multilevel antennae differs from other existing antennae in the particular geometry, not in their configuration as an antenna or in the materials used for construction.
  • the multilevel structure may be used with any known antenna configuration, such as for example and in a non limiting manner: dipoles, monopoles, patch or microstrip antennae, coplanar antennae, reflector antennae, wound antennae or even in arrays.
  • the multilevel structure forms part of the radiative element characteristic of said configurations, such as the arm, the mass plane or both in a monopole, an arm or both in a dipole, the patch or printed element in a microstrip, patch or coplanar antenna; the reflector for an reflector antenna, or the conical section or even antenna walls in a horn type antenna. It is even possible to use a spiral type antenna configuration in which the geometry of the loop or loops is the outer perimeter of a multilevel structure. In all, the difference between a multilevel antenna and a conventional one lies in the geometry of the radiative element or one of its components, and not in its specific configuration.
  • the implementation of multilevel antennae is not limited to any of these in particular and any of the existing or future techniques may be employed as considered best suited for each application, as the essence of the invention is found in the geometry used in the multilevel structure and not in the specific configuration.
  • the multilevel structure may for example be formed by sheets, parts of conducting or superconducting material, by printing in dielectric substrates (rigid or flexible) with a metallic coating as with printed circuits, by imbrications of several dielectric materials which form the multilevel structure, etc. always depending on the specific requirements of each case and application.
  • the implementation of the antenna depends on the chosen configuration (monopole, dipole, patch, horn, reflector).
  • the multisimilar structure is implemented on a metal support (a simple procedure involves applying a photolithography process to a virgin printed circuit dielectric plate) and the structure is mounted on a standard microwave connector, which for the monopole or patch cases is in turn connected to a mass plane (typically a metal plate or case) as for any conventional antenna.
  • a mass plane typically a metal plate or case
  • the multilevel geometry may be part of the metal wall of a horn or its cross section, and finally for a reflector the multisimilar element or a set of these may form or cover the reflector.
  • the most relevant properties of the multilevel antennae are mainly due to their geometry and are as follows: the possibility of simultaneous operation in several frequency bands in a similar manner (similar impedance and radiation diagrams) and the possibility of reducing their size compared to other conventional antennae based exclusively on a single polygon or polyhedron. Such properties are particularly relevant in the field of communication systems. Simultaneous operation in several freq bands allows a single multilevel antenna to integrate several communication systems, instead of assigning an antenna for each system or service as is conventional. Size reduction is particularly useful when the antenna must be concealed due to its visual impact in the urban or rural landscape, or to its unaesthetic or unaerodynamic effect when incorporated on a vehicle or a portable telecommunication device.
  • multilevel antenna AM1 used for GSM and DCS environments. These antennae are designed to meet radioelectric specifications in both cell phone systems. Using a single GSM and DCS multilevel antenna for both bands (900 MHz and 1800 MHz) cell telephony operators can reduce costs and environmental impact of their station networks while increasing the number of users (customers) supported by the network.
  • fractal geometry which is based on abstract mathematical concepts which are difficult to implement in practice.
  • Specialized scientific literature usually defines as fractal those geometrical objects with a non-integral Haussdorf dimension. This means that fractal objects exist only as an abstraction or a concept, but that said geometries are unthinkable (in a strict sense) for a tangible object or drawing, although it is true that antennae based on this geometry have been developed and widely described in the scientific literature, despite their geometry not being strictly fractal in scientific terms.
  • multilevel structures should not be confused with arrays of antennae. Although it is true that an array is formed by sets of identical antennae, in these the elements are electromagnetically decoupled, exactly the opposite of what is intended in multilevel antennae. In an array each element is powered independently whether by specific signal transmitters or receivers for each element, or by a signal distribution network, while in a multilevel antenna the structure is excited in a few of its elements and the remaining ones are coupled electromagnetically or by direct contact (in a region which does not exceed 50% of the perimeter or surface of adjacent elements).
  • an increase in the directivity of an individual antenna o forming a diagram for a specific application; in a multilevel antenna the object is to obtain a multiband behaviour or a reduced size of the antenna, which implies a completely different application from arrays.
  • AM1 and AM2 are described, for purposes of illustration only, two non-limiting examples of operational modes for Multilevel Antennae (AM1 and AM2) for specific environments and applications.
  • This model consists of a multilevel patch type antenna, shown in figure 8 , which operates simultaneously in bands GSM 900 (890 MHz - 960 MHz) and GSM 1800 (1710 MHz - 1880 MHz) and provides a sector radiation diagram in a horizontal plane.
  • the antenna is conceived mainly (although not limited to) for use in base stations of GSM 900 and 1800 mobile telephony.
