EP2195519B1 - Engine state parameter estimation comprising the measurement of the internal pressure of a cylinder - Google Patents
Engine state parameter estimation comprising the measurement of the internal pressure of a cylinder Download PDFInfo
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- EP2195519B1 EP2195519B1 EP08837795A EP08837795A EP2195519B1 EP 2195519 B1 EP2195519 B1 EP 2195519B1 EP 08837795 A EP08837795 A EP 08837795A EP 08837795 A EP08837795 A EP 08837795A EP 2195519 B1 EP2195519 B1 EP 2195519B1
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D35/00—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for
- F02D35/02—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for on interior conditions
- F02D35/023—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for on interior conditions by determining the cylinder pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
- F02D41/1405—Neural network control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
- F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
- F02D41/2451—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by what is learned or calibrated
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/10—Parameters related to the engine output, e.g. engine torque or engine speed
- F02D2200/1012—Engine speed gradient
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
- F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
- F02D41/2432—Methods of calibration
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
- F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
- F02D41/2425—Particular ways of programming the data
- F02D41/2429—Methods of calibrating or learning
- F02D41/2477—Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by the method used for learning
Definitions
- the invention relates to the estimation of state parameters of a rotary internal combustion engine comprising a plurality of cylinders.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a system for controlling the state parameters of an engine making it possible to respond to the needs mentioned above and, in particular, to propose a system for estimating these state parameters which enables to remove some sensors such as that of the pressure at the cylinder outlet or upstream of the turbine of a turbocharger P avt or the temperature upstream of the turbine T avt .
- Another object of the invention is to provide a system for estimating the state parameters of an engine which makes it possible to to overcome the preliminary design of many engine tuning maps and thus significantly reduce the development time.
- the system estimates at least one state parameter of an internal combustion engine comprising: at least one cylinder and a movable piston driven through a crankshaft; means for measuring the time variation of the crankshaft angle and the internal pressure of said cylinder; at least one physical model for calculating a plurality of intermediate time variables from said measurements of the crankshaft angle and the cylinder internal pressure and from a measurement of at least one engine condition parameter; means for creating time variable tables discretized from said intermediate time variables; and a learning model for estimating at least one engine state parameter from said discrete time variable tables.
- the learning model can be for example, neural network type, statistical type or type of kriging.
- the measurement of the internal pressure of the cylinder can be carried out by means of a pressure sensor.
- a pressure sensor may be equipped with such a pressure sensor or, more simply, only one of the engine cylinders.
- the system comprises means for initializing the learning model by performing prior tests.
- the internal combustion engine 2 comprises a cylinder 3 in which a piston 4 moves by means of a connecting rod 5 connecting the piston 4 to the crankshaft 6.
- a combustion chamber 7 is delimited by said cylinder 3, said piston 4 and a cylinder head 8.
- the cylinder head 8 is provided with at least two valves 9 and 10 which make it possible to connect the combustion chamber 7 with respectively the intake manifold 9a, for air possibly mixed with a part of the gases of exhaust, and the exhaust manifold of gases 10a.
- the engine 2 also comprises a fuel injector 11 arranged to inject fuel into the combustion chamber 7.
- the estimation system comprises two measurement sensors 20 and 21 as well as an electronic calculation unit 22 comprising three modules: a calculation module 23, a discretization module 24 and an estimation module 25.
- the sensor 20 makes it possible to measure at any instant the angle ⁇ of the crankshaft 6, the sensor 21 makes it possible to measure the internal pressure P cyl of the cylinder 3 which corresponds to the pressure inside the combustion chamber 7.
- These sensors 20 and 21 each emit a temporal measurement signal, transmitted respectively by the connections 20a and 21a, in the direction of the electronic calculation unit 22.
- the calculation module 23 comprises several physical models 231 to 237 which make it possible to calculate a certain number of intermediate time variables from the input time signals ⁇ , P cyl and from the measurements of certain state parameters of the engine 2, brought by the connection 22a to the input of the calculation module 23.
- the intermediate temporal variables are transmitted by connections 26 to the input of the discretization module 24.
- the intermediate temporal variables may be, for example, the temperature of the cylinder T cyl , the heat release Q , the mass fraction of gas burned X b , the mass of liquid fuel M carb_liq and vaporized M carb_vap , the mass of fresh gas M gf and burnt gas M gb , the rate of burned gas X gb , or the polytropic coefficient k .
- the state parameters of the motor 2 brought by the connection 22a are, for example, parameters such as the engine speed, the fuel injection timing ⁇ inj or the mass of fuel introduced for each injection M inj . These are variables distinct from the calculated intermediate temporal variables.
- the intermediate temporal variables are discretized in the module 24 to generate tables of discrete temporal variables. This discretization of the signals takes place at precise instants for certain measurements of angles ⁇ of the crankshaft 6.
