EP2177350B2 - Body with surface structure improving friction performance - Google Patents

Body with surface structure improving friction performance Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2177350B2
EP2177350B2 EP09012919.8A EP09012919A EP2177350B2 EP 2177350 B2 EP2177350 B2 EP 2177350B2 EP 09012919 A EP09012919 A EP 09012919A EP 2177350 B2 EP2177350 B2 EP 2177350B2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
projections
elevations
body according
section
channels
Prior art date
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EP09012919.8A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2177350A1 (en
EP2177350B1 (en
Inventor
Dr. Andreas Schilling
Prof. Dr. Stanislav N. Horb
Dr. Michael Varenberg
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OVD Kinegram AG
Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV
Original Assignee
OVD Kinegram AG
Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00—Sealings
    • F16J15/16—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
    • F16J15/32—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces with elastic sealings, e.g. O-rings
    • F16J15/324—Arrangements for lubrication or cooling of the sealing itself
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/22—Soles made slip-preventing or wear-resisting, e.g. by impregnation or spreading a wear-resisting layer
    • A43B13/223—Profiled soles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00—Sealings
    • F16J15/16—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
    • F16J15/162—Special parts or details relating to lubrication or cooling of the sealing itself
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60S—SERVICING, CLEANING, REPAIRING, SUPPORTING, LIFTING, OR MANOEUVRING OF VEHICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60S1/00—Cleaning of vehicles
    • B60S1/02—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices
    • B60S1/04—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers
    • B60S1/32—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by constructional features of wiper blade arms or blades
    • B60S1/38—Wiper blades
    • B60S2001/3827—Wiper blades characterised by the squeegee or blade rubber or wiping element
    • B60S2001/3829—Wiper blades characterised by the squeegee or blade rubber or wiping element characterised by the material of the squeegee or coating thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60S—SERVICING, CLEANING, REPAIRING, SUPPORTING, LIFTING, OR MANOEUVRING OF VEHICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60S1/00—Cleaning of vehicles
    • B60S1/02—Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices
    • B60S1/04—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers
    • B60S1/32—Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by constructional features of wiper blade arms or blades
    • B60S1/38—Wiper blades
    • B60S2001/3827—Wiper blades characterised by the squeegee or blade rubber or wiping element
    • B60S2001/3836—Wiper blades characterised by the squeegee or blade rubber or wiping element characterised by cross-sectional shape
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness
    • Y10T428/24612—Composite web or sheet

