EP2072946B1 - Improved warhead casing - Google Patents
Improved warhead casing Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2072946B1 EP2072946B1 EP07123506A EP07123506A EP2072946B1 EP 2072946 B1 EP2072946 B1 EP 2072946B1 EP 07123506 A EP07123506 A EP 07123506A EP 07123506 A EP07123506 A EP 07123506A EP 2072946 B1 EP2072946 B1 EP 2072946B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- casing
- warhead
- powder
- aluminium
- laser sintered
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002493 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005023 polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000271 Kevlar® Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004761 kevlar Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 7
- XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920002121 Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 206010041662 Splinter Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octogen Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000028 HMX Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZFMQKOWCDKKBIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(3,5-difluorophenyl)phosphane Chemical compound FC1=CC(F)=CC(PC=2C=C(F)C=C(F)C=2)=C1 ZFMQKOWCDKKBIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- SFDJOSRHYKHMOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitramide Chemical compound N[N+]([O-])=O SFDJOSRHYKHMOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000110 selective laser sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005058 Isophorone diisocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Laurolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCCCCCN1 JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000299 Nylon 12 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZHXAZZQXWJJBHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylbismuthane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[Bi](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZHXAZZQXWJJBHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
- F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
- F42B12/76—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a casing for a warhead or a warhead module.
- Warheads used for various weapons systems typically comprise warhead casings manufactured from aluminium or steel. These materials are chosen for the casings since they need to be strong and have sufficiently low weight. However, such warheads have the disadvantage that they are likely to cause collateral damage, due to splinter from the warhead casing.
- US 2005/0235862 A1 describes warhead structures fabricated by using high energy density technology.
- the warhead structures are made of metals.
- a warhead casing having the features of independent claim 1 is provided.
- a laser sintered warhead casing presents several advantages over the casings previously available. It is splinter proof, whereby collateral damage can be avoided, and it can be made in one piece as opposed to steel or aluminium metal casings which have to be manufactured in separate components which are finally assembled. Moreover, laser sintering of the warhead casing allows for more complex geometries than have previously been possible to obtain for warheads in a simple way.
- the laser sintered material has a density that is sufficiently low, for use in a warhead casing, and the weight is lower than the weight of aluminium alloys, which have a density of 2,7-2,8 g/cm 3 .
- Figures 1-3 illustrate examples of different geometries for warhead casings.
- casings for warheads or warhead modules by selective laser sintering technique, a decrease in the weight of such components can be achieved, since laser sintered materials have lower density than solid materials.
- Warhead casings are-typically rotationally symmetrical. However, due to the flexibility of laser sintering other geometries may be contemplated, so that the warhead casing may be unsymmetrical.
- the warhead casing has the form of a hollow container, which is typically provided with an opening for filling of explosive.
- the hollow container comprises one or more wall surface portions, which constitute the container wall.
- the wall surface portions may be flat or curved.
- the filling opening may be a cylindrical portion protruding from one of the wall surfaces.
- the warhead casing may have an unsymmetrical geometry, defining a hollow body, having a flat upper wall and a somewhat curved lower wall opposite the upper wall, a rear flat wall and a front flat wall.
- the height of the hollow body is larger at the rear end, than at the front end.
- An opening for filling with explosives is arranged in the flat upper surface, close to the rear wall.
- FIGS 1-3 illustrate examples of different geometries for warhead casings.
- the warhead casing of Fig. 1 has an opening 1 for filling of explosive 2, arranged in a flat upper wall 3, from which three flat wall surfaces 4a, 4b, 4c extend sloping slightly downwards. All these three flat wall surfaces are connected to a rounded wall surface 5 which constitutes the wall opposite the filling opening.
- an indentation 6 In one of the flat surfaces 4b and partly in the rounded wall surface is provided an indentation 6.
- Fig. 2 illustrates a geometry in which the filling opening 7 extends from a circular surface 8, from which a rounded surface 9 extends downwardly in the form of a truncated cone. At the lower end of the lower wide end of the conical surface flat surfaces 10 extend. Three indentations 11 are provided in these flat surfaces. The bottom surface 12 opposite to the filling opening is flat.
- the geometry illustrated in Fig. 3 has the form of an elongated container having the filling opening (not shown) arranged in a side wall at the end of a truncated cone.
- the longitudinal cross-sectional area at the centre of the container (the cross-section of which is shown in Fig. 3 ) is larger than the cross-sectional area at each side of the container.
- Indentations 13 are provided in the central portion of the container wall surface.