- the estimation module 25 receives these tables of temporal variables discretized by the connections 27 in order to estimate the desired state parameters, such as, for example, the filling ⁇ v or the temperature at the outlet of the cylinder T avt .
- the internal pressure P cyl of the cylinder 3 thus makes it possible to construct intermediate temporal variables in order to derive certain state parameters from the engine 2.
- This construction of the temporal variables is carried out by means of models 231 to 237 which are based only on temporal variables, excluding any space variable.
- the models 231 to 237 receive as inputs the variables P cyl , ⁇ and certain state parameters brought by the connection 22a. It is also possible that a physical model can use as input a plurality of intermediate temporal variables, brought by the connections (30), which are the result of a calculation made by another model, thus increasing the number of computation combinations. intermediate variables.
- Physical model 231 Calculation of the cylinder temperature in the combustion chamber T cyl .
- the total mass M t can be determined by mapping according to the engine speed and the pressure of the intake manifold 9a.
- variable T cyl thus calculated is transmitted directly to the discretization module 24.
- the Q variable thus calculated is transmitted as input to the physical models 233, 234 and 235, as well as to the discretization module 24.
- Model 233 calculation of the mass fraction of burnt gases X b .
- X b The mass fraction of burnt gases X b evolves during combustion.
- An image of X b can be obtained through the release of heat Q. Indeed the heat released is proportional to the mass of fuel burned. So the integral heat Q is directly related to the mass of fuel already burned. This integral is normalized between 0 and 1. It then represents the evolution of combustion. It is called X b .
- X b Norm ⁇ ⁇ d Q d ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ dt ⁇ Where ⁇ is the angular velocity of the motor in radians per second.
- variable X b thus calculated is transmitted directly to the discretization module 24.
- Model 234 Calculation of the mass of liquid fuel M carb_liq and vaporized M carb vap .
- the average flow rate of combustion being directly proportional to the heat release Q , it can be calculated from the previous physical model 232.
- the mass of liquid and vaporized fuel present in the combustion chamber 7 can thus be known.
- Model 235 calculation of the mass of fresh gas M gf and of burnt gas M gb .
- the flue gases have two origins: one part (called EGR) is the partially recycled exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold 10a to the intake manifold 9a, another part (called GBR) are the residual gases of the preceding cycle which have not been drained.
- EGR the partially recycled exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold 10a to the intake manifold 9a
- GBR the residual gases of the preceding cycle which have not been drained.
- the variables M gf and M gb thus calculated are transmitted as inputs to the physical model 236, as well as to the discretization module 24.
- Model 236 calculation of the rate of burned gases X gb Thinner used to reduce NO x .
- This rate of burned gas X gb is the proportion of flue gas present at the closure of the intake valve 9 with respect to the total mass M t enclosed in the cylinder 3.
- X gb M gb
- M t M gb M gf + M gb
- variable X gb thus calculated is transmitted directly to the discretization module 24.
- Model 237 calculation of the polytropic coefficient in compression phase k .
- This calculation interval ⁇ may correspond at least to a sampling step of the signal of the internal pressure of the cylinder P cyl as a function of the angle ⁇ of the crankshaft 6. In general, the interval is taken from the order of 10 no sampling of said signal.
- variable k thus calculated is transmitted directly to the discretization module 24.
- This module 25 comprises learning models 28 which can be of the neural network type, as illustrated in the figure, or statistics or of the kriging type.
- kriging models which are interpolation models using stochastic methods that allow a calculation of probabilities applied to the processing of statistical data.
- an ordinary kriging will be used.
- kriging is based on the correlation between the variables that one wishes to estimate and the discretized variables that are the inputs of the model.
- the x i are the tables of discretized variables obtained by the module 24, the y (x i ) are the values of the variables which one wishes to estimate, as for example the filling ⁇ v .
- the principle of kriging is to determine the coefficients ⁇ i , which are dependent on x i , by studying the degree of similarity between y (x i ) from the covariance between points x i as a function of the distance between these points. .
- the weights ⁇ i associated with each of the values y (x i ) are chosen so as to obtain a prediction ⁇ of minimum variance.
- the learning models 28 are therefore previously identified on tests carried out on the engine test bench or on a vehicle.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
- Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
- Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Description
L'invention concerne l'estimation de paramètres d'état d'un moteur rotatif à combustion interne comprenant une pluralité de cylindres.The invention relates to the estimation of state parameters of a rotary internal combustion engine comprising a plurality of cylinders.
Les normes antipollution et la baisse de la consommation deviennent des enjeux de plus en plus importants pour les constructeurs automobiles. Il est donc nécessaire de maîtriser la consommation des véhicules, donc des rejets de dioxyde de carbone, tout en rejetant le moins possible de gaz polluants tel que les oxydes d'azotes NOx, le monoxyde de carbone CO, les carburants imbrûlés HC et les particules, notamment pour les moteurs diesel.Anti-pollution standards and declining fuel consumption are becoming increasingly important issues for car manufacturers. It is therefore necessary to control the consumption of vehicles, thus carbon dioxide emissions, while rejecting as little as possible of gaseous pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen NO x , carbon monoxide CO, unburnt fuels HC and particulates, especially for diesel engines.
