EP2097312A2 - Method for operating a rebreather - Google Patents
Method for operating a rebreatherInfo
- Publication number
- EP2097312A2 EP2097312A2 EP07858177A EP07858177A EP2097312A2 EP 2097312 A2 EP2097312 A2 EP 2097312A2 EP 07858177 A EP07858177 A EP 07858177A EP 07858177 A EP07858177 A EP 07858177A EP 2097312 A2 EP2097312 A2 EP 2097312A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- oxygen
- gas
- sensor
- pressure
- rebreather
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000009189 diving Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036387 respiratory rate Effects 0.000 description 1
- HUAUNKAZQWMVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;oxocalcium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+].[Ca]=O HUAUNKAZQWMVFY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
- B63C11/00—Equipment for dwelling or working underwater; Means for searching for underwater objects
- B63C11/02—Divers' equipment
- B63C11/18—Air supply
- B63C11/22—Air supply carried by diver
- B63C11/24—Air supply carried by diver in closed circulation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
- A62B7/00—Respiratory apparatus
- A62B7/02—Respiratory apparatus with compressed oxygen or air
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
- B63C11/00—Equipment for dwelling or working underwater; Means for searching for underwater objects
- B63C11/02—Divers' equipment
- B63C11/32—Decompression arrangements; Exercise equipment
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for operating a rebreather, in which oxygen is metered into the respiratory gas, the content of the refuse being monitored by at least one oxygen sensor, and wherein the oxygen sensor is checked by flushing with a gas having a known oxygen concentration.
- Open diving equipment is characterized by a breathing gas storage bottle which is filled with compressed air or another breathing gas mixture and a one- or two-stage pressure reducer which reduces the pressure of the gas in the bottle to ambient pressure.
- the exhaled air is released into the water, whereby only a small part of the oxygen in the breathing gas was actually consumed.
- about 3% (25 l respiratory minute volume, 0.8 l spent oxygen, at rest) of the inhaled gas are consumed at the water surface, at a depth of, for example, 20 m, this value is only one due to the increased ambient pressure by 2 bar Third, that is 1%.
- a dive at 20 m one hundred times as much breathing gas must be carried along as is actually consumed.
- Semi-closed and closed rebreather systems are used to circumvent the systemic low efficiency of open diving equipment (SCUBA, SCUBA) for breathing gas consumption. These devices are breathed in a cycle. The exhaled air is purified in these devices by means of a carbon dioxide absorber of carbon dioxide and re-enriched with oxygen. Furthermore, such devices are characterized by a one- or two-part counterlung, which can absorb the exhaled gas volume. With rebreathers, the efficiency of gas consumption can be increased up to 100%.
- the present invention relates to such semi-closed and closed rebreathers and to a method of operating such devices.
- the diver In manually controlled closed rebreathers the diver will manually adjust the oxygen supply. and thus the oxygen partial pressure is controlled manually.
- the oxygen partial pressure of the breathing gas must be within certain limits to be breathable. Generally, 0.16 bar is considered the lower limit and 1.6 bar the upper limit. A p ⁇ 2 below or above these limits is considered life threatening. This shows that for rebreathers constant monitoring of pO 2 is necessary. Closed devices require p ⁇ 2 sensors for manual or electronically controlled regulation of the p ⁇ 2 in the circuit. As p ⁇ 2 sensors usually electrochemical sensors are used, which are calibrated before the dive on the surface with air or 100% O 2 .
- a correctly functioning p ⁇ 2 sensor for use in rebreathers has an output signal (current or voltage), which depends linearly only on the p ⁇ 2 in front of the diaphragm of the sensor.
- p ⁇ 2 measuring instruments are calibrated on the surface with air or 100% O 2 under normobaric conditions (at sea level ⁇ 1000 mbar ambient pressure), whereby the sensitivity of the sensors is determined.
- the maximum achievable p ⁇ 2 is therefore 1.0 bar.
- the error susceptibility of the p ⁇ 2 sensors is attempted with the redundant use of p ⁇ 2 sensors to counter.
- three oxygen sensors are usually used in closed rebreathers. If a sensor fails, and therefore its output signal differs from that of the other two, this is compared with a "voting algorithm" by comparing all three sensor signals. recognized (GB 240 45 93 A, WO 2004/112905 Al), and this sensor is no longer used to control the p ⁇ 2 .
