EP1905891B1 - Flat belt-like supporting and driving means with tension members - Google Patents
Flat belt-like supporting and driving means with tension members Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1905891B1 EP1905891B1 EP07116796A EP07116796A EP1905891B1 EP 1905891 B1 EP1905891 B1 EP 1905891B1 EP 07116796 A EP07116796 A EP 07116796A EP 07116796 A EP07116796 A EP 07116796A EP 1905891 B1 EP1905891 B1 EP 1905891B1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- supporting
- strands
- strand
- belt
- drive means
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
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- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 14
- CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)(Cl)Cl CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006362 TeflonĀ® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000508 Vectran Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004979 Vectran Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006231 aramid fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
- D07B1/02—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics
- D07B1/025—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics comprising high modulus, or high tenacity, polymer filaments or fibres, e.g. liquid-crystal polymers
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
- D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
- D07B1/02—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics
- D07B1/04—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics with a core of fibres or filaments arranged parallel to the centre line
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
- D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
- D07B1/08—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core the layers of which are formed of profiled interlocking wires, i.e. the strands forming concentric layers
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
- D07B1/22—Flat or flat-sided ropes; Sets of ropes consisting of a series of parallel ropes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
- D07B2201/10—Rope or cable structures
- D07B2201/1004—General structure or appearance
- D07B2201/1008—Several parallel ropes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
- D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
- D07B2201/2083—Jackets or coverings
- D07B2201/2084—Jackets or coverings characterised by their shape
- D07B2201/2086—Jackets or coverings characterised by their shape concerning the external shape
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
- D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
- D07B2201/2083—Jackets or coverings
- D07B2201/2087—Jackets or coverings being of the coated type
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
- D07B2205/20—Organic high polymers
- D07B2205/2039—Polyesters
- D07B2205/2042—High performance polyesters, e.g. Vectran
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
- D07B2205/20—Organic high polymers
- D07B2205/2046—Polyamides, e.g. nylons
- D07B2205/205—Aramides
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2501/00—Application field
- D07B2501/20—Application field related to ropes or cables
- D07B2501/2007—Elevators
Definitions
- the invention relates to a flat belt-like support and propellant with at least two tension members made of synthetic fibers, wherein the tension members extend at a distance from each other axially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the support and propellant and are embedded in a jacket according to the definition of the independent claim.
- WO 2004/035913 A1 is a flat belt-like support and propellant known with tension members made of synthetic fibers, being provided as a tension carrier at least two stranded strands, which have stranded synthetic fiber yarns and are designed to absorb power in the longitudinal direction.
- the strands are spaced along the longitudinal direction of the support and propellant and embedded in a common jacket.
- At least one of the strands has an electrically conductive indicator yarn which is stranded together with the synthetic fiber yarns of the strand, the indicator yarn being arranged outside the center of the yarn bundle.
- the indicator yarn has an elongation at break which is less than the breaking elongation of individual synthetic fiber yarns of the strand.
- the indicator yarn may be contacted to allow electrical monitoring of its integrity.
- the synthetic fiber rope has become known for driving by a traction sheave.
- the synthetic fiber rope is constructed as a twin rope of two stranded in opposite directions of rotation ropes, which are rotationally fixed and fixed in their parallel, spaced position to each other by a common cable sheath.
- the present invention integrally formed on both ropes cable sheath acts as a torque bridge, the longitudinal rope of the twin rope, due to the rope structure resulting, oppositely oriented torques of the ropes canceled each other and thus over the total cross section of the twin rope torque compensation between the sum of all right and left-handed Litzenanteile creates.
- the twin rope behaves during the run over a pulley rotation.
- the invention aims to remedy this situation.
- the invention as characterized in claim 1 solves the problem of providing a support and propellant with smaller bending stresses in the tension members.
- the pulley-side strand half When bending a strand around the traction sheave or around the deflection pulley, the pulley-side strand half is subjected to compressive stresses and the free strand half to tensile stresses. Between the compression / tension-stressed strand halves runs the neutral pressure neither tensile nor tensile stressed. Too high compressive / tensile stresses in the strand lead to premature failure of the strand.
- Each tension member consists of several layers of strands, wherein the strands forming the strand layer are stranded. (Helical rounding of strands of a strand layer around the underlying strand layer). Each strand consists of several yarn layers, the yarns forming the yarn layer being stranded. (Helical twisting of yarn layer yarns about the underlying yarn layer). Each yarn consists of several, unidirectional or unsewn synthetic fibers also called filaments. Each yarn is impregnated in a plastic bath. The plastic wrapping a yarn or strand is also called matrix or matrix material. After stranding the yarns into a strand, the plastic of the yarns is heat-treated homogenized. The strand then consists of stranded yarns completely embedded in the plastic.
- a strand consists of stranded yarns, which in turn consist of unstretched or unidirectional synthetic fibers, a yarn consisting for example of 1000 synthetic fibers, also called filaments.
- the stranding direction of the yarns in the strands is provided so that the individual fiber is oriented in the pulling direction of the rope or in the cable longitudinal axis.
- Each yarn is impregnated in a plastic bath.
- the plastic surrounding a yarn or strand is also called matrix or matrix material.
- the fibers are joined together by the matrix but have no direct contact with each other.
- the matrix completely encloses or embeds the fibers and protects the fibers from abrasion and wear. Due to the rope mechanics, shifts occur between the individual fibers in the strands. These shifts are not converted by a relative movement between the filaments, but by a reversible stretching of the matrix.
- the stranding of yarns into a strand is referred to as the first stranding step.
- the stranding of strands to a tension member or a rope is referred to as a second stranding stage.
- the tensile carrier may be composed of chemical fibers such as aramid fibers, Vectran fibers, polyethylene fibers, polyester fibers, etc.