Ceci passe obligatoirement par une maîtrise parfaite de la combustion. Il est donc nécessaire de connaître les grandeurs de différents paramètres d'état du moteur, qui sont par exemple :
- le remplissage η v (quantité de gaz frais admis dans les cylindres)
- le couple moteur
- le régime moteur
- les phasages des injections de carburant ϕ inj
- la masse de carburant introduite pour chaque injection Minj
- la température en sortie du cylindre Tavt
- la pression en sortie du cylindre Pavt
- les émissions d'oxyde d'azote NOx
- les émissions de monoxyde de carbone CO
- les émissions de carburants imbrûlés HC
- les émissions de particules
- the filling η v (quantity of fresh gas admitted into the cylinders)
- the engine torque
- the engine speed
- phasing of fuel injections φ inj
- the fuel mass introduced for each injection M inj
- the temperature at the outlet of the cylinder T avt
- the pressure at the outlet of the cylinder P avt
- NO x oxide emissions
- CO carbon monoxide emissions
- HC unburned fuel emissions
- particle emissions
Grâce à l'estimation de ces grandeurs il est possible de contrôler le moteur en boucle fermée, c'est-à-dire d'optimiser à chaque instant le contrôle du moteur grâce à la connaissance de son état.Thanks to the estimation of these quantities it is possible to control the motor in closed loop, that is to say to optimize at every moment the control of the engine thanks to the knowledge of its state.
Comme on le sait, de nombreux capteurs sont généralement embarqués dans les véhicules pour la mesure d'une pluralité de grandeurs et de paramètres d'état, ce qui entraîne un coût non négligeable dans la fabrication des véhicules.As is known, many sensors are generally embedded in vehicles for the measurement of a plurality of magnitudes and state parameters, which causes a significant cost in the manufacture of vehicles.
On pourra se référer par exemple à la demande de brevet européen publiée sous le numéro
On pourra également se référer par exemple à la demande de brevet américain publiée sous le numéro
Le but de l'invention est donc de fournir un système de contrôle de paramètres d'état d'un moteur permettant de répondre aux besoins évoqués précédemment et, en particulier, de proposer un système d'estimation de ces paramètres d'état qui permet de supprimer certains capteurs comme celui de la pression à la sortie du cylindre ou en amont de la turbine d'un turbocompresseur Pavt ou de la température en amont de la turbine Tavt .The object of the invention is therefore to provide a system for controlling the state parameters of an engine making it possible to respond to the needs mentioned above and, in particular, to propose a system for estimating these state parameters which enables to remove some sensors such as that of the pressure at the cylinder outlet or upstream of the turbine of a turbocharger P avt or the temperature upstream of the turbine T avt .
Ces estimateurs permettent aussi de connaître les émissions polluantes à chaque instant, afin d'en déduire le taux d'émission d'oxydes d'azote NOx. Il est donc avantageux de supprimer le capteur d'oxyde d'azote. Cette maîtrise des émissions permet aussi d'envisager la diminution des volumes des systèmes de post-traitement de ces émissions.These estimators also make it possible to know the pollutant emissions at each moment, in order to deduce the rate of emission of nitrogen oxides NO x . It is therefore advantageous to remove the nitrogen oxide sensor. This control of emissions also makes it possible to consider reducing the volumes of the post-treatment systems of these emissions.
Un autre but de l'invention est de fournir un système d'estimation de paramètres d'état d'un moteur qui permet de s'affranchir de la conception préalable de nombreuses cartographies de réglage des moteurs et de diminuer ainsi de façon importante les temps de mise au point.Another object of the invention is to provide a system for estimating the state parameters of an engine which makes it possible to to overcome the preliminary design of many engine tuning maps and thus significantly reduce the development time.
Dans un mode de réalisation, le système estime au moins un paramètre d'état d'un moteur à combustion interne comprenant : au moins un cylindre et un piston mobile entraîné par l'intermédiaire d'un vilebrequin ; un moyen pour mesurer la variation temporelle de l'angle du vilebrequin et la pression interne dudit cylindre ; au moins un modèle physique pour calculer une pluralité de variables temporelles intermédiaires à partir desdites mesures de l'angle du vilebrequin et de la pression interne du cylindre et à partir d'une mesure d'au moins un paramètre d'état du moteur ; un moyen pour créer des tables de variables temporelles discrétisées à partir desdites variables temporelles intermédiaires ; et un modèle d'apprentissage pour estimer au moins un paramètre d'état du moteur à partir desdites tables de variables temporelles discrétisées.In one embodiment, the system estimates at least one state parameter of an internal combustion engine comprising: at least one cylinder and a movable piston driven through a crankshaft; means for measuring the time variation of the crankshaft angle and the internal pressure of said cylinder; at least one physical model for calculating a plurality of intermediate time variables from said measurements of the crankshaft angle and the cylinder internal pressure and from a measurement of at least one engine condition parameter; means for creating time variable tables discretized from said intermediate time variables; and a learning model for estimating at least one engine state parameter from said discrete time variable tables.
