EP2051275B1 - Short circuit device for use in low or medium voltage assemblies for the protection of people and objects - Google Patents
Short circuit device for use in low or medium voltage assemblies for the protection of people and objects Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2051275B1 EP2051275B1 EP08018404A EP08018404A EP2051275B1 EP 2051275 B1 EP2051275 B1 EP 2051275B1 EP 08018404 A EP08018404 A EP 08018404A EP 08018404 A EP08018404 A EP 08018404A EP 2051275 B1 EP2051275 B1 EP 2051275B1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- short
- contact
- switching element
- sacrificial element
- contact electrodes
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T1/00—Details of spark gaps
- H01T1/14—Means structurally associated with spark gap for protecting it against overload or for disconnecting it in case of failure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H79/00—Protective switches in which excess current causes the closing of contacts, e.g. for short-circuiting the apparatus to be protected
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T2/00—Spark gaps comprising auxiliary triggering means
- H01T2/02—Spark gaps comprising auxiliary triggering means comprising a trigger electrode or an auxiliary spark gap
Definitions
- the invention relates to a further developed short-circuiting device for use in low and medium voltage equipment for property and personal protection, comprising a switching element which is actuated by the trigger signal of a fault detection device, two opposing contact electrodes with means for supplying power, which to a circuit with terminals of different Potential are contactable, continue the contact electrodes under mechanical bias standing in the case of short circuit spring assisted perform a relative movement to each other, a sacrificial element as a spacer between the contact electrodes and with an electrical connection between the sacrificial element and the switching element on the one hand and one of the contact electrodes on the other hand, a current flow induced thermal destruction of the Targeting element to bring about specifically, according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the invention relates to a method for initiating a short circuit in low and medium voltage installations with a short-circuiting device.
- a short-circuiter for use in electrical energy distribution installations according to DE 197 46 815 A1 is provided directly driven by a gas generator short-circuiting element with a short-circuiting piston.
- the local short-circuiting piston should perform regardless of manufacturing tolerances optimal shock movement and at the same time be transport-secured.
- the DE 42 35 329 A1 includes a short-circuit device to the prior art, which consists of at least one switching element which is actuated with a trigger signal of an error detection device.
- the short-circuiter provided there comprises at least two electrodes receiving the switching element between them and has current-carrying parts or regions.
- the response times are insufficient and it is the overall design arrangement from a manufacturing point of view very expensive.
- a short-circuiting device for use in low and medium voltage systems which also includes a switching element which is actuated by a trigger signal of an error detection device.
- the switching element is a triggerable overvoltage protection device, which can be brought to a response by a current or voltage pulse and destructible in the event of an error.
- At least one of the surge arrester receiving electrodes is under mechanical bias and is movable toward the opposite electrode, the overvoltage protector forming an electrode spacer which, in the event of destruction, allows the electrodes to contact the short circuit.
- the aforementioned switching element may be a series circuit of a triggerable overvoltage protection device and a device with adjustable or defined melting integral.
- the aforementioned device is a glass tube fuse, a linear or non-linear resistor, a varistor, a low-melting metal or a metal alloy, a semiconductive or conductive ceramic, such a glass, or the like.
- a tension or compression spring used to generate the mechanical bias and the relative electrode movement.
- an embodiment of the electrodes as a pot with a counter electrode is common, which has a plunging into the pot die.
- the basic aim of the optimization of a short-circuit device is to achieve the fastest possible closing movement of the main contacts and a very low load on the switching element, wherein the sacrificial element substantially influences these two parameters.
- the object of the invention is achieved with a short-circuiting device according to the combination of features according to claim 1, wherein reference is additionally made to an inventive method for initiating a short circuit in low-voltage systems using the short-circuiting device according to the invention.
- the sacrificial element is a wire or rod made of a conductive material of low melting integral, the sacrificial element being in tension under mechanical prestressing.
- the movable contact electrode can form a contact bridge between two electrical terminals.
- the movable contact electrode can be designed as a displacement punch, which cooperates with a solid pot contact electrode, wherein in the pot contact electrode is a conductive, low-melting substance is located, which forms a complementary electrical bridge between the opposing contact portions when immersing the punch.
- the low-melting substance is forced out of the pot region of the corresponding electrode and enters the remaining gap of the opposing contact electrodes.
- the short-circuit current is then interrupted by the switching element after a predetermined time and the system is again loaded with mains voltage.
- the short-circuiting device reports the error that has occurred and thus indicates a necessary check of the system.
- the switching element of the short-circuiter is again and permanently activated.
- the sacrificial element of the short-circuiter is overloaded in this case and there is the generation of a permanent metallic short circuit, which forces a shutdown of the system.
- the sacrificial element 5 has a special significance with respect to the effective operation of the short-circuiting device.
- the aim of optimizing the short-circuiting device is to achieve the fastest possible closing movement of the main contacts and a very low load on the switching element.
- the speed of the closing movement of the main contacts is in addition to the contact distance, the mass of the moving contact, the effective counter forces also determined substantially by the force-displacement characteristic of the spring 4 used. The higher the initial force in the tensioned state and the higher the residual force in the closed state of the short-circuiter, the shorter the closing time of the main contacts.
- the mass of the moving contact and the spring force in the stressed state permanently act on the sacrificial element and require a certain mechanical strength.
- the sacrificial element is to be overloaded as possible due to a low power supply and the desired movement of the corresponding main contact, i. cause the respective contact electrode.
- the switching element is loaded with the fault current.
- the lower this load the lower the cost of the switching element can be kept.
- the impedance of the switching element and possibly the existing impedance of the arc and the substantially ohmic resistance of the sacrificial element is eliminated from the fault circuit.