- each strand consists of yarn layer stranded yarns.
- the relative movements from strand to strand leading to wear of the strands can be kept small. This ensures a long service life of the tension members.
- thinner strands have a higher tensile strength than strands of large diameter due to the size factor, which advantageously results in a higher breaking load.
- the support and propellant for applications in elevator construction in particular as a support and propellant for the elevator car and the counterweight, for example, the geometry of a flat belt or a ribbed belt or the geometry of a toothed belt.
- the tension members are arranged side by side, the tension members are alternately struck or stranded in the S and Z directions and are relatively close together.
- at least two, preferably between 4 and 12 tension members are provided.
- these tension members are constructed as a fiber composite, wherein the plastic surrounding the strand (matrix material) is preferably made of polyurethane and the fibers which absorb the tensile forces are preferably made of aramid.
- the Matrix material mixed between 1% and 10% Teflon.
- Other additives such as wax or Teflon powder are also useful.
- the jacket can have a Shore hardness of 72A to 95A and the matrix can have a Shore hardness of 80A to 98A.
- Shore hardness 85A for the sheath and 95A which corresponds to a Shore hardness 54D
- the carriers are alternately beaten or stranded in the S direction and in the Z direction.
- the torque of one tension member rotates in the opposite direction as the torque of the other tension member, so that the torques cancel each other out.
- the torque-neutral support and propellant does not twist by the introduction of a tensile force. It is also possible for two or three stranded in the S direction and two or three stranded in the Z direction tensile carriers are arranged side by side.
- the decisive factor is that the stranding in the S and Z directions is torque-neutral compared to the longitudinal axis running in the center of the support and propellant.
- the lay length SL is also related to the modulus of elasticity of synthetic fibers. With an increasing modulus of elasticity, a shorter lay length can be selected with a constant fiber cross-sectional area without the spring stiffness of the suspension element being reduced.
- the inventive support and propellant is flat belt-like and consists of at least two tension members made of synthetic fibers, wherein the tension members with a distance from each other axially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the support and Propellant and are embedded in a jacket, and each tension member consists of several strands, each strand is formed of several stranded yarns.
- Fig. 1 shows the structure of a tension member 1.
- the tension member 1 has a plurality of strand layers, an outer strand layer 2, a first inner strand layer 3, a second inner strand layer 4 and a core strand 5. Structure and diameter of the strands 7 of the outer strand layer 2 are the same.
- the first inner strand layer consists in diameter of larger strands 8 and smaller strands 9.
- the larger strands 8 correspond in diameter about the strands 10 of the second inner strand layer 4 and the core strand 5.
- the strands 7 of the outer strand layer 2 are larger in diameter than that larger strands 8 of the first inner strand layer 3 and the strands 10 of the second inner strand layer 4.
- the strands 8, 10 of the inner strand layers 3, 4 are larger in diameter than the smaller strands 9 of the first inner strand layer 3.
- the larger strands 8 of the first inner strand layer 3 and the strands 10 of the second inner strand layer 4 are approximately equal in diameter as the core strand 5.
- the strands 10 of the second inner strand layer 4 are stranded around the core strand 5
- the strands 8.9 of the first inner strand layer 3 are to the second inner strand layer 4 is stranded
- the strands 7 of the outer strand layer 2 are stranded around the first inner strand layer 3.
- a strand 5,7,8,9,10 consists of stranded yarns, which in turn consist of stranded or unidirectional synthetic fibers.
- the tension member 1 can be made of chemical fibers such For example, aramid fibers, Vectran fibers, polyethylene fibers, polyester fibers, etc. may be constructed.
- the tension member 1 may also consist of one or two or more than three strand layers.
- Fig. 1 shows the tension member 1, in which the strands of a strand layer are mutually spaced.
- the distance between two strands 7 of the outer strand layer 2 is denoted by d1.
- the distance between two strands 8,9 of the first inner strand layer 3 is denoted by d2.
- the distance between two strands 10 of the second inner strand layer 4 is denoted by d3.
- d1 may range from 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm
- d2 and d3 may range from 0.01 mm to 0.08 mm.
- the strands 7 of the outer strand layer 2 can move in the radial direction r in the direction of the cable center and exert a radial pressure on the strands 8, 9 of the first inner strand layer 3.
- the radial pressure is transmitted from the strands 8,9 of the first inner strand layer 3 to the strands 10 of the second inner strand layer 4.
- the radial pressure is transmitted from the strands 10 of the second inner strand layer 4 to the core strand 5.
- the radial pressure increases from strand layer to strand layer inwards.
- Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of a support and propellant 11 with at least two tension members 1 according to Fig. 1 which run axially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the support and propellant.
- the support and propellant 11 has the geometry of a flat belt consisting of a belt body 12 and coat 12, which encloses the tension members 1 and in which the tension members 1 are embedded.
- the belt back is designated 13.
- the tread 16 of the belt may be flat and parallel to the belt spine 13, or as in FIG Fig. 2 shown trapezoidal ribs 14 and grooves 15 which extend axially parallel to the tension members 1, wherein the contour of the traction sheave or the deflecting wheel on the contour of the tread 16 of the belt 11 fits approximately complementary.
- Traction sheave or deflection pulley form a frictional connection together with the belt 11.
- Each rib 14 is a tension member 1 is provided, wherein the tension members 1 are alternately struck or stranded in the Z and S directions. Instead of in Fig. 2 shown trapezoidal ribs 14 may also be provided semicircular ribs. In a toothed belt, the ribs 14 and grooves 15 extend transversely or obliquely to the tension members 1. Traction sheave or deflecting disc together with the belt 11 form a positive connection.
- the tension members 1 in the belt 11, 111 are alternately struck or stranded in the S and Z directions.
