EP2191700A1 - Electrostatic ion accelerator arrangement - Google Patents

Electrostatic ion accelerator arrangement

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Publication number
EP2191700A1
EP2191700A1 EP08804132A EP08804132A EP2191700A1 EP 2191700 A1 EP2191700 A1 EP 2191700A1 EP 08804132 A EP08804132 A EP 08804132A EP 08804132 A EP08804132 A EP 08804132A EP 2191700 A1 EP2191700 A1 EP 2191700A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ionization chamber
anode
arrangement according
electrode body
reflector
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP08804132A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2191700B1 (en
Inventor
Norbert Koch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales Electronic Systems GmbH
Original Assignee
Thales Electron Devices GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thales Electron Devices GmbH filed Critical Thales Electron Devices GmbH
Publication of EP2191700A1 publication Critical patent/EP2191700A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2191700B1 publication Critical patent/EP2191700B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/54—Plasma accelerators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03H—PRODUCING A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03H1/00—Using plasma to produce a reactive propulsive thrust
    • F03H1/0006—Details applicable to different types of plasma thrusters
    • F03H1/0031—Thermal management, heating or cooling parts of the thruster
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03H—PRODUCING A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03H1/00—Using plasma to produce a reactive propulsive thrust
    • F03H1/0037—Electrostatic ion thrusters

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrostatic ion accelerator arrangement.
  • Electrostatic ion accelerator arrangements can be advantageously used as drive devices in spacecraft.
  • An advantageous embodiment known from WO 2003/000550 A1 provides a structure with a circular-cylindrical ionization chamber whose central longitudinal axis determines a longitudinal direction of the chamber geometry.
  • the chamber is formed annularly around a central inner part.
  • the ionization chamber has in the longitudinal direction on one side a jet outlet opening, through which a plasma jet is triggered in the longitudinal direction.
  • a cathode is laterally offset outside the ionization chamber against the jet outlet opening.
  • An anode is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the jet outlet opening opposite to the foot of the ionization chamber.
  • a high voltage between anode and cathode forms in the ionization chamber a longitudinally directed electrostatic field which accelerates ions of a working gas ionized in the chamber in the direction of the jet exit opening and electrons in the direction of the anode.
  • a magnetic field passing through the chamber causes a long residence time of electrons in the chamber before they are absorbed by the anode.
  • the residual energy of the electrons when hitting the anode and the current through the anode cause the generation of heat loss in the anode, so that it heats up, which may limit the drive power and / or a complex and possibly interference-prone cooling by solid state heat dissipation and / or fluid cooling is required.
  • the invention has for its object to provide an electrostatic ion accelerator arrangement, which copes with a simple structure, a high heat loss at the anode.
  • a further, albeit small contribution to the dissipation of heat loss from the anode advantageously provides a supply of cold neutral working gas while flowing around the anode assembly, wherein the working gas receives heat from the anode assembly and into the ionization chamber transported.
  • the working gas receives heat from the anode assembly and into the ionization chamber transported.
  • the majority of the power loss occurring in the anode is radiated as heat radiation in the direction of the ionization chamber.
  • the surface of the anode arrangement facing the ionization chamber reaches a temperature of at least 500 ° C. at a working point of the ion accelerator arrangement with maximum loss heat output. It is advantageously used that the output of a body as heat radiation power disproportionately increases (with the 4th power) to the temperature.
  • the surface of the anode arrangement facing the ionization chamber is advantageously aligned substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the ionization chamber, so that the radiation component pointing in the direction of the surface normal faces the emission in the direction of the beam outlet opening and the heat radiation emitted in this direction is emitted directly into the surrounding free space.
  • the reflector device may comprise a reflective coating of a rear side surface facing away from the ionization chamber
  • Anode electrode include.
  • the emissivity of the front side surface facing the ionization chamber in the direction of the jet outlet opening is higher than, in particular at least twice as high as the emissivity of the coated rear side surface of the anode electrode, in each case based on the spectral maximum of the thermal radiation emitted by the front side surface.
  • the reflector device includes at least one longitudinally spaced from the anode electrode and on the side remote from the ionization chamber side of the anode electrode reflector surface, which is formed heat radiation reflecting.
  • the emissivity of the front side surface of the anode electrode facing the ionization chamber is higher than, in particular at least twice, the emissivity of the reflector surface of the reflector device facing the anode electrode.
  • at least two longitudinally spaced reflector surfaces are provided.
  • the reflector surfaces are preferably metallic and are advantageously at the potential of the anode electrode and can in particular be structurally combined with this in a multi-part anode arrangement.
  • the anode of a particular metallic support and a held thereon and in direct physical contact, the ionization chamber zu josden electrode material may be constructed, wherein the carrier z. B. may be cup-shaped and the emissivity of the rear side of the carrier facing away from the ionization chamber is less than, in particular at least half, that of the front side of the electrode material facing the ionization chamber.
  • the anode electrode is formed by a disc-shaped body, which may be designed in particular as a material-homogeneous graphite body.
  • Graphite is dimensionally stable up to high temperatures and shows a low electrical resistance and in particular a negative temperature coefficient of electrical resistance.
  • the surface of graphite shows a particularly good radiation behavior.
  • a coating of the rear side surface as a reflector device can be given by a vapor-deposited metal layer.
  • the disk-shaped body of the anode electrode advantageously occupies the predominant cross-sectional area fraction of the chamber cross-section at substantially uniform temperature above the surface.
  • the disc-shaped body is connected in the region of its center centrally at only one attachment point with a support body of the anode assembly, in particular screwed.
  • the attachment structure advantageously consists of a highly heat-resistant material, in particular molybdenum.
  • Fig. 1 shows schematically and in part an electrostatic ion accelerator arrangement with an anode arrangement.
  • An ionization chamber IK of the ion accelerator arrangement is assumed to be rotationally symmetrical about a central longitudinal axis LA without restricting generality.
  • the central longitudinal axis LA runs parallel to a longitudinal direction LR.
  • a radial direction R is drawn in.
  • the circular cross section of the ionization chamber is essentially constant in the longitudinal direction LR.
  • the ionization chamber shows in the longitudinal direction LR on one side, in Fig. 1 to the right a jet outlet opening AO, from which an accelerated directed plasma stream PB is ejected.
  • a cathode arrangement KA is arranged in the region of the jet outlet opening AO and preferably laterally offset therefrom.
