EP1897067B1 - Method and device for recognising a coin by using the embossed pattern thereof - Google Patents

Method and device for recognising a coin by using the embossed pattern thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1897067B1
EP1897067B1 EP06754675A EP06754675A EP1897067B1 EP 1897067 B1 EP1897067 B1 EP 1897067B1 EP 06754675 A EP06754675 A EP 06754675A EP 06754675 A EP06754675 A EP 06754675A EP 1897067 B1 EP1897067 B1 EP 1897067B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
image
coin
reference patterns
transformed image
comparison
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EP06754675A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1897067A1 (en
Inventor
Robert COURONNÉ
Andreas Kuleschow
Klaus Spinnler
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Walter Hanke Mechanische Werkstaetten GmbH and Co KG
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Walter Hanke Mechanische Werkstaetten GmbH and Co KG
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G07CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07DHANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D5/00Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of coins, e.g. for segregating coins which are unacceptable or alien to a currency
    • G07D5/005Testing the surface pattern, e.g. relief

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for detecting a coin entered into a coin validator using its embossed image according to the preamble of the main claim and an apparatus for performing the method.
  • an image receiver receives an image of the embossed image of the coin moved to the image receiver and to a light source.
  • An evaluation device compares the image with a first reference pattern as to whether the first reference pattern is contained in the recorded image, and if it is contained, it is checked whether a second reference pattern is contained in an area whose position is determined relative to the position of the first reference pattern.
  • the evaluation device generates a real or false signal for the coin depending on the coincidence of the image with the reference patterns.
  • the center point is determined for the recorded image, and furthermore the image is transformed into circle coordinates, whereby the transformed image is the basis for the search of the reference patterns.
  • the EP 0 798 670 B1 a method for detecting the embossed image of a coin is described in which again the image of the coin is taken, the center determined and a polar transformation is performed. At a predetermined distance from the abscissa in the polar transformed image, the transformed embossing image is scanned and compared with a reference pattern at an appropriate pitch, the patterns being translated relative to each other to angularly align the measured coin with the reference coin.
  • One of the main problems with the embossing image analysis is this large amount of data that must be processed in the time that the coin falls through the machine to ensure reliable detection.
  • the overall image of the coin In order to be able to measure the diameter with an accuracy of, for example, 0.1 mm, the overall image of the coin must have a resolution of at least 100 pixels per mm. An average coin of about 20 mm in diameter is then imaged with 200 x 200 pixels. Even if only a relatively large fragment of the coin surface is selected for comparison, the computation volumes are so large that they can hardly be carried out promptly during the insertion of the coin into a slot machine.
  • the invention is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for detecting a coin entered into a coin validator using its embossed image, which allows the detection of the coin quickly and reliably.
  • the object is achieved by the characterizing features of the main claim in connection with the features of the preamble.
  • the speed of comparing the coins with reference patterns can be increased and the possibility is allowed to not only fragments, but practically the entire surface of the coin to be used as a reference pattern, which in turn increases the robustness of the process against accidental damage and contamination of the coin, the spreading of the features robustness of the comparison between the current image and a reference image, especially during shifts or twists of the coin increases.
  • the polar coordinate transformation thereby converts the rotation of the current coin image or of the reference pattern into a linear, e.g. horizontal translation, which is much faster to calculate.
  • the spreading is in direct connection with the reduction, wherein the features are spread before the reduction or simultaneously with the reduction.
  • the size of the maximum filter is determined by the reduction factor.
  • the spread preserves the physical features of the image as it is reduced, thereby reducing the mathematical features to speed detection.
  • the first simplified criterion it is particularly advantageous, as a characteristic for the first simplified criterion, to calculate the distribution of the average brightness in the lines of the transformed image and then to use a one-dimensional correlation between the brightness distribution of the transformed image and the reference images or patterns. In this way, a good selection of the candidate reference pattern is already achieved in the first comparison. Based on the first simplified criterion, a list of the reference patterns is created according to their similarity to the current image.
  • a two-dimensional correlation of the brightness distribution in the transformed image can be used.
  • An exact comparison is carried out, whereby the results of the preliminary analysis are no longer taken into account and only the result of the exact comparison counts.
  • the method according to the invention is used to identify a coin with evaluation of its embossed image.
  • the coin is thrown into the coin validator and the image of the coin is recorded by means of an image sensor and sent as pixel data to the evaluation unit.
  • this evaluation unit determines the exact diameter and the exact center as well as possibly the shape.
  • a polar transformation is done accordingly Fig. 1 performed at For example, assuming the radius of the coin as the outer radius of the transformation and the inner radius of the transformation is 0.