- the strands 7 of the outer strand layer 2 are beaten in the same direction as the strands 8.9 of the first inner strand layer 3 or are beaten the same as the strands 10 of the second inner strand layer 4.
- the direction of impact of the strands of a strand layer can also against the direction of impact the strands of the other Litzenlage be different.
- the Switzerland 1 is then no longer in the dc beat as shown above, but in the counter-strike, also called cross strike, stranded.
- the strands 7 of the outer strand layer 2 in the S direction and the strands 8, 9 of the first inner strand layer 3 in the Z direction and the strands 10 of the second inner strand layer 4 can again be stranded in the Z direction.
- Tensile stranded tension members are torque-neutral.
- Fig. 3 shows a carrying and propellant 11 with at least two tension members 1 according to Fig. 1 which run axially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the support and propellant.
- the support and propellant 11 has the geometry of a twin rope 111 consisting of a rope body 112 or shell 112, which encloses the tension members 1 and in which the tension members 1 are embedded.
- the left tension member 1 is struck in the Z direction, the right tension member 1 is struck in the S direction.
- Each tension member has a plurality of strand layers 2, 3, 4, wherein the strands 7, 8, 9, 10 forming the strand layer are stranded. (Helical rounding of strands of a strand layer around the underlying strand layer). Synthetic fibers are bundled into a yarn with multiple yarns stranded into a strand in the S or Z direction.
- the twin rope 111 may be formed together with the sheath 112 as a flat rope or flat belt or have a taper 113 between the tension members 1.
- the common running surface 116 of the twin rope 111 with the traction sheave in cross section is formed from approximately one semicircle of the tension member 1 and half the taper 113.
- the contour of the traction sheave or a deflecting disc fits the contour of the running surface 116 of the twin rope 111 about complementary. It can also be wrapped by a common sheath more than two tension members 1 and form a Mehrlingsseil with or without taper 113 between the tension members 1.
- Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of a support and propellant 11 with a according Fig. 1 three-ply tensile carrier 1 per rib 14.
- the tension members 1 are alternately struck or stranded in the Z and S directions.
- the mass of the carrier and propellant 11 and the mass of the Switzerlandanicronate, the strand diameter are given in mm.
- Fig. 5 shows an embodiment of a support and propellant 11 with a two-ply tensile carrier 1 per rib 14.
- the outer strand layer 2 has been omitted. Accordingly, strands having larger diameters have been used.
- the tension members 1 are alternately struck and stranded in the Z and S directions. The mass of the Switzerland choir josmessers and the strand diameter are given in mm.
- the diameter of the tension member 1 according Fig. 5 and the diameter of the tension member 1 according to Fig. 6 are identical. Differently are the diameters of comparable strands.
- Fig. 6 shows an embodiment of a support and propellant 11 with two according to Fig. 1 three-ply tension members 1 per rib 14. As mentioned above, the tension members 1 are alternately struck and stranded in the Z and S directions. The mass of the Werners and the strand diameter are given in mm.
- Fig. 7 shows an embodiment of a support and propellant means 11 with two two-ply tension members 1 per rib 14.
- the outer strand layer 2 has been omitted. Accordingly, strands having larger diameters have been used.
- the tension members 1 are alternately struck and stranded in the Z and S directions. The mass of the Switzerland choir choir notes and the strand diameter are given in mm.
- the diameter of the tension member 1 according Fig. 7 and the diameter of the tension member 1 according to FIG. 8 are identical. Different are the diameters of comparable strands.
- the tension members 1 of FIGS. 6 and 7 have a much smaller diameter than the tension members 1 of 4 and 5 ,
Landscapes
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
- Escalators And Moving Walkways (AREA)
- Lift-Guide Devices, And Elevator Ropes And Cables (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
- Discharging, Photosensitive Material Shape In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
- Tyre Moulding (AREA)
- Knitting Of Fabric (AREA)
- Devices For Conveying Motion By Means Of Endless Flexible Members (AREA)
- Belt Conveyors (AREA)
- Manipulator (AREA)
- Structure Of Belt Conveyors (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein flachriemenartiges Trag- und Treibmittel mit mindestens zwei ZugtrƤgern aus Kunstfasern, wobei die ZugtrƤger mit einem Abstand zueinander achsparallel zur LƤngsachse des Trag- und Treibmittels verlaufen und in einen Mantel eingebettet sind gemƤss der Definition des unabhƤngigen Patentanspruchs.The invention relates to a flat belt-like support and propellant with at least two tension members made of synthetic fibers, wherein the tension members extend at a distance from each other axially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the support and propellant and are embedded in a jacket according to the definition of the independent claim.
Aus der Schrift
Aus der Schrift
Hier will die Erfindung Abhilfe schaffen. Die Erfindung, wie sie in Anspruch 1 gekennzeichnet ist, lƶst die Aufgabe, ein Trag- und Treibmittel mit kleineren Biegespannungen in den ZugtrƤgern zu schaffen.The invention aims to remedy this situation. The invention, as characterized in
Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den abhƤngigen PatentansprĆ¼chen angegeben.Advantageous developments of the invention are specified in the dependent claims.
Bisherige Versuche einen Riemen mit imprƤgnierten Aramidlitzen als ZugtrƤger herzustellen sind wegen den beim Lauf Ć¼ber eine Treibscheibe oder Ć¼ber eine Umlenkscheibe auftretenden Biegespannungen gescheitert. Die ZugtrƤger bestanden aus unverseilten Aramidlitzen mit relativ grossem Durchmesser.Previous attempts to produce a belt with impregnated aramid strands as tension members have failed because of the bending stresses that occur during running over a traction sheave or over a deflection pulley. The tension members consisted of unstretched aramid strands with a relatively large diameter.