- Laser sintering has hitherto primarily been used for manufacturing of prototypes for this application.
- the strength of laser sintered material is not sufficient without reinforcement for extremely high launch forces, but good enough for moderate launch forces.
- Laser sintering allows for shaping of_complex geometries in one piece, and normally no further machining is required, except possibly clearing of screw threads.
- An example of the laser sintering technology is described in EP0734842A1 .
- Laser sintering technology utilizes a model of the object to be manufactured, such as a CAD model.
- a laser beam is moved layer by layer over a powder bed of fine particles in accordance with the model.
- the laser beam locally heats the powder to the melting point, without the temperature exceeding the melting point, and the powder grains are thereby sintered together.
- An article having the same geometry as the model is thus built up layer by layer.
- On cooling the finished model is broken out of the "cake" of unsintered powder and brushed clean.
- Selective laser sintering allows generating complex three dimensional objects by consolidating successive layers of powder material on top of each other.
- the powder blend for manufacture of the warhead casing of the present invention comprises metal particles and particles of a binding component.
- the powder blend may comprise fine grained aluminium powder and polymer powder.
- the preferred average grain size of the aluminium powder is 10-90 ⁇ m, more preferably 30-70 ⁇ m, and most preferably 45-55 ⁇ m.
- the polymer used is preferably a polyamide, such as nylon-powder, which may have a particle diameter of 0,05-0,2 mm.
- the polyamide improves the binding of the particles to each other.
- An example of a laser sintered material suitable for warhead casings or warhead modules is Alumide ® , available from EOS Gmbh, Germany.
- Alumide ® is made up of 50% fine aluminium powder suspended in polyamide (Nylon 12).
- PCTFE polychlorotrifluoroethylene
- An alternative to aluminium powder in the laser sintered material may be magnesium powder.
- the surfaces of the laser sintered parts can be finished by grinding, polishing, or coating.
- An additional advantage is that low tool-wear machining is possible, e.g. milling, drilling, or tuning.
- the laser sintered warhead casing is filled with a desired explosive composition.
- the explosive composition preferably includes aluminium powder. Aluminium plays an important role in both the shock response and energy release rates of energetic materials.
- the aluminium powder of the explosive composition When the explosive composition detonates, the aluminium powder of the explosive composition is dispersed and rapidly burns. At the same time the casing is disintegrated. As the warhead casing is made up of laser sintered aluminium and/or magnesium, the metal grains that the casing was made up of will participate in the explosive reaction and will thus contribute to the effect obtained.
- the explosive composition used in the in the warhead may include aluminium powder in an amount of 15-50 % by weight of the total composition, which reacts with the air oxygen. Too high aluminium powder content doesn't serve any purpose, since the air oxygen available for reaction is limited. An aluminium powder content of approximately 19-21 % by weight, results in an explosive composition that is easy to handle and easy to fill in the warhead casing.
- the aluminium powder typically has an average particle size between 12 and 18 ⁇ m.
- the explosive composition may be based on a nitroamine explosive, such as RDX (hexogen or cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine) or HMX (octogen or cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine), and may in addition to aluminium powder also comprise a binder.
- a nitroamine explosive such as RDX (hexogen or cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine) or HMX (octogen or cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine)
- the amount of nitroamine explosive e.g. RDX
- the binder may be present in approximately 15% by weight.
- the binder may comprise a binder agent (e.g. HTPB (hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene)), plasticizer (e.g. DOA (dioctyl adipate)), surfactant (e.g. DHE (N,N-di-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4,4-dimethylhydantoin)), cure catalyst (e.g. triphenylbismuth) and curing agent (e.g. IDPI (isophorone diisocyanate)).
- a binder agent e.g. HTPB (hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene)
- plasticizer e.g. DOA (dioctyl adipate)
- surfactant e.g. DHE (N,N-di-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4,4-dimethylhydantoin
- cure catalyst e.g. triphenylbismuth
- curing agent e.g. IDPI (iso
- the lacquer coating must be compatible with the explosive, to avoid undesired reactions.
- the lacquer may for example be an epoxy resin lacquer, such as RenLam ® , comprising resin and curing agent (e.g. RenLam LY 113/HY 97).
- the laser sintered casing may also be reinforced by an outer lining of reinforced fibre type, e.g. carbon or Kevlar, to be able to withstand large launching forces.
- reinforced fibre type e.g. carbon or Kevlar
- the warhead casing thus manufactured will be splinter free, unless it is not provided with an additional metal casing.