- depth profile, time and p ⁇ 2 are often stored in an internal memory of the p ⁇ 2 meter and can be transferred to a personal computer after the dive, the temporal resolution and the maximum length of the recording depends on the internal memory size and is therefore limited.
- the invention is therefore based on the object, a p ⁇ 2 measuring device in such a way that errors in the p ⁇ 2 sensor signals, nonlinearities of p ⁇ 2 sensor signals, a possible current limitation of p ⁇ 2 sensors reliably detected and a detailed recording of the dive relevant data are possible.
- US Pat. No. 4,939,647 A discloses a method which at least partially solves the problems described above.
- An oxygen sensor is calibrated by purge with pure oxygen. This allows calibration at an oxygen partial pressure of 1 bar. However, it has been found that such a calibration is not sufficient to reliably detect the error cases presented above.
- this object is achieved in that the test is triggered automatically. It will be so after a necessary and prescribed Calibration performs a check that is not started manually, but is triggered automatically.
- the test is thus independent of any stress situation in which the diver is located. Especially in such a stress situation, however, due to an increased oxygen demand and an increased respiratory rate, as well as the associated increased production of CO 2 increases the probability of failure of a sensor.
- the test can lead to an alarm signal, trigger a changeover to emergency operation or cause a correction of the calibration.
- the test is carried out under water taking into account the ambient pressure.
- Essential to the present invention is the fact that the ambient pressure in the test is also crucial for the choice of the time of the test.
- the partial pressure of oxygen is in the range of the upper limit of the partial pressure of oxygen which, for medical reasons, can be expected of humans.
- a purge with pure oxygen is carried out, in which the partial pressure is then about 1.6 bar.
- the rinsing is carried out until a reliable signal is obtained, which corresponds to pure oxygen. This will usually take four to six seconds.
- the linearity of the oxygen sensor and the function in the important range of higher oxygen partial pressures can be checked by means of this test of the first type.
- This test of the first kind is usually carried out during descent, when the above-described depth of about 6 m is reached.
- ongoing further checks, namely tests of the second kind can be carried out, for example, to discover when an oxygen sensor is impaired by condensation in its function. Since these checks are usually carried out at greater depths, they are not carried out with pure oxygen, since otherwise unacceptably high partial pressures would be achieved.
- the test is carried out with mixed gas, in which case the oxygen partial pressure may well be below 1 bar.
- the present invention relates to a rebreather with at least one pressure bottle for oxygen and another pressure bottle for a thinner gas and with a valve for supplying oxygen and / or thinner gas in the circuit, which valve is controlled in response to the signal of at least one oxygen sensor, wherein means for purging the oxygen sensor is provided with a gas having a known oxygen concentration.
- this rebreather device is characterized in that the device is in communication with a pressure sensor and is controlled in dependence on the signal of the pressure sensor in order to test the oxygen sensor.
- the gas requirement for the inspection of the oxygen sensor can be minimized in particular by the fact that the reference gas injection is mounted directly in front of the sensor membrane and so only the space in front of the membrane is rinsed.
- a memory card slot allows dive-related data to be stored with high time resolution and a personal computer with memory card slot is sufficient to read the data.
- the measuring device is characterized by one or more integrated reference gas feeds.
- a microcontroller with suitable software is used for signal processing, for the calculations, for the control of the solenoid valves, for outputs on the display and the storage of data on a memory card.
- a reference gas on the one hand pure oxygen and the diluent gas in closed rebreathers, or the supply gas in semi-closed rebreathers, used.
- the reference gases can be injected directly in front of the membrane of the oxygen sensors.
- the injection duration is preferably between 5 and 10 seconds, depending on the response time of the oxygen sensors.
- the oxygen sensor measures only the oxygen partial pressure of the reference gas, while the gas mixture in the circuit upstream of the sensor is displaced by the comparison gas flow. From the depth, which is usually determined with a pressure sensor, the ambient pressure is calculated and calculated together with the known oxygen content of the reference gases, the actual oxygen partial pressure upstream of the sensor diaphragm (setpoint) and the actual value (calculated from the sensor signal and the sensitivity determined during the calibration ) of the sensor. Furthermore, the maximum comparison mass flow is limited to 1 to 2 bar l / min by integrated orifices.
- the ⁇ -controller of the p ⁇ 2 measuring device injects thinner gas in the case of closed rebreather devices or the supply gas in semiprocessed devices in front of the membrane of the sensor.
- the p ⁇ 2 sensor can then be checked for correct functioning. Likewise, this check can be checked for correct calibration.