- the sacrificial elements according to the invention have the following properties. There is a low melting integral (I 2 t value) of the material to minimize stress on the switching element.
- the sacrificial elements have a high electrical conductivity to minimize the commutation time and have a high mechanical strength to use a high spring force in view of a desired reduction in the movement time of the contact electrodes. Furthermore, there is only a low arc voltage in the destruction of the sacrificial element for the realization of a short commutation time. Forces, which counteract the mechanical movement, such as a resulting increase in pressure, are avoided or reduced.
- Fig. 1 is the sacrificial element 5 is not loaded on compressive strength by the spring preload, but there is a stress on train instead.
- This embodiment makes it possible to use inexpensive wires or rods as the sacrificial element 5.
- the sacrificial element of the second embodiment in addition to the high tensile strength necessary for this design on a low melting integral.
- the spring 4 has according to Fig. 1 a guide 12, which is used with a member 13 for transmitting power to the movable contact electrode 14.
- the elements 12 and 13 form a labyrinth seal, with the result that with a pressure increase in the seal interior, a movement support of the piston-like movable contact electrode 14 is ensured.
- the pressure wave generated by the arc acts according to the variants Fig. 1 to 4 not contrary to the closing movement of the contact electrodes, but can be used to accelerate the movement, as has been set out above with reference to the piston-shaped design of the contact electrodes.
- the design of the parts 12 and 13 with a suitable choice of material to achieve a sliding contact-like arrangement, which leads the current to close the main contacts.
- a matching of the current distribution between the sacrificial element and the parts 12 and 13 is required.
- the parts 12 and 13 are electrically contacted only after a minimal movement or that the contact is made by a voltage flashover in the form of breakdown or slip over a small distance due to the ignition of the arc on the sacrificial element 5.
- constructions can be used in which the current forces support the movement of the moving element.
- Fig. 2 shows a variant with wire-shaped sacrificial element 5, with the aim of reducing the moving mass, which is in principle also in tubular sacrificial elements, which are under spring pressure is conceivable.
- the contact electrodes 6 and 14 according to Fig. 2 are fixed and only a movable contact plate 15 is used, which forms a bridge with respect to the contact electrodes 6 and 14.
- the advantage of this embodiment consists in the small moving mass of the contact plate 15 and the low requirements in terms of current carrying capacity and the dynamic load of the connection between the contact plate 15 and one of the fixed main electrodes 6 and 14, respectively, in the case of the embodiment Fig. 3 was realized centrally.
- the power supply to the contact plate or to the sacrificial element can also be effected via a sliding contact of one of the fixed electrodes.
- the part 15 via a sliding contact with the first fixed main electrode 6.
- the second fixed contact or main electrode 14 is insulated from the housing 1 by a part 7.
- solder substance 10 can be forced between the fixed contacts 6 and 14 when heated, which increases the size of the conductive contact surface significantly.
- the fixed main electrode 14 is formed as a pot electrode, wherein the movable contact plate 15 when immersed in the melting solder 10 displaces this as mentioned above.
- the described short-circuiting allow the use of a self-extinguishing switching element such as spark gaps or thyristors, the application of a useful especially in the low voltage operating method for initiating a metallic short circuit.
- the short circuit In the case of fast-acting short-circuiters, the short circuit is initiated within the first residual current half-wave, permanently until it is disconnected by the upstream protective devices. The entire system is thus disconnected from the grid. As a result, even with possibly self-extinguishing wipers as a result of the shutdown is a high loss of use. On the other hand, if the duration of the response of the short-circuiter is delayed, the damage to the equipment in the case of a real damage event, on the other hand, increases considerably. In addition, a drastically higher maintenance costs. A delay of the short-circuiter also makes any desired personal protection unthinkable.
- the inventive principle of the method for initiating a short circuit is based on a staggered connection of the short-circuiter with the following timing.
- the switching element of the short-circuiter After the detection of a fault, eg an arc fault in the system, the switching element of the short-circuiter is briefly actuated.
- the possible short-circuit current through the switching element is limited by the sacrificial element and the impedance of the terminal and of the switching element.
- the current commutes from the fault location to the short circuiter.
- the switching element After an adjustable time, the switching element interrupts the short-circuit current and the system and the fault location are again loaded with mains voltage. In the case of a wiper and a sufficient reconsolidation of the fault remains the supply of the plant exist.
- the short-circuiter reports the error that has occurred and thus indicates a necessary system check.
- the switching element of the short-circuiter is controlled again and permanently.
- the sacrificial element of the short-circuiter is overloaded in this case and generates a permanent metallic short circuit, which forces a shutdown of the system.
- the sacrificial element is designed so that a metallic short circuit can already be achieved after the lowest current loads (low I 2 t values).
- the switching elements used in this case must thus have only a very low current carrying capacity or a low switching capacity.
- Fig. 5 shows a schematic diagram relating to the parallel connection of another path.
- the additional parallel path consists essentially of a controllable switching element 17 with medium to high current carrying capacity and breaking capacity.
- an impedance 16 may be provided. With the help of the impedance, it is possible to influence the magnitude of the short-circuit current or the value of the square-wave current pulse, for example with non-linear impedances. On the one hand, this may be useful in order to avoid a response of possible overcurrent or undervoltage protection devices of the network during the first time-limited switching of the switching element and, on the other hand, not to exceed the maximum load with regard to current carrying capacity and extinguishing capability for less powerful switching elements.
- the height of the impedance 16 should not exceed a few 100 m ⁇ , since otherwise a commutation of the fault current to the overall device (short circuit path 1 and 2) is severely hindered.
- the impedance should be less than a few m ⁇ .