  • an anode assembly AN In the longitudinal direction of the jet outlet opening AO opposite set at the bottom of the ionization chamber is an anode assembly AN.
  • Fig. 1 In Fig. 1 is because of the assumed rotational symmetry about the longitudinal axis LA only the above the longitudinal axis LA lying part of the ion accelerator arrangement shown.
  • a high voltage HV which generates a longitudinally pointing in the ionization electric field.
  • This electric field accelerates electrons in the direction of the anode arrangement and in the ionization chamber by ionization of a working gas generated positively charged ions in the direction of the jet exit opening AO.
  • the ionization chamber is limited transversely to the longitudinal axis LA by a chamber wall KW of preferably dielectric, in particular ceramic material.
  • a magnet arrangement MA On the side of the chamber wall which is radially outer with respect to the longitudinal axis, a magnet arrangement MA is arranged, the various possible structures of which are known in principle from the prior art and which is therefore only indicated schematically without details.
  • the magnet arrangement generates a magnetic field in the ionization chamber, which increases the residence time of the electrons in the ionization chamber, which emit energy to the working gas by means of ionizing collisions before they reach the anode electrode EK. Effects of such ion accelerator in various constructive design, in particular with annular chamber geometry as in Hall ion accelerators are known from the prior art. Electrons impinging on the anode electrode EK from the ionization chamber cause the generation of heat loss in the anode electrode and its heating.
  • the anode arrangement AN contains an anode electrode EK, a first reflector surface R1, a second reflector surface R2 and an anode carrier body AT in the direction of the longitudinal axis LA from the ionization chamber IK to the left.
  • the plurality of components of the anode assembly are mechanically connected to each other via a support structure, which extends, for example, as a support pin TB of the support body AT in the direction of the anode electrode EK.
  • the plurality of components are preferably all electrically conductive and are at a common electrical potential corresponding to an anode voltage HV, which is connected, for example, via the carrier body AT.
  • the support pin TB at its ionization chamber end facing a thread on which a nut is screwed and secured.
  • the relative position of the individual components of the anode assembly AN in the direction of the longitudinal axis LA can be precisely adjusted via spacers.
  • the anode electrode EK is advantageously formed by a material-homogeneous graphite body.
  • the reflector surfaces R1 and R2 are preferably formed as a substantially disk-shaped sheet metal body made of a high temperature resistant metal, such as molybdenum.
  • the carrier body AT and the preferably integrally formed with this support pin TB advantageously also consist of a high temperature resistant material such as molybdenum in particular.
  • a supply for a working gas AG is sketched via a diaphragm GB, via which the working gas AG in the vicinity of the longitudinal axis in the axial direction to the carrier body AT and fed along from the Ionization chamber IK weg disturbedd surface radially outward and in the region of the chamber wall KW in the longitudinal direction LR is directed in the direction of the ionization chamber.
  • a portion of the reflector assembly is also provided between the radially outer edge of the anode electrode EK and the chamber wall, which may be formed, for example, by edge portions angled off the disk plane of one or both reflector devices R1, R2 in the longitudinal direction LR.
  • the radial radiation of heat from the anode electrode EK in the direction of the chamber wall is reduced and, on the other hand, flow-on of the anode electrode EK by the working gas and thus the cooling of the anode electrode EK in the edge region is prevented.
  • the anode electrode EK is heated, in particular by the residual energy of the electrons striking the anode electrode EK, it radiates increasingly heat radiation WS in the direction of the ionization chamber IK with increasing temperature.
  • the maximum of the radiation characteristic of the surface of the anode electrode EK facing the ionization chamber IK runs in Direction of the surface normal, so that in a substantially planar design of the disc-shaped anode electrode EK, the maximum of the radiation characteristic is directed in the direction of the beam exit opening AO and radiated in this direction heat radiation WS is emitted directly into the free space.
  • graphite as the material of the anode electrode EK, the radiation of heat radiation WS is particularly effective.
  • the anode electrode EK radiates thermal radiation on its rear side in the same direction away from the ionization chamber IK toward the reflector device R1 in the same way. Due to the heat-reflecting reflector surface R1, whose emissivity is less than, in particular at most half as high as the emissivity of the front surface of the anode electrode, but a large part of this heat radiation is irradiated back to anode electrode EK, so that effectively away in the direction of the ionization EK radiated heat radiation component remains low.
  • the second reflector surface R2 which in turn largely reflects the heat radiation power radiated by the latter with low emissivity in the direction of the reflector surface R2 when the first reflector surface R1 is heated.
  • the radiated from the reflector surface R2 finally in the direction of the carrier body TK heat output remains low.
  • a through this remaining heat radiation power as well as by the solid body heat conduction through the support pin TB on the carrier body TK reaching heat output is predominantly by solid state heat conduction through the metallic high voltage supply line and the typically dissipated nonmetallic, the anode assembly supporting structure.
  • a small proportion of heat output can be dissipated again by the working gas flowing radially outward along the rear side of the carrier body.
  • the heat radiation emitted by the ionization chamber IK to the front side surface of the anode electrode EK does not radiate directly through the jet outlet opening AO into the free space strikes the chamber wall KW and is there partly radiated into the ionization chamber and finally through the jet outlet opening AO in the free space or partially from absorbed the chamber wall and discharged by heating them again as heat radiation in the ionization chamber and through the jet outlet opening AO in the free space.
  • the anode electrode EK can advantageously reach temperatures of more than 500 ° C. with maximum loss power, which typically occurs at maximum drive power of the ion accelerator arrangement.
  • the high temperature leads to a high intensity of heat radiation WS with temperature over proportional (4th power) increase, so that sets a state of equilibrium.
  • a dissipation of heat loss of the anode assembly via a solid heat conduction subordinate and can via the metallic electrical connection for supplying the Anodenhoch briefly and the suspension of the support body in the construction of the chamber are adequately managed. Active cooling via a much of the heat loss dissipating fluid cooling circuit is not required.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
  • Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)

Abstract

An arrangement with radiation cooling of the anode, which avoids the need for complex additional cooling measures, is proposed for an electrostatic ion accelerator arrangement in which the thermal power loss which is not negligible occurs at the anode, which is arranged in an ionization chamber, during operation.

Description

Elektrostatische lonenbeschleunigeranordnung Electrostatic ion accelerator arrangement
Die Erfindung betrifft eine elektrostatische lonenbeschleunigeranordnung.The invention relates to an electrostatic ion accelerator arrangement.