Bei der Biegung einer Litze um die Treibscheibe oder um die Umlenkscheibe wird die scheibenseitige LitzenhƤlfte Druckspannungen und die freie LitzenhƤlfte Zugspannungen ausgesetzt. Zwischen den druck-/zugbeanspruchten LitzenhƤlften verlƤuft die weder druck- noch zugbeanspruchte neutrale Faser. Zu hohe Druck-/Zugspannungen in der Litze fĆ¼hren zu einem vorzeitigen Versagen der Litze.When bending a strand around the traction sheave or around the deflection pulley, the pulley-side strand half is subjected to compressive stresses and the free strand half to tensile stresses. Between the compression / tension-stressed strand halves runs the neutral pressure neither tensile nor tensile stressed. Too high compressive / tensile stresses in the strand lead to premature failure of the strand.
Beim erfindungsgemƤssen Trag- und Treibmittel werden die Biegespannungen in den Litzen der ZugtrƤger beim Lauf Ć¼ber die Treibscheibe oder die Umlenkscheibe reduziert und somit ein kleinerer Scheibendurchmesser mƶglich. Dies fĆ¼hrt zu einem kleineren benƶtigten Antriebsmoment an der Treibscheibe, was mit einer kleineren Antriebsmaschine einhergeht. Eine kleinere Antriebsmaschine ist kostengĆ¼nstiger und benƶtigt weniger Platz.When carrying and propellant according to the invention, the bending stresses in the strands of the tension members are reduced when running over the traction sheave or pulley and thus a smaller pulley diameter possible. This leads to a smaller required drive torque to the traction sheave, which is associated with a smaller drive machine. A smaller drive machine is cheaper and requires less space.
Jeder ZugtrƤger besteht aus mehreren Litzenlagen, wobei die die Litzenlage bildenden Litzen verseilt sind. (Schraubenlinienfƶrmiges Umeinanderdrehen von Litzen einer Litzenlage um die darunter liegende Litzenlage). Jede Litze besteht aus mehreren Garnlagen, wobei die die Garnlage bildenden Garne verseilt sind. (Schraubenlinienfƶrmiges Umeinanderdrehen von Garnen einer Garnlage um die darunter liegende Garnlage). Jedes Garn besteht aus mehreren, unidirektionalen bzw. unverseilten Kunstfasern auch Filamente genannt. Jedes Garn wird in einem Kunststoffbad imprƤgniert. Der ein Garn bzw. eine Litze umhĆ¼llende Kunststoff wird auch Matrix oder Matrixmaterial genannt. Nach dem Verseilen der Garne zu einer Litze wird der Kunststoff der Garne mittels einer WƤrmebehandlung homogenisiert. Die Litze besteht dann aus verseilten, vollstƤndig im Kunststoff eingebetteten Garnen.Each tension member consists of several layers of strands, wherein the strands forming the strand layer are stranded. (Helical rounding of strands of a strand layer around the underlying strand layer). Each strand consists of several yarn layers, the yarns forming the yarn layer being stranded. (Helical twisting of yarn layer yarns about the underlying yarn layer). Each yarn consists of several, unidirectional or unsewn synthetic fibers also called filaments. Each yarn is impregnated in a plastic bath. The plastic wrapping a yarn or strand is also called matrix or matrix material. After stranding the yarns into a strand, the plastic of the yarns is heat-treated homogenized. The strand then consists of stranded yarns completely embedded in the plastic.
Eine Litze besteht aus verseilten Garnen, die wiederum aus unverseilten bzw. unidirektionalen Kunstfasern bestehen, wobei ein Garn beispielsweise aus 1000 Kunstfasern, auch Filamente genannt, besteht. Die Verseilrichtung der Garne in den Litzen ist so vorgesehen, dass die einzelne Faser in der Zugrichtung des Seils bzw. in der KabellƤngsachse ausgerichtet ist. Jedes Garn wird in einem Kunststoffbad imprƤgniert. Der ein Garn bzw. eine Litze umgebende Kunststoff wird auch Matrix oder Matrixmaterial genannt. Nach dem Verseilen der Garne zu einer Litze wird der Kunststoff der Garne mittels einer WƤrmebehandlung homogenisiert. Die Litze weist dann eine glatte LitzenoberflƤche auf und besteht dann aus verseilten, vollstƤndig im Kunststoff eingebetteten Garnen.A strand consists of stranded yarns, which in turn consist of unstretched or unidirectional synthetic fibers, a yarn consisting for example of 1000 synthetic fibers, also called filaments. The stranding direction of the yarns in the strands is provided so that the individual fiber is oriented in the pulling direction of the rope or in the cable longitudinal axis. Each yarn is impregnated in a plastic bath. The plastic surrounding a yarn or strand is also called matrix or matrix material. After stranding the yarns into a strand, the plastic of the yarns is homogenized by means of a heat treatment. The strand then has a smooth strand surface and then consists of stranded, fully embedded in the plastic yarns.
Die Fasern werden durch die Matrix miteinander verbunden, haben aber keinen direkten Kontakt miteinander. Die Matrix umschliesst bzw. bettet die Fasern vollkommen ein und schĆ¼tz die Fasern vor Abrasion und Verschleiss. Bedingt durch die Seilmechanik kommt es zwischen den einzelnen Fasern in den Litzen zu Verschiebungen. Diese Verschiebungen werden nicht Ć¼ber eine Relativbewegung zwischen den Filamenten umgesetzt, sondern durch eine reversible Dehnung der Matrix.The fibers are joined together by the matrix but have no direct contact with each other. The matrix completely encloses or embeds the fibers and protects the fibers from abrasion and wear. Due to the rope mechanics, shifts occur between the individual fibers in the strands. These shifts are not converted by a relative movement between the filaments, but by a reversible stretching of the matrix.