- semiconductor switches e.g. Thyristors or IGBTs, but also triggerable vacuum switch and spark gaps suitable.
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- Fuses (AREA)
- Protection Of Static Devices (AREA)
- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine weiterentwickelte Kurzschließeinrichtung für den Einsatz in Nieder- und Mittelspannungsanlagen zum Sach- und Personenschutz, umfassend ein Schaltelement, welches vom Auslösesignal einer Fehlererfassungseinrichtung betätigbar ist, zwei sich gegenüberliegende Kontaktelektroden mit Mitteln zur Stromzuführung, wobei diese an einen Stromkreis mit Anschlüssen von unterschiedlichem Potential kontaktierbar sind, weiterhin die Kontaktelektroden unter mechanischer Vorspannung stehend im Kurzschlussfall federkraftunterstützt eine Relativbewegung zueinander ausführen, ein Opferelement als Abstandshalter zwischen den Kontaktelektroden sowie mit einer elektrischen Verbindung zwischen dem Opferelement und dem Schaltelement einerseits und einer der Kontaktelektroden andererseits, um eine stromflussbedingte thermische Zerstörung des Opferelements gezielt herbeizuführen, gemäß Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a further developed short-circuiting device for use in low and medium voltage equipment for property and personal protection, comprising a switching element which is actuated by the trigger signal of a fault detection device, two opposing contact electrodes with means for supplying power, which to a circuit with terminals of different Potential are contactable, continue the contact electrodes under mechanical bias standing in the case of short circuit spring assisted perform a relative movement to each other, a sacrificial element as a spacer between the contact electrodes and with an electrical connection between the sacrificial element and the switching element on the one hand and one of the contact electrodes on the other hand, a current flow induced thermal destruction of the Targeting element to bring about specifically, according to the preamble of
Weiterhin betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zum Einleiten eines Kurzschlusses in Nieder- und Mittelspannungsanlagen mit einer Kurzschließeinrichtung.Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for initiating a short circuit in low and medium voltage installations with a short-circuiting device.
In elektrischen Schalt- und Verteileranlagen können verschiedene Fehler eintreten, die nicht unmittelbar zum Ansprechen bzw. nur zu einem verzögerten Ansprechen vorhandener Überstrom-Schutzeinrichtungen führen. Beispielhaft seien hier Störlichtbögen erwähnt. Ähnliche Probleme treten insbesondere hinsichtlich des Personenschutzes durch betriebsbedingte oder auf Fehler zurückzuführende Potentialdifferenzen auf. Solcherart Fehler können zu extremen Sachschäden, aber auch Personenschäden führen. Zur Begrenzung der Schäden ist neben einer sehr schnellen Erfassung des Fehlers auch dessen rasche Abschaltung erforderlich.Various electrical faults can occur in electrical switchgear and distribution systems, which do not lead directly to the response or only to a delayed response of existing overcurrent protection devices. By way of example, arcing arcs may be mentioned here. Similar problems occur, in particular with regard to the protection of persons due to operational or error-related potential differences. Such errors can lead to extreme property damage, but also personal injury. To limit the damage in addition to a very quick detection of the error and its rapid shutdown is required.
Für die schnelle Erfassung verschiedener Fehlerfälle gehören verschiedenste Lösungen zum Stand der Technik.
Verwiesen sei hier beispielsweise auf die
Reference is made, for example, to the
Bei einem Kurzschließer zur Verwendung in Anlagen zur Verteilung elektrischer Energie gemäß
Weitere typische Kurzschließer des Standes der Technik sind beispielsweise in der
Gemäß der
Bei der Lehre gemäß Patentschrift
Das vorerwähnte Schaltelement kann eine Reihenschaltung aus einer triggerbaren Überspannungs-Schutzeinrichtung und einer Einrichtung mit einstellbarem oder definiertem Schmelzintegral sein. Bei dieser Reihenschaltung kann im Fehlerfall lediglich die Einrichtung mit dem definierten Schmelzintegral zerstört werden. In einer Ausführungsform ist die vorerwähnte Einrichtung eine Glasrohr-Sicherung, ein linearer oder nichtlinearer Widerstand, ein Varistor, ein niedrigschmelzendes Metall oder eine Metall-Legierung, eine halbleitende oder leitende Keramik, ein derartiges Glas oder Ähnliches. Zur Erzeugung der mechanischen Vorspannung und der Elektrodenrelativbewegung wird gemäß
The aforementioned switching element may be a series circuit of a triggerable overvoltage protection device and a device with adjustable or defined melting integral. In this series connection, only the device with the defined melt integral can be destroyed in the event of a fault. In one embodiment, the aforementioned device is a glass tube fuse, a linear or non-linear resistor, a varistor, a low-melting metal or a metal alloy, a semiconductive or conductive ceramic, such a glass, or the like. To generate the mechanical bias and the relative electrode movement is in accordance with
Es hat sich jedoch im Ergebnis weiterer Untersuchungen gezeigt, dass der Ausführung und Optimierung des Opferelements für die funktionalen Eigenschaften des Kurzschließers eine große und außerordentliche Bedeutung zukommt. Grundsätzliches Ziel der Optimierung einer Kurzschlusseinrichtung ist es, eine möglichst schnelle Schließbewegung der Hauptkontakte und eine sehr geringe Belastung des Schaltelements zu erreichen, wobei das Opferelement diese beiden Parameter wesentlich beeinflusst.However, it has been found as a result of further investigations that the execution and optimization of the sacrificial element for the functional properties of the short-circuiter has a great and extraordinary importance. The basic aim of the optimization of a short-circuit device is to achieve the fastest possible closing movement of the main contacts and a very low load on the switching element, wherein the sacrificial element substantially influences these two parameters.