Elektrostatische lonenbeschleunigeranordnungen sind vorteilhaft einsetzbar als Antriebseinrichtungen in Raumflugkörpern. Eine aus der WO 2003/000550 A1 bekannte vorteilhafte Ausführungsform sieht einen Aufbau mit einer kreiszylindrischen Ionisationskammer vor, deren Mittellängsachse eine Längsrichtung der Kammergeometrie bestimmt. In anderer Ausführungsform von lonenbeschleunigern als sogenannten Hall-Thrustern ist die Kammer ringförmig um ein zentrales Innenteil ausgebildet. Die Ionisationskammer weist in Längsrichtung an einer Seite eine Strahlaustrittsöffnung auf, durch welche ein Plasmastrahl in Längsrichtung angestoßen wird. Eine Kathode ist außerhalb der Ionisationskammer seitlich gegen die Strahlaustrittsöffnung versetzt angeordnet. Eine Anode ist in Längsrichtung der Strahlaustrittsöffnung entgegen gesetzt am Fuß der Ionisationskammer angeordnet. Eine Hochspannung zwischen Anode und Kathode bildet in der Ionisationskammer ein in Längsrichtung weisendes elektrostatisches Feld aus, welches Ionen eines in der Kammer ionisierten Arbeitsgases in Richtung der Strahlaustrittsöffnung und Elektronen in Richtung der Anode beschleunigt. Ein die Kammer durchsetzendes Magnetfeld bewirkt eine lange Verweildauer von Elektronen in der Kammer, bevor diese von der Anode aufgenommen werden. Die Restenergie der Elektronen beim Auftreffen auf die Anode und der Strom durch die Anode bewirken das Entstehen von Verlustwärme in der Anode, so dass sich diese erhitzt, wodurch unter Umständen die Antriebsleistung begrenzt wird und/oder eine aufwändige und eventuell störanfällige Kühlung durch Festkörperwärmeableitung und/oder Fluidkühlung erforderlich wird.Electrostatic ion accelerator arrangements can be advantageously used as drive devices in spacecraft. An advantageous embodiment known from WO 2003/000550 A1 provides a structure with a circular-cylindrical ionization chamber whose central longitudinal axis determines a longitudinal direction of the chamber geometry. In another embodiment of ion accelerators as so-called Hall thrusters, the chamber is formed annularly around a central inner part. The ionization chamber has in the longitudinal direction on one side a jet outlet opening, through which a plasma jet is triggered in the longitudinal direction. A cathode is laterally offset outside the ionization chamber against the jet outlet opening. An anode is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the jet outlet opening opposite to the foot of the ionization chamber. A high voltage between anode and cathode forms in the ionization chamber a longitudinally directed electrostatic field which accelerates ions of a working gas ionized in the chamber in the direction of the jet exit opening and electrons in the direction of the anode. A magnetic field passing through the chamber causes a long residence time of electrons in the chamber before they are absorbed by the anode. The residual energy of the electrons when hitting the anode and the current through the anode cause the generation of heat loss in the anode, so that it heats up, which may limit the drive power and / or a complex and possibly interference-prone cooling by solid state heat dissipation and / or fluid cooling is required.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine elektrostatische lonenbeschleunigeranordnung anzugeben, welche bei einfachem Aufbau eine hohe Verlustwärme an der Anode bewältigt.The invention has for its object to provide an electrostatic ion accelerator arrangement, which copes with a simple structure, a high heat loss at the anode.
Die Erfindung ist im unabhängigen Anspruch beschrieben. Die abhängigen Ansprüche enthalten vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen der Erfindung.The invention is described in the independent claim. The dependent claims contain advantageous refinements and developments of the invention.
Durch die Abgabe der primär durch die Energie der auf die Anode auftreffenden Elektronen in der Anode zumindest bei Volllastbetrieb entstehende Verlustwärme überwiegend (größer 50 %) in Form von Wärmestrahlung in Richtung der Ionisationskammer, also in den der Strahlaustrittsöffnung zuweisenden Halbraum vor der Anodenanordnung ergibt sich ein besonders einfacher Aufbau der Anodenanordnung, bei welchem insbesondere ein über metallische oder nichtmetallische Bauteile durch Festkörperwärmeleitung abfließender Anteil der in der Anode anfallenden Verlustwärmeleistung bei maximaler Leistung der lonenbeschleunigeranordnung weniger als 50 % der gesamten in der Anode anfallenden Verlustwärmeleistung beträgt. Einen weiteren, wenngleich geringen Beitrag zur Abführung von Verlustwärme von der Anode liefert vorteilhafterweise eine Zuführung des kalten neutralen Arbeitsgases unter Umströmung der Anodenanordnung, wobei das Arbeitsgas Wärme von der Anodenanordnung aufnimmt und in die Ionisationskammer transportiert. Vorteilhafterweise korreliert dabei mit zunehmendem Gasstrom eine höhere Verlustwärmeleistung mit einer stärkeren Strömungskühlung. Der Hauptanteil der in der Anode anfallenden Verlustleistung wird aber als Wärmestrahlung in Richtung der Ionisationskammer abgestrahlt.By delivering the primarily in the anode by the energy of the electrons incident on the anode at least at full load resulting heat loss predominantly (greater than 50%) in the form of heat radiation in the direction of the ionization chamber, ie in the beam exit opening facing half space before the anode arrangement results Particularly simple construction of the anode arrangement, in which in particular a portion of the heat dissipated in the anode via metallic or non-metallic components flowing through the solid heat dissipation at maximum power of the ion accelerator arrangement is less than 50% of the total heat loss incurred in the anode. A further, albeit small contribution to the dissipation of heat loss from the anode advantageously provides a supply of cold neutral working gas while flowing around the anode assembly, wherein the working gas receives heat from the anode assembly and into the ionization chamber transported. Advantageously, correlates with increasing gas flow higher loss heat output with a stronger flow cooling. However, the majority of the power loss occurring in the anode is radiated as heat radiation in the direction of the ionization chamber.
Vorteilhafterweise erreicht die der Ionisationskammer zugewandte Oberfläche der Anodenanordnung in einem Arbeitspunkt der lonenbeschleunigeranordnung mit maximal anfallender Verlustwärmeleistung eine Temperatur von wenigstens 500°C. Dabei wird vorteilhaft ausgenutzt, dass die von einem Körper als Wärmestrahlung abgegebene Leistung überproportional (mit der 4. Potenz) zur Temperatur ansteigt.Advantageously, the surface of the anode arrangement facing the ionization chamber reaches a temperature of at least 500 ° C. at a working point of the ion accelerator arrangement with maximum loss heat output. It is advantageously used that the output of a body as heat radiation power disproportionately increases (with the 4th power) to the temperature.
