EP2217365B1 - Method and device for plasma reformation of fuel for power plant applications - Google Patents

Method and device for plasma reformation of fuel for power plant applications Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2217365B1
EP2217365B1 EP08850750A EP08850750A EP2217365B1 EP 2217365 B1 EP2217365 B1 EP 2217365B1 EP 08850750 A EP08850750 A EP 08850750A EP 08850750 A EP08850750 A EP 08850750A EP 2217365 B1 EP2217365 B1 EP 2217365B1
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fuel
plasma
combustion
combustion chamber
expansion nozzle
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2217365A1 (en
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Erwin Bayer
Jürgen STEINWANDEL
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Airbus Defence and Space GmbH
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EADS Deutschland GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3484—Convergent-divergent nozzles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H2245/00—Applications of plasma devices
    • H05H2245/10—Treatment of gases
    • H05H2245/17—Exhaust gases

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for plasma reforming fuel, in particular kerosene, for engine applications.
  • the NO x production is favored in particular by high combustion temperatures. It is therefore a method is sought, with which it is possible to reduce the combustion temperature and in particular temperature peaks in the combustion while at the same time as far as possible complete combustion of the fuel (also with respect to carbon particles).
  • US 5,887,554 describes a device for plasma fuel conversion. There is provided a plasmatron to which air and a hydrocarbonaceous fuel are supplied. The output of the plasmatron is connected to a mixer whose output is connected to a motor.
  • WO 95/06194 describes an internal combustion engine system with a plasmatron. Hydrocarbon-containing fuel is supplied to the plasmatron, which reforms the fuel into hydrogen-rich gas.
  • US 2003/0196611 A1 describes a plasmatron, which reformed hydrocarbonaceous fuel and fed to a fuel cell or an internal combustion engine.
  • WO 03/023205 A1 describes an internal combustion engine system with a plasmatron and an independent source of electrical energy.
  • the object of the present invention is thus to provide a method which, when the fuel used is completely combusted, reduces the combustion temperature and in particular temperature peaks.
  • the objective object is solved by the aspects of the present invention which are defined in the independent patent claims.
  • Advantageous developments are set forth in the dependent claims.
  • the objective object is achieved in a first aspect by a method for plasma reforming of fuel, in particular kerosene, in which fuel is first transferred to the plasma state in an expansion nozzle (3) and subsequently further fuel is injected into the plasma, to be split in the heat into components such as CO, C and H.
  • the method according to the first aspect of the present invention has the advantages that the plasma generated elementary and / or low molecular weight components of the fuel completely burn even at reduced temperatures of about 1000 ° C.
  • the objective object is achieved by a device (1) for plasma reforming of fuel, in particular kerosene, which has an expansion nozzle (3) with adjoining combustion chamber (5), wherein the expansion nozzle (3) is connected to a conduit (7) is connected to a hollow waveguide (11) and nozzles (13) which connect to an energy source (9) so that a plasma flame (15) can be generated in the expansion nozzle (3) and the combustion chamber (5) is connected to air nozzles (17), so that a combustion flame (19) can be generated.
  • the apparatus (1) according to the second aspect of the present invention has advantages in that, by being shaped like a water-jet pump, the fuel in the plasma state expands at extremely high speed through the expansion nozzle (3), thereby attracting the combustion air so that it does not comes to pump in the compressor of an engine.
  • the device is relatively small and can be used well for engine applications.
  • Fig. 1 shows an example of a device (1) according to the invention for the plasma reforming of fuel, such as kerosene.
  • the fuel is passed through the line (7) to the inlet of the expansion nozzle (3).
  • Energy is expelled via a hollow waveguide (11) an energy source (9) for generating the plasma state supplied.
  • an energy source 9 for generating the plasma state supplied.
  • the plasma reforming according to the invention preferably requires a high-pressure thermal plasma, for example an arc discharge or advantageously a microwave plasma.
  • the resulting plasma flame (15) is then injected through nozzles (13) further fuel, in particular kerosene, to be split in the heat in components such as CO, C and H.
  • further fuel in particular kerosene
  • the elemental and / or low molecular weight components in the highly ionized state can burn completely even at low temperatures than in conventional engines, preferably at about 1000 ° C.
  • the plasma flame (15) is expanded at high speed into the combustion chamber (5). Due to this high velocity of the highly ionized constituents in the plasma flame (15), the combustion chamber (5) adjoining the expansion nozzle (3) can be used like a water jet pump. As a result, the intake of the air necessary for combustion from the air nozzles (17) takes place without additional means for supplying air. In addition to the lower equipment costs, it also prevents unwanted pumping in the compressor.
  • combustion taking place in the combustion chamber (5) in particular a low-temperature combustion or "cold combustion", takes place completely even at reduced temperatures of about 1000 ° C., since the plasma state of the fuel (consisting essentially of ions and free-radical hydrocarbon) Fragments) requires a significantly lower activation energy for combustion.
  • the combustion takes place at extreme excess air.
  • the formation of NO x is significantly reduced by lowering the combustion temperature to about 1000 ° C.
  • the energy from the energy source (9) only part of the fuel is converted to the plasma state by the energy from the energy source (9).
  • the remaining fuel is split by the generated plasma itself into its elemental and / or low molecular weight constituents. Therefore, the energy used can be significantly reduced and the size of the power source (9) can be remarkably reduced.
  • the device of the present invention can be made smaller by the smaller expenditure on equipment (for example, missing pumps for the combustion air).
  • Another advantage is the connection of the markedly reduced energy source (9) via a waveguide (11) with the expansion nozzle (3).
  • the waveguide (11) is a decentralized arrangement of the power source (9).

