Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
  • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
  • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
  • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
  • H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
  • H04B7/0671—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal using different delays between antennas
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
  • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
  • H04L27/261—Details of reference signals
  • H04L27/2613—Structure of the reference signals
  • H04L27/26134—Pilot insertion in the transmitter chain, e.g. pilot overlapping with data, insertion in time or frequency domain
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
  • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
  • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
  • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
  • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
  • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
  • H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
  • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
  • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
  • H04L25/024—Channel estimation channel estimation algorithms
  • H04L25/0256—Channel estimation using minimum mean square error criteria
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
  • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
  • H04L27/261—Details of reference signals
  • H04L27/2613—Structure of the reference signals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
  • H04L5/0014—Three-dimensional division
  • H04L5/0023—Time-frequency-space
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0048—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver

Definitions

• Certain embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to a wireless communication and, more particularly, to a method to choose appropriate values of cyclic delays for a multi-antenna transmission in order to accurately estimate channel gains.
• Certain embodiments provide a method of transmitting pilots in a wireless communication system.
• the method generally includes generating a first pilot for a first transmit antenna based on a first cyclic delay, and generating a second pilot for a second transmit antenna based on a second cyclic delay larger than the first cyclic delay by at least a cyclic prefix length.
• Certain embodiments provide a method of performing channel estimation in a wireless communication system.
• the method generally includes obtaining first input samples comprising first and second pilots, the first pilot being generated based on a first cyclic delay and sent from a first transmit antenna, the second pilot being generated based on a second cyclic delay and sent from a second transmit antenna, the second cyclic delay being larger than the first cyclic delay by at least a cyclic prefix length, and the first input samples being from a first receive antenna, and processing the first input samples to obtain a first channel estimate for the first transmit antenna and a second channel estimate for the second transmit antenna.
• Certain embodiments provide an apparatus for transmitting pilots in a wireless communication system.
• the apparatus generally includes logic for generating a first pilot for a first transmit antenna based on a first cyclic delay, and logic for generating a second pilot for a second transmit antenna based on a second cyclic delay larger than the first cyclic delay by at least a cyclic prefix length.
• Certain embodiments provide an apparatus for performing channel estimation in a wireless communication system.
• the apparatus generally includes logic for obtaining first input samples comprising first and second pilots, the first pilot being generated based on a first cyclic delay and sent from a first transmit antenna, the second pilot being generated based on a second cyclic delay and sent from a second transmit antenna, the second cyclic delay being larger than the first cyclic delay by at least a cyclic prefix length, and the first input samples being from a first receive antenna, and logic for processing the first input samples to obtain a first channel estimate for the first transmit antenna and a second channel estimate for the second transmit antenna.
• Certain embodiments provide an apparatus for transmitting pilots in a wireless communication system.
• the apparatus generally includes means for generating a first pilot for a first transmit antenna based on a first cyclic delay, and means for generating a second pilot for a second transmit antenna based on a second cyclic delay larger than the first cyclic delay by at least a cyclic prefix length.
• Certain embodiments provide an apparatus for performing channel estimation in a wireless communication system.
• the apparatus generally includes means for obtaining first input samples comprising first and second pilots, the first pilot being generated based on a first cyclic delay and sent from a first transmit antenna, the second pilot being generated based on a second cyclic delay and sent from a second transmit antenna, the second cyclic delay being larger than the first cyclic delay by at least a cyclic prefix length, and the first input samples being from a first receive antenna, and means for processing the first input samples to obtain a first channel estimate for the first transmit antenna and a second channel estimate for the second transmit antenna.
• Certain embodiments provide a computer-program product for transmitting pilots in a wireless communication system, comprising a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions being executable by one or more processors.
• the instructions generally include instructions for generating a first pilot for a first transmit antenna based on a first cyclic delay, and instructions for generating a second pilot for a second transmit antenna based on a second cyclic delay larger than the first cyclic delay by at least a cyclic prefix length.
• Certain embodiments provide a computer-program product for performing channel estimation in a wireless communication system, comprising a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions being executable by one or more processors.