Das Verseilen von Garnen zu einer Litze wird als erste Verseilstufe bezeichnet. Das Verseilen von Litzen zu einem ZugtrƤger bzw. zu einem Seil wird als zweite Verseilstufe bezeichnet. Der ZugtrƤger kann aus Chemiefasern wie beispielsweise aus Aramidfasern, Vectranfasern, Polyethylenfasern, Polyesterfasern etc. aufgebaut sein.The stranding of yarns into a strand is referred to as the first stranding step. The stranding of strands to a tension member or a rope is referred to as a second stranding stage. The tensile carrier may be composed of chemical fibers such as aramid fibers, Vectran fibers, polyethylene fibers, polyester fibers, etc.
Zur Reduzierung der Biegespannung besteht der ZugtrƤger aus je Litzenlage verseilten dĆ¼nnen Litzen, wobei jede Litze aus je Garnlage verseilten Garnen besteht. Je geringer der Durchmesser der Litze ist, desto geringer sind die sich aus der Biegung um die Treibscheibe oder um die Umlenkscheibe ergebenden Biegespannungen. Mittels geringer Litzendurchmesser und eines mehrlagigen (zwei-, drei- oder vierlagigen) Aufbaus der ZugtrƤger lassen sich die zu Verschleiss der Litzen fĆ¼hrenden Relativbewegungen von Litze zu Litze klein halten. Damit ist eine hohe Lebensdauer der ZugtrƤger gewƤhrleistet. Ausserdem besitzen dĆ¼nnere Litzen aufgrund des Grƶssenfaktors eine hƶhere Zugfestigkeit als Litzen mit grossem Durchmesser, was vorteilhafterweise eine hƶhere Bruchkraft zur Folge hat.To reduce the bending stress of the tension member consists of stranded stranded thin strands, each strand consists of yarn layer stranded yarns. The smaller the diameter of the strand, the lower are the bending stresses resulting from the bending around the traction sheave or around the deflection disk. By means of small strand diameters and a multi-layer (two-, three- or four-layer) construction of the tension members, the relative movements from strand to strand leading to wear of the strands can be kept small. This ensures a long service life of the tension members. In addition, thinner strands have a higher tensile strength than strands of large diameter due to the size factor, which advantageously results in a higher breaking load.
Das Trag- und Treibmittel fĆ¼r Anwendungen im Aufzugsbau, insbesondere als Trag- und Treibmittel fĆ¼r die Aufzugskabine und das Gegengewicht, kann beispielsweise die Geometrie eines Flachriemens oder eines Rippenriemens oder die Geometrie eines Zahnriemens aufweisen. Andere gƤngige Riemengeometrien sind auch denkbar. Im Riemen sind die ZugtrƤger nebeneinander angeordnet, wobei die ZugtrƤger abwechselnd in S- und Z-Richtung geschlagen bzw. verseilt sind und relativ dicht beieinander liegen. Je nach Riemengeometrie sind mindestens zwei, vorzugsweise sind zwischen 4 und 12 ZugtrƤger vorgesehen.The support and propellant for applications in elevator construction, in particular as a support and propellant for the elevator car and the counterweight, for example, the geometry of a flat belt or a ribbed belt or the geometry of a toothed belt. Other common belt geometries are also conceivable. In the belt, the tension members are arranged side by side, the tension members are alternately struck or stranded in the S and Z directions and are relatively close together. Depending on the belt geometry, at least two, preferably between 4 and 12 tension members are provided.
Diese ZugtrƤger sind wie weiter oben erlƤutert als Faserverbund aufgebaut, wobei der die Litze umgebende Kunststoff (Matrixmaterial) vorzugsweise aus Polyurethan ist und die die ZugkrƤfte aufnehmenden Fasern vorzugsweise aus Aramid sind. Zur Reduktion des Reibwertes und des Verschleisses wird dem Matrixmaterial zwischen 1% und 10% Teflon beigemischt. Andere Additive wie Wachs oder Teflonpuder sind auch verwendbar.As described above, these tension members are constructed as a fiber composite, wherein the plastic surrounding the strand (matrix material) is preferably made of polyurethane and the fibers which absorb the tensile forces are preferably made of aramid. To reduce the coefficient of friction and the wear is the Matrix material mixed between 1% and 10% Teflon. Other additives such as wax or Teflon powder are also useful.
Im weiteren besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen der ShorehƤrte des Mantels und der ShorehƤrte der Matrix. Der Mantel kann eine ShorehƤrte von 72A bis 95A und die Matrix eine ShorehƤrte von 80A bis 98A aufweisen. NƤhern sich die MaterialhƤrten von Mantel und Matrix an, so wird, wie aus Tests hervorgegangen ist, eine verbesserte Verbindung zwischen Mantel und Matrix erreicht. Wird ein zu hartes Mantelmaterial verwendet, ist mit Rissbildungen zu rechnen. Wird das Matrixmaterial der Litzen, die zu einem ZugtrƤger verseilt sind zu weich gewƤhlt ist, fĆ¼hrt dies zu einem erhƶhtem Verschleiss der Litzen und einer erheblichen Reduktion der Lebensdauer. Die Paarung der ShorehƤrten 85A fĆ¼r den Mantel und 95A (was einer ShorehƤrte 54D entspricht) fĆ¼r die Matrix hat sich als ideal erwiesen.Furthermore, there is a relationship between the Shore hardness of the shell and the Shore hardness of the matrix. The jacket can have a Shore hardness of 72A to 95A and the matrix can have a Shore hardness of 80A to 98A. As the material hardness of the cladding and matrix approaches, an improved bond between the cladding and the matrix is achieved, as tests have shown. If a jacket material that is too hard is used, cracking is likely. If the matrix material of the strands, which are stranded into a tensile carrier, is selected to be too soft, this leads to an increased wear of the strands and a considerable reduction in the service life. The mating of Shore hardness 85A for the sheath and 95A (which corresponds to a Shore hardness 54D) for the matrix has proven to be ideal.