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for plasma reformation of fuel, in particular kerosene, with the following steps: introduction of fuel through a line to the inlet of an expansion nozzle, introduction of energy from an energy source through a hollow waveguide to generate a plasma state in the expansion nozzle, injection of further fuel through nozzles into the existing plasma flame, in order to decompose the fuel in the heat to components such as CO, C and H and expansion of the plasma flame at high speed into the combustion chamber.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Plasma-Reformierung von Brennstoff, insbesondere Kerosin, für Triebwerksanwendungen.The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for plasma reforming fuel, in particular kerosene, for engine applications.

Bei der Reformierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen vor dem Hintergrund der Erzeugung von Wasserstoff reichen Brenngasen wird heutzutage mit katalytischen Systemen gearbeitet. Dabei kommen unterschiedliche Reaktionsführungen zur Anwendung, zum Beispiel die partielle Oxidation (unterstöchiometrische Verbrennung) oder die Wasserdampf-Reformierung. Katalytische Reformersysteme sind prinzipbedingt vergleichsweise groß aufgebaut, was für Triebwerksanwendungen nachteilig ist. In der Triebwerksindustrie setzt sich partiell die zweistufige Verbrennung mit einer "heißen Pilotverbrennung" und einer nachgeschalteten "kälteren Hauptverbrennung" durch, um den NOx-Ausstoß deutlich zu reduzieren.In the reforming of hydrocarbons in the context of the production of hydrogen-rich fuel gases is now working with catalytic systems. Different reaction methods are used, for example partial oxidation (sub-stoichiometric combustion) or water vapor reforming. Catalytic reformer systems are constructed in principle comparatively large, which is disadvantageous for engine applications. In the engine industry, two-stage combustion, with a "hot pilot combustion" and a downstream "colder main combustion", is partially successful, in order to significantly reduce NO x emissions.

Die NOx-Produktion wird insbesondere durch hohe Verbrennungstemperaturen begünstigt. Es wird daher ein Verfahren gesucht, mit dem es möglich ist, die Verbrennungstemperatur und insbesondere Temperaturspitzen bei der Verbrennung bei gleichzeitig weitestgehend vollständiger Verbrennung des Treibstoffs (auch in Bezug auf Kohlenstoff-Teilchen) zu verringern.The NO x production is favored in particular by high combustion temperatures. It is therefore a method is sought, with which it is possible to reduce the combustion temperature and in particular temperature peaks in the combustion while at the same time as far as possible complete combustion of the fuel (also with respect to carbon particles).