Die der Ionisationskammer zugewandte Oberfläche der Anodenanordnung ist vorteilhafterweise im wesentlichen senkrecht zur Längsachse der Ionisationskammer ausgerichtet, so dass der in Richtung der Flächennormalen weisende Strahlungsanteil der Abstrahlung in Richtung der Strahlaustrittsöffnung weist und die in dieser Richtung emittierte Wärmestrahlung unmittelbar in den umgebenden freien Raum abgegeben wird.The surface of the anode arrangement facing the ionization chamber is advantageously aligned substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the ionization chamber, so that the radiation component pointing in the direction of the surface normal faces the emission in the direction of the beam outlet opening and the heat radiation emitted in this direction is emitted directly into the surrounding free space.
Durch die Anordnung einer Wärmestrahlungs-Reflektoreinrichtung auf der der Ionisationskammer abgewandten Seite der der Ionisationskammer zuweisenden Anodenelektrode wird die Wärmeabstrahlung verstärkt in die Ionisationskammer und zu der Strahlaustrittsöffnung hin gerichtet. Die Reflektoreinrichtung kann in einer ersten Ausführung eine reflektierende Beschichtung einer der Ionisationskammer abgewandten Rückseitenfläche der Anodenelektrode umfassen. Das Emissionsvermögen der der Ionisationskammer in Richtung der Strahlaustrittsöffnung zuweisenden Vorderseitenfläche ist dabei höher als, insbesondere wenigstens doppelt so hoch wie das Emissionsvermögen der beschichteten Rückseitenfläche der Anodenelektrode, jeweils bezogen auf das spektrale Maximum der von der Vorderseitenfläche emittierten Wärmestrahlung.By arranging a heat radiation reflector device on the side remote from the ionization chamber of the anode electrode assigning the ionization chamber, the heat radiation is directed increasingly into the ionization chamber and towards the beam outlet opening. In a first embodiment, the reflector device may comprise a reflective coating of a rear side surface facing away from the ionization chamber Anode electrode include. The emissivity of the front side surface facing the ionization chamber in the direction of the jet outlet opening is higher than, in particular at least twice as high as the emissivity of the coated rear side surface of the anode electrode, in each case based on the spectral maximum of the thermal radiation emitted by the front side surface.
Vorteilhafterweise enthält die Reflektoreinrichtung wenigstens eine in Längsrichtung von der Anodenelektrode beabstandete und auf der der Ionisationskammer abgewandten Seite der Anodenelektrode angeordnete Reflektorfläche, welche wärmestrahlungsreflektierend ausgebildet ist. Dabei ist das Emissionsvermögen der der Ionisationskammer zuweisenden Vorderseitenfläche der Anodenelektrode höher als, insbesondere wenigstens doppelt so hoch wie das Emissionsvermögen der der Anodenelektrode zuweisenden Reflektorfläche der Reflektoreinrichtung. Vorzugsweise sind wenigstens zwei in Längsrichtung voneinander beabstandete Reflektorflächen vorgesehen. Die Reflektorflächen sind vorzugsweise metallisch und liegen vorteilhafterweise auf dem Potential der Anodenelektrode und können insbesondere mit dieser in einer mehrteiligen Anodenanordnung baulich vereinigt sein.Advantageously, the reflector device includes at least one longitudinally spaced from the anode electrode and on the side remote from the ionization chamber side of the anode electrode reflector surface, which is formed heat radiation reflecting. In this case, the emissivity of the front side surface of the anode electrode facing the ionization chamber is higher than, in particular at least twice, the emissivity of the reflector surface of the reflector device facing the anode electrode. Preferably, at least two longitudinally spaced reflector surfaces are provided. The reflector surfaces are preferably metallic and are advantageously at the potential of the anode electrode and can in particular be structurally combined with this in a multi-part anode arrangement.
In wieder anderer Ausführung kann die Anode aus einem insbesondere metallischen Träger und einem auf diesem gehaltenen und in direktem körperlichem Kontakt stehenden, der Ionisationskammer zuweisenden Elektrodenmaterial aufgebaut sein, wobei der Träger z. B. topfförmig sein kann und das Emissionsvermögen der von der Ionisationskammer weg weisenden Rückseite des Trägers kleiner als, insbesondere wenigstens halb so groß wie das der der Ionisationskammer zuweisenden Vorderseite des Elektrodenmaterials ist.In yet another embodiment, the anode of a particular metallic support and a held thereon and in direct physical contact, the ionization chamber zuweisenden electrode material may be constructed, wherein the carrier z. B. may be cup-shaped and the emissivity of the rear side of the carrier facing away from the ionization chamber is less than, in particular at least half, that of the front side of the electrode material facing the ionization chamber.
Von besonderem Vorteil ist die Verwendung von Graphit als Elektrodenmaterial für die Anodenelektrode, insbesondere für die der Ionisationskammer zugewandte Oberfläche der Anodenelektrode. Vorzugsweise ist die Anodenelektrode durch einen scheibenförmigen Körper gebildet, der insbesondere als materialhomogener Graphitkörper ausgeführt sein kann. Graphit ist bis zu hohen Temperaturen formbeständig und zeigt einen geringen elektrischen Widerstand und insbesondere einen negativen Temperaturkoeffizienten des elektrischen Widerstands. Die Oberfläche von Graphit zeigt ein besonders gutes Abstrahlungsverhalten. Eine Beschichtung der Rückseitenfläche als Reflektoreinrichtung kann durch eine aufgedampfte Metallschicht gegeben sein.Of particular advantage is the use of graphite as electrode material for the anode electrode, in particular for the ionization chamber facing surface of the anode electrode. Preferably, the anode electrode is formed by a disc-shaped body, which may be designed in particular as a material-homogeneous graphite body. Graphite is dimensionally stable up to high temperatures and shows a low electrical resistance and in particular a negative temperature coefficient of electrical resistance. The surface of graphite shows a particularly good radiation behavior. A coating of the rear side surface as a reflector device can be given by a vapor-deposited metal layer.