  • the angle ⁇ is counted clockwise starting from the positive x-axis. How out Fig. 1 below, creates a "distorted" pattern that can be evaluated linearly.
  • FIG. 12 is an illustration of a coin obtained in an image pickup module with illumination oblique to the coin surface, showing thin light lines on a dark background on the coin surface. These thin lines represent characteristic features of the coin that make up a pattern, or portions thereof.
  • the reduction of the features could be performed, for example, by reducing the size of the image by subsampling pixels. For a reduction factor N, each line of the original image is processed only every Nth pixel, all others are omitted. The same applies to undersampling of picture lines. In such a sub-scan, a part of the features contained in the original image is lost. With a slight rotation or displacement of the original image, different features always remain, and the corresponding transformed images are dissimilar.
  • Fig. 2a2 and a3 is a polar transformation accordingly Fig. 1 shown in which a so-called subsampling made directly during the transformation ie, the image was transformed with a reduction or reduction factor N, eg 6.
  • N reduction or reduction factor
  • the transformed images accordingly Fig. 2a2 and a3 are in proportion to Fig. 2a1 shown magnified, wherein the coin at a3 gegenübe4r a2 was rotated rotated by 3 ° and the two images based on the same transformation. It has been shown that in this treatment accordingly Fig. 2a2, a3 it is likely that by omitting pixels, features will also be omitted, thereby reducing visibility.
  • Fig. 2a1 is shown having bright lines on a dark background
  • a spread of the features ie the bright lines by filtering with a maximum filter is feasible.
  • Fig. 3b1 in which it can be seen that the "bright" features are physically enlarged and distributed over several pixels.
  • the spreading can be carried out for example by filtering with a minimum filter.
  • NxM pixels the size of both the maximum and minimum filters is defined as NxM pixels, where N and M correspond to the reduction factors along the columns and rows. Subsequently or simultaneously with the filtering and reduction, which are based on a processing of the pixels, the polar transformation can accordingly Fig. 3 Figure 2.
  • Fig. 3b3 is a representation accordingly Fig. 2a3 , in which the embossed image by 3 ° to the representations of the FIGS. 2a2 and 3b2 is twisted.
  • the features occur accordingly Fig. 3 and the similarity between the figures b2 and b3 is much higher than that between the figures even after the correlation measure calculated later Fig. 2a2 and a3 , In this way, first the spreading and then the reduction or transformation is carried out with a reduction.
  • this is achieved with a modified polar transformation, at the same time the image is reduced.
  • a multi-level comparison of the transformed image corresponding Fig. 3b2 and b3 performed with a number of reference patterns.
  • a first simplified criterion is used as the basis for the transformed reduced image with spread characteristics in the first stage, although it can not reliably identify the coin, but requires only a short processing time.
  • the comparison of the transformed map with all the reference patterns on the basis of the first simplified criterion results in each case a similarity measure with which a sorted, temporary list of the reference patterns is created. Patterns that provide better results, ie greater similarities, are positioned at the top of the list.
  • the matching reference pattern can be found with a high probability among the first, present in the list candidate, whereby the processing time is significantly shortened.
  • the distribution of average brightness in lines of the transformed image and, as a simplified criterion, a one-dimensional correlation between these characteristics for the transformed image and the reference patterns may be used become.
  • a second comparison is made between the transformed map and the reference samples on the list according to a second, more accurate criterion requiring a greater processing time.
  • a match with good accuracy is found with one of the reference patterns and a signal for the admissibility of the coin is given or the process of comparison is aborted.
  • exactly criterion e.g. serve the two-dimensional brightness distribution in the transformed image, and the comparison can be carried out for example by means of the two-dimensional correlation.
  • the check Since there is only a predetermined amount of time to check the coin in the coin validator, the check must be canceled and the coin returned when the time is up.
  • the actual comparison process can be aborted after a predetermined number of reference patterns corresponding to the given list.
  • the maximum number of reference patterns to be processed can be determined depending on the capacity of the computer.
  • Another possibility is to perform the comparison calculations of the reference patterns according to their sorted order until the coin comes in its course through the coin validator to a predetermined location, for example, to the point at which it is sorted. If there is still no valid classification result at this time, the coin falls into the return shaft.
  • Another situation occurs when the similarity of the embossing or the transformed image to one of the reference patterns of the coin class X is indeed established, but a final recognition can not be performed because there are also other coin classes, their similarity with the coin class X before is known. For example, This concerns counterfeiting of coins which, in the case of 'good forgery', can very much resemble genuine coins. It can not be ruled out that with the same diameter and similar imprints sometimes the real coins can also have different denominations. In this case, an additional safety check as a third stage is necessary for a final decision.