US 5,887,554 beschreibt eine Vorrichtung zur Plasma-Brennstoffkonvertierung. Es ist ein Plasmatron vorgesehen, welchem Luft und ein kohlenwasserstoffhaltiger Brennstoff zugeleitet werden. Der Ausgang des Plasmatrons ist mit einem Mischer verbunden, dessen Ausgang mit einem Motor verbunden ist. US 5,887,554 describes a device for plasma fuel conversion. There is provided a plasmatron to which air and a hydrocarbonaceous fuel are supplied. The output of the plasmatron is connected to a mixer whose output is connected to a motor.

WO 95/06194 beschreibt ein Verbrennungsmotorsystem mit einem Plasmatron. Kohlenwasserstoffhaltiger Brennstoff wird dem Plasmatron zugeführt, welches den Brennstoff in wasserstoffreiches Gas reformiert. WO 95/06194 describes an internal combustion engine system with a plasmatron. Hydrocarbon-containing fuel is supplied to the plasmatron, which reforms the fuel into hydrogen-rich gas.

US 2003/0196611 A1 beschreibt ein Plasmatron, welches kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Brennstoff reformiert und einer Brennstoffzelle oder einem Verbrennungsmotor zuleitet. US 2003/0196611 A1 describes a plasmatron, which reformed hydrocarbonaceous fuel and fed to a fuel cell or an internal combustion engine.

WO 03/023205 A1 beschreibt ein Verbrennungsmotorsystem mit einem Plasmatron und einer unabhängigen elektrischen Energiequelle. WO 03/023205 A1 describes an internal combustion engine system with a plasmatron and an independent source of electrical energy.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt somit die objektive Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren bereitzustellen, das bei vollständiger Verbrennung des eingesetzten Treibstoffs die Verbrennungstemperatur und insbesondere Temperaturspitzen verringert. Zudem ist es Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, eine Vorrichtung bereitzustellen, mit der das vorstehende Verfahren durchgeführt werden kann und die klein genug ist, um für Triebwerksanwendungen eingesetzt zu werden.The object of the present invention is thus to provide a method which, when the fuel used is completely combusted, reduces the combustion temperature and in particular temperature peaks. In addition, it is an object of the present invention to provide a device with which the above method can be performed and which is small enough to be used for engine applications.

Diese objektive Aufgabe wird durch die Aspekte der vorliegenden Erfindung gelöst, die in den unabhängigen Patentansprüchen definiert sind. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen werden in den abhängigen Patentansprüchen dargelegt. Insbesondere wird die objektive Aufgabe in einem ersten Aspekt durch ein Verfahren zur Plasma-Reformierung von Brennstoff , insbesondere Kerosin, gelöst, bei dem Brennstoff zunächst in einer Expansionsdüse (3) in den Plasma-Zustand überführt und anschließend weiterer Brennstoff in das Plasma eingedüst wird, um in der Hitze in Bestandteile wie CO, C und H aufgespaltet zu werden.This objective object is solved by the aspects of the present invention which are defined in the independent patent claims. Advantageous developments are set forth in the dependent claims. In particular, the objective object is achieved in a first aspect by a method for plasma reforming of fuel, in particular kerosene, in which fuel is first transferred to the plasma state in an expansion nozzle (3) and subsequently further fuel is injected into the plasma, to be split in the heat into components such as CO, C and H.

Das Verfahren nach dem ersten Aspekt der vorliegenden Erfindung hat die Vorteile, dass die im Plasma erzeugten elementaren und/oder niedermolekularen Bestandteile des Brennstoffs auch bei verringerten Temperaturen von etwa 1000 °C vollständig verbrennen.The method according to the first aspect of the present invention has the advantages that the plasma generated elementary and / or low molecular weight components of the fuel completely burn even at reduced temperatures of about 1000 ° C.