Le modèle d'apprentissage peut être par exemple, de type réseau de neurones, de type statistique ou encore de type de krigeage.The learning model can be for example, neural network type, statistical type or type of kriging.
Avantageusement, la mesure de la pression interne du cylindre peut être réalisée au moyen d'un capteur de pression. Il est à noter que chaque cylindre peut être équipé d'un tel capteur de pression ou plus simplement, un seul des cylindres du moteur.Advantageously, the measurement of the internal pressure of the cylinder can be carried out by means of a pressure sensor. It should be noted that each cylinder may be equipped with such a pressure sensor or, more simply, only one of the engine cylinders.
Avantageusement, le système comporte un moyen pour initialiser le modèle d'apprentissage par la réalisation d'essais préalables.Advantageously, the system comprises means for initializing the learning model by performing prior tests.
Selon un autre aspect, un procédé d'estimation d'au moins un paramètre d'état d'un moteur à combustion interne, comprenant au moins un cylindre et un piston mobile entraîné par l'intermédiaire d'un vilebrequin, comprend les étapes suivantes :
- Une première étape de mesure de la variation temporelle de l'angle du vilebrequin et de la pression interne du cylindre ; une deuxième étape de calcul, par l'intermédiaire d'au moins un modèle physique, d'une pluralité de variables temporelles intermédiaires à partir desdites mesures de l'angle du vilebrequin et de la pression interne du cylindre et à partir d'une mesure d'au moins un paramètre d'état du moteur ; une troisième étape de discrétisation desdites variables temporelles intermédiaires, destinée à la création de tables de variables temporelles discrétisées ; et une quatrième étape d'estimation, par l'intermédiaire d'un modèle d'apprentissage, d'au moins un paramètre d'état du moteur à partir desdites tables de variables temporelles discrétisées.
- A first step of measuring the temporal variation of the crankshaft angle and the internal pressure of the cylinder; a second step of calculating, via at least one physical model, a plurality of intermediate time variables from said measurements of crankshaft angle and pressure internal cylinder and from a measurement of at least one engine state parameter; a third step of discretizing said intermediate temporal variables, intended for creating tables of discrete temporal variables; and a fourth step of estimating, via a learning model, at least one engine state parameter from said discrete time variable tables.
D'autres buts, caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description suivante, donnée uniquement à titre d'exemple non limitatif, et faite en référence au dessin annexé, sur lequel, la figure illustre un système conforme à l'invention destiné à estimer certains paramètres d'état d'un moteur.Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the following description, given solely by way of nonlimiting example, and with reference to the appended drawing, in which, the figure illustrates a system according to the invention. invention for estimating certain state parameters of an engine.
Sur la figure, on a représenté schématiquement, un système d'estimation de paramètres d'état d'un moteur à combustion interne 2.In the figure, there is shown schematically a system for estimating state parameters of an
Le moteur à combustion interne 2 comprend un cylindre 3 dans lequel se déplace un piston 4 par l'intermédiaire d'une bielle 5 reliant le piston 4 au vilebrequin 6. Une chambre de combustion 7 est délimitée par ledit cylindre 3, ledit piston 4 et une culasse 8. La culasse 8 est munie d'au moins deux soupapes 9 et 10 qui permettent de relier la chambre de combustion 7 avec respectivement le collecteur d'admission 9a, pour de l'air éventuellement mélangé avec une partie des gaz d'échappement, et le collecteur d'échappement des gaz 10a. Le moteur 2 comprend également un injecteur de carburant 11 disposé de façon à injecter du carburant dans la chambre de combustion 7.The
Le système d'estimation comprend deux capteurs de mesure 20 et 21 ainsi qu'un boîtier électronique de calcul 22 comprenant trois modules : un module de calcul 23, un module de discrétisation 24 et un module d'estimation 25.The estimation system comprises two
Le capteur 20 permet de mesurer à tout instant l'angle θ du vilebrequin 6, le capteur 21 permet de mesurer la pression interne Pcyl du cylindre 3 qui correspond à la pression à l'intérieur de la chambre de combustion 7.The
Ces capteurs 20 et 21 émettent chacun un signal de mesure temporel, transmis respectivement par les connexions 20a et 21a, en direction du boîtier électronique de calcul 22.These
Le module de calcul 23 comprend plusieurs modèles physiques 231 à 237 qui permettent de calculer un certain nombre de variables temporelles intermédiaires à partir des signaux temporels d'entrée θ, Pcyl et à partir des mesures de certains paramètres d'état du moteur 2, amenées par la connexion 22a à l'entrée du module de calcul 23.The