Zur Vermeidung von Drehmomenten im Trag- und Treibmittel werden die ZugrƤger abwechselnd in S-Richtung und in Z-Richtung geschlagen bzw. verseilt. Das Drehmoment des einen ZugtrƤgers dreht in entgegengesetzter Richtung wie das Drehmoment des anderen ZugtrƤgers, damit heben sich die Drehmomente gegeseitig auf. Das drehmomentneutrale Trag- und Treibmittel verdreht sich durch das Einleiten einer Zugkraft nicht. Es kƶnnen auch zwei oder drei in S-Richtung verseilte und zwei oder drei in Z-Richtung verseilte ZugtrƤger nebeneinander angeordnet sein. Entscheidend ist, dass die Verseilung in S- und Z-Richtung gegengĆ¼ber der in der Mitte des Trag- und Treibmittels verlaufenden LƤngsachse drehmomentneutral ist.To avoid torques in the carrier and propellant, the carriers are alternately beaten or stranded in the S direction and in the Z direction. The torque of one tension member rotates in the opposite direction as the torque of the other tension member, so that the torques cancel each other out. The torque-neutral support and propellant does not twist by the introduction of a tensile force. It is also possible for two or three stranded in the S direction and two or three stranded in the Z direction tensile carriers are arranged side by side. The decisive factor is that the stranding in the S and Z directions is torque-neutral compared to the longitudinal axis running in the center of the support and propellant.
Weiter vorteilhaft ist ein optimales VerhƤltnis von SchlaglƤnge der Litzenlagen zum Durchmesser D der Treibscheibe bzw. Umlenkscheibe. Die SchlaglƤnge SL hƤngt ab von der notwendigen Anzahl n der aufliegenden SchlaglƤngen auf der Treibscheibe bzw. Umlenkscheibe, von dem Scheibendurchmessers D und von dem Umschlingungswinkel alpha:
Die SchlaglƤnge SL steht auch im Zusammenhang mit dem E-Modul der Kunstfasern. Mit ansteigendem E-Modul kann bei einer gleich bleibenden FaserquerschnittsflƤche eine geringere SchlaglƤnge gewƤhlt werden ohne dass die Federsteifigkeit des Tragmittels reduziert wird. Die SchlaglƤnge SL betrƤgt meist zwischen 4 bis 10 mal des ZugtrƤgerdurchmessers d. SL = (4 bis 10) x d und das VerhƤltnis D/d betrƤgt 10 bis 50. (Treibscheibendurchmesser D zu ZugtrƤgerdurchmessers d).The lay length SL is also related to the modulus of elasticity of synthetic fibers. With an increasing modulus of elasticity, a shorter lay length can be selected with a constant fiber cross-sectional area without the spring stiffness of the suspension element being reduced. The lay length SL is usually between 4 to 10 times the ZugtrƤgerdurchmessers d. SL = (4 to 10) x d and the ratio D / d is 10 to 50. (Drive pulley diameter D to tensile carrier diameter d).
Die Pressung p des ZugtrƤgers auf der Treibscheibe berechnet sich nach folgender Formel:
- F =
- maximale auftretende statische Zugkraft
- d =
- ZugtrƤgerdurchmesser
- D =
- Treibscheiben- oder Pulleydurchmesser
- k =
- VerstƤrkungsfaktor >=1 (abhƤngig von der Rillengeometrie)
- p
kann Werte zwischen 2 bis 50 MPa annehmen.
- F =
- maximum occurring static tensile force
- d =
- tensile carrier
- D =
- Traction sheave or drum diameter
- k =
- Gain factor> = 1 (depending on the groove geometry)
- p
- can assume values between 2 to 50 MPa.
Das erfindungsgemƤsse Trag- und Treibmittel ist flachriemenartig und besteht aus mindestens zwei ZugtrƤgern aus Kunstfasern, wobei die ZugtrƤger mit einem Abstand zueinander achsparallel zur LƤngsachse des Trag- und Treibmittels verlaufen und in einen Mantel eingebettet sind, und jeder ZugtrƤger aus mehreren Litzen besteht, wobei jede Litze aus mehreren verseilten Garnen gebildet ist.The inventive support and propellant is flat belt-like and consists of at least two tension members made of synthetic fibers, wherein the tension members with a distance from each other axially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the support and Propellant and are embedded in a jacket, and each tension member consists of several strands, each strand is formed of several stranded yarns.
Anhand der beiliegenden Figuren wird die vorliegende Erfindung nƤher erlƤutert.Reference to the accompanying figures, the present invention will be explained in more detail.
Es zeigen:
-
Fig. 1
den Aufbau eines ZugtrƤgers, -
Fig. 2
eine schematische Darstellung eines Trag- und Treibmittels mit ZugtrƤgern, -
Fig. 3
eine AusfĆ¼hrungsvariante eines Trag- und Treibmittels mit mindestens zwei ZugtrƤgern gemƤssFig. 1 , -
Fig. 4
ein AusfĆ¼hrungsbeispiel eines Trag- und Treibmittels mit einem dreilagigen ZugtrƤger pro Rippe, -
Fig. 5
ein AusfĆ¼hrungsbeispiel eines Trag- und Treibmittels mit einem zweilagigen ZugtrƤger pro Rippe, -
Fig. 6
ein AusfĆ¼hrungsbeispiel eines Trag- und Treibmittels mit zwei dreilagigen ZugtrƤgern pro Rippe und -
Fig. 7
ein AusfĆ¼hrungsbeispiel eines Trag- und Treibmittels mit zwei zweilagigen ZugtrƤgern pro Rippe.