Zudem wird die objektive Aufgabe in einem zweiten Aspekt durch eine Vorrichtung (1) zur Plasma-Reformierung von Brennstoff, insbesondere Kerosin, gelöst, welche eine Expansionsdüse (3) mit anschließender Brennkammer (5) aufweist, wobei die Expansionsdüse (3) mit einer Leitung (7), einem mit einer Energiequelle (9) verbindenden Hohlwellenleiter (11) und Düsen (13) verbunden ist, so dass in der Expansionsdüse (3) eine Plasma-Flamme (15) erzeugt werden kann, und wobei die Brennkammer (5) mit Luftdüsen (17) verbunden ist, so dass eine Verbrennungsflamme (19) erzeugt werden kann.In addition, in a second aspect, the objective object is achieved by a device (1) for plasma reforming of fuel, in particular kerosene, which has an expansion nozzle (3) with adjoining combustion chamber (5), wherein the expansion nozzle (3) is connected to a conduit (7) is connected to a hollow waveguide (11) and nozzles (13) which connect to an energy source (9) so that a plasma flame (15) can be generated in the expansion nozzle (3) and the combustion chamber (5) is connected to air nozzles (17), so that a combustion flame (19) can be generated.

Die Vorrichtung (1) nach dem zweiten Aspekt der vorliegenden Erfindung weist Vorteile auf, indem durch ihre Formgebung ähnlich einer Wasserstrahlpumpe der Brennstoff im Plasma-Zustand mit extrem hoher Geschwindigkeit über die Expansionsdüse (3) expandiert und dadurch die Verbrennungsluft anzieht, so dass es nicht zum Pumpen im Verdichter eines Triebwerks kommt. Zudem ist die Vorrichtung verhältnismäßig klein und kann gut für Triebwerksanwendungen eingesetzt werden.The apparatus (1) according to the second aspect of the present invention has advantages in that, by being shaped like a water-jet pump, the fuel in the plasma state expands at extremely high speed through the expansion nozzle (3), thereby attracting the combustion air so that it does not comes to pump in the compressor of an engine. In addition, the device is relatively small and can be used well for engine applications.

Fig. 1 zeigt ein Beispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung (1) zur Plasma-Reformierung von Brennstoff, wie Kerosin. Fig. 1 shows an example of a device (1) according to the invention for the plasma reforming of fuel, such as kerosene.

In dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zur Plasma-Reformierung von Brennstoff, wie Kerosin, wird der Brennstoff durch die Leitung (7) zum Eingang der Expansionsdüse (3) geleitet. Über einen Hohlwellenleiter (11) wird Energie aus einer Energiequelle (9) zur Erzeugung des Plasma-Zustands zugeführt. Dabei wird durch die Zuführung der Energie der Brennstoff, insbesondere Kerosin, (auf atomarer Ebene) hoch ionisiert in seine elementaren und/oder niedermolekularen Bestandteile aufgespaltet.In the process according to the invention for plasma reforming of fuel, such as kerosene, the fuel is passed through the line (7) to the inlet of the expansion nozzle (3). Energy is expelled via a hollow waveguide (11) an energy source (9) for generating the plasma state supplied. In this case, by supplying the energy of the fuel, in particular kerosene, (at the atomic level) highly ionized into its elemental and / or low molecular weight components split.

Die erfindungsgemäße Plasma-Reformierung erfordert bevorzugt ein thermisches Hochdruckplasma, beispielsweise eine Bogenentladung oder vorteilhaft ein Mikrowellen-Plasma.The plasma reforming according to the invention preferably requires a high-pressure thermal plasma, for example an arc discharge or advantageously a microwave plasma.

In die entstehende Plasma-Flamme (15) wird anschließend durch Düsen (13) weiterer Brennstoff, insbesondere Kerosin, eingedüst, um in der Hitze in Bestandteile wie CO, C und H aufgespaltet zu werden. Die elementaren und/oder niedermolekularen Bestandteile im hoch ionisierten Zustand können auch bei niedrigen Temperaturen als in herkömmlichen Treibwerken vollständig verbrennen, bevorzugt bei etwa 1000 °C.In the resulting plasma flame (15) is then injected through nozzles (13) further fuel, in particular kerosene, to be split in the heat in components such as CO, C and H. The elemental and / or low molecular weight components in the highly ionized state can burn completely even at low temperatures than in conventional engines, preferably at about 1000 ° C.