- the aluminium powder of the explosive composition will ignite and burn.
- test warhead casing was manufactured by laser sintering of Alumide ® .
- the test warhead was a cylindrical, hollow body with a material thickness of 4mm and a weight of 375 g, which was filled with 2 kg explosive composition PBXN-109.
- the warhead was lacquered with RenLam ® .
- test warhead casing was subjected to low temperature and high temperature tests.
- the test warhead casing was placed in Weiss 1 climate chamber. Under a first period of time, the temperature in the climate chamber was changed from an initial temperature to a goal temperature. Under a second period of time the temperature in the climate chamber was maintained at the goal temperature, and under a third period of time the temperature in the climate chamber was changed from the-goal temperature to en end temperature.
- test warhead was examined for damages, by means of ocular inspection. No damages could be observed.
- the test warhead was also subjected to a vibration test (STANAG 4242/APO-34).
- the warhead was mounted on a fixture of a test equipment (vibrator system LDS 954, amplifier MPA 32, control system DACTRON Dual DSP) and was subjected to vibrations for two hours in each of three directions (x-, y-, and z-directions) in a temperature of approx. 20°C.
- the measuring equipment used was an accelerometer KISTLER ICP. Thereafter, the test casing was examined for damages. No damages could be observed.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
- Purses, Travelling Bags, Baskets, Or Suitcases (AREA)
- Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a casing for a warhead or a warhead module.
- Warheads used for various weapons systems typically comprise warhead casings manufactured from aluminium or steel. These materials are chosen for the casings since they need to be strong and have sufficiently low weight. However, such warheads have the disadvantage that they are likely to cause collateral damage, due to splinter from the warhead casing.
- Attempts have been made to find alternative materials for warhead casings. In
US 5000093 A , which forms a starting point forindependent claim 1, a warhead casing is described which is made by isostatically pressing a mixture of magnesium and aluminium powder into a preform and then sintering the preform. This method may be suitable for simple warhead configurations, whereas more complicated configurations require additional machining after sintering.DE 10208228 describes a rotation symmetrical grenade having a casing of porous aluminium. -
US 2005/0235862 A1 describes warhead structures fabricated by using high energy density technology. The warhead structures are made of metals. - There is a desire to avoid collateral damage, and thus there is a need to provide a warhead casing that fulfils the requirements set on warhead casings regarding weight and strength, but which does not cause collateral damage.
- According to the present invention a warhead casing having the features of
independent claim 1 is provided. A laser sintered warhead casing presents several advantages over the casings previously available. It is splinter proof, whereby collateral damage can be avoided, and it can be made in one piece as opposed to steel or aluminium metal casings which have to be manufactured in separate components which are finally assembled. Moreover, laser sintering of the warhead casing allows for more complex geometries than have previously been possible to obtain for warheads in a simple way. - The laser sintered material has a density that is sufficiently low, for use in a warhead casing, and the weight is lower than the weight of aluminium alloys, which have a density of 2,7-2,8 g/cm3.
-
Figures 1-3 illustrate examples of different geometries for warhead casings. - By manufacturing casings for warheads or warhead modules by selective laser sintering technique, a decrease in the weight of such components can be achieved, since laser sintered materials have lower density than solid materials.
- Warhead casings are-typically rotationally symmetrical. However, due to the flexibility of laser sintering other geometries may be contemplated, so that the warhead casing may be unsymmetrical. The warhead casing has the form of a hollow container, which is typically provided with an opening for filling of explosive. The hollow container comprises one or more wall surface portions, which constitute the container wall. The wall surface portions may be flat or curved. The filling opening may be a cylindrical portion protruding from one of the wall surfaces.
- As an example, the warhead casing may have an unsymmetrical geometry, defining a hollow body, having a flat upper wall and a somewhat curved lower wall opposite the upper wall, a rear flat wall and a front flat wall. The height of the hollow body is larger at the rear end, than at the front end. An opening for filling with explosives is arranged in the flat upper surface, close to the rear wall.