Weiterhin ist aus der
Aus dem Vorgenannten ist es daher Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine weiterentwickelte Kurzschließeinrichtung für den Einsatz in Nieder- und Mittelspannungsanlagen zum Sach- und Personenschutz anzugeben, wobei diese Kurzschließeinrichtung eine möglichst hohe elektrische Leitfähigkeit zur Minimierung der Kommutierungszeit bei gleichzeitiger hoher mechanischer Festigkeit zum Einsatz einer hohen Federkraft mit dem Ziel einer Reduzierung der Bewegungszeit besitzt.From the foregoing, it is therefore an object of the invention to provide an advanced short-circuiting device for use in low and medium voltage equipment for property and personal protection, this short-circuiting the highest possible electrical conductivity to minimize commutation while maintaining high mechanical strength to use a high spring force with the aim of reducing the movement time.
Die Lösung der Aufgabe der Erfindung erfolgt mit einer Kurzschließeinrichtung gemäß der Merkmalskombination nach Patentanspruch 1, wobei ergänzend auf ein erfindungsgemäßes Verfahren zur Einleitung eines Kurzschlusses in Niederspannungsanlagen unter Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Kurzschließeinrichtung verwiesen wird.The object of the invention is achieved with a short-circuiting device according to the combination of features according to
Gemäß der Erfindung ist das Opferelement ein Draht oder Stab aus einem leitfähigen Material mit niedrigem Schmelzintegral, wobei das Opferelement auf Zug unter mechanischer Vorspannung steht.According to the invention, the sacrificial element is a wire or rod made of a conductive material of low melting integral, the sacrificial element being in tension under mechanical prestressing.
Gemäß der Erfindung ist es von Vorteil, zwischen den Kontaktelektroden labyrinthartige, ineinander greifende Dichtelemente vorzusehen, um bei einer Lichtbogenbildung und Druckentwicklung eine Bewegungsunterstützung der kolbenartigen, beweglichen Kontaktelemente zu erreichen.According to the invention, it is advantageous to provide labyrinthine, interlocking sealing elements between the contact electrodes in order to achieve movement support of the piston-like, movable contact elements in the case of arcing and pressure development.
Die bewegliche Kontaktelektrode kann bei einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung eine Kontaktbrücke zwischen zwei elektrischen Anschlüssen bilden.In one embodiment of the invention, the movable contact electrode can form a contact bridge between two electrical terminals.
Wiederum ausgestaltend kann die bewegliche Kontaktelektrode als Verdrängungsstempel ausgeführt werden, welcher mit einer festen Topf-Kontaktelektrode zusammenwirkt, wobei in der Topf-Kontaktelektrode eine leitfähige, niedrigschmelzende Substanz befindlich ist, welche beim Eintauchen des Stempels eine ergänzende elektrische Brücke zwischen den sich gegenüberliegenden Kontaktabschnitten bildet. In diesem Fall wird also die niedrigschmelzende Substanz aus dem Topfbereich der entsprechenden Elektrode herausgedrängt und gelangt in den verbleibenden Spalt der sich gegenüberliegenden Kontaktelektroden.Again, the movable contact electrode can be designed as a displacement punch, which cooperates with a solid pot contact electrode, wherein in the pot contact electrode is a conductive, low-melting substance is located, which forms a complementary electrical bridge between the opposing contact portions when immersing the punch. In this case, therefore, the low-melting substance is forced out of the pot region of the corresponding electrode and enters the remaining gap of the opposing contact electrodes.
Bei dem Verfahren zur Einleitung eines Kurzschlusses in Niederspannungsanlagen unter Verwendung der Kurzschließeinrichtung gemäß der Erfindung wird von einer gestaffelten Zuschaltung der Kurzschließeinrichtung ausgegangen.In the method for initiating a short circuit in low-voltage systems using the short-circuiting device according to the invention, a staggered connection of the short-circuiting device is assumed.
Zunächst erfolgt hier ein kurzzeitiges Ansteuern des Schaltelements nach Erfassung eines Störungsfalls. Es wird dann eine Begrenzung des Kurzschlussstroms durch das Schaltelement mittels Opferelement und die Impedanz der Anschlüsse erreicht mit einem anschließenden Kommutieren des Stroms vom Fehlerort zum Kurzschließer.First of all, a brief activation of the switching element takes place after the detection of a fault. It is then a limitation of the short-circuit current through the switching element by means of sacrificial element and the impedance of the terminals achieved with a subsequent commutation of the current from the fault location to the short circuiter.
Der Kurzschlussstrom wird dann nach einer vorgegebenen Zeit durch das Schaltelement unterbrochen und es wird die Anlage erneut mit Netzspannung belastet.The short-circuit current is then interrupted by the switching element after a predetermined time and the system is again loaded with mains voltage.
Im Fall einer ausreichenden Wiederverfestigung der Fehlstelle bleibt die Versorgung der Anlage erhalten. Die Kurzschließeinrichtung meldet den aufgetretenen Fehler und weist damit auf eine notwendige Überprüfung der Anlage hin.In the case of sufficient reconsolidation of the defect, the supply of the plant is maintained. The short-circuiting device reports the error that has occurred and thus indicates a necessary check of the system.
Bleibt allerdings der Fehlerfall bestehen, wird das Schaltelement des Kurzschließers erneut und dauerhaft angesteuert. Das Opferelement des Kurzschließers wird in diesem Fall überlastet und es erfolgt das Erzeugen eines dauerhaften metallischen Kurzschlusses, welcher eine Abschaltung der Anlage erzwingt.However, if the fault persists, the switching element of the short-circuiter is again and permanently activated. The sacrificial element of the short-circuiter is overloaded in this case and there is the generation of a permanent metallic short circuit, which forces a shutdown of the system.