Aus der Expansionsdüse (3) wird die Plasma-Flamme (15) mit hoher Geschwindigkeit in die Brennkammer (5) expandiert. Aufgrund dieser hohen Geschwindigkeit der hoch ionisierten Bestandteile in der Plasma-Flamme (15) kann die an die Expansionsdüse (3) anschließende Brennkammer (5) wie eine Wasserstrahlpumpe genutzt werden. Dadurch erfolgt die Ansaugung der zur Verbrennung notwendigen Luft aus den Luftdüsen (17) ohne zusätzliche Einrichtungen zur Zuführung von Luft. Neben dem geringeren apparativen Aufwand wird damit zudem verhindert, dass es zu einem unerwünschten Pumpen im Verdichter kommt.From the expansion nozzle (3), the plasma flame (15) is expanded at high speed into the combustion chamber (5). Due to this high velocity of the highly ionized constituents in the plasma flame (15), the combustion chamber (5) adjoining the expansion nozzle (3) can be used like a water jet pump. As a result, the intake of the air necessary for combustion from the air nozzles (17) takes place without additional means for supplying air. In addition to the lower equipment costs, it also prevents unwanted pumping in the compressor.

Die in der Brennkammer (5) stattfindende Verbrennung, insbesondere eine Niedertemperatur-Verbrennung oder "kalte Verbrennung", erfolgt auch bei verringerten Temperaturen von etwa 1000 °C vollständig, da der Plasma-Zustand des Brennstoffs (im Wesentlichen bestehend aus Ionen und radikalischen Kohlenwasserstoff-Fragmente) zur Verbrennung eine deutlich niedrigere Aktivierungsenergie benötigt. Bevorzugt erfolgt die Verbrennung bei extremem Luftüberschuss.The combustion taking place in the combustion chamber (5), in particular a low-temperature combustion or "cold combustion", takes place completely even at reduced temperatures of about 1000 ° C., since the plasma state of the fuel (consisting essentially of ions and free-radical hydrocarbon) Fragments) requires a significantly lower activation energy for combustion. Preferably, the combustion takes place at extreme excess air.

Bezüglich des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zur Plasma-Reformierung von Brennstoff, wie Kerosin, wird durch die Absenkung der Verbrennungstemperatur auf etwa 1000 °C insbesondere die Bildung von NOx deutlich verringert. Nach dem Verfahren der vorliegenden Erfindung wird zudem nur ein Teil des Brennstoffs durch die Energie aus der Energiequelle (9) in den Plasma-Zustand überführt. Der restliche Brennstoff wird durch das erzeugte Plasma selbst in seine elementaren und/oder niedermolekularen Bestandteile aufgespaltet. Daher kann die eingesetzte Energie deutlich verringert und die Größe der Energiequelle (9) merklich verkleinert werden.With regard to the inventive method for plasma reforming of fuel, such as kerosene, in particular the formation of NO x is significantly reduced by lowering the combustion temperature to about 1000 ° C. In addition, according to the method of the present invention, only part of the fuel is converted to the plasma state by the energy from the energy source (9). The remaining fuel is split by the generated plasma itself into its elemental and / or low molecular weight constituents. Therefore, the energy used can be significantly reduced and the size of the power source (9) can be remarkably reduced.

Was die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung (1) zur Plasma-Reformierung von Brennstoff, wie Kerosin, betrifft, kann durch den geringeren apparativen Aufwand (zum Beispiel fehlende Pumpen für die Verbrennungsluft) die Vorrichtung der vorliegenden Erfindung kleiner ausgelegt werden. Ein weiterer Vorteil ist die Verbindung der merklich verkleinert Energiequelle (9) über einen Wellenleiter (11) mit der Expansionsdüse (3). Durch die Verwendung des Wellenleiters (11) ist eine dezentrale Anordnung der Energiequelle (9). Durch diese apparativen Vorteile kann die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung (1) leicht für Triebwerksanwendungen eingesetzt werden.As far as the apparatus (1) according to the invention for the plasma reforming of fuel, such as kerosene, is concerned, the device of the present invention can be made smaller by the smaller expenditure on equipment (for example, missing pumps for the combustion air). Another advantage is the connection of the markedly reduced energy source (9) via a waveguide (11) with the expansion nozzle (3). By using the waveguide (11) is a decentralized arrangement of the power source (9). By this apparatus advantages, the device (1) according to the invention can be easily used for engine applications.