Der scheibenförmige Körper der Anodenelektrode nimmt vorteilhafterweise mit im wesentlichen einheitlicher Temperatur über der Fläche den überwiegenden Querschnittsflächenanteil des Kammerquerschnitts ein. Vorteilhafterweise ist der scheibenförmige Körper im Bereich seiner Mitte zentral an nur einem Befestigungspunkt mit einem Trägerkörper der Anodenanordnung verbunden, insbesondere verschraubt. Die Befestigungsstruktur besteht vorteilhafterweise aus einem hochwärmefesten Material, insbesondere Molybdän. Der über die Befestigung des Elektrodenkörpers innerhalb der Anodenanordnung auf einen Trägerkörper fließende Wärmeleistungsanteil und der durch die Reflektoreinrichtung als Reststrahlung auf den Trägerkörper gelangende Wärmeleistungsanteil kann über vorhandene Strukturen, wie die Aufhängung des Trägerkörpers im Aufbau der Kammer und/oder die metallische Hochspannungszuleitung durch Festkörperwärmeleitung ohne besondere aktive Kühlmaßnahmen durch Festkörperwärmeleitung abgeführt werden.The disk-shaped body of the anode electrode advantageously occupies the predominant cross-sectional area fraction of the chamber cross-section at substantially uniform temperature above the surface. Advantageously, the disc-shaped body is connected in the region of its center centrally at only one attachment point with a support body of the anode assembly, in particular screwed. The attachment structure advantageously consists of a highly heat-resistant material, in particular molybdenum. The on the attachment of the electrode body within the anode assembly to a Carrier body flowing heat output fraction and the reaching through the reflector device as residual radiation on the support body heat output component can be dissipated through existing structures, such as the suspension of the support body in the construction of the chamber and / or the metallic high voltage supply by solid heat without special active cooling measures by solid heat conduction.
Die Erfindung ist nachfolgend anhand eines bevorzugten Beispiels unter Bezugnahme auf die Fig. 1 noch eingehend veranschaulicht:The invention is illustrated below with reference to a preferred example with reference to FIG. 1 in detail:
Fig. 1 zeigt schematisch und ausschnittsweise eine elektrostatische lonenbeschleunigeranordnung mit einer Anodenanordnung. Eine Ionisationskammer IK der lonenbeschleunigeranordnung sei ohne Beschränkung der Allgemeinheit als rotationssymmetrisch um eine Mittellängsachse LA angenommen. Die Mittellängsachse LA verläuft parallel zu einer Längsrichtung LR. Mit eingezeichnet ist eine radiale Richtung R. Der kreisrunde Querschnitt der Ionisationskammer sei in Längsrichtung LR im wesentlichen konstant. Die Ionisationskammer zeigt in Längsrichtung LR einseitig, in der Fig. 1 nach rechts eine Strahlaustrittsöffnung AO, aus welcher ein beschleunigter gerichteter Plasmastrom PB ausgestoßen wird. Im Bereich der Strahlaustrittsöffnung AO und vorzugsweise seitlich gegen diese versetzt ist eine Kathodenanordnung KA angeordnet. In Längsrichtung der Strahlaustrittsöffnung AO entgegen gesetzt am Fuß der Ionisationskammer befindet sich eine Anodenanordnung AN. In der Fig. 1 ist wegen der angenommenen Rotationssymmetrie um die Längsachse LA nur der oberhalb der Längsachse LA liegende Teil der lonenbeschleunigeranordnung dargestellt.Fig. 1 shows schematically and in part an electrostatic ion accelerator arrangement with an anode arrangement. An ionization chamber IK of the ion accelerator arrangement is assumed to be rotationally symmetrical about a central longitudinal axis LA without restricting generality. The central longitudinal axis LA runs parallel to a longitudinal direction LR. A radial direction R is drawn in. The circular cross section of the ionization chamber is essentially constant in the longitudinal direction LR. The ionization chamber shows in the longitudinal direction LR on one side, in Fig. 1 to the right a jet outlet opening AO, from which an accelerated directed plasma stream PB is ejected. In the region of the jet outlet opening AO and preferably laterally offset therefrom, a cathode arrangement KA is arranged. In the longitudinal direction of the jet outlet opening AO opposite set at the bottom of the ionization chamber is an anode assembly AN. In Fig. 1 is because of the assumed rotational symmetry about the longitudinal axis LA only the above the longitudinal axis LA lying part of the ion accelerator arrangement shown.
Zwischen der typischerweise auf Massepotential M des Raumflugkörpers liegenden Kathodenanordnung KA und der Anodenanordnung AN, insbesondere einer der Ionisationskammer zuweisenden Anodenelektrode EK, liegt eine Hochspannung HV, welche in der Ionisationskammer ein in Längsrichtung weisendes elektrisches Feld erzeugt. Dieses elektrische Feld beschleunigt Elektronen in Richtung der Anodenanordnung und in der Ionisationskammer durch Ionisation eines Arbeitsgases erzeugte positiv geladene Ionen in Richtung der Strahlaustrittsöffnung AO. Die Ionisationskammer ist quer zur Längsachse LA durch eine Kammerwand KW aus vorzugsweise dielektrischem, insbesondere keramischem Material begrenzt. Auf der bezüglich der Längsachse radial außen liegenden Seite der Kammerwand ist eine Magnetanordnung MA angeordnet, deren verschiedene mögliche Aufbauten prinzipiell aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt sind und die deshalb ohne Einzelheiten nur schematisch angedeutet ist. Die Magnetanordnung erzeugt in der Ionisationskammer ein Magnetfeld, welches die Verweildauer der Elektronen in der Ionisationskammer erhöht, wobei diese durch ionisierende Stöße Energie an das Arbeitsgas abgeben, bevor sie auf die Anodenelektrode EK gelangen. Wirkungsweisen derartiger lonenbeschleuniger in verschiedener konstruktiver Ausführung, insbesondere auch mit ringförmiger Kammergeometrie wie bei Hall-Ionenbeschleunigern sind aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt. Aus der Ionisationskammer auf die Anodenelektrode EK auftreffende Elektronen bewirken das Entstehen von Verlustwärme in der Anodenelektrode und deren Erhitzung.Between the typically at ground potential M of the spacecraft lying cathode assembly KA and the anode assembly AN, in particular one of the ionization chamber zuweisenden anode electrode EK, is a high voltage HV, which generates a longitudinally pointing in the ionization electric field. This electric field accelerates electrons in the direction of the anode arrangement and in the ionization chamber by ionization of a working gas generated positively charged ions in the direction of the jet exit opening AO. The ionization chamber is limited transversely to the longitudinal axis LA by a chamber wall KW of preferably dielectric, in particular ceramic material. On the side of the chamber wall which is radially outer with respect to the longitudinal axis, a magnet arrangement MA is arranged, the various possible structures of which are known in principle from the prior art and which is therefore only indicated schematically without details. The magnet arrangement generates a magnetic field in the ionization chamber, which increases the residence time of the electrons in the ionization chamber, which emit energy to the working gas by means of ionizing collisions before they reach the anode electrode EK. Effects of such ion accelerator in various constructive design, in particular with annular chamber geometry as in Hall ion accelerators are known from the prior art. Electrons impinging on the anode electrode EK from the ionization chamber cause the generation of heat loss in the anode electrode and its heating.