-
Fig. 1
the construction of a tension member, -
Fig. 2
a schematic representation of a carrying and propellant with tension members, -
Fig. 3
a variant of a carrying and propellant with at least two tension members according toFig. 1 . -
Fig. 4
An embodiment of a support and propellant with a three-ply tensile carrier per rib, -
Fig. 5
An embodiment of a support and propellant with a two-ply tensile carrier per rib, -
Fig. 6
an embodiment of a support and propellant with two three-ply tension members per rib and -
Fig. 7
an embodiment of a support and propellant with two two-ply tensile carriers per rib.
Eine Litze 5,7,8,9,10 besteht aus verseilten Garnen, die wiederum aus unverseilten bzw. unidirektionalen Kunstfasern bestehen. Der ZugtrƤger 1 kann aus Chemiefasern wie beispielsweise Aramidfasern, Vectranfasern, Polyethylenfasern, Polyesterfasern, etc. aufgebaut sein. Der ZugtrƤger 1 kann auch aus einer oder zwei oder mehr als drei Litzenlagen bestehen.A
Mit der gegenseitigen Beabstandung kƶnnen sich die Litzen 7 der Ƥusseren Litzenlage 2 in radialer Richtung r in Richtung des Seilzentrums bewegen und einen radialen Druck auf die Litzen 8,9 der ersten inneren Litzenlage 3 ausĆ¼ben. Der radiale Druck wird von den Litzen 8,9 der ersten inneren Litzenlage 3 auf die Litzen 10 der zweiten inneren Litzenlage 4 weitergeleitet. Der radiale Druck wird von den Litzen 10 der zweiten inneren Litzenlage 4 auf die Kernlitze 5 weitergeleitet. Der radiale Druck nimmt von Litzenlage zu Litzenlage nach innen zu.With the mutual spacing, the
WĆ¼rden die Litzen 7,8,9,10 der jeweiligen Litzenlage in Umfangsrichtung Ur gesehen gegeneinander stossen, kƶnnten die TraktionskrƤfte von den Litzen 7 der Ƥusseren Litzenlage 2 nicht auf die Litzen 8,9 der ersten inneren Litzenlage 3 und von dieser nicht auf die Litzen 10 der zweiten inneren Litzenlage 4 und weiter auf die Kernlitze 5 Ć¼bertragen.If the
Wie oben erwƤhnt und wie in
Das Zwillingsseil 111 kann zusammen mit dem Mantel 112 als Flachseil bzw. Flachriemen ausgebildet sein oder zwischen den ZugtrƤgern 1 eine VerjĆ¼ngung 113 aufweisen. Bei der Variante mit der VerjĆ¼ngung 113 wird die gemeinsame LaufflƤche 116 des Zwillingsseiles 111 mit der Treibscheibe im Querschnitt gesehen gebildet aus etwa je einem Halbkreis des ZugtrƤgers 1 und der halben VerjĆ¼ngung 113. Die Kontur der Treibscheibe bzw. einer Umlenkscheibe passt auf die Kontur der LaufflƤche 116 des Zwillingsseils 111 etwa ergƤnzend. Es kƶnnen auch mehr als zwei ZugtrƤger 1 von einem gemeinsamen Mantel umhĆ¼llt sein und ein Mehrlingsseil mit oder ohne VerjĆ¼ngung 113 zwischen den ZugtrƤgern 1 bilden.The
Das Trag- und Treibmittel 11 gemƤss
Die ZugtrƤger 1 der
Das Trag- und Treibmittel 11 gemƤss
Claims (8)
- Flat-belt-like supporting and drive means (11) with at least two tensile carriers (1) of synthetic fibres, wherein the tensile carriers (1) extend at a spacing from one another axially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the supporting and drive means (11) and are embedded in a sheathing (12), wherein each tensile carrier (1) comprises several strands (7, 8, 9, 10) arranged in at least one strand layer (2, 3, 4) and wherein each strand (7, 8, 9, 10) is formed from several stranded threads, which are embedded in a matrix material and constructed from synthetic fibres, characterised in that for improved connection between sheathing and matrix the Shore hardness of the sheathing material is assimilated to the Shore hardness of the matrix material, wherein the sheathing material has a Shore hardness of 72A to 95A and the matrix material of the helically stranded strands (7, 8, 9, 10) has a Shore hardness of 80A to 98A.
- Supporting and drive means according to claim 1, characterised in that the supporting and drive means (11, 111) has the geometry of a belt consisting of a belt body (12, 112) or sheathing (12, 112), which encloses at least two tensile carriers (1) or in which the tensile carriers (1) are embedded and which has a running surface (16, 116).
- Supporting and drive means according to claim 2, characterised in that the stranding is neutral in terms of torque in S direction and Z direction of the tensile carriers (1) in the belt (11, 111) relative to the longitudinal axis extending in the centre of the belt.
- Supporting and drive means according to claim 3, characterised in that the tensile carrier (1) is stranded in reverse lay or the lay direction of the strands of one strand layer is different from the lay direction of the strands of the other strand layer.
- Supporting and drive means according to one of claims 3 and 4, characterised in that the lay length (SL) of the strand layers (2, 3, 4) is dependent on the diameter (D) of a drive pulley or deflecting pulley, on the necessary number (n) of the lay lengths (SL) resting on the drive pulley or deflecting pulley, on the E modulus of the synthetic fibres and on the angle of wrap (alpha) of the supporting and drive means (11) on the drive pulley or deflecting pulley, wherein the lay length (SL) results from the equation SL = (Pi ā¢ D ā¢ alpha) / (n ā¢ 360Āŗ), wherein n lies in the range of 2 to 5.