-
Figures 1-3 illustrate examples of different geometries for warhead casings. The warhead casing ofFig. 1 has anopening 1 for filling of explosive 2, arranged in a flatupper wall 3, from which threeflat wall surfaces rounded wall surface 5 which constitutes the wall opposite the filling opening. In one of theflat surfaces 4b and partly in the rounded wall surface is provided anindentation 6. -
Fig. 2 illustrates a geometry in which thefilling opening 7 extends from acircular surface 8, from which arounded surface 9 extends downwardly in the form of a truncated cone. At the lower end of the lower wide end of the conical surfaceflat surfaces 10 extend. Threeindentations 11 are provided in these flat surfaces. Thebottom surface 12 opposite to the filling opening is flat. - The geometry illustrated in
Fig. 3 has the form of an elongated container having the filling opening (not shown) arranged in a side wall at the end of a truncated cone. The longitudinal cross-sectional area at the centre of the container (the cross-section of which is shown inFig. 3 ) is larger than the cross-sectional area at each side of the container.Indentations 13 are provided in the central portion of the container wall surface. - Laser sintering has hitherto primarily been used for manufacturing of prototypes for this application. The strength of laser sintered material is not sufficient without reinforcement for extremely high launch forces, but good enough for moderate launch forces. Laser sintering allows for shaping of_complex geometries in one piece, and normally no further machining is required, except possibly clearing of screw threads. An example of the laser sintering technology is described in
EP0734842A1 . - Laser sintering technology utilizes a model of the object to be manufactured, such as a CAD model. A laser beam is moved layer by layer over a powder bed of fine particles in accordance with the model. The laser beam locally heats the powder to the melting point, without the temperature exceeding the melting point, and the powder grains are thereby sintered together. An article having the same geometry as the model is thus built up layer by layer. On cooling the finished model is broken out of the "cake" of unsintered powder and brushed clean. Selective laser sintering allows generating complex three dimensional objects by consolidating successive layers of powder material on top of each other.
- The powder blend for manufacture of the warhead casing of the present invention comprises metal particles and particles of a binding component. The powder blend may comprise fine grained aluminium powder and polymer powder.
- The preferred average grain size of the aluminium powder is 10-90 µm, more preferably 30-70 µm, and most preferably 45-55 µm.
- The polymer used is preferably a polyamide, such as nylon-powder, which may have a particle diameter of 0,05-0,2 mm. The polyamide improves the binding of the particles to each other. An example of a laser sintered material suitable for warhead casings or warhead modules is Alumide®, available from EOS Gmbh, Germany. Alumide® is made up of 50% fine aluminium powder suspended in polyamide (Nylon 12).
- An alternative polymer may be polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) which is fluorocarbon based polymer. PCTFE may be favourable in view of the enhanced combustion properties.
- An alternative to aluminium powder in the laser sintered material may be magnesium powder.
- The surfaces of the laser sintered parts can be finished by grinding, polishing, or coating. An additional advantage is that low tool-wear machining is possible, e.g. milling, drilling, or tuning.
- Subsequent to forming, the laser sintered warhead casing is filled with a desired explosive composition. The explosive composition preferably includes aluminium powder. Aluminium plays an important role in both the shock response and energy release rates of energetic materials.
- When the explosive composition detonates, the aluminium powder of the explosive composition is dispersed and rapidly burns. At the same time the casing is disintegrated. As the warhead casing is made up of laser sintered aluminium and/or magnesium, the metal grains that the casing was made up of will participate in the explosive reaction and will thus contribute to the effect obtained.
- The explosive composition used in the in the warhead may include aluminium powder in an amount of 15-50 % by weight of the total composition, which reacts with the air oxygen. Too high aluminium powder content doesn't serve any purpose, since the air oxygen available for reaction is limited. An aluminium powder content of approximately 19-21 % by weight, results in an explosive composition that is easy to handle and easy to fill in the warhead casing. The aluminium powder typically has an average particle size between 12 and 18 µm.
- The explosive composition may be based on a nitroamine explosive, such as RDX (hexogen or cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine) or HMX (octogen or cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine), and may in addition to aluminium powder also comprise a binder. The amount of nitroamine explosive (e.g. RDX) may be approximately 65% by weight of the explosive composition. The binder may be present in approximately 15% by weight.
- The binder may comprise a binder agent (e.g. HTPB (hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene)), plasticizer (e.g. DOA (dioctyl adipate)), surfactant (e.g. DHE (N,N-di-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4,4-dimethylhydantoin)), cure catalyst (e.g. triphenylbismuth) and curing agent (e.g. IDPI (isophorone diisocyanate)).
A specific example of a suitable explosive is PBXN-109, comprising 65% RDX, 15% HTPB (binder) and 20% Al. - As the laser sintered material is not completely impermeable, it may be necessary to provide the casing with a sealing lacquer coating before filling it with the explosive, in order to enhance the impermeability. The lacquer coating must be compatible with the explosive, to avoid undesired reactions. The lacquer may for example be an epoxy resin lacquer, such as RenLam®, comprising resin and curing agent (e.g. RenLam LY 113/HY 97).