Ces variables temporelles intermédiaires ainsi calculées sont transmises par des connexions 26 à l'entrée du module de discrétisation 24. Les variables temporelles intermédiaires peuvent être, par exemple, la température du cylindre Tcyl , le dégagement de chaleur Q, la fraction massique de gaz brûlés Xb, la masse de carburant liquide Mcarb_liq et vaporisé Mcarb_vap, la masse de gaz frais Mgf et de gaz brûlés Mgb, le taux de gaz brûlé Xgb, ou encore le coefficient polytropique k.These intermediate temporal variables thus calculated are transmitted by
Les paramètres d'état du moteur 2 amenés par la connexion 22a sont, par exemple, des paramètres comme le régime moteur, les phasages des injections de carburant ϕ inj ou la masse de carburant introduite pour chaque injection Minj . Ce sont des variables distinctes des variables temporelles intermédiaires calculées.The state parameters of the
Les variables temporelles intermédiaires sont discrétisées dans le module 24 pour générer des tables de variables temporelles discrétisées. Cette discrétisation des signaux s'effectue à des instants précis pour certaines mesures d'angles θ du vilebrequin 6.The intermediate temporal variables are discretized in the
Le module d'estimation 25 reçoit ces tables de variables temporelles discrétisées par les connexions 27 afin d'estimer les paramètres d'état recherchés, comme par exemple le remplissage η v ou la température en sortie du cylindre Tavt .The
La pression interne Pcyl du cylindre 3 permet donc de construire des variables temporelles intermédiaires pour en déduire certains paramètres d'état du moteur 2. Cette construction des variables temporelles s'effectue par l'intermédiaire de modèles physiques 231 à 237 qui ne se basent que sur des variables temporelles, à l'exclusion de toute variable d'espace.The internal pressure P cyl of the
Comme il a été décrit précédemment, les modèles 231 à 237 reçoivent comme entrées les variables Pcyl , θ et certains paramètres d'état amenés par la connexion 22a. Il est possible également qu'un modèle physique puisse utiliser comme entrée une pluralité de variables temporelles intermédiaires, amenées par les connexions (30), qui sont le résultat d'un calcul effectué par un autre modèle, augmentant ainsi le nombre de combinaisons de calculs de variables intermédiaires.As previously described, the
Toutes ces variables temporelles intermédiaires, qui dépendent de la mesure de la variable Pcyl et de l'angle θ du vilebrequin 6 associé, ne sont calculées que lorsque les soupapes 9a et 10a sont fermées, c'est-à-dire à un moment où aucun transvasement gazeux n'est effectué dans, ou à partir de, la chambre de combustion 7.All these intermediate temporal variables, which depend on the measurement of the variable P cyl and the angle θ of the associated
Sur la figure, on a représenté, à titre d'exemple, certains modèles physiques 231 à 237 du module de calcul 23. Mais ce module 23 peut comprendre une plus grande quantité de modèles, l'exemple donné n'étant pas limitatif. Les calculs effectués par les différents modèles physiques sont décrits ci-dessous :In the figure, there is shown by way of example, some
La température du cylindre peut être calculée grâce à la loi des gaz parfaits :
Où :
- Pcyl est la pression interne du cylindre
- Vcyl est le volume du cylindre
- Mt est la masse totale enfermée dans le cylindre
- r est la constante des gaz parfaits, r = 287 J/kg.K
Or :
- P cyl is the internal pressure of the cylinder
- V cyl is the volume of the cylinder
- M t is the total mass enclosed in the cylinder
- r is the perfect gas constant, r = 287 J / kg.K
La masse totale Mt peut être déterminée par une cartographie en fonction du régime moteur et de la pression du collecteur d'admission 9a.The total mass M t can be determined by mapping according to the engine speed and the pressure of the
Le volume du cylindre Vcyl est déterminé grâce à la mesure de l'angle θ du vilebrequin 6. Une loi analytique permet de déterminer Vcyl en fonction de θ:
Où :
- Vm est le volume mort
- Spi est la surface du piston
- Rvi est le rayon du vilebrequin
- Lbi est la longueur de bielle
Or :
- V m is the dead volume
- S pi is the surface of the piston
- R vi is the radius of the crankshaft
- L bi is the connecting rod length
La variable Tcyl ainsi calculée est transmise directement au module de discrétisation 24.The variable T cyl thus calculated is transmitted directly to the
Le dégagement de chaleur Q représente les échanges de chaleur entre le gaz et l'extérieur, lors des réactions chimiques qui ont lieu pendant la phase de combustion du carburant. C'est-à-dire qu'il représente la somme de la chaleur dégagée par la combustion moins celle perdue aux parois. Q est calculé de la façon suivante:
Où :
- θ est l'angle du vilebrequin
- γ est le rapport des chaleurs spécifiques Cp /Cv où Cp et Cv sont les chaleurs massiques, respectivement à pression et volume constant
Or :
- θ is the angle of the crankshaft
- γ is the ratio of the specific heats C p / C v where C p and C v are the mass heats, respectively at constant pressure and volume
D'une manière générale, on prend γ égal à 1,4.In general, we take γ equal to 1.4.