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a body consisting of an elastomeric material or having an outer elastomeric layer, a surface structure which improves the friction behavior being molded into the surface of the elastomeric body or into the outer elastomeric layer of the body.
  • the friction behavior of the surface of a moving body plays a decisive role in numerous technical applications.
  • liquid media for example in oil
  • the frictional force can drop significantly compared to the dry surface, which can cause a friction wheel gear to spin, for example.
  • the so-called stick-slip effect can occur on dry surfaces, in which the time course of the frictional force changes constantly, so that vibrations are triggered, which present themselves as squeaking or rattling.
  • Examples are squeaky rail vehicles and rattling wiper blades.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a body with a surface structure with improved friction behavior. According to the invention this object is achieved with a body according to claim 1.
  • the body with the proposed surface structure is distinguished by the fact that a liquid is displaced from the surface of the elevations by the surface of a body meshing with the elastomeric body and is drained off via the channels. The effect is supported by the fact that the elevations deform and evade under load. With the help of the surface structure according to the invention, areas are thus provided on the surface of the elastomeric body that remain essentially liquid-free even when in contact with a liquid-wetted surface and therefore still provide sufficient frictional force even under these conditions.
  • the stick-slip effect refers to the jerking of solid bodies moving against each other. A rapid sequence of movements from sticking, tensioning, separating and sliding off the surfaces in contact occurs. The vibrations generated can be emitted as noise. Examples are the squeaking of trains or trams when cornering or braking and rattling wipers on dry car windows.
  • the reduction in the stick-slip effect on the surface of the body according to the invention can be explained by the fact that the elevations formed in the surface can be moved essentially independently of one another and that the slip-back occurs only at the few elevations that cannot evade.
  • the area in which the surface structure is molded in the body can include the entire surface of the body or only a part of the surface of the body in which the friction behavior of the body is to be improved.
  • elastomers are among the polymers.
  • Elastomers are dimensionally stable, but elastically deformable polymers, whose glass transition point is below room temperature and whose long-chain macromolecules are cross-linked and statistically distributed. Material properties such as strength and viscosity can be set via the degree of crosslinking and the degree of polymerization, which is a measure of the length of the macromolecules.
  • the elastomers can deform under tensile and / or compressive stress, but then return to their original, undeformed shape.
  • Elastomers are elastic.
  • a well-known representative of elastomers is rubber.
  • the material provided for the body fulfills the definition given in DIN 7724 for an elastomer.
  • the choice of the maximum dimension can optimize the friction behavior either with regard to a maximum friction force on liquid-covered surfaces or with regard to avoiding the stick-slip effect on dry surfaces.
  • the end faces of the elevations of the surface structure are formed uniformly and in particular have the shape of a square, an isosceles triangle, regular hexagon or other regular polygon.
  • the surveys are arranged in hierarchical levels, smaller surveys being arranged on larger surveys.
  • the elevations arranged in the uppermost level, ie in the outer level can be leveled out with increasing contact pressure, so that the elevations with larger surface areas arranged in the underlying level are activated and so on if further levels are provided.
  • the top level can be optimized with regard to avoiding the stick-slip effect and a further level can be optimized with regard to a maximum frictional force.
  • the elevations have a rectangular, trapezoidal or mushroom-shaped longitudinal section.
  • the longitudinal section is perpendicular to the plane spanned by the end faces.
  • the deformation behavior of the surveys can be influenced and optimized by the choice of the longitudinal section of the surveys.
  • the terms "rectangular”, “trapezoidal” and “mushroom-shaped” stand for classes of longitudinal sections and do not exclude that another longitudinal section that cannot be classified into one of these classes is also provided. The person skilled in the art is therefore not required to exclude longitudinal sections which show good behavior in the experiment if they cannot be classified in the aforementioned classes.
  • the width of the upper end face can be in the micrometer range, for example, so that it can be macroscopically interpreted as a triangular cross section.
  • the height of the elevations is measured from the lowest point of the channels to the end face of the elevation.
  • the height of the elevations is 1% to 100% of the maximum dimension of the end face of the respective elevation. This area is preferred for the formation of surface structures that increase the frictional force on liquid-covered surfaces. This prevents the bumps from tipping over under load.
  • the area proportion of the end faces of the elevations in the total area of the end faces of the elevations and channels is in the range from 5% to 99%.
  • the area share of the end faces of the elevations in the total area is in the range from 20% to 99%.
  • a further parameter is available for setting the friction behavior.
  • the aforementioned area is preferred for the formation of surfaces without a stick-slip effect.
  • the channels have an angular cross section, for example a rectangular, triangular or trapezoidal cross section.
  • the channels have, for example, a rectangular cross section between prism-shaped elevations and between cylindrical elevations, which are rectangular in longitudinal section like the prism-shaped elevations.
  • Channels formed between truncated pyramid or truncated cones have a triangular cross section when the lower side edges of adjacent elevations coincide, otherwise a trapezoidal cross section.
  • the channels which are formed between adjacent elevations thus have a cross section which is complementary to the longitudinal section through the elevations.
  • the channels have an edgeless cross section, for example a circular or elliptical cross section.
  • the channels can be designed as channels arranged in parallel, which for example form a cross pattern.
  • the longitudinal channel axis can be rectilinear or curved.
  • the channels are advantageously designed such that they enclose the elevations.
  • the surface structures according to the invention can be introduced into the surface by a tool when the surface is produced.
  • a tool when the surface is produced.
  • an arbitrary body such as a roller
  • an elastomeric material the surface of the injection mold forming the mold for molding the surface structure.
  • a web-shaped elastomeric body prefferably embossed during its manufacture or for it to be subsequently deformed, for example thermoformed. It can be provided that it is deformed in a state in which it does not yet have a rubber-elastic behavior.
  • the embossing or shaping tool can be formed as a negative form by etching, lithography, laser ablation or other techniques suitable for micro-structuring.
  • the body is a film, in particular a laminating or transfer film. So the surface structure can for example, be molded into a transfer layer of the transfer film.
  • the transfer of the transfer layer is particularly advantageously possible on flat or roller-shaped bodies, surfaces of a body also being able to be coated subsequently, for example on the occasion of maintenance or repair.
  • the surface structure of the body provided with the surface structure forms an anti-slip surface, in particular on substrates covered with liquids.
  • the surface structure of the body provided with the surface structure forms an anti-stick slip surface, in particular on dry substrates.
  • the body according to the invention can also be used in security technology.
  • a security element can be provided with at least one first haptically perceptible area, in which the security element has a body according to the invention, and in which the at least one first haptically perceptible area is formed by the surface of the surface structure of this body.
  • the security element can have a second haptically perceptible area, the haptic properties of which differ from the haptic properties of the at least one first haptically perceptible area.
  • the security element can be a security document, such as a bank note, in which areas that are not visually visible can be perceived haptically and represent a security feature.
  • Fig. 1a shows a section of a body 14 with a surface structure 1, which has a plurality of identically shaped elevations 11, which are separated from one another by channels 12.
  • the elevations 11 are molded in a structural layer 13 which is arranged on the body 14 and form a pattern, preferably a micro-pattern.
  • the surface structure 1 can also be molded in the body 14 if it is an elastomeric body, so that the structural layer 13 is an integral part of the body.
  • the structural layer 13 can advantageously be designed as a film or as a film layer.
  • it can be the transfer layer of a transfer film, for example a hot stamping film.
  • the structural layer 13 can be a sprayed-on or poured-on layer, into which the elevations 11 are formed, for example by means of a stamp or in an injection mold.
  • the elevations 11 can preferably be prismatic, cylindrical or mushroom-shaped elevations.
  • the elevations 11 are designed as prismatic elevations with an end face designed as a regular hexagon. The end faces lie in a common plane that forms the outer surface of the structural layer 13.
  • the structure layer 13 is formed from an elastomeric material, for example from rubber or an elastomeric plastic.
  • the maximum surface area of the end faces of the elevations 11 can be, for example, approximately 10 ⁇ m.
  • the end faces of the elevations 11 are formed as regular hexagons.
  • the maximum areal extent of the elevations 11 is therefore the distance between two opposite corners of the hexagon.
  • the geometrical shape of the end face of the elevations 11 is not limited to the hexagon, in particular the regular hexagon.
  • the elevations 11 can, for example, also have a rectangular, in particular square, triangular or circular end face. Regular hexagons, squares and equilateral triangles can be preferred because they can form an area-filling pattern in a particularly simple manner.
  • the channels 12, which separate adjacent elevations 11 from one another, have a rectangular cross section. However, they can also have a different cross section, for example a triangular or circular cross section. As in Fig. 1a the height of the elevation 11 is the distance between the channel bottom and the upper edge or the end face of the elevation.
  • Fig. 1b shows in a further exemplary embodiment a surface structure 2 which differs from that in FIG Fig. 1a
  • Surface structure 1 shown differs in that elevations 11 and 11 'are arranged one above the other in hierarchical levels.
  • the elevations 11 now form an upper level and are arranged in groups on elevations 11 ' form a further level arranged below the first level.
  • seven elevations 11 are arranged on one elevation 11 '.
  • the elevations 11 ' also form a pattern that can be designed analogously to the arrangement of the elevations 11.
  • the surface structure according to the invention basically produces two effects in comparison with a non-structured smooth surface, namely the prevention of the stick-slip effect on dry surfaces and the increase in the frictional force on surfaces wetted with liquid, for example surfaces wetted with water or oil.
  • the stick-slip effect refers to the jerking of solid bodies moving against each other. A rapid sequence of movements from sticking, tensioning, separating and sliding off the surfaces in contact occurs. The vibrations generated can be emitted as noise. Examples are the squeaking of trains or trams when cornering or braking and rattling wipers on dry car windows. Because the elevations 11 formed in the surface can be moved essentially independently of one another and the slip-back occurs only at the few elevations that cannot evade, the stick-slip effect is eliminated, as described in more detail below.
  • the surface is broken down into small surface sections by the microstructuring, the liquid being directed from the surface sections into the channels arranged between the surface sections and being discharged there.
  • Fig. 2 shows a comparison representation of the friction in different environments for non-structured and according to the invention structured surfaces. The results determined in test series are shown in a column diagram, the height of the column indicating the average amount of the frictional force measured between the surface of a test specimen and a smooth surface.
  • the highest friction force 3u was measured with 150 mN on a dry, smooth surface and an unstructured surface. It was higher than the frictional force 3s measured on dry ground and a structured surface, which was 120 mN. Now the measurements were repeated on a surface wetted with oil.
  • the frictional force 3u 'measured when the unstructured surface was paired with the oil-wetted substrate was the smallest of the measured frictional forces at 2 mN.
  • the frictional force 3u ' was so low that practically no power transmission between the two surfaces was possible or the friction was negligible.
  • the friction force 3u ' was only 1.3% of the original value.
  • the frictional force 3s' measured at the mating of the structured surface with the oil-wetted surface was 55 mN smaller than the frictional force 3s measured for dry surface, but was still sufficient for a safe power transmission.
  • the frictional force 3s' was still 50% of the original value.
  • Another advantageous effect of the surface structure according to the invention is the elimination of the so-called stick-slip effect that occurs on dry surfaces.
  • Fig. 3 shows a principle diagram of a time-dependent friction profile 4u on an unstructured surface and in comparison friction profiles 4s and 4s' on a surface according to the invention.
  • the course of friction 4u on the non-structured surface is typical of the stick-slip effect.
  • the coefficient of friction initially rises continuously and then shows in short succession upward and downward deflections which lead to the disturbing vibrations described above.
  • the friction profiles 4s and 4s' on the surface according to the invention show no stick-slip effect. Rather, after the initial increase in the coefficient of friction, an essentially constant coefficient of friction is established.
  • the different average coefficient of friction of the friction profiles 4s and 4s' results from different depth-to-width ratios, also known as "aspect ratio".
  • the depth-to-width ratio is the ratio of the height of the elevations 10 and 10 'to the diameter of the cross section.
  • the friction curve 4s was measured for a low depth-to-width ratio, the lower friction curve 4s' was measured for a high depth-to-width ratio. As the depth-to-width ratio increases, the coefficient of friction decreases, both on dry surfaces and on surfaces covered with liquids.
  • the surface structure according to the invention can be optimized by choosing the characteristic dimensions for optimal adhesion, ie for an optimal coefficient of friction or for a low stick-slip effect.
  • Table 1 Optimization for high friction in the liquid Optimization for low stick-slip effect on dry surfaces maximum dimension of the surveys 0.5 ⁇ m to 5 mm 0.5 ⁇ m to 5 mm Amount of surveys 1% to 100% of the maximum dimension of the end faces 1% to 1000% of the maximum dimensions of the end faces Proportion of area of the end faces of the elevations to the total area 20% to 99% 20% to 99%
  • Fig. 4 shows the time course of the frictional force for an unstructured surface in a dry environment (item 3u in Fig. 2 ).
  • the frictional force indicates the above in Fig. 3 described fluctuating course, which is typical of the stick-slip effect.
  • Fig. 5 shows the time course of the frictional force for a structured surface in a dry environment (item 3s in Fig. 2 ).
  • the frictional force indicates the above in Fig. 3 described course, ie there is no stick-slip effect in the structured surface according to the invention.
  • Fig. 6 shows the time course of the frictional force for an unstructured surface in an environment contaminated by oil (item 3u 'in Fig. 2 ). No stick-slip effect can be seen here (the fluctuations in the curve originate from the measuring device).
  • Fig. 7 shows the time course of the frictional force for a structured surface in an environment contaminated by oil (item 3s' in Fig. 2 ). There is no stick-slip effect. The frictional force is compared to Fig. 6 significantly increased due to the surface structure of the test specimen according to the invention.
  • Fig. 8 now shows a body 84 in plan view (see 9a to 9c ) with a surface structure 8 molded in a structural layer 83, which is formed from elevations 81 with a square end face.
  • the end faces of the elevations 81 are arranged in one plane, as are the base areas of the elevations 81.
  • Channels 82 are formed between adjacent elevations 81, the base area of the channels 82 running in the plane of the base areas of the elevations 81.
  • the 9a to 9c show different variants of the surveys in Fig. 8 which differ from each other in terms of their longitudinal sectional shape. Both 9a to 9c are schematic representations that do not reflect the true proportions.
  • Fig. 9a shows elevations 81 which are designed as prism-shaped elevations. They are therefore rectangular in longitudinal section. A rectangular longitudinal section would also be characteristic for cylindrical elevations which have a circular or elliptical end face.
  • the channels 82 that formed between adjacent elevations 81 have a rectangular cross section.
  • Fig. 9b shows elevations 81 which are formed as truncated pyramids. They are consequently trapezoidal in longitudinal section. A trapezoidal longitudinal section would also be characteristic for truncated cone-shaped elevations which have a circular or elliptical end face.
  • the channels 82 which are formed between adjacent elevations 81, have a triangular cross section if, as in FIG Fig. 9b shown, the lower side edges of adjacent elevations 81 coincide. However, the channels 82 can also have a trapezoidal cross section if the lower side edges of adjacent elevations 81 are spaced apart from one another.
  • Fig. 9c shows elevations 81 which are designed as mushroom-shaped elevations. They are consequently mushroom-shaped in longitudinal section. A mushroom-shaped longitudinal section would also be characteristic for mushroom-shaped elevations that have a circular or elliptical or hexagonal end face instead of the square end face.
  • the channels 82 which are formed between adjacent elevations 81, have a cross section that is complementary to the longitudinal section through the elevations 81.
  • the channels 82 are designed as parallel prismatic channels which form a cross pattern.
  • the channels may have, for example, a rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal or complementary mushroom-shaped cross section, but the cross section varies at least with regard to its dimensions along the Channel longitudinal axis, which can also be curved instead of rectilinear.
  • the channels are advantageously designed such that they enclose the elevations.