Die Erfindung soll nachstehend anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen sowie unter Zuhilfenahme von Figuren näher erläutert werden.The invention will be explained below with reference to exemplary embodiments and with the aid of figures.
Hierbei zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine erste Variante der Erfindung mit zugbelastetem Stab oder Draht als Federelement;
- Fig. 2
- eine zweite Variante der Erfindung mit zugbelastetem Opferelement;
- Fig. 3
- eine dritte Variante der Erfindung mit zugbelastetem Opferelement;
- Fig. 4
- eine vierte Variante der Erfindung mit zugbelastetem Opferelement und einer Topf-Elektrode, welche eine zu verdrängende leitfähige Substanz aufweist, und
- Fig. 5
- ein Blockschaltbild zur Erläuterung des Verfahrens zum Einleiten eines Kurzschlusses in Niederspannungsanlagen mit gestaffelter Zuschaltung.
- Fig. 1
- a first variant of the invention with zugbelastastetem rod or wire as a spring element;
- Fig. 2
- a second variant of the invention with zugbelastastenem sacrificial element;
- Fig. 3
- a third variant of the invention with zugbelastastenem sacrificial element;
- Fig. 4
- a fourth variant of the invention with zugbelastastenem sacrificial element and a pot electrode having a conductive substance to be displaced, and
- Fig. 5
- a block diagram for explaining the method for initiating a short circuit in low-voltage systems with staggered connection.
In den nachfolgenden Ausführungsbeispielen werden für gleiche oder gleichwirkende Elemente dieselben Bezugszeichen verwendet.In the following embodiments, the same reference numerals are used for the same or equivalent elements.
Gemäß den Ausführungsbeispielen kommt dem Opferelement 5 eine besondere Bedeutung bezüglich der effektiven Wirkungsweise der Kurzschließeinrichtung zu. Ziel der Optimierung der Kurzschließeinrichtung ist es, eine möglichst schnelle Schließbewegung der Hauptkontakte und eine sehr geringe Belastung des Schaltelements zu erreichen. Die Geschwindigkeit der Schließbewegung der Hauptkontakte wird neben dem Kontaktabstand, der Masse des bewegten Kontakts, der wirksamen Gegenkräfte auch wesentlich durch die Kraft-Weg-Kennlinie der eingesetzten Feder 4 bestimmt. Je höher die Anfangskraft im gespannten Zustand und je höher die Restkraft im geschlossenen Zustand des Kurzschließers ist, desto kürzer wird die Schließzeit der Hauptkontakte.According to the embodiments, the
Die Masse des bewegten Kontakts und die Federkraft wirken im gespannten Zustand permament auf das Opferelement und erfordern eine gewisse mechanische Festigkeit.The mass of the moving contact and the spring force in the stressed state permanently act on the sacrificial element and require a certain mechanical strength.
Andererseits soll das Opferelement möglichst bereits infolge einer geringen Energiezufuhr überlastet werden und die gewünschte Bewegung des entsprechenden Hauptkontakts, d.h. der jeweiligen Kontaktelektrode bewirken. Bis zur Stromkommutierung des Fehlerstroms auf die Hauptkontakte wird das Schaltelement mit dem Fehlerstrom belastet. Je geringer diese Belastung ist, desto geringer können die Kosten für das Schaltelement gehalten werden. Neben den Kosten und dem Schutz des Schaltelements soll eine schnelle Überlastung des Opferelements auch einer raschen Verringerung der Impedanz des Kurzschlusspfads dienen, da nach dem Schließen der Hauptkontakte ein rein metallischer Kurzschluss realisiert ist. Damit wird die Impedanz des Schaltelements sowie eventuell die vorhandene Impedanz des Lichtbogens und der im Wesentlichen ohmsche Widerstand des Opferelements aus dem Fehlerstromkreis eliminiert.On the other hand, the sacrificial element is to be overloaded as possible due to a low power supply and the desired movement of the corresponding main contact, i. cause the respective contact electrode. Until the current commutation of the fault current to the main contacts, the switching element is loaded with the fault current. The lower this load, the lower the cost of the switching element can be kept. In addition to the costs and the protection of the switching element is a rapid overload of the sacrificial element and a rapid reduction in the impedance of the Kurzschlusspfads serve, since after closing the main contacts a purely metallic short circuit is realized. Thus, the impedance of the switching element and possibly the existing impedance of the arc and the substantially ohmic resistance of the sacrificial element is eliminated from the fault circuit.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Opferelemente besitzen folgende Eigenschaften. Es liegt ein geringes Schmelzintegral (I2t-Wert) des Materials zur Minimierung der Belastung des Schaltelements vor. Die Opferelemente weisen eine hohe elektrische Leitfähigkeit zur Minimierung der Kommutierungszeit auf und besitzen eine hohe mechanische Festigkeit zum Einsatz einer hohen Federkraft mit Blick auf eine gewünschte Reduzierung der Bewegungszeit der Kontaktelektroden. Weiterhin liegt nur eine geringe Lichtbogenspannung bei der Zerstörung des Opferelements für die Realisierung einer kurzen Kommutierungszeit vor. Kräfte, welche der mechanischen Bewegung entgegenwirken, wie z.B. ein entstehender Druckanstieg, werden vermieden oder reduziert.The sacrificial elements according to the invention have the following properties. There is a low melting integral (I 2 t value) of the material to minimize stress on the switching element. The sacrificial elements have a high electrical conductivity to minimize the commutation time and have a high mechanical strength to use a high spring force in view of a desired reduction in the movement time of the contact electrodes. Furthermore, there is only a low arc voltage in the destruction of the sacrificial element for the realization of a short commutation time. Forces, which counteract the mechanical movement, such as a resulting increase in pressure, are avoided or reduced.