Im skizzierten bevorzugten Beispiel enthält die Anodenanordnung AN in Richtung der Längsachse LA von der Ionisationskammer IK her nach links fortschreitend eine Anodenelektrode EK, eine erste Reflektorfläche R1 , eine zweite Reflektorfläche R2 und einen Anodenträgerkörper AT. Die mehreren Bauteile der Anodenanordnung sind über eine Trägerstruktur, welche sich beispielsweise als Trägerbolzen TB von dem Trägerkörper AT in Richtung der Anodenelektrode EK erstreckt, untereinander mechanisch verbunden. Die mehreren Bauteile sind vorzugsweise alle elektrisch leitend und liegen auf gemeinsamem elektrischem Potential entsprechend einer Anodenspannung HV, welche beispielsweise über den Trägerkörper AT angeschlossen ist. Für die mechanische Verbindung der mehreren Bauteile untereinander zu der Anodenanordnung AN kann vorteilhafterweise der Trägerbolzen TB an seinem der Ionisationskammer zugewandten Ende ein Gewinde aufweisen, auf welches eine Mutter aufgeschraubt und gesichert ist. Die relative Lage der einzelnen Bauteile der Anodenanordnung AN in Richtung der Längsachse LA kann über Distanzhülsen präzise eingestellt sein.In the preferred example outlined, the anode arrangement AN contains an anode electrode EK, a first reflector surface R1, a second reflector surface R2 and an anode carrier body AT in the direction of the longitudinal axis LA from the ionization chamber IK to the left. The plurality of components of the anode assembly are mechanically connected to each other via a support structure, which extends, for example, as a support pin TB of the support body AT in the direction of the anode electrode EK. The plurality of components are preferably all electrically conductive and are at a common electrical potential corresponding to an anode voltage HV, which is connected, for example, via the carrier body AT. For the mechanical connection of the several components to each other to the anode assembly AN can advantageously have the support pin TB at its ionization chamber end facing a thread on which a nut is screwed and secured. The relative position of the individual components of the anode assembly AN in the direction of the longitudinal axis LA can be precisely adjusted via spacers.
Die Anodenelektrode EK ist vorteilhafterweise durch einen materialhomogenen Graphitkörper gebildet. Die Reflektorflächen R1 und R2 sind vorzugsweise als im wesentlichen scheibenförmige Blechkörper aus einem hochtemperaturfesten Metall, beispielsweise Molybdän gebildet. Der Trägerkörper AT und der vorzugsweise einteilig mit diesem ausgebildete Trägerbolzen TB bestehen vorteilhafterweise gleichfalls aus einem hochtemperaturfesten Material wie insbesondere Molybdän. In Richtung der Längsachse auf der der Ionisationskammer IK abgewandten Seite des Trägerkörpers AT ist eine Zuführung für ein Arbeitsgas AG über eine Blende GB skizziert, über welche das Arbeitsgas AG in der Umgebung der Längsachse in axialer Richtung auf den Trägerkörper AT zugeleitet und entlang dessen von der Ionisationskammer IK weg weisender Fläche radial nach außen und im Bereich der Kammerwand KW in Längsrichtung LR in Richtung der Ionisationskammer geleitet ist. Vorzugsweise ist zwischen dem radial außen liegenden Rand der Anodenelektrode EK und der Kammerwand gleichfalls ein Teil der Reflektoranordnung vorgesehen, welcher beispielsweise durch aus der Scheibenebene einer oder beider Reflektoreinrichtungen R1 , R2 in Längsrichtung LR abgewinkelte Randabschnitte gebildet sein kann. Dadurch wird zum einen die radiale Abstrahlung von Wärme von der Anodenelektrode EK in Richtung der Kammerwand vermindert und zum andern ein Anströmen der Anodenelektrode EK durch das Arbeitsgas und damit die Abkühlung der Anodenelektrode EK im Randbereich verhindert.The anode electrode EK is advantageously formed by a material-homogeneous graphite body. The reflector surfaces R1 and R2 are preferably formed as a substantially disk-shaped sheet metal body made of a high temperature resistant metal, such as molybdenum. The carrier body AT and the preferably integrally formed with this support pin TB advantageously also consist of a high temperature resistant material such as molybdenum in particular. In the direction of the longitudinal axis on the side facing away from the ionization chamber IK side of the support body AT a supply for a working gas AG is sketched via a diaphragm GB, via which the working gas AG in the vicinity of the longitudinal axis in the axial direction to the carrier body AT and fed along from the Ionization chamber IK wegweisend surface radially outward and in the region of the chamber wall KW in the longitudinal direction LR is directed in the direction of the ionization chamber. Preferably, a portion of the reflector assembly is also provided between the radially outer edge of the anode electrode EK and the chamber wall, which may be formed, for example, by edge portions angled off the disk plane of one or both reflector devices R1, R2 in the longitudinal direction LR. As a result, on the one hand, the radial radiation of heat from the anode electrode EK in the direction of the chamber wall is reduced and, on the other hand, flow-on of the anode electrode EK by the working gas and thus the cooling of the anode electrode EK in the edge region is prevented.