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Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Körper, bestehend aus einem elastomeren Material oder aufweisend eine äußere elastomere Schicht, wobei in die Oberfläche des elastomeren Körpers oder in die äußere elastomere Schicht des Körpers eine das Reibungsverhalten verbessernde Oberflächenstruktur abgeformt ist.The invention relates to a body consisting of an elastomeric material or having an outer elastomeric layer, a surface structure which improves the friction behavior being molded into the surface of the elastomeric body or into the outer elastomeric layer of the body.

In zahlreichen technischen Anwendungen spielt das Reibungsverhalten der Oberfläche eines bewegten Körpers eine entscheidende Rolle. In flüssigen Medien, zum Beispiel in Öl, kann die Reibkraft im Vergleich zur trockenen Oberfläche deutlich sinken, wodurch beispielsweise ein Reibradgetriebe durchdrehen kann.The friction behavior of the surface of a moving body plays a decisive role in numerous technical applications. In liquid media, for example in oil, the frictional force can drop significantly compared to the dry surface, which can cause a friction wheel gear to spin, for example.

Andererseits kann es bei trockenen Oberflächen zum sogenannten Stick-Slip-Effekt kommen, bei dem der zeitliche Reibkraftverlauf ständig stark wechselt, so dass Schwingungen ausgelöst werden, die sich als Quietschen oder Rattern darstellen. Beispiele sind quietschende Schienenfahrzeuge und ratternde Scheibenwischerblätter.On the other hand, the so-called stick-slip effect can occur on dry surfaces, in which the time course of the frictional force changes constantly, so that vibrations are triggered, which present themselves as squeaking or rattling. Examples are squeaky rail vehicles and rattling wiper blades.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, einen Körper mit einer Oberflächenstruktur mit verbessertem Reibungsverhalten anzugeben. Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe mit einem Körper nach Anspruch 1 gelöst.The object of the present invention is to provide a body with a surface structure with improved friction behavior. According to the invention this object is achieved with a body according to claim 1.

Der Körper mit der vorgeschlagenen Oberflächenstruktur zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass eine Flüssigkeit durch die mit einer Anpresskraft angepresste Oberfläche eines mit dem elastomeren Körper kämmenden Körpers von der Oberfläche der Erhebungen verdrängt wird und über die Kanäle abgeleitet wird. Der Effekt wird dadurch unterstützt, dass die Erhebungen sich verformen und unter Belastung ausweichen. Mit Hilfe der erfindungsgemäßen Oberflächenstruktur werden also Bereiche auf der Oberfläche des elastomeren Körpers bereitgestellt, die auch bei Kontakt mit einer flüssigkeitsbenetzten Oberfläche im Wesentlichen flüssigkeitsfrei bleiben und daher auch unter diesen Bedingungen noch eine ausreichende Reibungskraft bereitstellen.The body with the proposed surface structure is distinguished by the fact that a liquid is displaced from the surface of the elevations by the surface of a body meshing with the elastomeric body and is drained off via the channels. The effect is supported by the fact that the elevations deform and evade under load. With the help of the surface structure according to the invention, areas are thus provided on the surface of the elastomeric body that remain essentially liquid-free even when in contact with a liquid-wetted surface and therefore still provide sufficient frictional force even under these conditions.

Weiter wird der insbesondere bei der Paarung von trockenen Oberflächen auftretende Stick-Slip-Effekt eliminiert. Der Stick-Slip-Effekt bezeichnet das Ruckgleiten von gegeneinander bewegten Festkörpern. Dabei tritt eine schnelle Bewegungsfolge aus Haften, Verspannen, Trennen und Abgleiten der in Kontakt befindlichen Oberflächen auf. Die dabei erzeugten Schwingungen können als Geräusch abgestrahlt werden. Beispiele sind das Quietschen von Eisen- oder Straßenbahn bei Kurvenfahrt oder beim Bremsen und ratternde Scheibenwischer auf trockenen Autoscheiben. Die Verminderung des Stick-Slip-Effektes an der Oberfläche des erfindungsgemäßen Körpers kann dadurch erklärt werden, dass die in der Oberfläche ausgebildeten Erhebungen im Wesentlichen unabhängig voneinander beweglich sind und das Ruckgleiten nur noch an den wenigen Erhebungen auftritt, die nicht ausweichen können.Furthermore, the stick-slip effect that occurs particularly when pairing dry surfaces is eliminated. The stick-slip effect refers to the jerking of solid bodies moving against each other. A rapid sequence of movements from sticking, tensioning, separating and sliding off the surfaces in contact occurs. The vibrations generated can be emitted as noise. Examples are the squeaking of trains or trams when cornering or braking and rattling wipers on dry car windows. The reduction in the stick-slip effect on the surface of the body according to the invention can be explained by the fact that the elevations formed in the surface can be moved essentially independently of one another and that the slip-back occurs only at the few elevations that cannot evade.

Der Bereich, in dem die Oberflächenstruktur in dem Körper abgeformt ist, kann hierbei die gesamte Oberfläche des Körpers umfassen oder nur einen Teil der Oberfläche des Körper umfassen, in dem das Reibungsverhalten des Körpers verbessert werden soll.The area in which the surface structure is molded in the body can include the entire surface of the body or only a part of the surface of the body in which the friction behavior of the body is to be improved.

Elastomere zählen wie Thermoplaste und Duroplaste zu den Polymeren. Elastomere sind formfeste, aber elastisch verformbare Polymere, deren Glasübergangspunkt sich unterhalb der Raumtemperatur befindet und deren langkettige Makromoleküle weitmaschig und statistisch verteilt vernetzt sind. Über den Vernetzungsgrad sowie den Polymerisationsgrad, der ein Maß für die Länge der Makromoleküle ist, können Werkstoffeigenschaften wie Festigkeit und Viskosität eingestellt werden. Die Elastomere können sich bei Zug- und/oder Druckbelastung verformen, kehren aber danach wieder in ihre ursprüngliche, unverformte Gestalt zurück. Elastomere sind gummielastisch. Ein bekannter Vertreter der Elastomere ist Gummi. Bei einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform erfüllt das für den Körper vorgesehene Material die in der DIN 7724 angegebene Definition für ein Elastomer.Like thermoplastics and thermosets, elastomers are among the polymers. Elastomers are dimensionally stable, but elastically deformable polymers, whose glass transition point is below room temperature and whose long-chain macromolecules are cross-linked and statistically distributed. Material properties such as strength and viscosity can be set via the degree of crosslinking and the degree of polymerization, which is a measure of the length of the macromolecules. The elastomers can deform under tensile and / or compressive stress, but then return to their original, undeformed shape. Elastomers are elastic. A well-known representative of elastomers is rubber. In a preferred embodiment, the material provided for the body fulfills the definition given in DIN 7724 for an elastomer.

Wie sich herausgestellt hat, kann durch die Wahl der maximalen Abmessung das Reibungsverhalten entweder hinsichtlich einer maximalen Reibungskraft bei flüssigkeitsbedeckten Oberflächen oder hinsichtlich der Vermeidung des Stick-Slip-Effekts auf trockenen Oberflächen optimiert werden.As has been found, the choice of the maximum dimension can optimize the friction behavior either with regard to a maximum friction force on liquid-covered surfaces or with regard to avoiding the stick-slip effect on dry surfaces.

Weiter kann vorgesehen sein, dass die Stirnflächen der Erhebungen der Oberflächenstruktur gleichförmig ausgebildet sind und insbesondere die Form eines Quadrats, eines gleichschenkligen Dreiecks, regelmäßigen Sechsecks oder anderen regelmäßigen Vielecks besitzen.It can further be provided that the end faces of the elevations of the surface structure are formed uniformly and in particular have the shape of a square, an isosceles triangle, regular hexagon or other regular polygon.

In einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung kann vorgesehen sein, dass die Erhebungen in hierarchischen Ebenen angeordnet sind, wobei jeweils kleinere Erhebungen auf größeren Erhebungen angeordnet sind. Auf diese Weise ist es möglich, für unterschiedliche Anpressdrücke unterschiedliches Reibungsverhalten bereitzustellen. Die in der obersten, d. h. in der äußeren Ebene angeordneten Erhebungen können bei steigendem Anpressdruck eingeebnet sein, so dass die in der darunter liegenden Ebene angeordneten flächenmäßig größeren Erhebungen aktiviert werden und so weiter, wenn weitere Ebenen vorgesehen sind. Auf diese Weise können auch mehrere Eigenschaften miteinander kombiniert werden. Beispielsweise kann die oberste Ebene hinsichtlich der Vermeidung des Stick-Slip-Effektes optimiert sein und eine weitere Ebene hinsichtlich einer maximalen Reibungskraft optimiert sein.In an advantageous development, it can be provided that the surveys are arranged in hierarchical levels, smaller surveys being arranged on larger surveys. In this way it is possible to provide different friction behavior for different contact pressures. The elevations arranged in the uppermost level, ie in the outer level, can be leveled out with increasing contact pressure, so that the elevations with larger surface areas arranged in the underlying level are activated and so on if further levels are provided. In this way, several can Properties can be combined. For example, the top level can be optimized with regard to avoiding the stick-slip effect and a further level can be optimized with regard to a maximum frictional force.

Weiter kann vorgesehen sein, dass die Erhebungen einen rechteckigen, trapezförmigen oder pilzförmigen Längsschnitt aufweisen. Der Längsschnitt steht auf der durch die Stirnflächen aufgespannten Ebene senkrecht. Durch die Wahl des Längsschnitts der Erhebungen kann das Deformationsverhalten der Erhebungen beeinflusst und optimiert werden. Die Bezeichnungen "rechteckig", "trapezförmig" und "pilzförmig" stehen für Klassen von Längsschnitten und schließen nicht aus, dass auch ein anderer Längsschnitt, der nicht in eine dieser Klassen eingeordnet werden kann, vorgesehen wird. Der Fachmann ist also nicht angehalten, Längsschnitte, die im Versuch ein gutes Verhalten zeigen, auszuschließen, wenn sie nicht in die vorgenannten Klassen einordenbar sind. Bei einem trapezförmiger Längsschnitt, der sich zur Stirnfläche der Erhebung verjüngt, kann beispielsweise die Breite der oberen Stirnseite im Mikrometerbereich liegen, so dass er makroskopisch als dreieckförmiger Querschnitt gedeutet werden kann.It can further be provided that the elevations have a rectangular, trapezoidal or mushroom-shaped longitudinal section. The longitudinal section is perpendicular to the plane spanned by the end faces. The deformation behavior of the surveys can be influenced and optimized by the choice of the longitudinal section of the surveys. The terms "rectangular", "trapezoidal" and "mushroom-shaped" stand for classes of longitudinal sections and do not exclude that another longitudinal section that cannot be classified into one of these classes is also provided. The person skilled in the art is therefore not required to exclude longitudinal sections which show good behavior in the experiment if they cannot be classified in the aforementioned classes. In the case of a trapezoidal longitudinal section that tapers towards the end face of the elevation, the width of the upper end face can be in the micrometer range, for example, so that it can be macroscopically interpreted as a triangular cross section.

Die Höhe der Erhebungen ist gemessen von der tiefsten Stelle der Kanäle bis zur Stirnfläche der Erhebung.The height of the elevations is measured from the lowest point of the channels to the end face of the elevation.

Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Höhe der Erhebungen 1 % bis 100 % der maximalen Abmessung der Stirnfläche der jeweiligen Erhebung ist. Dieser Bereich ist bevorzugt zur Ausbildung von Oberflächenstrukturen, die die Reibungskraft bei flüssigkeitsbedeckten Oberflächen erhöhen. Damit wird vermieden, dass die Erhebungen unter Belastung kippen.It is provided that the height of the elevations is 1% to 100% of the maximum dimension of the end face of the respective elevation. This area is preferred for the formation of surface structures that increase the frictional force on liquid-covered surfaces. This prevents the bumps from tipping over under load.

Weiter kann vorgesehen sein, dass der Flächenanteil der Stirnflächen der Erhebungen an der Gesamtfläche der Stirnflächen der Erhebungen und Kanäle im Bereich von 5 % bis 99 % liegt.It can further be provided that the area proportion of the end faces of the elevations in the total area of the end faces of the elevations and channels is in the range from 5% to 99%.

In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausbildung kann vorgesehen sein, dass der Flächenanteil der Stirnflächen der Erhebungen an der Gesamtfläche im Bereich von 20 % bis 99 % liegt. Mit der Wahl des Flächenanteils der Erhebungen zur Gesamtfläche der Oberfläche steht ein weiterer Parameter zur Einstellung des Reibungsverhaltens bereit. Der vorgenannte Bereich ist bevorzugt zur Ausbildung von Oberflächen ohne Stick-Slip-Effekt.In a further advantageous embodiment, it can be provided that the area share of the end faces of the elevations in the total area is in the range from 20% to 99%. With the choice of the area proportion of the elevations to the total area of the surface, a further parameter is available for setting the friction behavior. The aforementioned area is preferred for the formation of surfaces without a stick-slip effect.

Es kann vorgesehen sein, dass die Kanäle einen kantigen Querschnitt haben, beispielsweise einen rechteckigen, dreieckigen oder trapezförmigen Querschnitt haben. Zwischen prismenförmigen Erhebungen und zwischen zylinderförmigen Erhebungen, die im Längsschnitt wie die prismenförmigen Erhebungen rechteckig ausgebildet sind, weisen die Kanäle beispielsweise einen rechteckigen Querschnitt auf. Kanäle, die zwischen pyramidenstumpfförmigen oder kegelstumpfförmigen Erhebungen ausgebildet sind, weisen einen dreieckigen Querschnitt auf, wenn die unteren Seitenkanten benachbarter Erhebungen zusammenfallen, sonst einen trapezförmigen Querschnitt. Die Kanäle, die zwischen benachbarten Erhebungen ausgebildet sind, weisen also einen zu dem Längsschnitt durch die Erhebungen komplementären Querschnitt auf.It can be provided that the channels have an angular cross section, for example a rectangular, triangular or trapezoidal cross section. The channels have, for example, a rectangular cross section between prism-shaped elevations and between cylindrical elevations, which are rectangular in longitudinal section like the prism-shaped elevations. Channels formed between truncated pyramid or truncated cones have a triangular cross section when the lower side edges of adjacent elevations coincide, otherwise a trapezoidal cross section. The channels which are formed between adjacent elevations thus have a cross section which is complementary to the longitudinal section through the elevations.

Es kann aber auch vorgesehen sein, dass die Kanäle einen kantenlosen Querschnitt haben, beispielsweise einen kreisförmigen oder elliptischen Querschnitt haben.However, it can also be provided that the channels have an edgeless cross section, for example a circular or elliptical cross section.

Die Kanäle können als parallel angeordnete Kanäle ausgebildet sein, die beispielsweise ein Kreuzmuster bilden. Die Kanallängsachse kann geradlinig oder gekrümmt ausgebildet sein. Die Kanäle sind vorteilhafterweise so ausgebildet, dass sie die Erhebungen umschließen.The channels can be designed as channels arranged in parallel, which for example form a cross pattern. The longitudinal channel axis can be rectilinear or curved. The channels are advantageously designed such that they enclose the elevations.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Oberflächenstrukturen können durch ein Werkzeug bei Herstellung der Oberfläche in die Oberfläche eingebracht werden. Beispielsweise kann ein beliebiger Körper, wie etwa eine Walze, mit einem elastomeren Material umspritzt werden, wobei die Oberfläche der Spritzform das Formwerkzeug zur Abformung der Oberflächenstruktur bildet.The surface structures according to the invention can be introduced into the surface by a tool when the surface is produced. For example, an arbitrary body, such as a roller, can be encapsulated with an elastomeric material, the surface of the injection mold forming the mold for molding the surface structure.

Es ist weiter möglich, dass ein bahnförmiger elastomerer Körper während seiner Herstellung geprägt wird oder dass er nachträglich verformt wird, beispielsweise thermoverformt wird. Es kann vorgesehen sein, dass er in einem Zustand verformt wird, in dem er noch kein gummielastisches Verhalten aufweist.It is also possible for a web-shaped elastomeric body to be embossed during its manufacture or for it to be subsequently deformed, for example thermoformed. It can be provided that it is deformed in a state in which it does not yet have a rubber-elastic behavior.

Das Präge- oder Formwerkzeug kann durch Ätzen, Lithographie, Laser-Ablation oder andere zur Mikro-Strukturierung geeignete Techniken als Negativ-Form ausgebildet werden.The embossing or shaping tool can be formed as a negative form by etching, lithography, laser ablation or other techniques suitable for micro-structuring.