Wie in den
Gemäß
Diese Ausführungsform ermöglicht es, als Opferelement 5 preiswerte Drähte oder Stäbe einzusetzen. Das Opferelement der zweiten Ausführungsform weist neben der für diese Gestaltung notwendigen hohen Zugfestigkeit ein niedriges Schmelzintegral auf. An einer Führung 11, die auch einen Übergangsbereich zum Opferelement 5 bildet, ist eine Hilfselektrode 8 für das Schaltelement 9 und ein entsprechender Anschluß vorgesehen. Die Feder 4 besitzt gemäß
Die Elemente 12 und 13 bilden eine Labyrinthdichtung mit der Folge, dass bei einer Druckerhöhung im Dichtungsinnenraum eine Bewegungsunterstützung der kolbenartigen beweglichen Kontaktelektrode 14 gewährleistet ist.The
Durch den Einsatz von zugfesten Drähten, z.B. aus Stahl, lassen sich sehr geringe Schmelzintegrale des Opferelements 5 bei sehr hohen Federkräften erzielen. Dies erlaubt den Einsatz preiswerter Schaltelemente 9 und es können sehr geringe Schaltzeiten der Kontaktelektroden erzielt werden.By using tensile wires, e.g. made of steel, very low melting integral of the
Die durch den Lichtbogen erzeugte Druckwelle wirkt bei den Varianten gemäß
Bei der Ausführungsvariante gemäß Darstellung nach
Zusätzlich können auch Konstruktionen Anwendung finden, bei denen die Stromkräfte die Bewegung des bewegten Elements unterstützen.In addition, constructions can be used in which the current forces support the movement of the moving element.
Die Kontaktelektroden 6 und 14 gemäß
Die in
Der Vorteil bei dieser Ausführungsvariante besteht in der kleinen zu bewegenden Masse der Kontaktplatte 15 und den geringen Anforderungen hinsichtlich der Stromtragfähigkeit sowie der dynamischen Belastung der Verbindung zwischen der Kontaktplatte 15 und einer der festen Hauptelektroden 6 bzw. 14, die im Fall der Ausführungsform nach
Prinzipiell kann die Stromzuführung zur Kontaktplatte bzw. zum Opferelement auch über einen Gleitkontakt von einer der festen Elektroden aus erfolgen.In principle, the power supply to the contact plate or to the sacrificial element can also be effected via a sliding contact of one of the fixed electrodes.
Hierzu besteht die Möglichkeit, das Teil 15 elektrisch leitfähig über einen Gleitkontakt mit der ersten festen Hauptelektrode 6 zu verbinden. Gemäß den Darstellungen nach
Bei der Anordnung nach
Im Falle der Darstellung nach
Die erläuterten Kurzschließeinrichtungen erlauben bei dem Einsatz eines selbstlöschenden Schaltelements wie Funkenstrecken oder Thyristoren auch die Anwendung eines insbesondere im Niederspannungsbereich sinnvollen Betriebsverfahrens zur Einleitung eines metallischen Kurzschlusses.The described short-circuiting allow the use of a self-extinguishing switching element such as spark gaps or thyristors, the application of a useful especially in the low voltage operating method for initiating a metallic short circuit.
Im Hoch- und Mittelspannungsbereich entstehen Kurzschlüsse in Anlagen häufig durch eine Alterung oder Verschmutzung der Isolationsstrecken als Überschlag bzw. als Durchschlag. Diese Isolationsstrecken sind dauerhaft geschädigt und würden bei einer erneuten Zuschaltung der Netzspannung zu einem wiederholten Fehlerfall führen.In the high and medium voltage range, short circuits often occur in systems due to aging or contamination of the insulation sections as a rollover or breakdown. These insulation stretches are permanently damaged and would lead to a repeated fault in a renewed connection of the mains voltage.
Bei Niederspannung hingegen entstehen Kurzschlüsse häufig nur infolge von so genannten Wischern, d.h. im Niederspannungsbereich resultieren Kurzschlüsse durch kurzzeitig leitfähige Verbindungen von verschiedenen Potentialen bzw. durch Verbindungen mit einer nur sehr geringen Stromtragfähigkeit. Diese Verbindungen können durch herabfallende Teile, Tiere oder gesplissene Adern und Ähnliches entstehen. Zum Teil verlöschen entstehende Funken bzw. Lichtbögen von selbst.At low voltage, however, shorts often occur only as a result of so-called wipers, i. In the low voltage range, short circuits result from short-term conductive connections of different potentials or due to connections with only a very low current carrying capacity. These connections may arise from falling parts, animals or split veins and the like. In some cases, sparks or arcs that arise spontaneously go out.
Eine dauerhafte Schädigung der Isolation durch Alterung oder Verschmutzung als Ursache für Kurzschlüsse im Anlagenbereich ist eher gering. Der Wartungsaufwand innerhalb der Anlagen entsteht häufig erst infolge der Wirkung eines lang andauernden Störlichtbogens. Kann der Einfluss des Störlichtbogens hingegen stark begrenzt werden, ist es möglich, auf eine unmittelbare Wartung häufig zu verzichten. Aufgrund der Besonderheiten der Fehlerentstehung und der Fehlerdauer in Niederspannungsanlagen ergibt sich für den Einsatz eines Kurzschließers zur Reduzierung der Wirkung von Störlichtbögen eine besondere Situation.Permanent damage to the insulation due to aging or contamination as the cause of short circuits in the plant area is rather low. The maintenance effort within the plants often arises only as a result of the effect a long-lasting arc fault. On the other hand, if the influence of the arc can be severely limited, it is possible to often forego immediate maintenance. Due to the peculiarities of fault generation and the duration of the fault in low-voltage systems, a special situation arises for the use of a short-circuiting device to reduce the effect of arcing faults.