• the instructions generally include instructions for obtaining first input samples comprising first and second pilots, the first pilot being generated based on a first cyclic delay and sent from a first transmit antenna, the second pilot being generated based on a second cyclic delay and sent from a second transmit antenna, the second cyclic delay being larger than the first cyclic delay by at least a cyclic prefix length, and the first input samples being from a first receive antenna, and instructions for processing the first input samples to obtain a first channel estimate for the first transmit antenna and a second channel estimate for the second transmit antenna.
• FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 2 illustrates an example Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing/ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDM/OFDMA) frame for Time Division Duplex (TDD) in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
• OFDM/OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing/ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
• FIG. 3 illustrates an example transmitter and an example receiver that may be used within a wireless communication system in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of a design of an OFDM modulator in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 5 illustrates an example of cyclic delay diversity in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 6 illustrates an example pilot subcarrier structure for one OFDM symbol in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of a design of modulators at a base station in FIG. 3 in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 8 illustrates a process for generating pilots for multiple-input single- output (MISO) or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
• MISO multiple-input single- output
• MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
• FIG. 8 A illustrates example components capable of performing the operations illustrated in FIG. 8.
• FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of a design of a channel estimator in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 10 illustrates a process for performing channel estimation in MISO or MIMO systems in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 1OA illustrates example components capable of performing the operations illustrated in FIG. 10.
• a Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) scheme can be applied for a multi-antenna Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission in order to provide higher frequency diversity and improve error rate performance.
• Multiple artificial channel paths can be generated by transmitting cyclically delayed data from a plurality of antennas. Estimation of channel gains associated with the plurality of transmit antennas can be performed at a receiver side using known pilot or training sequences. However, in certain cases, time domain channel paths cannot be fully separated at the receiver if cyclically delayed pilot sequences match path delays of a channel profile.
• the techniques described herein may be used for various broadband wireless communication systems, including communication systems that are based on an orthogonal multiplexing scheme.
• Examples of such communication systems include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) systems, and so forth.
• OFDMA orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
• SC-FDMA Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
• An OFDMA system utilizes orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which is a modulation technique that partitions the overall system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal sub-carriers. These sub-carriers may also be called tones, bins, etc. With OFDM, each sub-carrier may be independently modulated with data.
• OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
• a SC-FDMA system may utilize interleaved FDMA (IFDMA) to transmit on sub-carriers that are distributed across the system bandwidth, localized FDMA (LFDMA) to transmit on a block of adjacent sub-carriers, or enhanced FDMA (EFDMA) to transmit on multiple blocks of adjacent sub-carriers.
• IFDMA interleaved FDMA
• LFDMA localized FDMA
• EFDMA enhanced FDMA
• modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDMA.
• WiMAX which stands for the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• WiMAX is a standards-based broadband wireless technology that provides high-throughput broadband connections over long distances.
• Fixed WiMAX applications are point-to-multipoint, enabling broadband access to homes and businesses, for example.
• Mobile WiMAX offers the full mobility of cellular networks at broadband speeds.
• IEEE 802.16 is an emerging standard organization to define an air interface for fixed and mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) systems. These standards define at least four different physical layers (PHYs) and one medium access control (MAC) layer. The OFDM and OFDMA physical layer of the four physical layers are the most popular in the fixed and mobile BWA areas respectively.
• PHYs physical layers
• MAC medium access control
• FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be employed.
• the wireless communication system 100 may be a broadband wireless communication system.
• the wireless communication system 100 may provide communication for a number of cells 102, each of which is serviced by a base station 104.
• a base station 104 may be a fixed station that communicates with user terminals 106.
• the base station 104 may alternatively be referred to as an access point, a Node B or some other terminology.
• FIG. 1 depicts various user terminals 106 dispersed throughout the system 100.
• the user terminals 106 may be fixed (i.e., stationary) or mobile.
• the user terminals 106 may alternatively be referred to as remote stations, access terminals, terminals, subscriber units, mobile stations, stations, user equipment, subscriber stations, etc.
• the user terminals 106 may be wireless devices, such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), handheld devices, wireless modems, laptop computers, personal computers, etc.
• PDAs personal digital assistants
• a variety of algorithms and methods may be used for transmissions in the wireless communication system 100 between the base stations 104 and the user terminals 106.