- The laser sintered casing may also be reinforced by an outer lining of reinforced fibre type, e.g. carbon or Kevlar, to be able to withstand large launching forces.
- The warhead casing thus manufactured will be splinter free, unless it is not provided with an additional metal casing.
- As the explosive composition of the warhead detonates, the aluminium powder of the explosive composition will ignite and burn.
- A test warhead casing was manufactured by laser sintering of Alumide®. The test warhead was a cylindrical, hollow body with a material thickness of 4mm and a weight of 375 g, which was filled with 2 kg explosive composition PBXN-109. The warhead was lacquered with RenLam®.
- The test warhead casing was subjected to low temperature and high temperature tests. In each test the test warhead casing was placed in
Weiss 1 climate chamber. Under a first period of time, the temperature in the climate chamber was changed from an initial temperature to a goal temperature. Under a second period of time the temperature in the climate chamber was maintained at the goal temperature, and under a third period of time the temperature in the climate chamber was changed from the-goal temperature to en end temperature. - After each test, the test warhead was examined for damages, by means of ocular inspection. No damages could be observed.
- Temperatures and duration of time periods are displayed in Table 1 below.
Table 1 Initial temp (°C) Goal temp. (°C) Time to reach goal temp. (hours) Time period maintained at end temp. (hours) End temp. (°C) Time to reach end temp. (hours) Damages observed after test period (yes/no) Low temperature test +21 -46 12 24 +21 12 no High temperature test +21 +75 12 48 +21 12 no - The test warhead was also subjected to a vibration test (STANAG 4242/APO-34). In this test the warhead was mounted on a fixture of a test equipment (vibrator system LDS 954, amplifier MPA 32, control system DACTRON Dual DSP) and was subjected to vibrations for two hours in each of three directions (x-, y-, and z-directions) in a temperature of approx. 20°C. The measuring equipment used was an accelerometer KISTLER ICP. Thereafter, the test casing was examined for damages. No damages could be observed.
- Comparative calculations performed on warhead casing of steel and laser sintered Alumide® show that the laser sintered Alumide® casing should theoretically result in an increased over pressure of 28% in a volume of 40 m3.
Claims (8)
- A casing for warhead components, characterized in that the casing is made up of a laser sintered material, wherein the laser sintered material comprises polymer particles and aluminium or magnesium powder.
- The casing of claim 1, wherein said aluminium powder has an average grain size of 10-90, preferably 45-55 µm.
- The casing of claim 1, wherein the polymer particles comprise a polyamide.
- The casing of claim 1, wherein the polymer particles comprise a polychlorotrifluoroethylene.
- The casing of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the casing is provided with a lacquer coating.
- The casing of any one of claims 9-5, wherein the casing is provided with an outer lining of e.g. Kevlar.
- A warhead comprising a casing as defined in claims 1-6.
- The warhead of claim 7, wherein the casing is filled with a polymer bonded explosive composition (2) comprising a binder, and aluminium powder.
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP07123506A EP2072946B1 (en) | 2007-12-18 | 2007-12-18 | Improved warhead casing |
DE602007013788T DE602007013788D1 (en) | 2007-12-18 | 2007-12-18 | Improved housing for a warhead |
ES07123506T ES2361052T3 (en) | 2007-12-18 | 2007-12-18 | HOUSING FOR MILITARY LOAD. |
AT07123506T ATE504797T1 (en) | 2007-12-18 | 2007-12-18 | IMPROVED HOUSING FOR A WARHEAD |
US12/338,178 US20090151591A1 (en) | 2007-12-18 | 2008-12-18 | Warhead casing |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP07123506A EP2072946B1 (en) | 2007-12-18 | 2007-12-18 | Improved warhead casing |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2072946A1 EP2072946A1 (en) | 2009-06-24 |
EP2072946B1 true EP2072946B1 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
Family
ID=39402580
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07123506A Active EP2072946B1 (en) | 2007-12-18 | 2007-12-18 | Improved warhead casing |
Country Status (5)
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---|---|
US (1) | US20090151591A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2072946B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE504797T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602007013788D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2361052T3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB0815936D0 (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2009-01-14 | Bae Systems Plc | Cast Explosive Composition |