Es kann weiter vorgesehen sein, dass der Körper eine Folie, insbesondere eine Laminier- oder Transferfolie ist. Die Oberflächenstruktur kann also beispielsweise in eine Transferschicht der Transferfolie abgeformt sein. Die Übertragung der Transferschicht ist besonders vorteilhaft auf ebene oder walzenförmige Körper möglich, wobei auch Oberflächen eines Körpers nachträglich, beispielsweise anlässlich einer Wartung oder Instandsetzung beschichtet werden können.It can further be provided that the body is a film, in particular a laminating or transfer film. So the surface structure can for example, be molded into a transfer layer of the transfer film. The transfer of the transfer layer is particularly advantageously possible on flat or roller-shaped bodies, surfaces of a body also being able to be coated subsequently, for example on the occasion of maintenance or repair.

Es kann vorgesehen sein, dass die mit der Oberflächenstruktur versehenen Oberfläche des Körpers eine Anti-Rutsch-Oberfläche bildet, insbesondere an mit Flüssigkeiten bedeckten Substraten.It can be provided that the surface structure of the body provided with the surface structure forms an anti-slip surface, in particular on substrates covered with liquids.

Es kann weiter vorgesehen sein, dass die mit der Oberflächenstruktur versehenen Oberfläche des Körpers eine Anti-Stick-Slip-Oberfläche bildet, insbesondere an trockenen Substraten.It can further be provided that the surface structure of the body provided with the surface structure forms an anti-stick slip surface, in particular on dry substrates.

Der erfindungsgemäße Körper bzw. die erfindungsgemäße Schicht können vielfältige Anwendung finden, beispielsweise

  • als Scheibenwischerblatt,
  • als elastische Dichtung,
  • für Haltevorrichtungen und Greifer,
  • zur Verbesserung der Haptik,
  • für Kondome,
  • für Schuhe und Handschuhe,
  • für Handprothesen,
  • für Spritzenkolben oder deren Widerlager,
  • für hydraulische Kolben oder deren Widerlager,
  • für Scheibendichtungen für bewegliche Fahrzeugscheiben,
  • als Anti-Rutsch-Oberfläche und
  • als Anti-Stick-Slip-Oberfläche.
The body according to the invention or the layer according to the invention can be used in many different ways, for example
  • as a wiper blade,
  • as an elastic seal,
  • for holding devices and grippers,
  • to improve the feel,
  • for condoms,
  • for shoes and gloves,
  • for hand prostheses,
  • for syringe plungers or their abutments,
  • for hydraulic pistons or their abutments,
  • for window seals for movable vehicle windows,
  • as an anti-slip surface and
  • as an anti-stick slip surface.

Der erfindungsgemäße Körper kann auch in der Sicherheitstechnik eingesetzt werden.The body according to the invention can also be used in security technology.

Es kann ein Sicherheitselement mit mindestens einem ersten haptisch wahrnehmbarem Bereich vorgesehen sein, bei dem das Sicherheitselement einen erfindungsgemäßen Körper aufweist, und bei dem der mindestens eine erste haptisch wahrnehmbare Bereich von der Oberfläche der Oberflächenstruktur dieses Körpers gebildet ist.A security element can be provided with at least one first haptically perceptible area, in which the security element has a body according to the invention, and in which the at least one first haptically perceptible area is formed by the surface of the surface structure of this body.

Weiter kann das Sicherheitselement einen zweiten haptisch wahrnehmbaren Bereich aufweisen, dessen haptische Eigenschaften sich von den haptischen Eigenschaften des mindestens einen ersten haptisch wahrnehmbaren Bereichs unterscheiden. Beispielsweise kann es sich bei dem Sicherheitselement um ein Sicherheitsdokument, wie eine Banknote, handeln, bei dem optisch nicht sichtbare Bereiche haptisch wahrnehmbar sind und ein Sicherheitsmerkmal darstellen.Furthermore, the security element can have a second haptically perceptible area, the haptic properties of which differ from the haptic properties of the at least one first haptically perceptible area. For example, the security element can be a security document, such as a bank note, in which areas that are not visually visible can be perceived haptically and represent a security feature.

Die Erfindung wird nun anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. Es zeigen

Fig. 1a
ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel eines Körpers mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Oberflächenstruktur in dreidimensionaler Darstellung;
Fig. 1b
ein zweites Ausführungsbeispiel eines Körpers mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Oberflächenstruktur in dreidimensionaler Darstellung;
Fig. 2
eine Vergleichs-Darstellung der Reibung in unterschiedlichen Umgebungen für nicht strukturierte und erfindungsgemäß strukturierte Oberflächen;
Fig. 3
ein Vergleichs-Diagramm der Reibung für nicht strukturierte und erfindungsgemäß strukturierte Oberflächen;
Fig. 4
ein Diagramm zum zeitlichen Verlauf der Reibkraft und der Normalkraft für eine nicht strukturierte Oberfläche in trockener Umgebung;
Fig. 5
ein Diagramm zum zeitlichen Verlauf der Reibkraft und der Normalkraft für eine erfindungsgemäße Oberfläche in trockener Umgebung;
Fig. 6
ein Diagramm zum zeitlichen Verlauf der Reibkraft und der Normalkraft für eine nicht strukturierte Oberfläche in durch Öl verschmutzter Umgebung;
Fig. 7
ein Diagramm zum zeitlichen Verlauf der Reibkraft und der Normalkraft für eine erfindungsgemäße Oberfläche in durch Öl verschmutzter Umgebung;
Fig. 8
ein drittes Ausführungsbeispiel eines Körpers mit einer erfindungsgemäßen Oberflächenstruktur in schematischer Draufsicht;
Fig. 9a
eine schematische Schnittdarstellung einer ersten Variante des Körpers in Fig. 8 längs der Schnittlinie IX-IX in Fig. 8;
Fig. 9b
eine schematische Schnittdarstellung einer zweiten Variante des Körpers in Fig. 8 längs der Schnittlinie IX-IX in Fig. 8;
Fig. 9c
eine schematische Schnittdarstellung einer dritten Variante des Körpers in Fig. 8 längs der Schnittlinie IX-IX in Fig. 8.
The invention will now be explained in more detail on the basis of exemplary embodiments. Show it
Fig. 1a
a first embodiment of a body with a surface structure according to the invention in three-dimensional representation;
Fig. 1b
a second embodiment of a body with a surface structure according to the invention in three-dimensional representation;
Fig. 2
a comparative representation of the friction in different environments for non-structured and structured according to the invention surfaces;
Fig. 3
a comparison diagram of the friction for non-structured and structured according to the invention surfaces;
Fig. 4
a diagram of the time course of the frictional force and the normal force for an unstructured surface in a dry environment;
Fig. 5
a diagram of the time course of the frictional force and the normal force for a surface according to the invention in a dry environment;
Fig. 6
a diagram of the time course of the frictional force and the normal force for an unstructured surface in an oil-contaminated environment;
Fig. 7
a diagram of the time course of the frictional force and the normal force for a surface according to the invention in an oil-contaminated environment;
Fig. 8
a third embodiment of a body with a surface structure according to the invention in a schematic plan view;
Fig. 9a
is a schematic sectional view of a first variant of the body in Fig. 8 along the section line IX-IX in Fig. 8 ;
Fig. 9b
is a schematic sectional view of a second variant of the body in Fig. 8 along the section line IX-IX in Fig. 8 ;
Fig. 9c
is a schematic sectional view of a third variant of the body in Fig. 8 along the section line IX-IX in Fig. 8 ,

Fig. 1a zeigt einen Ausschnitt eines Körpers 14 mit einer Oberflächenstruktur 1, die eine Vielzahl gleichartig ausgeformter Erhebungen 11 aufweist, die durch Kanäle 12 voneinander getrennt sind. Die Erhebungen 11 sind in einer Strukturschicht 13, die auf dem Körper 14 angeordnet ist, abgeformt und bilden ein Muster, vorzugsweise ein Mikro-Muster. Die Oberflächenstruktur 1 kann auch in dem Körper 14 abgeformt sein, wenn es sich um einen elastomeren Körper handelt, so dass die Strukturschicht 13 integraler Bestandteil des Körpers ist. Wenn es sich bei dem Körper 14 um einen Körper mit einer ebenen Oberfläche oder mit einer einfach gekrümmten Oberfläche handelt, wie beispielsweise eine Walzenoberfläche, kann die Strukturschicht 13 vorteilhafterweise als eine Folie oder als eine Folienschicht ausgebildet sein. Es kann sich beispielsweise um die Übertragungsschicht einer Transferfolie, zum Beispiel einer Heißprägefolie, handeln. Es ist aber auch möglich, dass die Strukturschicht 13 eine aufgespritzte oder aufgegossene Schicht ist, in die beispielsweise durch einen Formstempel oder in einer Spritzform die Erhebungen 11 ausgeformt sind. Bei den Erhebungen 11 kann es sich vorzugsweise um prismatische, zylindrische oder pilzförmige Erhebungen handeln. In dem in Fig. 1a dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sind die Erhebungen 11 als prismatische Erhebungen mit einer als regelmäßiges Sechseck ausgebildeten Stirnfläche ausgebildet. Die Stirnflächen liegen in einer gemeinsamen Ebene, die die Außenfläche der Strukturschicht 13 bildet. Fig. 1a shows a section of a body 14 with a surface structure 1, which has a plurality of identically shaped elevations 11, which are separated from one another by channels 12. The elevations 11 are molded in a structural layer 13 which is arranged on the body 14 and form a pattern, preferably a micro-pattern. The surface structure 1 can also be molded in the body 14 if it is an elastomeric body, so that the structural layer 13 is an integral part of the body. If the body 14 is a body with a flat surface or with a single curved surface, such as a roller surface, the structural layer 13 can advantageously be designed as a film or as a film layer. For example, it can be the transfer layer of a transfer film, for example a hot stamping film. However, it is also possible for the structural layer 13 to be a sprayed-on or poured-on layer, into which the elevations 11 are formed, for example by means of a stamp or in an injection mold. The elevations 11 can preferably be prismatic, cylindrical or mushroom-shaped elevations. In the in Fig. 1a In the illustrated embodiment, the elevations 11 are designed as prismatic elevations with an end face designed as a regular hexagon. The end faces lie in a common plane that forms the outer surface of the structural layer 13.