- Supporting and drive means according to one of claims 2 to 5, characterised in that the running surface (16, 116) of the belt (11, 111) is flat or has ribs (13) and grooves (15), wherein the profile of a drive pulley or of a deflecting pulley is matched in approximately complementary manner to the profile of the running surface (16) of the belt (11), wherein the drive pulley or deflecting pulley in co-operation with the belt (11, 111) form a force couple or a shape couple.
- Supporting and drive means according to claim 6, characterised in that the ratio D/d of the drive pulley diameter D or the deflecting pulley diameter D to the tensile carrier diameter d lies in the range of 16 to 50.
- Supporting and drive means according to one of claims 6 and 7, characterised in that at least one tensile carrier (1) is provided for each rib (14).
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JP (1) | JP5281261B2 (en) |
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US6513792B1 (en) * | 1999-10-21 | 2003-02-04 | Inventio Ag | Rope deflection and suitable synthetic fiber rope and their use |
JP2002106642A (en) * | 2000-09-29 | 2002-04-10 | Unitta Co Ltd | Belt |
US6488123B2 (en) * | 2001-02-12 | 2002-12-03 | Otis Elevator Company | Directional uniformity of flat tension members for elevators |
JP3684352B2 (en) * | 2002-01-29 | 2005-08-17 | ć²ć¤ćć»ć¦ćććæć»ć¢ćøć¢ę Ŗå¼ä¼ē¤¾ | Adhesive for rubber reinforcing cord, rubber reinforcing cord, power transmission belt, and method of manufacturing power transmission belt |
US20030203781A1 (en) * | 2002-04-25 | 2003-10-30 | Susan Welk | Low modulus belt |
JP4114431B2 (en) * | 2002-08-08 | 2008-07-09 | ććøćććÆę Ŗå¼ä¼ē¤¾ | Drive device |
MY134592A (en) * | 2002-10-17 | 2007-12-31 | Inventio Ag | Belt with an integrated monitoring mechanism |
IL158256A (en) * | 2002-11-01 | 2010-02-17 | Inventio Ag | Rope of synthetic fibre |
DE502004000538D1 (en) * | 2004-01-06 | 2006-06-14 | Inventio Ag | elevator system |
JPWO2005115907A1 (en) * | 2004-05-27 | 2008-03-27 | ćććæę Ŗå¼ä¼ē¤¾ | Elevator drive belt device |
NZ556751A (en) * | 2006-08-11 | 2009-03-31 | Inventio Ag | Belt for an elevator system and method of manufacturing such a belt |
US20080135343A1 (en) * | 2006-08-11 | 2008-06-12 | Ernst Ach | Elevator support means for an elevator system, elevator system with such an elevator support means and method for assembling such an elevator system |
-
2007
- 2007-09-06 TW TW096133213A patent/TWI435970B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-09-10 SG SG200706578-2A patent/SG141344A1/en unknown
- 2007-09-11 MY MYPI20071524A patent/MY149662A/en unknown
- 2007-09-13 JP JP2007237613A patent/JP5281261B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-09-14 NZ NZ561555A patent/NZ561555A/en unknown
- 2007-09-19 ZA ZA200708063A patent/ZA200708063B/en unknown
- 2007-09-20 ES ES07116796T patent/ES2380588T3/en active Active
- 2007-09-20 AT AT07116796T patent/ATE542952T1/en active
- 2007-09-20 MX MX2007011566A patent/MX2007011566A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2007-09-20 EP EP07116796A patent/EP1905891B1/en active Active
- 2007-09-26 BR BRPI0703620A patent/BRPI0703620B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2007-09-27 CL CL2007002779A patent/CL2007002779A1/en unknown
- 2007-09-27 CN CN2007101618764A patent/CN101153469B/en active Active
- 2007-09-27 CA CA2604567A patent/CA2604567C/en active Active
- 2007-09-28 RU RU2007136050/11A patent/RU2007136050A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-09-28 US US11/863,596 patent/US8632432B2/en active Active
- 2007-09-28 KR KR1020070097760A patent/KR101432296B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2007-09-28 AU AU2007219370A patent/AU2007219370B2/en active Active
- 2007-09-28 NO NO20074921A patent/NO20074921L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-09-28 AR ARP070104328A patent/AR063068A1/en unknown
-
2008
- 2008-09-17 HK HK08110305.1A patent/HK1118880A1/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2007219370B2 (en) | 2012-04-19 |
MY149662A (en) | 2013-09-30 |
EP1905891A3 (en) | 2009-02-18 |
ATE542952T1 (en) | 2012-02-15 |
TWI435970B (en) | 2014-05-01 |
RU2007136050A (en) | 2009-04-10 |
AR063068A1 (en) | 2008-12-23 |
TW200825246A (en) | 2008-06-16 |
CN101153469A (en) | 2008-04-02 |
CN101153469B (en) | 2012-10-24 |
JP2008111549A (en) | 2008-05-15 |
BRPI0703620A (en) | 2008-06-03 |
NZ561555A (en) | 2008-09-26 |
BRPI0703620B1 (en) | 2018-11-21 |
SG141344A1 (en) | 2008-04-28 |
CL2007002779A1 (en) | 2008-01-11 |
NO20074921L (en) | 2008-03-31 |
AU2007219370A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
EP1905891A2 (en) | 2008-04-02 |
ZA200708063B (en) | 2008-10-29 |
KR101432296B1 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
CA2604567A1 (en) | 2008-03-29 |
MX2007011566A (en) | 2009-02-05 |
ES2380588T3 (en) | 2012-05-16 |
KR20080029875A (en) | 2008-04-03 |
CA2604567C (en) | 2014-11-18 |
US8632432B2 (en) | 2014-01-21 |
US20080081721A1 (en) | 2008-04-03 |
JP5281261B2 (en) | 2013-09-04 |
HK1118880A1 (en) | 2009-02-20 |
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