Obwohl die vorliegende Erfindung in Bezug auf ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Plasma-Reformierung von Kerosin für Triebwerksanwendungen beschrieben wurde, ist es möglich, dem Fachmann bekannte und zu Kerosin äquivalente Treib- und Brennstoffe einzusetzen. Auch muss die das Verfahren und die Vorrichtung nicht auf Triebwerksanwendungen beschränkt bleiben, sondern kann verschiedenen Arten von Turbinen, Verbrennungsmotoren oder Brennstoffzellen vorgeschaltet sein.Although the present invention has been described in relation to a method and apparatus for plasma reforming kerosene for engine applications, it is possible to use fuels and fuels equivalent to kerosene known to those skilled in the art. Also, the method and apparatus need not be limited to engine applications, but may be preceded by various types of turbines, internal combustion engines, or fuel cells.

Claims (8)

  1. A method for plasma reformation of fuel, in particular kerosene, which comprises the steps of: feeding fuel through a line (7) to the inlet of an expansion nozzle (3), supplying energy from an energy source (9), by way of a hollow waveguide (11), in order to generate a plasma state in the expansion nozzle (3), injecting further fuel through fuel nozzles (13) into the arising plasma flame (15) in order to decompose the fuel in the heat into components such as CO, C and H, and expanding the plasma flame (15) at high speed into the combustion chamber (5).
  2. The method according to claim 1, wherein thermal high-pressure plasma, for example an arc discharge or a microwave plasma, is used to generate the plasma state.
  3. The method according to one of claims 1 or 2, wherein as a result of the expansion of the plasma flame (15) at high speed into the combustion chamber (5), suction intake, from air nozzles (17), of the air necessary for combustion takes place without additional devices.
  4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein combustion in the combustion chamber (5) takes place with an extreme excess of air.
  5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the combustion temperature is at approximately 1000 °C.
  6. A device (1) for plasma reformation of fuel, in particular kerosene, which device comprises an expansion nozzle (3) that is connected to a line (7), to a hollow waveguide (11) that connects an energy source (9), and to nozzles (13) so that in the expansion nozzle (3) a plasma flame (15) can be generated, and comprises a combustion chamber (5) that follows on from the expansion nozzle (3), which combustion chamber (5) is connected to air nozzles (17) so that a combustion flame (19) can be generated.
  7. The device (1) according to claim 6, wherein the energy source (9) is an arc discharge device or a microwave plasma generator.
  8. The device (1) according to one of claims 6 or 7, wherein the air nozzles (17) of the combustion chamber (5) operate without any additional devices for supplying air.
EP08850750A 2007-11-17 2008-11-12 Method and device for plasma reformation of fuel for power plant applications Not-in-force EP2217365B1 (en)

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DE102007054967A DE102007054967A1 (en) 2007-11-17 2007-11-17 Process and apparatus for plasma reforming of fuel for engine applications
PCT/DE2008/001862 WO2009062485A1 (en) 2007-11-17 2008-11-12 Method and device for plasma reformation of fuel for power plant applications

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FR2873306A1 (en) * 2004-07-26 2006-01-27 Physiques Sarl Et Chimiques Electrical generator, useful for the combustion of a liquid and/or gaseous fuel, comprises a tangential injection of a combustive gas in a chamber of combustive-fuel
US20070187372A1 (en) * 2006-02-10 2007-08-16 Alexander Rabinovich High enthalpy low power plasma reformer
JP5303451B2 (en) * 2006-04-07 2013-10-02 キネテイツク・リミテツド Hydrogen production
US20080296294A1 (en) * 2007-05-30 2008-12-04 Han Sup Uhm Pure steam torch by microwaves for reforming of hydrocarbon fuels

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EP2217365A1 (en) 2010-08-18
DE102007054967A1 (en) 2009-05-20
US8974645B2 (en) 2015-03-10
WO2009062485A1 (en) 2009-05-22
US20100294647A1 (en) 2010-11-25

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