Für die weiter unten beschriebene Funktion der Oberflächenstruktur 1 wesentlich ist, dass die Strukturschicht 13 aus einem elastomeren Material gebildet ist, beispielsweise aus Gummi oder einem elastomeren Kunststoff.For the function of the surface structure 1 described below, it is essential that the structure layer 13 is formed from an elastomeric material, for example from rubber or an elastomeric plastic.

Die maximale Flächenausdehnung der Stirnflächen der Erhebungen 11 kann beispielsweise etwa 10 µm betragen. In dem in Fig. 1a dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sind die Stirnflächen der Erhebungen 11 als regelmäßige Sechsecke ausgebildet. Die maximale Flächenausdehnung der Erhebungen 11 ist daher der Abstand zweier gegenüberliegender Ecken des Sechsecks. Die geometrische Form der Stirnfläche der Erhebungen 11 ist jedoch nicht auf das Sechseck, insbesondere das regelmäßige Sechseck beschränkt. Die Erhebungen 11 können beispielsweise auch eine rechteckige, insbesondere quadratische, dreieckige oder kreisförmige Stirnfläche aufweisen. Regelmäßige Sechsecke, Quadrate und gleichseitige Dreiecke können bevorzugt sein, weil sie in besonders einfacher Weise ein flächenfüllendes Muster bilden können.The maximum surface area of the end faces of the elevations 11 can be, for example, approximately 10 μm. In the in Fig. 1a illustrated embodiment, the end faces of the elevations 11 are formed as regular hexagons. The maximum areal extent of the elevations 11 is therefore the distance between two opposite corners of the hexagon. However, the geometrical shape of the end face of the elevations 11 is not limited to the hexagon, in particular the regular hexagon. The elevations 11 can, for example, also have a rectangular, in particular square, triangular or circular end face. Regular hexagons, squares and equilateral triangles can be preferred because they can form an area-filling pattern in a particularly simple manner.

Die Kanäle 12, die benachbarte Erhebungen 11 voneinander trennen, weisen einen rechteckigen Querschnitt auf. Sie können jedoch auch einen anderen Querschnitt, beispielsweise einen dreieckigen oder kreisförmigen Querschnitt, aufweisen. Wie in Fig. 1a weiter zu erkennen, ist die Höhe der Erhebung 11 der Abstand zwischen der Kanalsohle und der Oberkante bzw. der Stirnfläche der Erhebung.The channels 12, which separate adjacent elevations 11 from one another, have a rectangular cross section. However, they can also have a different cross section, for example a triangular or circular cross section. As in Fig. 1a the height of the elevation 11 is the distance between the channel bottom and the upper edge or the end face of the elevation.

Fig. 1b zeigt in einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel eine Oberflächenstruktur 2, die sich von der in Fig. 1a gezeigten Oberflächenstruktur 1 dadurch unterscheidet, dass Erhebungen 11 und 11' in hierarchischen Ebenen übereinander angeordnet sind. Die Erhebungen 11 bilden nun eine obere Ebene und sind, zu Gruppen angeordnet, auf Erhebungen 11' angeordnet, die eine weitere, unter der ersten Ebene angeordnete Ebene bilden. In dem in Fig. 1b dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sind jeweils sieben Erhebungen 11 auf einer Erhebung 11' angeordnet. Zur vereinfachten Darstellung ist in Fig. 1b nicht dargestellt, dass auch die Erhebungen 11' ein Muster bilden, dass analog zu der Anordnung der Erhebungen 11 ausgebildet sein kann. Fig. 1b shows in a further exemplary embodiment a surface structure 2 which differs from that in FIG Fig. 1a Surface structure 1 shown differs in that elevations 11 and 11 'are arranged one above the other in hierarchical levels. The elevations 11 now form an upper level and are arranged in groups on elevations 11 ' form a further level arranged below the first level. In the in Fig. 1b illustrated embodiment, seven elevations 11 are arranged on one elevation 11 '. For a simplified representation, in Fig. 1b not shown that the elevations 11 'also form a pattern that can be designed analogously to the arrangement of the elevations 11.

Die erfindungsgemäße Oberflächenstruktur bewirkt grundsätzlich zwei Effekte im Vergleich mit einer nicht strukturierten glatten Oberfläche, nämlich die Verhinderung des Stick-Slip-Effektes an trockenen Oberflächen und die Erhöhung der Reibungskraft an mit Flüssigkeit benetzten Flächen, zum Bespiel mit Wasser oder Öl benetzten Flächen. Der Stick-Slip-Effekt bezeichnet das Ruckgleiten von gegeneinander bewegten Festkörpern. Dabei tritt eine schnelle Bewegungsfolge aus Haften, Verspannen, Trennen und Abgleiten der in Kontakt befindlichen Oberflächen auf. Die dabei erzeugten Schwingungen können als Geräusch abgestrahlt werden. Beispiele sind das Quietschen von Eisen- oder Straßenbahn bei Kurvenfahrt oder beim Bremsen und ratternde Scheibenwischer auf trockenen Autoscheiben. Weil die in der Oberfläche ausgebildeten Erhebungen 11 im Wesentlichen unabhängig voneinander beweglich sind und das Ruckgleiten nur noch an den wenigen Erhebungen auftritt, die nicht ausweichen können, ist der Stick-Slip-Effekt eliminiert, wie weiter unten näher beschrieben.The surface structure according to the invention basically produces two effects in comparison with a non-structured smooth surface, namely the prevention of the stick-slip effect on dry surfaces and the increase in the frictional force on surfaces wetted with liquid, for example surfaces wetted with water or oil. The stick-slip effect refers to the jerking of solid bodies moving against each other. A rapid sequence of movements from sticking, tensioning, separating and sliding off the surfaces in contact occurs. The vibrations generated can be emitted as noise. Examples are the squeaking of trains or trams when cornering or braking and rattling wipers on dry car windows. Because the elevations 11 formed in the surface can be moved essentially independently of one another and the slip-back occurs only at the few elevations that cannot evade, the stick-slip effect is eliminated, as described in more detail below.

Durch die Mikrostrukturierung wird die Oberfläche in kleine Flächenabschnitte zerlegt, wobei die Flüssigkeit von den Flächenabschnitten in die zwischen den Flächenabschnitten angeordneten Kanäle gelenkt und dort abgeführt wird.The surface is broken down into small surface sections by the microstructuring, the liquid being directed from the surface sections into the channels arranged between the surface sections and being discharged there.

Fig. 2 zeigt in einer Vergleichs-Darstellung die Reibungsverhältnisse in unterschiedlichen Umgebungen für nicht strukturierte und erfindungsgemäß strukturierte Oberflächen. Die in Versuchsreihen bestimmten Ergebnisse sind in einem Säulendiagramm dargestellt, wobei die Höhe der Säule den mittleren Betrag der zwischen der Oberfläche eines Versuchskörpers und eines glatten Untergrunds gemessenen Reibungskraft angibt. Fig. 2 shows a comparison representation of the friction in different environments for non-structured and according to the invention structured surfaces. The results determined in test series are shown in a column diagram, the height of the column indicating the average amount of the frictional force measured between the surface of a test specimen and a smooth surface.