La variable Q ainsi calculée est transmise comme entrée aux modèles physiques 233, 234 et 235, ainsi qu'au module de discrétisation 24.The Q variable thus calculated is transmitted as input to the
La fraction massique de gaz brûlés Xb évolue au cours de la combustion. Une image de Xb peut être obtenue grâce au dégagement de chaleur Q. En effet la chaleur dégagée est proportionnelle à la masse de carburant brûlée. Donc l'intégrale de la chaleur Q est directement liée à la masse de carburant déjà brûlée. Cette intégrale est normalisée entre 0 et 1. Elle représente alors l'évolution de la combustion. Elle est appelée Xb.
Où ω est la vitesse angulaire du moteur en radian par seconde.The mass fraction of burnt gases X b evolves during combustion. An image of X b can be obtained through the release of heat Q. Indeed the heat released is proportional to the mass of fuel burned. So the integral heat Q is directly related to the mass of fuel already burned. This integral is normalized between 0 and 1. It then represents the evolution of combustion. It is called X b .
Where ω is the angular velocity of the motor in radians per second.
La variable Xb ainsi calculée est transmise directement au module de discrétisation 24.The variable X b thus calculated is transmitted directly to the
Parmis les paramètres d'état du moteur transmis par la connexion 22a, on peut utiliser les phasages de chaque injection de carburant ϕ inj , la masse de carburant introduite pour chaque injection Minj , ainsi que la durée de chaque injection Tinj . Grâce à ces paramètres, on peut reconstruire le débit d'injection dans le cylindre 3.Among the parameters of the state of the motor transmitted by the
Ce qui permet de calculer :
Où :
- Qminj est le débit moyen de carburant injecté
- Qmvap est le débit moyen de carburant vaporisé
- Qmcomb est le débit moyen de combustion du carburant En outre :
Or :
- Qm inj is the average flow of injected fuel
- Qm vap is the vaporized fuel flow means
- Qm comb is the average rate of fuel combustion In addition:
Le débit moyen de combustion étant directement proportionnel au dégagement de chaleur Q, il peut être calculé à partir du modèle physique 232 précédent.The average flow rate of combustion being directly proportional to the heat release Q , it can be calculated from the previous
A chaque instant la masse de carburant liquide et vaporisé présente dans la chambre de combustion 7 peut ainsi être connue.At any moment, the mass of liquid and vaporized fuel present in the
Les variables Mcarb_liq et Mcarb_vap ainsi calculées sont transmises directement au module de discrétisation 24.The variables M carb_liq and M carb_vap thus calculated are transmitted directly to the
Les gaz brûlés ont deux origines : une partie (appelée EGR) sont les gaz d'échappement partiellement recyclés depuis le collecteur d'échappement 10a vers le collecteur d'admission 9a, une autre partie (appelée GBR) sont les gaz résiduels du cycle précédant qui n'ont pas été vidangés.The flue gases have two origins: one part (called EGR) is the partially recycled exhaust gases from the
A l'instant initial, lorsque la soupape d'admission 9 est fermée, on connaît la masse initiale de gaz frais Mgf_i, mélange d'oxygène et d'azote, et la masse initiale de gaz brûlés Mgb_i , mélange de dioxyde de carbone, d'eau et d'azote. L'évolution des gaz frais vers les gaz brûlés est dépendante du dégagement de chaleur Q. En effet la combustion se déroule toujours localement à la richesse 1, c'est-à-dire que lorsque l'on brûle 1 gramme de carburant on brûle en moyenne 14,7 grammes de gaz frais.At the initial moment, when the
Or on a vu que:
Soit
Où :
- PCO est le pouvoir de combustion (14,7 environ)
- Qmgf-gb est le débit moyen d'air
Is
Or :
- PCO is the power of combustion (about 14.7)
- Qm gf-gb is the average airflow
Ce qui permet de calculer :
Les variables Mgf et Mgb ainsi calculées sont transmises comme entrées au modèle physique 236, ainsi qu'au module de discrétisation 24.The variables M gf and M gb thus calculated are transmitted as inputs to the
Ce taux de gaz brûlé Xgb est la proportion de gaz brûlés présent à la fermeture de la soupape d'admission 9 par rapport à la masse totale Mt enfermée dans le cylindre 3.