  • reference patterns of coin embossments which may be particularly frequent at the location of the coin validator concerned, may be subjected to the detailed examination according to the second criterion independently of the test according to the simplified first criterion.
  • Fig. 4 a process flow of the method according to the invention is shown.
  • the evaluation device of the coin validator receives from the image acquisition module a current high-resolution image of the coin with a precisely determined diameter, shape and center point.
  • the determined diameter and the determined shape are compared in step S1 with the list of permissible diameters and the shape of the coin. If an invalid value or an invalid shape is present, the coin is rejected immediately.
  • the image of a modified polar transformation with simultaneous spreading of the features and reduction of the image is subjected to the image in step S2, whereby the transformed image corresponding to Fig. 3b2 or b3 results.
  • the reference patterns stored in the system those for the embossing image recognition belonging to a coin of the same diameter are selected.
  • a characteristic for the simplified criterion is calculated in step S3, for example a distribution of the average brightness for the individual lines of the transformed image.
  • This characteristic is compared in step S4 with the corresponding characteristics of the reference patterns stored for the current diameter in a database PKRM, wherein all the patterns are sorted in the order of decreasing similarity.
  • a temporary sorted list of the reference patterns is formed (see S5).
  • the current transformed image of the coin is compared in step S6 with the first reference pattern from the temporary list according to the second, accurate criterion according to a two-dimensional brightness distribution, e.g. with the help of a two-dimensional correlation.
  • the corresponding reference patterns are supplied from the database GKRM. If it is determined in step S7 that the result of the comparison with the respective reference pattern A of the class X exceeds a predetermined degree of similarity x, the comparison is aborted and the coin is provisionally sorted into a class X. If the class X has no known similarity to another class, this preliminary classification is confirmed and the procedure is terminated, i.e., the coin is recognized as permissible.
  • step S7 If it is determined at step S7 that the similarity to the treated reference pattern is not large enough, it is determined in step S8 whether there is another reference pattern in the temporary list TLRM. If so, the process returns to step S6 and a retest begins.
  • step S9 the security check is carried out in step S9, for example searching for either fragments that occur in one of the classes and not in another or The current transformed image is compared with a differential characteristic.
  • the reference patterns or the reference values for the security check are stored in a database MSP.
  • the comparison of the current embossed image or the transformed image with the reference patterns is aborted after the predetermined time if there is no valid result.
  • the evaluation unit i.e. the calculation, comparison and storage means, may be in the form of a microprocessor, microcomputer or the like with corresponding memories as stated above.
  • a result of a particular operation could be the distribution of the light and dark pixels in one of the lines of the transformed image. For example, in the illustration of a number page of a German coin with a denomination of 1 or 2 euros, there are more dark pixels than bright ones, and in a head page of the same coin there are more bright pixels than dark ones. If the quotient number light / number dark is used as a criterion, the head side of a German coin can be distinguished from its pay side.
  • the coordinate of the maximum of the distribution can be used. If, in the current image, the maximum lies at the edge of the coin, only the reference images that have the maximum of the distribution at the edge, etc., are selected for the exact comparison.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Testing Of Coins (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and device for recognizing a coin by using the embossed pattern characteristics thereof. For this purpose, the inventive method comprises in spreading the characteristics of the picture, in reducing said characteristics by reducing said picture and in transforming it by polar transformation, in comparing the transformed picture with a plurality of reference patterns according to a first simplified criterion, in creating a list of the reference patterns, in sorting them according to the similarity thereof with the transformed picture and in comparing the transformed picture with the reference patterns contained in the list according to the sorting thereof upon a second exact criterion.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Erkennung einer in einen Münzprüfer eingegebenen Münze unter Verwendung ihres Prägebildes nach dem Oberbegriff des Hauptanspruchs und eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for detecting a coin entered into a coin validator using its embossed image according to the preamble of the main claim and an apparatus for performing the method.