Wenn im Betrieb der lonenbeschleunigeranordnung insbesondere durch die Restenergie der auf die Anodenelektrode EK auftreffenden Elektronen die Anodenelektrode EK aufgeheizt wird, so strahlt diese mit ansteigender Temperatur zunehmend Wärmestrahlung WS in Richtung der Ionisationskammer IK ab. Das Maximum der Abstrahlungscharakteristik der der Ionisationskammer IK zugewandten Fläche der Anodenelektrode EK verläuft in Richtung der Flächennormale, so dass bei im wesentlichen ebener Ausführung der scheibenförmigen Anodenelektrode EK das Maximum der Abstrahlungscharakteristik in Richtung der Strahlaustrittsöffnung AO gerichtet ist und die in dieser Richtung abgestrahlte Wärmestrahlung WS unmittelbar in den freien Raum abgestrahlt wird. Durch Verwendung von Graphit als Material der Anodenelektrode EK ist die Abstrahlung von Wärmestrahlung WS besonders effektiv.If, during operation of the ion accelerator arrangement, the anode electrode EK is heated, in particular by the residual energy of the electrons striking the anode electrode EK, it radiates increasingly heat radiation WS in the direction of the ionization chamber IK with increasing temperature. The maximum of the radiation characteristic of the surface of the anode electrode EK facing the ionization chamber IK runs in Direction of the surface normal, so that in a substantially planar design of the disc-shaped anode electrode EK, the maximum of the radiation characteristic is directed in the direction of the beam exit opening AO and radiated in this direction heat radiation WS is emitted directly into the free space. By using graphite as the material of the anode electrode EK, the radiation of heat radiation WS is particularly effective.
Die Anodenelektrode EK strahlt in gleicher Weise Wärmestrahlung auf ihrer Rückseite in von der Ionisationskammer IK weg weisender Richtung auf die Reflektoreinrichtung R1 zu ab. Durch die wärmereflektierend ausgebildete Reflektorfläche R1 , deren Emissionsvermögen kleiner als, insbesondere höchstens halb so hoch wie das Emissionsvermögen der Vorderseitenfläche der Anodenelektrode ist, wird aber ein Großteil dieser Wärmestrahlung wieder zu Anodenelektrode EK zurück gestrahlt, so dass der effektiv in Richtung von der Ionisationskammer EK weg abgestrahlte Wärmestrahlungsanteil gering bleibt. Dieser Effekt wird verstärkt durch die zweite Reflektorfläche R2, welche wiederum die bei Erwärmung der ersten Reflektorfläche R1 von dieser mit geringem Emissionsvermögen in Richtung der Reflektorfläche R2 abgestrahlte Wärmestrahlungsleistung weitgehend reflektiert. Die von der Reflektorfläche R2 schließlich in Richtung des Trägerkörpers TK abgestrahlte Wärmeleistung bleibt dadurch gering. Eine durch diese verbleibende Wärmestrahlungsleistung sowie durch die durch Festkörperwärmeleitung über den Trägerbolzen TB auf den Trägerkörper TK gelangende Wärmeleistung wird überwiegend durch Festkörperwärmeleitung über die metallische Hochspannungszuleitung und den typischerweise nichtmetallischen, die Anodenanordnung tragenden Aufbau abgeführt. Zusätzlich kann ein geringer Wärmeleistungsanteil durch das an der Rückseite des Trägerkörpers radial nach außen entlang strömende Arbeitsgas wieder abgeführt werden.The anode electrode EK radiates thermal radiation on its rear side in the same direction away from the ionization chamber IK toward the reflector device R1 in the same way. Due to the heat-reflecting reflector surface R1, whose emissivity is less than, in particular at most half as high as the emissivity of the front surface of the anode electrode, but a large part of this heat radiation is irradiated back to anode electrode EK, so that effectively away in the direction of the ionization EK radiated heat radiation component remains low. This effect is enhanced by the second reflector surface R2, which in turn largely reflects the heat radiation power radiated by the latter with low emissivity in the direction of the reflector surface R2 when the first reflector surface R1 is heated. The radiated from the reflector surface R2 finally in the direction of the carrier body TK heat output remains low. A through this remaining heat radiation power as well as by the solid body heat conduction through the support pin TB on the carrier body TK reaching heat output is predominantly by solid state heat conduction through the metallic high voltage supply line and the typically dissipated nonmetallic, the anode assembly supporting structure. In addition, a small proportion of heat output can be dissipated again by the working gas flowing radially outward along the rear side of the carrier body.
Die von der der Ionisationskammer IK zu weisenden Vorderseitenfläche der Anodenelektrode EK nicht unmittelbar durch die Strahlaustrittsöffnung AO in den freien Raum abgestrahlte Wärmestrahlung trifft auf die Kammerwand KW und wird dort teilweise in die Ionisationskammer und schließlich durch die Strahlaustrittsöffnung AO in den freien Raum abgestrahlt oder teilweise von der Kammerwand absorbiert und durch deren Erwärmung wiederum als Wärmestrahlung in die Ionisationskammer und durch die Strahlaustrittsöffnung AO in den freien Raum abgegeben.The heat radiation emitted by the ionization chamber IK to the front side surface of the anode electrode EK does not radiate directly through the jet outlet opening AO into the free space strikes the chamber wall KW and is there partly radiated into the ionization chamber and finally through the jet outlet opening AO in the free space or partially from absorbed the chamber wall and discharged by heating them again as heat radiation in the ionization chamber and through the jet outlet opening AO in the free space.
Die Anodenelektrode EK kann vorteilhafterweise bei maximal anfallender Verlustleistung, welche typischerweise bei maximaler Antriebsleistung der lonenbeschleunigeranordnung auftritt, Temperaturen von mehr als 500°C erreichen. Die hohe Temperatur führt zu einer hohen Intensität von Wärmestrahlung WS mit zur Temperatur überproportionalem (4. Potenz) Anstieg, so dass sich ein Gleichgewichtszustand einstellt. Trotz hoher Temperatur der Anodenelektrode EK ist wegen der hohen Leistung der abgegebenen Wärmestrahlung und deren einseitig bevorzugte Abstrahlung in Richtung der Ionisationskammer IK eine Abführung von Verlustwärme der Anodenanordnung über eine Festkörper-Wärmeleitung nachrangig und kann über die metallische elektrische Verbindung zur Zuführung der Anodenhochspannung und die Aufhängung des Trägerkörpers im Aufbau der Kammer ausreichend bewältigt werden. Eine aktive Kühlung über einen einen Großteil der Verlustwärme abführenden Fluid-Kühlungskreislauf ist nicht erforderlich.The anode electrode EK can advantageously reach temperatures of more than 500 ° C. with maximum loss power, which typically occurs at maximum drive power of the ion accelerator arrangement. The high temperature leads to a high intensity of heat radiation WS with temperature over proportional (4th power) increase, so that sets a state of equilibrium. Despite the high temperature of the anode electrode EK is due to the high performance of the emitted heat radiation and their one-sided preferred radiation in the direction of the ionization chamber IK a dissipation of heat loss of the anode assembly via a solid heat conduction subordinate and can via the metallic electrical connection for supplying the Anodenhochspannung and the suspension of the support body in the construction of the chamber are adequately managed. Active cooling via a much of the heat loss dissipating fluid cooling circuit is not required.