US8114230B1 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2012-02-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Composition 4 (C-4) simulants |
US11110648B2 (en) * | 2012-07-31 | 2021-09-07 | Makerbot Industries, Llc | Build material switching |
FR3000192B1 (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2017-07-14 | Tda Armements Sas | MILITARY LOAD WITH SHADES AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE |
FR3000191B1 (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2017-08-11 | Tda Armements Sas | MILITARY LOAD WITH SHADES AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE |
GB2526262B (en) * | 2014-05-02 | 2021-04-28 | Mbda Uk Ltd | Composite reactive material for use in a munition |
CN112390693B (en) * | 2020-11-03 | 2021-11-23 | 西安近代化学研究所 | Warhead shell capable of improving loading ratio based on laser coaxiality measuring instrument |
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US3026806A (en) * | 1957-03-22 | 1962-03-27 | Russell Mfg Co | Ballistic missile nose cone |
US5000093A (en) | 1980-09-25 | 1991-03-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Warhead casing |
IT1163837B (en) * | 1983-07-22 | 1987-04-08 | Pirelli | MOTORCYCLE TIRE |
US4836715A (en) * | 1987-02-11 | 1989-06-06 | Insituform International N.V. | Passageway lining material |
US5226210A (en) * | 1989-01-23 | 1993-07-13 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method of forming metal fiber mat/polymer composite |
DE3911575A1 (en) * | 1989-04-08 | 1990-10-11 | Rheinmetall Gmbh | FLOOR ARRANGEMENT |
JP3150561B2 (en) * | 1995-01-25 | 2001-03-26 | 横浜ゴム株式会社 | Pneumatic tire |
DE19511772C2 (en) * | 1995-03-30 | 1997-09-04 | Eos Electro Optical Syst | Device and method for producing a three-dimensional object |
US6039287A (en) * | 1996-08-02 | 2000-03-21 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Detachable integral aircraft tailcone and power assembly |
US6059943A (en) * | 1997-07-30 | 2000-05-09 | Lynntech, Inc. | Composite membrane suitable for use in electrochemical devices |
US6414436B1 (en) * | 1999-02-01 | 2002-07-02 | Gem Lighting Llc | Sapphire high intensity discharge projector lamp |
US6679456B2 (en) * | 2000-01-27 | 2004-01-20 | Hughes Electronics Corp. | Spacecraft protected by a coating including pyroelectric/ferroelectric particles, and the coating material |
DE10026454C1 (en) * | 2000-05-27 | 2001-12-20 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Radome for a distance warning radar (AWR) |
DE10208228B4 (en) | 2002-02-26 | 2005-03-17 | Diehl Munitionssysteme Gmbh & Co. Kg | Blast grenade |
US6823928B2 (en) * | 2002-09-27 | 2004-11-30 | University Of Queensland | Infiltrated aluminum preforms |
EP1557250B1 (en) * | 2002-11-01 | 2013-02-13 | Kabushiki Kaisha Bridgestone | Method for producing tire vulcanizing mold |
US7093542B2 (en) * | 2004-04-22 | 2006-08-22 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Warhead with integral, direct-manufactured features |
GB0427853D0 (en) * | 2004-12-20 | 2005-01-19 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Manifold for use in medicament dispenser |
US8585753B2 (en) * | 2006-03-04 | 2013-11-19 | John James Scanlon | Fibrillated biodegradable prosthesis |
JP5542295B2 (en) * | 2006-06-02 | 2014-07-09 | 三井・デュポンフロロケミカル株式会社 | Fluororesin molding method and fluororesin molding |
BRPI0718527A2 (en) * | 2006-11-09 | 2013-11-19 | Valspar Sourcing Inc | POWDER COMPOSITION, METHOD, AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARTICLE |
US20080148708A1 (en) * | 2006-12-20 | 2008-06-26 | General Electric Company | Turbine engine system with shafts for improved weight and vibration characteristic |
US7710347B2 (en) * | 2007-03-13 | 2010-05-04 | Raytheon Company | Methods and apparatus for high performance structures |
-
2007
- 2007-12-18 DE DE602007013788T patent/DE602007013788D1/en active Active
- 2007-12-18 ES ES07123506T patent/ES2361052T3/en active Active
- 2007-12-18 EP EP07123506A patent/EP2072946B1/en active Active
- 2007-12-18 AT AT07123506T patent/ATE504797T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2008
- 2008-12-18 US US12/338,178 patent/US20090151591A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2072946A1 (en) | 2009-06-24 |
ATE504797T1 (en) | 2011-04-15 |
US20090151591A1 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
ES2361052T3 (en) | 2011-06-13 |
DE602007013788D1 (en) | 2011-05-19 |
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