• signals may be sent and received between the base stations 104 and the user terminals 106 in accordance with OFDM/OFDM A techniques. If this is the case, the wireless communication system 100 may be referred to as an OFDM/OFDMA system.
• a communication link that facilitates transmission from a base station 104 to a user terminal 106 may be referred to as a downlink (DL) 108, and a communication link that facilitates transmission from a user terminal 106 to a base station 104 may be referred to as an uplink (UL) 110.
• DL downlink
• UL uplink
• a downlink 108 may be referred to as a forward link or a forward channel
• an uplink 110 may be referred to as a reverse link or a reverse channel.
• a cell 102 may be divided into multiple sectors 112.
• a sector 112 is a physical coverage area within a cell 102.
• Base stations 104 within a wireless communication system 100 may utilize antennas that concentrate the flow of power within a particular sector 112 of the cell 102. Such antennas may be referred to as directional antennas.
• FIG. 2 shows an example frame structure 200 for a time division duplex (TDD) mode in IEEE 802.16.
• the transmission timeline may be partitioned into units of frames. Each frame may span predetermined time duration, e.g., 5 milliseconds (ms), and may be partitioned into a downlink subframe and an uplink subframe.
• ms milliseconds
• the downlink and uplink subframes may cover any fraction of a frame.
• the downlink and uplink subframes may be separated by a transmit transmission gap (TTG) and a receive transmission gap (RTG).
• TTG transmit transmission gap
• RTG receive transmission gap
• a number of physical subchannels may be defined. Each physical subchannel may include a set of subcarriers that may be contiguous or distributed across the system bandwidth. A number of logical subchannels may also be defined and may be mapped to the physical subchannels based on a known mapping. The logical subchannels may simplify the allocation of resources.
• a downlink subframe may include a preamble, a frame control header (FCH), a downlink map (DL-MAP), an uplink map (UL-MAP), and downlink (DL) bursts.
• the preamble may carry a known transmission that may be used by subscriber stations for frame detection and synchronization.
• the FCH may carry parameters used to receive the DL-MAP, the UL-MAP, and the downlink bursts.
• the DL-MAP may carry a DL-MAP message, which may include information elements (IEs) for various types of control information (e.g., resource allocation or assignment) for downlink access.
• IEs information elements
• the UL-MAP may carry a UL-MAP message, which may include IEs for various types of control information for uplink access.
• the downlink bursts may carry data for the subscriber stations being served.
• An uplink subframe may include uplink bursts, which may carry data transmitted by the subscriber stations scheduled for uplink transmission.
• the pilot transmission techniques described herein may be used for multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission as well as multiple-input single-output transmission (MISO) transmission.
• MIMO multiple- input multiple-output
• MISO multiple-input single-output transmission
• the techniques may also be used for pilot transmission on the downlink as well as the uplink. For clarity, certain aspects of the techniques are described below for pilot transmission on the downlink with MIMO.
• FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a design of a base station 104 and a subscriber station 106, which are one of the base stations and one of the subscriber stations in FIG. 1.
• Base station 104 is equipped with multiple (M ) antennas 334a through 334m.
• Subscriber station 106 is equipped with multiple (R ) antennas 352a through 352r.
• a transmit (TX) data processor 320 may receive data from a data source 312, process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data based on one or more modulation and coding schemes, and provide data symbols.
• a data symbol is a symbol for data
• a pilot symbol is a symbol for pilot
• a symbol may be a real or complex value.
• the data and pilot symbols may be modulation symbols from a modulation scheme such as PSK or QAM. Pilots may comprise data that is known a priori by both the base station and the subscriber station.
• a TX MIMO processor 330 may process the data and pilot symbols and provide M output symbol streams to M modulators (MOD) 332a through 332m.
• Each modulator 332 may process its output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator 332 may further condition (e.g., convert to analog, filter, amplify, and upconvert) its output sample stream and generate a downlink signal. M downlink signals from modulators 332a through 332m may be transmitted via antennas 334a through 334m, respectively.
• R antennas 352a through 352r may receive the M downlink signals from base station 104, and each antenna 352 may provide a received signal to an associated demodulator (DEMOD) 354.