La variable Xgb ainsi calculée est transmise directement au module de discrétisation 24.The variable X gb thus calculated is transmitted directly to the
En phase de compression, entre la fermeture de la soupape d'admission et le début de la combustion, on calcule le coefficient polytropique k. Ce coefficient k permet notamment de modéliser les transformations adiabatiques (aucun échange de chaleur et de matière avec l'extérieur) grâce à la formule suivante :
Où A est une constante.In the compression phase, between the closure of the intake valve and the start of combustion, the polytropic coefficient k is calculated. This coefficient k makes it possible in particular to model the adiabatic transformations (no exchange of heat and matter with the outside) thanks to the following formula:
Where A is a constant
La valeur de k est identifiée tout au long de la phase de compression grâce à la formule :
Où :
- θ i est l'angle du vilebrequin courant
- Δθ est l'intervalle de calcul
Or :
- θ i is the angle of the current crankshaft
- Δθ is the calculation interval
Cet intervalle de calcul Δθ peut correspondre au minimum à un pas d'échantillonnage du signal de la pression interne du cylindre Pcyl en fonction de l'angle θ du vilebrequin 6. D'une manière générale, l'intervalle est pris de l'ordre de 10 pas d'échantillonnage dudit signal.This calculation interval Δθ may correspond at least to a sampling step of the signal of the internal pressure of the cylinder P cyl as a function of the angle θ of the
La variable k ainsi calculée est transmise directement au module de discrétisation 24.The variable k thus calculated is transmitted directly to the
Après avoir déterminé les variables temporelles intermédiaires décrites ci-dessus, celles-ci sont discrétisées par l'intermédiaire du module 24 afin d'établir des tables de variables discrétisées.After having determined the intermediate temporal variables described above, they are discretized via the
Lesdites tables obtenues sont les entrées du module d'estimation 25. Ce module 25 comprend des modèles d'apprentissage 28 qui peuvent être de type réseau de neurones, comme illustré sur la figure, ou statistique ou encore de type krigeage.Said tables obtained are the inputs of the
Il est intéressant d'utiliser des modèles de krigeage qui sont des modèles d'interpolation faisant appel aux méthodes stochastiques qui permettent un calcul de probabilités appliqué au traitement de données statistiques.It is interesting to use kriging models which are interpolation models using stochastic methods that allow a calculation of probabilities applied to the processing of statistical data.
Il existe trois types de krigeage : le krigeage simple, le krigeage ordinaire et le krigeage universel. La différence entre ces types d'estimation réside dans la connaissance de la statistique de la variable à interpoler :
- krigeage simple : la variable stationnaire a une moyenne connue ;
- krigeage ordinaire : la variable stationnaire a une moyenne inconnue ;
- krigeage universel : la variable est non-stationnaire.
- simple kriging: the stationary variable has a known mean;
- ordinary kriging: the stationary variable has an unknown mean;
- universal kriging: the variable is non-stationary.
On utilisera, de préférence, un krigeage ordinaire.Preferably, an ordinary kriging will be used.
De manière générale, le krigeage se base sur la corrélation entre les variables que l'on souhaite estimer et les variables discrétisées qui sont les entrées du modèle.In general, kriging is based on the correlation between the variables that one wishes to estimate and the discretized variables that are the inputs of the model.
Dans la méthode du krigeage ordinaire, l'estimation d'une variable peut s'écrire sous la forme suivante :
Où :
- ŷ est l'estimation de la variable en un point non discrétisé x0
- xi représentent les discrétisations des variables
- y(xi) sont les valeurs associées aux discrétisations xi
- λ i sont les coefficients de krigeage
Or :
- ŷ is the estimation of the variable in a non-discretized point x 0
- x i represent the discretizations of the variables
- y (x i ) are the values associated with discretizations x i
- λ i are the kriging coefficients
Les xi sont les tables de variables discrétisées obtenues par le module 24, les y(xi) sont les valeurs des variables que l'on souhaite estimer, comme par exemple le remplissage η v .The x i are the tables of discretized variables obtained by the
Le principe du krigeage revient à déterminer les coefficients λ i , qui sont dépendants des xi , en étudiant le degré de similarité entre les y(xi) à partir de la covariance entre les points xi en fonction de la distance entre ces points. Les poids λ i associés à chacune des valeurs y(xi) sont choisis de façon à obtenir une prévision ŷ de variance minimale.The principle of kriging is to determine the coefficients λ i , which are dependent on x i , by studying the degree of similarity between y (x i ) from the covariance between points x i as a function of the distance between these points. . The weights λ i associated with each of the values y (x i ) are chosen so as to obtain a prediction ŷ of minimum variance.
Pour identifier le modèle, il faut des essais préalables. L'estimation de nouveaux points repose ensuite sur ces essais. Les modèles d'apprentissage 28 sont donc préalablement identifiés sur des essais réalisés au banc moteur ou sur véhicule.To identify the model, it requires prior testing. The estimation of new points is then based on these tests. The learning
Claims (10)
- System for estimating at least one status parameter of an internal combustion engine (2) comprising at least one cylinder (3), a moving piston (4) driven via a crankshaft (6), means (20, 21) for measuring the temporal variation of the crankshaft angle and the internal pressure of said cylinder, characterized in that it comprises: at least one physical model (231) for computing a plurality of intermediate temporal variables from said measurements of the crankshaft angle and of the internal pressure of the cylinder and from a measurement of at least one status parameter of the engine; a means (24) for creating tables of discretized temporal variables from said intermediate temporal variables; and a learning model (28) for estimating at least one status parameter of the engine (2) from said tables of discretized temporal variables.