Bei trockenem glattem Untergrund und einer nicht strukturierten Oberfläche wurde mit 150 mN die höchste Reibungskraft 3u gemessen. Sie war höher als die bei trockenem Untergrund und einer strukturierten Oberfläche gemessene Reibungskraft 3s, die 120 mN betrug. Nun wurden die Messungen bei einem mit Öl benetzten Untergrund wiederholt. Die nun bei der Paarung der nicht strukturierten Oberfläche mit dem ölbenetzten Untergrund gemessene Reibungskraft 3u' war mit 2 mN die kleinste der gemessenen Reibungskräfte. Die Reibungskraft 3u' war so niedrig, dass zwischen den beiden Flächen praktisch keine Kraftübertragung mehr möglich war bzw. die Reibung war vernachlässigbar. Die Reibungskraft 3u' betrug nur noch 1,3 % des ursprünglichen Wertes. Demgegenüber war die bei der Paarung der strukturierten Oberfläche mit dem ölbenetzten Untergrund gemessene Reibungskraft 3s' mit 55 mN zwar kleiner als die für trockenen Untergrund gemessene Reibungskraft 3s, jedoch noch immer ausreichend für eine sichere Kraftübertragung. Die Reibungskraft 3s' betrug immer noch 50 % des ursprünglichen Wertes.The highest friction force 3u was measured with 150 mN on a dry, smooth surface and an unstructured surface. It was higher than the frictional force 3s measured on dry ground and a structured surface, which was 120 mN. Now the measurements were repeated on a surface wetted with oil. The frictional force 3u 'measured when the unstructured surface was paired with the oil-wetted substrate was the smallest of the measured frictional forces at 2 mN. The frictional force 3u 'was so low that practically no power transmission between the two surfaces was possible or the friction was negligible. The friction force 3u 'was only 1.3% of the original value. In contrast, the frictional force 3s' measured at the mating of the structured surface with the oil-wetted surface was 55 mN smaller than the frictional force 3s measured for dry surface, but was still sufficient for a safe power transmission. The frictional force 3s' was still 50% of the original value.

Ein weiterer vorteilhafter Effekt der erfindungsgemäßen Oberflächenstruktur ist die Eliminierung des sogenannten Stick-Slip-Effektes, der an trockenen Oberflächen eintritt.Another advantageous effect of the surface structure according to the invention is the elimination of the so-called stick-slip effect that occurs on dry surfaces.

Fig. 3 zeigt in einem Prinzipdiagramm einen zeitabhängigen Reibungsverlauf 4u an einer unstrukturierten Oberfläche und im Vergleich Reibungsverläufe 4s und 4s' an einer erfindungsgemäßen Oberfläche. Der Reibungsverlauf 4u an der nicht strukturierten Oberfläche ist typisch für den Stick-Slip-Effekt. Der Reibungswert steigt zunächst kontinuierlich an und zeigt dann in kurzer Abfolge nach oben und nach unten ausgerichtete Ausschläge, die zu den vorstehend beschriebenen störenden Schwingungen führen. Dagegen zeigen die Reibungsverläufe 4s und 4s' an der erfindungsgemäßen Oberfläche keinen Stick-Slip-Effekt. Vielmehr stellt sich nach dem anfänglichen Anstieg des Reibwertes ein im Wesentlichen konstanter Reibwert ein. Der unterschiedliche mittlere Reibwert der Reibungsverläufe 4s und 4s' resultiert aus unterschiedlichen Tiefen-zu-Breiten-Verhältnissen, auch als "aspect ratio" bekannt. Das Tiefen-zu-Breiten-Verhältnis ist das Verhältnis der Höhe der Erhebungen 10 bzw. 10' zu dem Durchmesser des Querschnitts. Der Reibungsverlauf 4s wurde für ein niedriges Tiefen-zu-Breiten-Verhältnis gemessen, der niedrigere Reibungsverlauf 4s' wurde für ein hohes Tiefen-zu-Breiten-Verhältnis gemessen. Mit steigendem Tiefen-zu-Breiten-Verhältnis sinkt folglich der Reibwert, und zwar sowohl an trockenen als auch an mit Flüssigkeiten bedeckten Oberflächen. Fig. 3 shows a principle diagram of a time-dependent friction profile 4u on an unstructured surface and in comparison friction profiles 4s and 4s' on a surface according to the invention. The course of friction 4u on the non-structured surface is typical of the stick-slip effect. The coefficient of friction initially rises continuously and then shows in short succession upward and downward deflections which lead to the disturbing vibrations described above. In contrast, the friction profiles 4s and 4s' on the surface according to the invention show no stick-slip effect. Rather, after the initial increase in the coefficient of friction, an essentially constant coefficient of friction is established. The different average coefficient of friction of the friction profiles 4s and 4s' results from different depth-to-width ratios, also known as "aspect ratio". The depth-to-width ratio is the ratio of the height of the elevations 10 and 10 'to the diameter of the cross section. The friction curve 4s was measured for a low depth-to-width ratio, the lower friction curve 4s' was measured for a high depth-to-width ratio. As the depth-to-width ratio increases, the coefficient of friction decreases, both on dry surfaces and on surfaces covered with liquids.

Wie sich weiter gezeigt hat, kann die erfindungsgemäße Oberflächenstruktur durch Wahl der charakteristischen Abmessungen für eine optimale Haftung, d. h. für einen optimalen Reibwert oder für einen niedrigen Stick-Slip-Effekt optimiert werden. Tabelle 1 Optimierung für hohe Reibung in der Flüssigkeit Optimierung für niedrigen Stick-Slip-Effekt auf trockenen Oberflächen maximale Abmessung der Erhebungen 0,5 µm bis 5 mm 0,5 µm bis 5 mm Höhe der Erhebungen 1 % bis 100 % der maximalen Abmessung der Stirnflächen 1 % bis 1000 % der maximalen Abmessung der Stirnflächen Flächenanteil der Stirnflächen der Erhebungen zur Gesamtfläche 20 % bis 99 % 20 % bis 99 % As has further been shown, the surface structure according to the invention can be optimized by choosing the characteristic dimensions for optimal adhesion, ie for an optimal coefficient of friction or for a low stick-slip effect. Table 1 Optimization for high friction in the liquid Optimization for low stick-slip effect on dry surfaces maximum dimension of the surveys 0.5 µm to 5 mm 0.5 µm to 5 mm Amount of surveys 1% to 100% of the maximum dimension of the end faces 1% to 1000% of the maximum dimensions of the end faces Proportion of area of the end faces of the elevations to the total area 20% to 99% 20% to 99%

Die Fig. 4 bis 7 zeigen nun Diagramme zum zeitlichen Verlauf der Reibkraft für die weiter oben in Fig. 2 beschriebenen Messungen. Die durchgezogene Kurve bezeichnet die Reibungskraft.The 4 to 7 now show diagrams over time of the friction force for the above in Fig. 2 described measurements. The solid curve denotes the frictional force.

Fig. 4 zeigt den zeitlichen Verlauf der Reibkraft für eine nicht strukturierte Oberfläche in trockener Umgebung (Pos. 3u in Fig. 2). Die Reibungskraft weist den weiter oben in Fig. 3 beschriebenen schwankenden Verlauf auf, der typisch für den Stick-Slip-Effekt ist. Fig. 4 shows the time course of the frictional force for an unstructured surface in a dry environment (item 3u in Fig. 2 ). The frictional force indicates the above in Fig. 3 described fluctuating course, which is typical of the stick-slip effect.

Fig. 5 zeigt den zeitlichen Verlauf der Reibkraft für eine strukturierte Oberfläche in trockener Umgebung (Pos. 3s in Fig. 2). Die Reibungskraft weist den weiter oben in Fig. 3 beschriebenen Verlauf auf, d. h. es tritt bei der erfindungsgemäßen strukturierten Oberfläche kein Stick-Slip-Effekt ein. Fig. 5 shows the time course of the frictional force for a structured surface in a dry environment (item 3s in Fig. 2 ). The frictional force indicates the above in Fig. 3 described course, ie there is no stick-slip effect in the structured surface according to the invention.

Fig. 6 zeigt den zeitlichen Verlauf der Reibkraft für eine nicht strukturierte Oberfläche in durch Öl verschmutzter Umgebung (Pos. 3u' in Fig. 2). Hier ist kein Stick-Slip-Effekt zu sehen (die Schwankungen im Kurvenverlauf rühren vom Messgerät her). Fig. 6 shows the time course of the frictional force for an unstructured surface in an environment contaminated by oil (item 3u 'in Fig. 2 ). No stick-slip effect can be seen here (the fluctuations in the curve originate from the measuring device).

Fig. 7 zeigt den zeitlichen Verlauf der Reibkraft für eine strukturierte Oberfläche in durch Öl verschmutzter Umgebung (Pos. 3s' in Fig. 2). Es tritt kein Stick-Slip-Effekt ein. Die Reibkraft ist im Vergleich zu Fig. 6 infolge der erfindungsgemäßen Oberflächenstruktur des Prüfkörpers deutlich erhöht. Fig. 7 shows the time course of the frictional force for a structured surface in an environment contaminated by oil (item 3s' in Fig. 2 ). There is no stick-slip effect. The frictional force is compared to Fig. 6 significantly increased due to the surface structure of the test specimen according to the invention.