• Each demodulator 354 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) its received signal to obtain input samples and may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM) to obtain received symbols.
• Each demodulator 354 may provide received data symbols to a MIMO detector 360 and provide the received pilot symbols to a channel processor 394.
• Channel processor 394 may estimate the response of a MIMO channel from base station 104 to subscriber station 120 based on the received pilot symbols and provide a MIMO channel estimate to MIMO detector 360.
• MIMO detector 360 may perform MIMO detection on the received symbols based on the MIMO channel estimate and provide detected symbols, which are estimates of the transmitted data symbols.
• a receive (RX) data processor 370 may process (e.g., symbol de-mapping and decode) the detected symbols and provide decoded data to a data sink 372.
• Subscriber station 106 may evaluate the channel conditions and generate feedback information, which may comprise various types of information.
• the feedback information and data from a data source 378 may be processed (e.g., encoded and symbol mapped) by a TX data processor 380, spatially processed by a TX MIMO processor 382, and further processed by modulators 354a through 354r to generate R uplink signals, which may be transmitted via antennas 352a through 352r.
• the R uplink signals from subscriber station 106 may be received by antennas 334a through 334m, processed by demodulators 332a through 332m, spatially processed by a MIMO detector 336, and further processed (e.g., symbol demapped and decoded) by an RX data processor 338 to recover the feedback information and data sent by subscriber station 106.
• Controller/processor 340 may control data transmission to subscriber station 106 based on the feedback information.
• Controllers/processors 340 and 390 may direct the operation at base station 104 and subscriber station 106, respectively.
• Memories 342 and 392 may store data and program codes for base station 104 and subscriber station 106, respectively.
• a scheduler 344 may schedule subscriber station 106 and/or other subscriber stations for data transmission on the downlink and/or uplink based on the feedback information received from all subscriber stations.
• IEEE 802.16 utilizes orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for the downlink and uplink.
• OFDM partitions the system bandwidth into multiple ( N ppT ) orthogonal subcarriers, which may also be referred to as tones, bins, etc.
• N ppT orthogonal subcarriers
• Each subcarrier may be modulated with data or pilot.
• the number of subcarriers may be dependent on the system bandwidth as well as the frequency spacing between adjacent subcarriers.
• N FFT may be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024 or 2048. Only a subset of theN FFT total subcarriers may be usable for transmission of data and pilot, and the remaining subcarriers may serve as guard subcarriers to allow the system to meet spectral mask requirements.
• a data subcarrier is a subcarrier used for data
• a pilot subcarrier is a subcarrier used for pilot.
• An OFDM symbol may be transmitted in each OFDM symbol period (or simply, a symbol period).
• Each OFDM symbol may include data subcarriers used to send data, pilot subcarriers used to send pilot, and/or guard subcarriers not used for data or pilot.
• FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a design of an OFDM modulator 400, which may be included in each of modulators 332a through 332m and modulators 354a through 354r in FIG. 3.
• a symbol-to-subcarrier mapper 410 receives and maps output symbols to ihe N FFT total subcarriers.
• a unit 412 transforms N FFT output symbols for the N FFT total subcarriers to the time domain with an N FFT -point inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) and provides a useful portion containing N FFT time-domain samples. Each sample is a complex value to be transmitted in one chip period.
• IDFT inverse discrete Fourier transform
• a parallel-to-serial (P/S) converter 414 serializes theN FFT samples in the useful portion.
• a cyclic prefix generator 416 copies the last N CP samples of the useful portion and appends these N CP samples to the front of the useful portion to form an OFDM symbol containing N FFT + N CP samples.
• Each OFDM symbol thus contains a useful portion ofN FFT samples and a cyclic prefix ofN cp samples.
• the cyclic prefix is used to combat intersymbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI) caused by delay spread in a wireless channel.
• ISI intersymbol interference
• ICI inter-carrier interference
• a MIMO channel is formed by the M transmit antennas at base station 104 and the R receive antennas at subscriber station 106.
• This MIMO channel is composed of M ⁇ R single-input single-output (SISO) channels or one SISO channel for each possible pair of transmit and receive antennas.