- System according to Claim 1, comprising a learning model (28) of neural network type.
- System according to one of Claims 1 and 2, comprising a learning model (28) of statistical type.
- System according to one of Claims 1 to 3, comprising a learning model (28) of kriging type.
- System according to one of Claims 1 to 4, comprising a means for initializing the learning model (28) by carrying out preliminary tests.
- Method for estimating at least one status parameter of an internal combustion engine (2) comprising at least one cylinder (3), a moving piston (4) driven via a crankshaft (6), comprising a first step of measuring the temporal variation of the crankshaft angle and of the internal pressure of the cylinder, characterized in that it comprises: a second step of computing, via at least one physical model (231), a plurality of intermediate temporal variables from said measurements of the crankshaft angle and of the internal pressure of said cylinder and from a measurement of at least one status parameter of the engine; a third step of discretization of said intermediate temporal variables, intended for the creation of tables of discretized temporal variables; and a fourth step of estimating, via a learning model (28), at least one status parameter of the engine (2) from said tables of discretized temporal variables.
- Method according to Claim 6, in which the estimation step comprises the use of a learning model (28) of neural network type.
- Method according to one of Claims 6 to 7, in which the estimation step comprises the use of a learning model (28) of statistical type.
- Method according to one of Claims 6 to 8, in which the estimation step comprises the use of a learning model (28) of kriging type.
- Method according to one of Claims 6 to 9, in which the estimation step comprises a step of initializing the learning model (28) by carrying out preliminary tests.
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0758268A FR2922262B1 (en) | 2007-10-12 | 2007-10-12 | ESTIMATING STATE PARAMETERS OF AN ENGINE BY MEASURING THE INTERNAL PRESSURE OF A CYLINDER |
PCT/FR2008/051510 WO2009047412A1 (en) | 2007-10-12 | 2008-08-19 | Engine state parameter estimation comprising the measurement of the internal pressure of a cylinder |
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EP2195519A1 EP2195519A1 (en) | 2010-06-16 |
EP2195519B1 true EP2195519B1 (en) | 2012-10-03 |
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FR (1) | FR2922262B1 (en) |
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WO2023220794A1 (en) * | 2022-05-16 | 2023-11-23 | Robert Bosch Limitada | Method for tracking greenhouse effect gas emissions |
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FR2936015A1 (en) * | 2008-09-16 | 2010-03-19 | Renault Sas | State variables estimation system for diesel engine of vehicle, has multilayer type neuron network for estimating variables of state of engine from tables of intermediate temporal variables |
FR3012526B1 (en) * | 2013-10-24 | 2015-10-30 | Renault Sas | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE FLOW OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN EXHAUST GASES OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FOR A MOTOR VEHICLE. |
CN105488246B (en) * | 2015-11-13 | 2018-08-10 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | A kind of hydrostatic support turntable speed carries deep fat the numerical computation method of influence |
FR3044717B1 (en) | 2015-12-04 | 2017-11-24 | Renault Sas | METHOD OF ESTIMATING MASS EMERGED IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF A CYLINDER OF A MOTOR VEHICLE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
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DE10214833A1 (en) * | 2002-04-04 | 2003-10-16 | Volkswagen Ag | Method for determining an indicated actual engine torque for an internal combustion engine, using Fourier analysis to calculate appropriate Fourier coefficients from a signal for crankshaft speed |
US6935313B2 (en) * | 2002-05-15 | 2005-08-30 | Caterpillar Inc | System and method for diagnosing and calibrating internal combustion engines |
DE102004055313B4 (en) * | 2004-11-16 | 2017-06-22 | Volkswagen Ag | Method and device for diagnosis or gain adaptation of cylinder pressure sensors |
US7299123B2 (en) * | 2005-03-04 | 2007-11-20 | Stmicroelectronics S.R.L. | Method and device for estimating the inlet air flow in a combustion chamber of a cylinder of an internal combustion engine |
DE102006008062B3 (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2007-05-10 | Siemens Ag | Engine control for determining pressure of combustion chamber, has pressure signal input receiving pressure signals reproducing pressure in chamber, and pressure sensor measuring pressure and connected with input to feed signal |
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2007
- 2007-10-12 FR FR0758268A patent/FR2922262B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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WO2023220794A1 (en) * | 2022-05-16 | 2023-11-23 | Robert Bosch Limitada | Method for tracking greenhouse effect gas emissions |
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WO2009047412A1 (en) | 2009-04-16 |
EP2195519A1 (en) | 2010-06-16 |
FR2922262A1 (en) | 2009-04-17 |
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