  • the multilevel structure (8.10), or antenna patch consists of a printed copper sheet on a standard fiberglass printed circuit board.
  • the multilevel geometry consists of 5 triangles (8.1-8.5) joined at their vertices, as shown in figure 8 , with an external perimeter shaped as an equilateral triangle of height 13.9 cm (8.6).
  • the bottom triangle has a height (8.7) of 8.2 cm and together with the two adjacent triangles form a structure with a triangular perimeter of height 10.7 cm (8.8).
  • the multilevel patch (8.10) is mounted parallel to an earth plane (8.9) of rectangular aluminum of 22 x 18.5 cm.
  • the separation between the patch and the earth plane is 3.3 cm, which is maintained by a pair of dielectric spacers which act as support (8.12).
  • connection to the antenna is at two points of the multilevel structure, one for each operational band (GSM 900 and GSM 1800). Excitation is achieved by a vertical metal post perpendicular to the mass plane and to the multilevel structure, capacitively finished by a metal sheet which is electrically coupled by proximity (capacitive effect) to the patch.
  • This is a standard system in patch configuration antennae, by which the object is to compensate the inductive effect of the post with the capacitive effect of its finish.
  • the circuit which interconnects the elements and the port of access to the antenna or connector (8.13).
  • Said interconnexion circuit may be formed with microstrip, coaxial or strip-line technology to name a few examples, and incorporates conventional adaptation networks which transform the impedance measured at the base of the post to 50 ohms (with a typical tolerance in the standing wave relation (SWR) usual for these application under 1.5) required at the input/output antenna connector.
  • Said connector is generally of the type N or SMA for micro-cell base station applications.
  • the interconnection network may include a diplexor allowing the antenna to be presented in a two connector configuration (one for each band) or in a single connector for both bands.
  • the base of the DCS band excitation post may be connected to a parallel stub of electrical length equal to half a wavelength, in the central DCS wavelength, and finishing in an open circuit.
  • a parallel stub ending in an open circuit of electrical length slightly greater than one quarter of the wavelength at the central wavelength of the GSM band.
  • Said stub introduces a capacitance in the base of the connection which may be regulated to compensate the residual inductive effect of the post.
  • said stub presents a very low impedance in the DCS band which aids in the insulation between connectors in said band.
  • FIGS 9 and 10 are shown the typical radioelectric behavior for this specific embodiment of a dual multilevel antenna.
  • Figure 9 shows return losses (L r ) in GSM (9.1) and DCS (9.2), typically under -14 dB (which is equivalent to SWR ⁇ 1.5), so that the antenna is well adapted in both operation bands (890 MHz-960 MHz and 1710 MHz-1880 MHz).
  • This model consists of a multilevel antenna in a monopole configuration, shown in figure 11 , for wireless communications systems for indoors or in local access environments using radio.
  • the antenna operates in a similar manner simultaneously for the bands 1880 MHz-1930 MHz and 3400 MHz-3600 MHz, such as in installations with the system DECT.
  • the multilevel structure is formed by three or five triangles (see figures 11 and 3.6 ) to which may be added an inductive loop (11.1).
  • the antenna presents an omnidirectional radiation diagram in the horizontal plane and is conceived mainly for (but not limited to) mounting on roof or floor.
  • the multilevel structure is printed on a Rogers ® R04003 dielectric substrate (11.2) of 5.5 cm width, 4.9 cm height and 0.8 mm thickness, and with a dielectric permittivity equal to 3.38.
  • the multilevel element consists of three triangles (11.3-11.5) joined at the vertex; the bottom triangle (11.3) has a height of 1.82 cm, while the multilevel structure has a total height of 2.72 cm.
  • the multilevel element is added an inductive loop (11.1) at its top with a trapezoidal shape in this specific application, so that the total size of the radiating element is 4.5 cm.
  • the multilevel structure is mounted perpendicularly on a metallic (such as aluminum) earth plane (11.6) with a square or circular shape about 18 cm in length or diameter.
  • the bottom vertex of the element is placed on the center of the mass plane and forms the excitation point for the antenna.
  • the interconnection network which links the radiating element to the input/output connector.
  • Said interconnection network may be implemented as a microstrip, strip-line or coaxial technology to name a few examples. In this specific example the microstrip configuration was used.
  • the network can be used as an impedance transformer, adapting the impedance at the vertex of the multilevel element to the 50 Ohms (L r ⁇ -14 dB, SWR ⁇ 1.5) required at the input/output connector.
  • FIGs 12 and 13 summarize the radioelectric behavior of antennae in the lower (1900) and higher bands (3500).
  • Figure 12 shows the standing wave ratio (SWR) for both bands: Figure 12.1 for the band between 1880 and 1930 MHz, and Figure 12.2 for the band between 3400 and 3600 MHz. These show that the antenna is well adapted as return losses are under 14 dB, that is, SWR ⁇ 1.5 for the entire band of interest.
  • Figure 13 shows typical radiation diagrams. Diagrams (13.1), (13.2) and (13.3) at 1905 MHz measured in the vertical plane, horizontal plane and antenna plane, respectively, and diagrams (13.4), (13.5) and (13.6) at 3500 MHz measured in the vertical plane, horizontal plane and antenna plane, respectively.
  • Both the AM1 and AM2 antennae will typically be coated in a dielectric radome which is practically transparent to electromagnetic radiation, meant to protect the radiating element and the connection network from external aggression as well as to provide a pleasing external appearance.