Bei schnellwirkenden Kurzschließern wird der Kurzschluss innerhalb der ersten Fehlerstrom-Halbwelle, dauerhaft bis zur Abschaltung durch die vorgeordneten Schutzeinrichtungen, eingeleitet. Die gesamte Anlage wird somit vom Netz getrennt. Hierdurch entsteht mitunter bereits bei eventuell selbstverlöschenden Wischern infolge der Abschaltung ein hoher Nutzungsausfall. Wird die Zeitdauer des Ansprechen des Kurzschließers hingegen verzögert, erhöht sich der Schaden an den Anlagen bei einem realen Schadensfall hingegen beträchtlich. Zudem entsteht ein drastisch höherer Wartungsaufwand. Durch eine Verzögerung des Kurzschließers ist zudem ein eventuell angestrebter Personenschutz undenkbar.In the case of fast-acting short-circuiters, the short circuit is initiated within the first residual current half-wave, permanently until it is disconnected by the upstream protective devices. The entire system is thus disconnected from the grid. As a result, even with possibly self-extinguishing wipers as a result of the shutdown is a high loss of use. On the other hand, if the duration of the response of the short-circuiter is delayed, the damage to the equipment in the case of a real damage event, on the other hand, increases considerably. In addition, a drastically higher maintenance costs. A delay of the short-circuiter also makes any desired personal protection unthinkable.
Durch den Einsatz des erfindungsgemäßen Kurzschließers mit Reihenschaltung aus Opfer- und Schaltelement kann den scheinbar widersprüchlichen Forderungen nach hoher Anlagenverfügbarkeit einerseits und einer starken Schadensbegrenzung andererseits entsprochen werden.By using the short-circuiting device according to the invention with series connection of sacrificial and switching element, the apparently contradictory demands for high system availability on the one hand and a strong damage limitation on the other hand can be met.
Das erfindungsgemäße Prinzip des Verfahrens zur Einleitung eines Kurzschlusses beruht auf einer gestaffelten Zuschaltung des Kurzschließers mit folgendem Zeitablauf.The inventive principle of the method for initiating a short circuit is based on a staggered connection of the short-circuiter with the following timing.
Nach der Erfassung eines Störungsfalls, z.B. einem Störlichtbogen in der Anlage, wird das Schaltelement des Kurzschließers kurzzeitig angesteuert. Der mögliche Kurzschlussstrom durch das Schaltelement wird durch das Opferelement und die Impedanz des Anschlusses sowie des Schaltelements begrenzt. Der Strom kommutiert vom Fehlerort zum Kurzschließer. Nach einer einstellbaren Zeit unterbricht das Schaltelement den Kurzschlussstrom und die Anlage und der Fehlerort werden wieder mit Netzspannung belastet. Im Falle eines Wischers und einer ausreichenden Wiederverfestigung der Fehlerstelle bleibt die Versorgung der Anlage bestehen. Der Kurzschließer meldet den aufgetretenen Fehler und weist somit auf eine notwendige Anlagenüberprüfung hin.After the detection of a fault, eg an arc fault in the system, the switching element of the short-circuiter is briefly actuated. The possible short-circuit current through the switching element is limited by the sacrificial element and the impedance of the terminal and of the switching element. The current commutes from the fault location to the short circuiter. After an adjustable time, the switching element interrupts the short-circuit current and the system and the fault location are again loaded with mains voltage. In the case of a wiper and a sufficient reconsolidation of the fault remains the supply of the plant exist. The short-circuiter reports the error that has occurred and thus indicates a necessary system check.
Bleibt der Fehlerfall bestehen, wird das Schaltelement des Kurzschließers erneut und dauerhaft angesteuert. Das Opferelement des Kurzschließers wird in diesem Fall überlastet und ein dauerhafter metallischer Kurzschluss erzeugt, welcher eine Abschaltung der Anlage erzwingt.If the error persists, the switching element of the short-circuiter is controlled again and permanently. The sacrificial element of the short-circuiter is overloaded in this case and generates a permanent metallic short circuit, which forces a shutdown of the system.
Bei der vorgestellten Lösung wird das Opferelement so ausgelegt, dass bereits nach geringsten Strombelastungen (niedrige I2t-Werte) ein metallischer Kurzschluss erzielt werden kann. Die in diesem Fall eingesetzten Schaltelemente müssen damit nur eine sehr geringe Stromtragfähigkeit bzw. ein geringes Schaltvermögen aufweisen.In the proposed solution, the sacrificial element is designed so that a metallic short circuit can already be achieved after the lowest current loads (low I 2 t values). The switching elements used in this case must thus have only a very low current carrying capacity or a low switching capacity.
Für eine Anwendung des beschriebenen Verfahrens ist bei Beibehalten der Konstruktion eine differenzierte Auslegung des Opferelements und des Schaltelements empfehlenswert. Alternativ zu einer nahezu entgegengesetzten Optimierung des vorgestellten Kurzschließers kann dieser jedoch recht einfach durch einen parallel geschalteten Pfad für das erläuterte Verfahren ertüchtigt werden. Somit ist eine preisgünstige und bedarfsgerechte Erweiterung des einfachen Kurzschließers jederzeit zum Einsatz des erläuterten Verfahrens möglich.For an application of the described method, while maintaining the construction, a differentiated design of the sacrificial element and the switching element is recommended. As an alternative to an almost opposite optimization of the presented short-circuiting device, however, this can be improved by a parallel path for the described method. Thus, an inexpensive and needs-based extension of the simple short-circuiter is always possible to use the explained method.