Die vorstehend und die in den Ansprüchen angegebenen sowie die den Abbildungen entnehmbaren Merkmale sind sowohl einzeln als auch in verschiedener Kombination vorteilhaft realisierbar. Die Erfindung ist nicht auf die beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiele beschränkt, sondern im Rahmen fachmännischen Könnens in mancherlei Weise abwandelbar. The features indicated above and in the claims, as well as the features which can be seen in the figures, can be implemented advantageously both individually and in various combinations. The invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments described, but can be modified in many ways within the scope of expert knowledge.

Claims

Ansprüche: Claims:
1. Elektrostatische lonenbeschleunigeranordnung mit einer Ionisationskammer (IK), welche in einer Längsrichtung einseitig eine Strahlaustrittsöffnung aufweist, mit einer eine Anodenanordnung (AN) und eine Kathodenanordnung (KA) enthaltenden Elektrodenanordnung, welche ein im wesentlichen in Längsrichtung weisendes elektrostatisches Feld in der Ionisationskammer erzeugen, wobei die Anodenanordnung der Austrittsöffnung entgegen gesetzt am Fußpunkt der Kammer angeordnet ist, und wobei in einem Elektrodenkörper (EK) der Anodenanordnung (AN), welcher Elektronen aus der Ionisationskammer absorbiert, Verlustwärme anfällt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Anodenanordnung den überwiegenden Teil der an ihr anfallenden Verlustwärme in die Ionisationskammer (IK) als Wärmestrahlung (WS) abgibt.Anspruch [en] An electrostatic ion accelerator assembly comprising an ionization chamber (IK) having a beam exit port in a longitudinal direction and an electrode assembly including an anode assembly (AN) and a cathode assembly (KA) which provide a substantially longitudinal electrostatic field in the ionization chamber. wherein the anode arrangement of the outlet opening opposite to the base of the chamber is arranged, and wherein in an electrode body (EK) of the anode assembly (AN), which absorbs electrons from the ionization chamber, loss heat is obtained, characterized in that the anode arrangement the majority of the at her resulting heat loss in the ionization chamber (IK) as heat radiation (WS) gives off.
2. Anordnung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass auf der der Ionisationskammer (IK) abgewandten Seite des Elektrodenkörpers (EK) eine Wärmestrahlungs-Reflektoreinrichtung (R1 , R2) angeordnet ist.2. Arrangement according to claim 2, characterized in that on the ionization chamber (IK) facing away from the electrode body (EK) a heat radiation reflector means (R1, R2) is arranged.
3. Anordnung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Wärmestrahlungs-Reflektoreinrichtung eine Reflektorfläche umfasst mit einem Emissionsvermögen, welches niedriger als, vorzugsweise höchstens halb so hoch wie das Emissionsvermögen der der Ionisationskammer zuweisenden Vorderseitenfläche der Anodenelektrode ist. 3. Arrangement according to claim 2, characterized in that the heat radiation reflector means comprises a reflector surface having an emissivity which is lower than, preferably at most half as high as the emissivity of the ionization chamber facing front side surface of the anode electrode.
4. Anordnung nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Reflektoreinrichtung wenigstens eine in Längsrichtung von dem Elektrodenkörper beabstandete Reflektorfläche (R1 , R2) enthält.4. Arrangement according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the reflector device comprises at least one longitudinally spaced from the electrode body reflector surface (R1, R2).
5. Anordnung nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Reflektorfläche mit einem Fortsatz den Elektrodenkörper (EK) quer zur Längsrichtung seitlich umgibt.5. Arrangement according to claim 4, characterized in that the reflector surface laterally surrounds the electrode body (EK) transversely to the longitudinal direction with an extension.
6. Anordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Reflektoreinrichtung eine Beschichtung der der Ionisationskammer abgewandten Seite des Elektrodenkörpers als Reflektorfläche enthält.6. Arrangement according to one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the reflector device includes a coating of the ionization chamber facing away from the side of the electrode body as a reflector surface.
7. Anordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Elektrodenkörper (EK) im wesentlichen scheibenförmig ausgebildet ist.7. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the electrode body (EK) is formed substantially disc-shaped.
8. Anordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Elektrodenkörper gegen die seitliche Begrenzung der Ionisationskammer wärmeisolierend abgeschirmt ist.8. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the electrode body is thermally insulated against the lateral boundary of the ionization chamber.
9. Anordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Elektrodenkörper in seiner Mitte auf einem Trägerkörper (AT, TB) befestigt ist. 9. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the electrode body is fixed in its center on a carrier body (AT, TB).
10. Anordnung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der radiale Rand des Elektrodenkörpers von anderen Bauteilen radial beabstandet ist.10. Arrangement according to claim 9, characterized in that the radial edge of the electrode body is radially spaced from other components.
11.Anordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Arbeitsgas (AG) von der der Ionisationskammer abgewandten Seite der Anodenanordnung zugeführt ist.11.Anordnung according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that working gas (AG) is supplied from the ionization chamber side facing away from the anode assembly.
12. Anordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Arbeitsgas radial außerhalb des Elektrodenkörper (EK) an diesem vorbei in die Ionisationskammer geführt ist.12. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the working gas is guided radially outside of the electrode body (EK) past this in the ionization chamber.
13. Anordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Elektrodenkörper (EK) aus Graphit besteht. 13. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the electrode body (EK) consists of graphite.
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RU2010114726A (en) 2011-10-20
KR101455214B1 (en) 2014-10-27
CN105228331A (en) 2016-01-06
US20100289437A1 (en) 2010-11-18
EP2191700B1 (en) 2015-11-11
KR20100099677A (en) 2010-09-13
JP2010539376A (en) 2010-12-16
DE102007044074A1 (en) 2009-04-02
DE102007044074B4 (en) 2011-05-26
CN101855949A (en) 2010-10-06
WO2009037200A1 (en) 2009-03-26
RU2523658C2 (en) 2014-07-20
CN105228331B (en) 2018-10-02
JP5425081B2 (en) 2014-02-26
US8587227B2 (en) 2013-11-19

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