• SISO single-input single-output
• the channel response for each SISO channel may be characterized by either a time-domain channel impulse response or a corresponding frequency-domain channel frequency response.
• the channel frequency response is the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the channel impulse response.
• the channel impulse response for each SISO channel may be characterized by L time-domain channel taps, where L is typically much less th&nN FFT . That is, if an impulse is applied at a transmit antenna, then L time-domain samples at the sample rate taken at a receive antenna for this impulse stimulus would be sufficient to characterize the response of the SISO channel.
• the required number of channel taps (L ) for the channel impulse response is dependent on the delay spread of the system, which is the time difference between the earliest and latest arriving signal instances of sufficient energy at the receive antenna.
• Each SISO channel may include one or more propagation paths between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna for that SISO channel, with the propagation paths being determined by the wireless environment. Each path may be associated with a particular complex gain and a particular delay. For each SISO channel, the complex gains of the L channel taps are determined by complex gains of paths for that SISO channel. Each SISO channel thus has a channel profile with paths d 0 through d L _ ⁇ , where the complex gain of each path d t may be a zero or non-zero value.
• Cyclic delay diversity CDD may be used to create frequency diversity in a MIMO transmission, which may improve error rate performance.
• the OFDM symbols for each transmit antenna may be cyclically delayed by a different amount, as described below.
• M different cyclically delayed signals may be transmitted from the M transmit antennas.
• cyclic delay diversity may adversely impact MIMO channel estimation in some instances. In particular, it may not be possible to separate paths if a cyclically delayed signal matches a path delay in the channel profile.
• a complex gain for a delay of two samples is from (i) a downlink signal from transmit antenna 0 with no cyclic delay and received via a path with a delay of two samples, or (ii) a downlink signal from transmit antenna 1 with a cyclic delay of one sample and received via a path with a delay of one sample, or (iii) a downlink signal from transmit antenna 2 with a cyclic delay of two samples and received via a path with no delay.
• the cyclic delay for each transmit antenna may be selected to be as follows:
• Transmit antenna 0 has a cyclic delay of 0, and the useful portion is cyclically shifted/delayed by zero samples for this transmit antenna.
• Transmit antenna 1 has a cyclic delay of N cp , and the useful portion is cyclically shifted by N cp samples for this transmit antenna.
• Transmit antenna 2 has a cyclic delay of 2 • N cp , and the useful portion is cyclically shifted by 2 • N CP samples for this transmit antenna.
• Transmit antenna 3 has a cyclic delay of 3 • N CP , and the useful portion is cyclically shifted by 3 • N cp samples for this transmit antenna.
• Base station 104 may transmit pilot symbols from the M transmit antennas in a manner to facilitate complete channel estimation by subscriber station 106.
• the pilot symbols may be sent on S subcarriers Jc 0 through k S ⁇ , where in general
• the S pilot subcarriers may be determined as described below.
• An S x Q matrix B may be defined for the S pilot subcarriers as follows:
• a sufficient condition for complete channel estimation is that the rank of matrix B is equal to L - M . This leads to a necessary condition that b be distinct, which means that d t + t m should be distinct up to modulo T s .
• the system may operate with full frequency reuse, and each cell may transmit on all N FFT total subcarriers (except for guard subcarriers).
• matrix B may be an S x S Vandermonde matrix V having the following form:
• V ⁇ r CU ⁇ S-I (5)
• the system may operate with partial frequency reuse, and each cell may transmit on a subset of the N FFT total subcarriers. For example, with partial frequency reuse factor of 3, each cell may transmit on approximately one third of the N FFT total subcarriers.
• pilot symbols may be sent on a subset of the N FFT total subcarriers
• matrix B may be a submatrix of the Vandermonde matrix, and the necessary condition of distinct b may not be sufficient.
• the S pilot subcarriers k 0 through k S ⁇ may be selected such that the necessary condition becomes sufficient for complete channel estimation.
• the S pilot subcarriers may be spaced apart by p subcarriers, where p is a prime number that does not divide N FFT .
• FIG. 6 shows an example pilot subcarrier structure for one OFDM symbol n for the design shown in equation (6).