Fig. 8 zeigt nun in der Draufsicht einen Körper 84 (siehe Fig. 9a bis 9c) mit einer in einer Strukturschicht 83 abgeformten Oberflächenstruktur 8, die aus Erhebungen 81 mit quadratischer Stirnfläche gebildet ist. Die Stirnflächen der Erhebungen 81 sind in einer Ebene angeordnet, ebenso die Grundflächen der Erhebungen 81. Zwischen benachbarten Erhebungen 81 sind Kanäle 82 ausgebildet, wobei die Grundfläche der Kanäle 82 in der Ebene der Grundflächen der Erhebungen 81 verläuft. Fig. 8 now shows a body 84 in plan view (see 9a to 9c ) with a surface structure 8 molded in a structural layer 83, which is formed from elevations 81 with a square end face. The end faces of the elevations 81 are arranged in one plane, as are the base areas of the elevations 81. Channels 82 are formed between adjacent elevations 81, the base area of the channels 82 running in the plane of the base areas of the elevations 81.

Die Fig. 9a bis 9c zeigen unterschiedliche Varianten der Erhebungen in Fig. 8, die sich hinsichtlich ihrer Längsschnittsform voneinander unterscheiden. Bei den Fig. 9a bis 9c handelt es sich um schematische Darstellungen, die die wahren Größenverhältnisse nicht wiedergeben.The 9a to 9c show different variants of the surveys in Fig. 8 which differ from each other in terms of their longitudinal sectional shape. Both 9a to 9c are schematic representations that do not reflect the true proportions.

Fig. 9a zeigt Erhebungen 81, die als prismenförmige Erhebungen ausgebildet sind. Sie sind folglich im Längsschnitt rechteckig ausgebildet. Ein rechteckiger Längsschnitt wäre auch für zylinderförmige Erhebungen charakteristisch, die eine kreisförmige oder ellipsenförmige Stirnfläche aufweisen. Die Kanäle 82, die zwischen benachbarten Erhebungen 81 ausgebildet sind, weisen einen rechteckigen Querschnitt auf. Fig. 9a shows elevations 81 which are designed as prism-shaped elevations. They are therefore rectangular in longitudinal section. A rectangular longitudinal section would also be characteristic for cylindrical elevations which have a circular or elliptical end face. The channels 82 that formed between adjacent elevations 81 have a rectangular cross section.

Fig. 9b zeigt Erhebungen 81, die als pyramidenstumpfförmige Erhebungen ausgebildet sind. Sie sind folglich im Längsschnitt trapezförmig ausgebildet. Ein trapezförmiger Längsschnitt wäre auch für kegelstumpfförmige Erhebungen charakteristisch, die eine kreisförmige oder ellipsenförmige Stirnfläche aufweisen. Die Kanäle 82, die zwischen benachbarten Erhebungen 81 ausgebildet sind, weisen einen dreieckigen Querschnitt auf, wenn, wie in Fig. 9b dargestellt, die unteren Seitenkanten benachbarter Erhebungen 81 zusammenfallen. Die Kanäle 82 können jedoch auch einen trapezförmigen Querschnitt aufweisen, wenn die unteren Seitenkanten benachbarter Erhebungen 81 voneinander beabstandet sind. Fig. 9b shows elevations 81 which are formed as truncated pyramids. They are consequently trapezoidal in longitudinal section. A trapezoidal longitudinal section would also be characteristic for truncated cone-shaped elevations which have a circular or elliptical end face. The channels 82, which are formed between adjacent elevations 81, have a triangular cross section if, as in FIG Fig. 9b shown, the lower side edges of adjacent elevations 81 coincide. However, the channels 82 can also have a trapezoidal cross section if the lower side edges of adjacent elevations 81 are spaced apart from one another.

Fig. 9c zeigt Erhebungen 81, die als pilzförmige Erhebungen ausgebildet sind. Sie sind folglich im Längsschnitt pilzförmig ausgebildet. Ein pilzförmiger Längsschnitt wäre auch für pilzförmige Erhebungen charakteristisch, die statt der quadratischen Stirnfläche eine kreisförmige oder ellipsenförmige oder sechseckige Stirnfläche aufweisen. Die Kanäle 82, die zwischen benachbarten Erhebungen 81 ausgebildet sind, weisen einen zu dem Längsschnitt durch die Erhebungen 81 komplementären Querschnitt auf. Fig. 9c shows elevations 81 which are designed as mushroom-shaped elevations. They are consequently mushroom-shaped in longitudinal section. A mushroom-shaped longitudinal section would also be characteristic for mushroom-shaped elevations that have a circular or elliptical or hexagonal end face instead of the square end face. The channels 82, which are formed between adjacent elevations 81, have a cross section that is complementary to the longitudinal section through the elevations 81.

In den in Fig. 9a bis 9c dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen sind die Kanäle 82 als parallel angeordnete prismatische Kanäle ausgebildet, die ein Kreuzmuster bilden. Bei zylinderförmigen oder kegelstumpfförmigen Erhebungen können die Kanäle zwar einen beispielsweise rechteckigen, dreieckigen, trapezförmigen oder komplementär pilzförmigen Querschnitt aufweisen, doch variiert der Querschnitt zumindest hinsichtlich seiner Abmessungen längs der Kanallängsachse, die statt geradlinig auch krummlinig ausgebildet sein kann. Die Kanäle sind vorteilhafterweise so ausgebildet, dass sie die Erhebungen umschließen.In the in 9a to 9c In the exemplary embodiments shown, the channels 82 are designed as parallel prismatic channels which form a cross pattern. In the case of cylindrical or truncated cone-shaped elevations, the channels may have, for example, a rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal or complementary mushroom-shaped cross section, but the cross section varies at least with regard to its dimensions along the Channel longitudinal axis, which can also be curved instead of rectilinear. The channels are advantageously designed such that they enclose the elevations.

BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1, 2, 81, 2, 8
Oberflächenstruktursurface structure
3s, 3s'3s, 3s'
Reibwert für strukturierte OberflächeCoefficient of friction for structured surfaces
3u, 3u'3u, 3u '
Reibwerte für unstrukturierte OberflächeCoefficients of friction for unstructured surfaces
4s, 4s'4s, 4s'
Reibungsverlauf für strukturierte OberflächeFriction course for structured surface
4u4u
Reibungsverlauf für unstrukturierte OberflächeCourse of friction for unstructured surface
11, 11', 8111, 11 ', 81
Erhebungsurvey
12, 8212, 82
Kanalchannel
13, 8313, 83
Strukturschichtstructural layer
14, 8414, 84
Körperbody

Claims (12)

  1. Body, consisting of an elastomeric material or having an outer elastomeric layer, wherein a surface structure improving the friction behaviour is moulded into the surface of the elastomeric body or into the outer elastomeric layer of the body in a region of the body,
    characterised in that
    the surface structure (1, 8) has a plurality of projections (11, 81), which are of a prismatic, truncated pyramid, cylindrical, frusto-conical or mushroom-shaped form, which are spaced apart from one another by channels (12, 82) and whose end surfaces span a common plane, wherein the maximum surface area of the end surfaces of the projections (11, 81) each lie in a range of from 100nm to 300µm and wherein the height of the projections (11, 11', 81) are 1% to 100% of the maximum dimension of end surface of the respective projection.
  2. Body according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the end surfaces of the projections (11, 81) of the surface structure (1, 8) are designed uniformly and have in particular the form of a square, an isosceles triangle, a regular hexagon, or another polygon.
  3. Body according to claim 1 or 2,
    characterised in that
    the projections (11, 11') are arranged in hierarchical planes, wherein smaller projections are each arranged on larger projections.
  4. Body according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the projections (11) have a rectangular, trapezoidal or mushroom-shaped longitudinal section.
  5. Body according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the surface area ratio of the end surfaces of the projections (11, 11', 81) to the total area of the end surfaces of the projections (11, 11', 81) and channels (12) lies in the range of 5% to 99%, preferably in the range of 20% to 99%.
  6. Body according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the channels (12) have an angular cross-section, for example a hexagonal, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal or polygonal cross-section.
  7. Body according to one of claims 1 to 5,
    characterised in that
    the channels (12) have an edgeless cross-section, for example a circular or elliptical cross-section.
  8. Body according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the body is a film, in particular a laminating film or a transfer film.
  9. Body according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the body is a screen wiper blade.
  10. Body according to one of claims 1 to 8.
    characterised in that
    the body is an elastic seal.
  11. Security element having at least one first haptically perceptible region,
    characterised in that
    the security element has a body according to one of claims 1 to 8, and the at least one first haptically perceptible region is formed of the surface of the surface structure of this body.
  12. Security element according to claim 11,
    characterised in that
    the security element has a second haptically perceptible region, whose haptic properties differ from the haptic properties of the at least one first haptically perceptible region.
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ES2400929T3 (en) 2013-04-15
EP2177350B1 (en) 2012-12-05

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