- the p ⁇ 2 measuring device is calibrated on the surface with air or the supply gas.
- the ⁇ -controller of the p ⁇ 2 measuring device injects supply gas (known oxygen content) in front of the membrane of the sensor.
- supply gas known oxygen content
- the p ⁇ 2 measuring device is calibrated on the surface with 100% oxygen (1.0 bar p ⁇ 2 ).
- the ⁇ -controller automatically injects 100% oxygen into the membrane of the sensor at a depth of preferably 5 to 7 meters.
- the actual value of the p ⁇ 2 of the gas in front of the sensor membrane is therefore 1.5 bar - 1.7 bar.
- a comparison with the actual sensor signal allows an evaluation of the sensor for linearity.
- the oxygen valve of the control loop could also be used to flood the space in front of the sensors in order to perform an automatic linearity check. In this case, the diver should hold his breath for the duration of the check so as not to falsify the measurement result.
- the invention is characterized by an integrated memory card slot.
- Dive-relevant data such as sensor signals from one or more sensors, time, depth and battery voltage are written once per s to a Secure Digital memory card (file system FAT 12, 16 or 32).
- a 60-minute dive corresponds to a file of about 500 kbytes. This file can then be read by any personal computer equipped with a commercially available reader / card slot for Secure Digital memory cards.
- Fig. 1 shows the basic structure of a rebreather according to the invention.
- Fig. 2 shows an expanded embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 1 the basic structure of a closed rebreather is shown.
- the diver exhales through the mouthpiece with directional valves 1 through the exhalation tube into the exhalation counterlung 2.
- excess gas can be discharged into the environment.
- the exhaled air is purified in the soda lime tank 4 of carbon dioxide.
- With the inhalation counter-lung 13 and the inhalation hose closes the cycle.
- the oxygen sensors 11 are mounted in the lime container.
- a ⁇ -controller 12 calculates the p ⁇ 2 from the signals of the oxygen sensors and displays the dive-relevant data on a display 14. If the oxygen partial pressure pO 2 in the circuit is too low, the oxygen cylinder 5, the pressure min. derer 8 and a solenoid valve 10 oxygen supplied.
- thinner gas can be supplied to the circuit via an automatic lungs-automatic valve or a bypass valve 9 from the diluting gas cylinder 6 and a further pressure reducer 7 (important when diving, when flushing the circuit, or when blowing out the mask).
- the pressure reducers reduce the cylinder pressure to a pressure ⁇ 8 - 12 bar higher than the ambient pressure.
- a pressure sensor 30 is used to determine the ambient pressure.
- the ⁇ -controller 20 evaluates the signals of the oxygen sensor (s) 11. These are screwed in a suspension 24 on the outlet side in the lime container. Via a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI short) connection 22, a display 21 is connected. Another SPI connection 23, a memory card slot 19 for Secure Digital (SD cards short) is connected. If Compact Flash cards are used, they are not described via an SPI connection but via a parallel connection.
- SPI short Serial Peripheral Interface
- SD cards short Secure Digital
- the ⁇ -controller 20 can via a solenoid valve 10 from an oxygen cylinder 5 and pressure reducer 8 100% oxygen directly in front of the membrane (the) p ⁇ 2 sensor (s) (s), wherein the flow rate (for example, 1 bar l / min) through an aperture 18 is defined.
- diluent gas with known oxygen content can pass from the supply bottle 6 via the pressure reducer 7 and another solenoid valve 16 in front of the membrane of the (the) p ⁇ 2 sensor (s).
- the maximum gas flow is defined by a diaphragm 17 (again, for example, 1 bar l / min).
- the leads are fastened by means of a holder 25 in front of the sensor membrane.