• p 3 and the pilot subcarriers are spaced apart by three subcarriers. Pilot symbols may be sent on subcarriers 0, 3, 6, etc. The same set of pilot subcarriers may be used for each of the M transmit antennas, as shown in FIG. 6.
• the OFDM symbol with the pilot subcarriers may be for the preamble shown in FIG. 2 or some other OFDM symbol.
• Complete channel estimation may then be possible with the following conditions:
• the number of rows $ in matrix B should be equal to or greater than the number of columns ⁇ in matrix B, or ⁇ .
• N CP max N PPT , M , and p
• a cyclic prefix length of 128 may be selected for this example.
• a cyclic prefix length of 64 may be selected for this example.
• the pilot subcarrier spacing may be selected based on cyclic delay lengths applied on M transmit antennas and the total number of subcarriers N FFT , as follows:
• FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a design of modulators 332a through 332m at base station 104 in FIG. 3.
• FIG. 7 shows only the processing to generate pilots for the M transmit antennas.
• a symbol-to-subcarrier mapper 710a maps pilot symbols to pilot subcarriers (e.g., determined as shown in equation (6)) and maps zero symbols to remaining subcarriers.
• An IDFT unit 712a performs an N FFT -point IDFT on the N FFT pilot and zero symbols and provides N FFT time-domain samples.
• a P/S converter 714a serializes the N FFT samples.
• a cyclic delay unit 716a cyclically shifts the N FFT samples by N c 0 samples for transmit antenna 0.
• 718a appends a cyclic prefix and provides an OFDM symbol comprising a first pilot for transmit antenna 0.
• Modulator 332b may similarly generate an OFDM symbol comprising a second pilot for transmit antenna 1. However, a cyclic delay unit 716b cyclically shifts the N FFT samples by N c 0 + N c ⁇ > N CP samples for transmit antenna 1. Each remaining modulator 332 may similarly generate an OFDM symbol comprising a pilot m for its transmit antenna but may cyclically shift the N FFT samples by ⁇ N c t samples
• FIG. 8 shows a design of a process 800 for generating pilots for MISO or MIMO systems.
• Process 800 may be performed by base station 104 for pilot transmission on the downlink, by subscriber station 106 for pilot transmission on the uplink, or by some other entity.
• a first pilot for a first transmit antenna may be generated based on a first cyclic delay, e.g., of zero samples.
• an mth pilot sequence may be generated for an mth transmit antenna based on an mth cyclic delay of a length that is larger than an (m-l)th cyclic delay length by at least the cyclic prefix length N cp , where m > 1 .
• Additional pilots for additional transmit antennas may be generated based on suitable cyclic delays.
• a first sample sequence comprising the first pilot may be generated and cyclically delayed by the first cyclic delay.
• a first OFDM symbol comprising the first pilot and having the first cyclic delay may be generated based on the cyclically delayed first sample sequence.
• the mth sample sequence comprising the mth pilot may be generated and cyclically delayed by the mth cyclic delay, where m > 1 .
• the mth OFDM symbol comprising the mth pilot and having the mth cyclic delay may be generated based on the cyclically delayed mth sample sequence, where m > 1 .
• pilot symbols may be mapped to subcarriers spaced apart by p, where p may be a prime number that does not divide N FFT .
• pilot symbols may be mapped to subcarriers spaced apart by p, where m > 1 .
• the same set of pilot subcarriers may be used for all OFDM symbols.
• the number of pilot subcarriers (S ) may be equal to or greater than M ⁇ N cp .
• the pilot subcarrier spacing (p) may be selected as shown in equation (8).
• Subscriber station 106 may derive a channel estimate for each of the M R SISO channels in the MIMO channel between base station 104 and subscriber station 106. For each receive antenna, subscriber station 106 may obtain S received pilot symbols from the S pilot subcarriers and may remove the pilot modulation to obtain S observations for the S pilot subcarriers.
• the S observations for each receive antenna j may be expressed as:
• V 7 B h 7 + n , (9)
• y 7 is an S x 1 vector of observations for the S pilot subcarriers on receive antenna j
• B is an S x Q matrix defined in equation (4)
• h y is a Q x I vector of channel gains for the M transmit antennas
• n is a S x 1 noise vector.