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EP10185339A 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Mehrstufige Antennen Ceased EP2273610A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05000379A EP1526604A1 (de) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Mehrebenenantenne
EP99974041A EP1223637B1 (de) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Mehrebenenantenne
EP08164491A EP2083475A1 (de) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Mehrstufige Antennen

Related Parent Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99974041.8 Division 1999-09-20
EP05000379.7 Division 2005-01-11
EP08164491.6 Division 2008-09-17

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EP2273610A1 true EP2273610A1 (de) 2011-01-12

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EP10185339A Ceased EP2273610A1 (de) 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 Mehrstufige Antennen

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2017155378A1 (fr) * 2016-03-07 2017-09-14 Université Mohammed V De Rabat Antenne pentacle originale avec double fonctionnement simultané ou alternatif dans les bandes x et ku pour la prévention du trafic routier
CN114899593A (zh) * 2022-05-25 2022-08-12 陕西北斗科技开发应用有限公司 一款适用于北斗与wlan***互补结构加载微带天线

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4907011A (en) * 1987-12-14 1990-03-06 Gte Government Systems Corporation Foreshortened dipole antenna with triangular radiating elements and tapered coaxial feedline
WO1995001019A1 (en) 1993-06-18 1995-01-05 Nokia Telecommunications Oy Subscriber network arrangement for accession of subscribers to a telephone network
WO1997006578A1 (en) 1995-08-09 1997-02-20 Fractal Antenna Systems, Inc. Fractal antennas, resonators and loading elements
WO1998000954A2 (en) 1996-07-03 1998-01-08 Cabletron Systems, Inc. Network device simulator
ES2112163A1 (es) * 1995-05-19 1998-03-16 Univ Catalunya Politecnica Antenas fractales o multifractales.

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4907011A (en) * 1987-12-14 1990-03-06 Gte Government Systems Corporation Foreshortened dipole antenna with triangular radiating elements and tapered coaxial feedline
WO1995001019A1 (en) 1993-06-18 1995-01-05 Nokia Telecommunications Oy Subscriber network arrangement for accession of subscribers to a telephone network
ES2112163A1 (es) * 1995-05-19 1998-03-16 Univ Catalunya Politecnica Antenas fractales o multifractales.
WO1997006578A1 (en) 1995-08-09 1997-02-20 Fractal Antenna Systems, Inc. Fractal antennas, resonators and loading elements
WO1998000954A2 (en) 1996-07-03 1998-01-08 Cabletron Systems, Inc. Network device simulator

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Title
PUENTE C ET AL: "FRACTAL MULTIBAND ANTENNA BASED ON THE SIERPINSKI GASKET", ELECTRONICS LETTERS, IEE STEVENAGE, GB, vol. 32, no. 1, 4 January 1996 (1996-01-04), pages 1 - 2, XP006004544, ISSN: 0013-5194 *
PUENTE C ET AL: "PERTURBATION OF THE SIERPINSKI ANTENNA TO ALLOCATE OPERATING BANDS", ELECTRONICS LETTERS, IEE STEVENAGE, GB, vol. 32, no. 24, 21 November 1996 (1996-11-21), pages 2186 - 2188, XP006005983, ISSN: 0013-5194 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2017155378A1 (fr) * 2016-03-07 2017-09-14 Université Mohammed V De Rabat Antenne pentacle originale avec double fonctionnement simultané ou alternatif dans les bandes x et ku pour la prévention du trafic routier
CN114899593A (zh) * 2022-05-25 2022-08-12 陕西北斗科技开发应用有限公司 一款适用于北斗与wlan***互补结构加载微带天线

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