- Fig. 2 is an extension to Fig. 1, that is, the solenoid valve 10 and the manual valve 9 are still part of the circuit.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Emergency Management (AREA)
- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
- Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT0089906U AT9946U1 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2006-12-28 | OXYGEN PARTIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICE FOR CIRCULAR DIVING UNITS |
PCT/EP2007/064581 WO2008080948A2 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2007-12-27 | Method for operating a rebreather |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2097312A2 true EP2097312A2 (en) | 2009-09-09 |
EP2097312B1 EP2097312B1 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
Family
ID=39273039
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07858177A Active EP2097312B1 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2007-12-27 | Method for operating a rebreather and a rebreather |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8424522B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2097312B1 (en) |
AT (2) | AT9946U1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE502007005494D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008080948A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009058081A1 (en) | 2007-10-29 | 2009-05-07 | Poseidon Diving Systems | Oxygen control in breathing apparatus |
EP2207715B1 (en) * | 2007-10-29 | 2014-02-26 | Poseidon Diving Systems | Mouth piece for a breathing apparatus |
WO2010005343A2 (en) * | 2008-07-08 | 2010-01-14 | Marat Vadimovich Evtukhov | Rebreather respiratory loop failure detector |
AT507418B1 (en) * | 2009-01-02 | 2010-05-15 | Dive System | GAS DISTRIBUTION UNIT |
AT509551B1 (en) | 2010-02-25 | 2012-01-15 | Arne Dipl Ing Dr Sieber | CIRCULAR DIVING UNIT WITH A MOUTHPIECE |
GB201405548D0 (en) | 2014-03-27 | 2014-05-14 | Avon Polymer Prod Ltd | Controller for, and method of, controlling a breathing apparatus |
WO2017212464A1 (en) * | 2016-06-08 | 2017-12-14 | Frånberg Oskar | Ppo2 sensor authentication for electronic closed circuit rebreathers |
CN111093746B (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2023-02-28 | 深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司 | Anesthesia machine, oxygen battery calibration system and calibration method thereof |
US11679286B2 (en) | 2018-05-25 | 2023-06-20 | Tesseron Ltd. | Oxygen sensor calibration for rebreather |
CN113543854B (en) * | 2018-11-23 | 2023-08-01 | 德泽加控股乌克兰有限责任公司 | Adiabatic respirator |
KR102267743B1 (en) * | 2019-10-30 | 2021-06-22 | 주식회사 파로시스템 | Rebreather device with inhalation oxygen mixing and exhalation carbon dioxide removal by electronic control |
Family Cites Families (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4469562A (en) * | 1982-12-29 | 1984-09-04 | Chang Kuo Wei | Carbon dioxide sensor |
GB2208203B (en) | 1987-07-03 | 1991-11-13 | Carmellan Research Limited | Diving systems |
US5542284A (en) * | 1994-10-18 | 1996-08-06 | Queen's University At Kingston | Method and instrument for measuring differential oxygen concentration between two flowing gas streams |
GB9719824D0 (en) * | 1997-09-18 | 1997-11-19 | A P Valves | Self-contained breathing apparatus |
GB2384713B (en) | 2000-10-31 | 2004-10-27 | Deas Alexander Roger | Integral life support system |
US6668850B2 (en) * | 2002-01-08 | 2003-12-30 | Biotel Co., Ltd. | Apparatus for supplying oxygen |
US20040107965A1 (en) * | 2002-09-16 | 2004-06-10 | Hickle Randall S. | System and method for monitoring gas supply and delivering gas to a patient |
GB2402885A (en) | 2003-06-20 | 2004-12-22 | Uri Baran | Head up display for diving apparatus |
GB2404593A (en) | 2003-07-03 | 2005-02-09 | Alexander Roger Deas | Control electronics system for rebreather |
GB2441117B (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2009-04-15 | Heliox Technologies Inc | Rebreather setpoint controller and display cross reference to related applications |
US7497216B2 (en) * | 2004-08-30 | 2009-03-03 | Forsyth David E | Self contained breathing apparatus modular control system |
GB2427366A (en) * | 2005-06-21 | 2006-12-27 | Alex Deas | Fault tolerant fail safe rebreather control device and method |
WO2009058081A1 (en) * | 2007-10-29 | 2009-05-07 | Poseidon Diving Systems | Oxygen control in breathing apparatus |
-
2006
- 2006-12-28 AT AT0089906U patent/AT9946U1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2007
- 2007-12-27 EP EP07858177A patent/EP2097312B1/en active Active
- 2007-12-27 WO PCT/EP2007/064581 patent/WO2008080948A2/en active Application Filing
- 2007-12-27 AT AT07858177T patent/ATE486005T1/en active
- 2007-12-27 US US12/521,664 patent/US8424522B2/en active Active
- 2007-12-27 DE DE502007005494T patent/DE502007005494D1/en active Active
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2008080948A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2008080948A3 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
WO2008080948A2 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
DE502007005494D1 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
EP2097312B1 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
US8424522B2 (en) | 2013-04-23 |
ATE486005T1 (en) | 2010-11-15 |
US20100313887A1 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
AT9946U1 (en) | 2008-06-15 |
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