• the first m 0
• N c 0 ⁇ N cp elements h ⁇ 0 through h ⁇ N _ t are channel gains for transmit antenna 0, the next N r , > N rp elements h hand through h hand , mecanic , are channel gains for transmit antenna 1, and so on, and the last N C M _ ⁇ > N CP elements h ] Q _ Nc M ⁇ through h ⁇ are channel gains for transmit antenna M - 1 .
• An estimate of h y may be obtained from y y based on various techniques. In one design, an estimate of h y may be obtained from Y j based such as a minimum mean square error (MMSE) technique, as follows:
• MMSE minimum mean square error
• FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of a design of a channel estimator 900.
• R units 910a through 91Or obtain S received pilot symbols for the S pilot subcarriers from R receive antennas 0 through R - I , respectively.
• Each unit 910 removes the pilot modulation on the S received pilot symbols from its receive antenna and provides S observations. The pilot modulation removal may be achieved by multiplying each received pilot symbol with a complex conjugate of the transmitted pilot symbol.
• R channel estimators 912a through 912r receive the S observations from units 910a through 91Or, respectively.
• Each channel estimator 912 derives an estimate of h y for its receive antenna j, e.g., as shown in equation (10), and provides h y .
• R demultiplexers (Demux) 914a through 914r receive h j from channel estimators 912a through 912r, respectively. Each demultiplexer 914 demultiplexes the channel gains in h y and provides M channel estimates for the M transmit antennas.
• FIG. 10 shows a design of a process 1000 for performing channel estimation for MISO or MIMO systems.
• Process 1000 may be performed by subscriber station 106 for downlink channel estimation, by base station 104 for uplink channel estimation, or by some other entity.
• received samples may be processed for all R receive antennas to obtain estimates channel gains for M utilized transmit antennas.
• received samples may be obtained from any number of receive antennas and processed to obtain channel estimates for any number of transmit antennas for each receive antenna.
• the received samples may be processed to obtain observations for pilot subcarriers, e.g., by (i) performing OFDM demodulation on the received samples to obtain received pilot symbols for the pilot subcarriers and (ii) removing pilot modulation from the received pilot symbols to obtain the observations for the pilot subcarriers.
• the observations may be processed (e.g., based on the MMSE technique as shown in equation (10)) to obtain channel estimates for all utilized transmit antennas.
• blocks 810-820 illustrated in FIG. 8 correspond to means-plus-function blocks 810A-820A illustrated in FIG. 8A.
• blocks 1010-1020 illustrated in FIG. 10 correspond to means-plus- function blocks 1010A-1020A illustrated in FIG. 1OA. More generally, where there are methods illustrated in Figures having corresponding counterpart means-plus-function Figures, the operation blocks correspond to means-plus-function blocks with similar numbering.
• DSP digital signal processor
• ASIC application specific integrated circuit
• FPGA field programmable gate array signal
• PLD programmable logic device
• a general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller or state machine.
• a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
• a software module may reside in any form of storage medium that is known in the art. Some examples of storage media that may be used include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), flash memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM and so forth.
• RAM random access memory
• ROM read only memory
• flash memory EPROM memory
• EEPROM memory EEPROM memory
• registers a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM and so forth.
• a software module may comprise a single instruction, or many instructions, and may be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across multiple storage media.
• a storage medium may be coupled to a processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor.
• the methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method.
• the method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims.
• the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.
• a storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer.
• Such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
• Disk and disc include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray® disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.
• Software or instructions may also be transmitted over a transmission medium.
• a transmission medium For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of transmission medium.
• DSL digital subscriber line
• modules and/or other appropriate means for performing the methods and techniques described herein can be downloaded and/or otherwise obtained by a user terminal and/or base station as applicable.
• a user terminal and/or base station can be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of means for performing the methods described herein.
• various methods described herein can be provided via storage means (e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.), such that a user terminal and/or base station can obtain the various methods upon coupling or providing the storage means to the device.
• storage means e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.
• CD compact disc
• floppy disk etc.
• any other suitable technique for providing the methods and techniques described herein to a device can be utilized.

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