Die Höhe der Impedanz 16 sollte jedoch einige 100 mΩ nicht überschreiten, da ansonsten eine Kommutierung des Fehlerstroms zum Gesamtgerät (Kurzschließerpfad 1 und 2) stark behindert wird. Vorzugsweise sollte die Impedanz kleiner als wenige mΩ sein.However, the height of the
Als Schaltelement 17 sind insbesondere Halbleiterschalter, z.B. Thyristoren bzw. IGBTs, aber auch triggerbare Vakuumschalter und Funkenstrecken geeignet.As the switching
Claims (6)
- Short-circuiting device for use in low-voltage and medium-voltage systems for the protection of objects and personnel, comprising
a switching element, which can be actuated by the trigger signal of a fault detection device,
two mutually opposite contact electrodes having power supply means, wherein said contact electrodes can be contacted with an electric circuit having connections of different potentials, wherein further the contact electrodes, being under a mechanical preload, carry out in the event of a short-circuit a relative movement in relation to one another assisted by a spring force or the contact electrodes are bridged by a preloaded contact element when the contact element carries out a relative movement to the contact electrodes,
a sacrificial element as spacer between the contact electrodes and having an electrical connection between the sacrificial element and the switching element on the one hand, and one of the contact electrodes on the other hand, in order to deliberately bring about a thermal destruction of the sacrificial element in response to the current flow,
characterized in that
the sacrificial element is a wire or rod made of a conductive material having a low melting integral, wherein the sacrificial element is under a mechanical preload by being under tension and labyrinth-like sealing elements engaging each other are provided between the contact electrodes so as to assist the movement of the piston-like movable contact electrode or the bridge-like contact element in the event of an arcing and pressure development. - Short-circuiting device according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the movable contact electrode forms a contact bridge between two electrical connections. - Short-circuiting device according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the switching element is connected to the movable contact electrode. - Short-circuiting device according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the switching element is connected to the fixed contact electrode. - Short-circuiting device according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the movable contact electrode is formed as a displacement plunger which cooperates with a fixed pot-type contact electrode, wherein a conductive, low-melting substance is provided in the pot-type contact electrode which, when the plunger is immersed, forms a supplementary electrical bridge between the opposite contact portion. - Method for initiating a short circuit in low-voltage systems by using a short-circuiting device according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized by
switching in the short-circuiting device in a staggered manner, comprising the following steps:- actuating the switching element for a short time after a fault event was detected;- limiting the short-circuit current through the switching element by means of the sacrificial element and by the impedance of the connection and the impedance of the switching element itself, and commuting the current from the fault location to the short-circuiting device;- interrupting the short-circuit current after a predetermined time by the switching element and loading the system anew with supply voltage;- if the fault event remains, if necessary, actuating the switching element again, now permanently;- destroying the sacrificial element and generating a permanent short circuit including the shutdown of the system.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PL08018404T PL2051275T3 (en) | 2005-08-04 | 2006-07-04 | Short circuit device for use in low or medium voltage assemblies for the protection of people and objects |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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DE102005036812 | 2005-08-04 | ||
DE102005048003A DE102005048003B4 (en) | 2005-08-04 | 2005-10-06 | Short-circuiting device for use in low and medium voltage systems for property and personal protection |
EP06777558A EP1911059B1 (en) | 2005-08-04 | 2006-07-04 | Short-circuiting device for use in low-voltage and medium-voltage systems for the protection of parts and personnel |
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EP06777558.5 Division | 2006-07-04 | ||
EP06777558A Division EP1911059B1 (en) | 2005-08-04 | 2006-07-04 | Short-circuiting device for use in low-voltage and medium-voltage systems for the protection of parts and personnel |
Publications (2)
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EP2051275A1 EP2051275A1 (en) | 2009-04-22 |
EP2051275B1 true EP2051275B1 (en) | 2010-04-07 |
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EP08018404A Not-in-force EP2051275B1 (en) | 2005-08-04 | 2006-07-04 | Short circuit device for use in low or medium voltage assemblies for the protection of people and objects |
EP06777558A Not-in-force EP1911059B1 (en) | 2005-08-04 | 2006-07-04 | Short-circuiting device for use in low-voltage and medium-voltage systems for the protection of parts and personnel |
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EP06777558A Not-in-force EP1911059B1 (en) | 2005-08-04 | 2006-07-04 | Short-circuiting device for use in low-voltage and medium-voltage systems for the protection of parts and personnel |
Country Status (6)
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EP (2) | EP2051275B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101278369B (en) |
AT (2) | ATE463833T1 (en) |
DE (4) | DE102005048003B4 (en) |
PL (1) | PL2051275T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007014816A1 (en) |
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---|---|
DE102005048003A1 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
EP2051275A1 (en) | 2009-04-22 |
CN101278369A (en) | 2008-10-01 |
DE102005048003B4 (en) | 2008-04-30 |
WO2007014816A1 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
ATE463833T1 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
EP1911059A1 (en) | 2008-04-16 |
ATE433602T1 (en) | 2009-06-15 |
EP1911059B1 (en) | 2009-06-10 |
DE502006006665D1 (en) | 2010-05-20 |
PL2051275T3 (en) | 2010-09-30 |
CN101278369B (en) | 2012-07-25 |
DE502006003948D1 (en) | 2009-07-23 |
DE202006020737U1 (en) | 2009-09-24 |
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