Aus der DE 102 02 383 A1 ist ein Verfahren zur Erkennung eines Prägebildes einer Münze in einem Münzautomaten bekannt, bei dem ein Bildempfänger ein Bild des Prägebildes der zu dem Bildempfänger und zu einer Lichtquelle bewegten Münze aufnimmt. Eine Auswerteeinrichtung vergleicht das Bild mit einem ersten Referenzmuster dahingehend, ob in dem aufgenommenen Bild das erste Referenzmuster enthalten ist und wenn es enthalten ist, wird geprüft, ob ein zweites Referenzmuster in einem Bereich enthalten ist, dessen Lage relativ zu der Position des ersten Referenzmusters bestimmt ist. Die Auswerteeinrichtung erzeugt abhängig von der Übereinstimmung des Bildes mit den Referenzmustern ein Echt- oder Falschsignal für die Münze. Bei der Auswertung wird für das aufgenommene Bild der Mittelpunkt bestimmt und weiterhin wird das Bild in Kreis-Koordinaten transformiert, wobei das transformierte Bild Grundlage für das Suchen der Referenzmuster ist.From the DE 102 02 383 A1 For example, there is known a method of detecting an embossed image of a coin in a coin acceptor, wherein an image receiver receives an image of the embossed image of the coin moved to the image receiver and to a light source. An evaluation device compares the image with a first reference pattern as to whether the first reference pattern is contained in the recorded image, and if it is contained, it is checked whether a second reference pattern is contained in an area whose position is determined relative to the position of the first reference pattern. The evaluation device generates a real or false signal for the coin depending on the coincidence of the image with the reference patterns. During the evaluation, the center point is determined for the recorded image, and furthermore the image is transformed into circle coordinates, whereby the transformed image is the basis for the search of the reference patterns.

Weiterhin wird in der EP 0 798 670 B1 ein Verfahren zur Erkennung des Prägebildes einer Münze beschrieben, bei dem wiederum das Bild der Münze aufgenommen wird, der Mittelpunkt bestimmt und eine Polartransformation vorgenommen wird. In einem vorbestimmten Abstand zur Abszisse im polartransformierten Abbild wird das transformierte Prägebild abgetastet und mit einem Referenzmuster in entsprechendem Abstand verglichen, wobei die Muster zueinander verschoben werden, um die gemessene Münze winkelmäßig mit der Referenzmünze in Übereinstimmung zu bringen.Furthermore, in the EP 0 798 670 B1 a method for detecting the embossed image of a coin is described in which again the image of the coin is taken, the center determined and a polar transformation is performed. At a predetermined distance from the abscissa in the polar transformed image, the transformed embossing image is scanned and compared with a reference pattern at an appropriate pitch, the patterns being translated relative to each other to angularly align the measured coin with the reference coin.

Aus der US 2004/0168881 A1 ist ein Verfahren zur Erkennung des Prägebildes einer Münze bekannt, das von einer Lichtquelle mit unterschiedlichen Wellenlängen in unterschiedlichen Beleuchtungsabschnitten beleuchtet und von einem Bildsensor als Satz von Bildern aufgenommen wird. Aus dem Satz von Bildern wird ein Maximalbild bestimmt, indem jedem Bildpunkt des Maximalbildes der Wert mit der maximalen Intensität aus dem Satz von Bildern zugeordnet wird. Aus dem Maximalbild wird unter Verwendung eines mittleren Grauwertes von aus dem Maximalbild ausgeschnittenen Kreisringsegmenten mit vorbestimmten Radien ein Echt- oder Falschsignal erzeugt.From the US 2004/0168881 A1 For example, there is known a method for recognizing the embossed image of a coin which is illuminated by a light source having different wavelengths in different illumination sections and recorded by an image sensor as a set of images. From the set of images, a maximum image is determined by assigning to each pixel of the maximum image the value with the maximum intensity from the set of images. A true or false signal is generated from the maximum image using an average gray value of circular ring segments with predetermined radii cut out of the maximum image.

Eine der Hauptschwierigkeiten bei der Prägebildauswertung ist diese große Datenmenge, die in der Zeit, in der die Münze durch den Automaten fällt, bearbeitet werden muss, um eine sichere Erkennung zu gewährleisten. Um den Durchmesser mit einer Genauigkeit von z.B. 0,1 mm messen zu können, muss das Gesamtbild der Münze eine Auflösung von mindestens 100 Pixel pro mm haben. Eine durchschnittliche Münze von etwa 20 mm im Durchmesser wird dann mit 200 x 200 Pixeln abgebildet. Selbst wenn nur ein relativ großes Fragment der Münzoberfläche zum Vergleich ausgewählt wird, sind die Berechnungsvolumen so groß, dass sie kaum zeitnah während des Einwurfs der Münze in einen Münzautomaten ausgeführt werden können.One of the main problems with the embossing image analysis is this large amount of data that must be processed in the time that the coin falls through the machine to ensure reliable detection. In order to be able to measure the diameter with an accuracy of, for example, 0.1 mm, the overall image of the coin must have a resolution of at least 100 pixels per mm. An average coin of about 20 mm in diameter is then imaged with 200 x 200 pixels. Even if only a relatively large fragment of the coin surface is selected for comparison, the computation volumes are so large that they can hardly be carried out promptly during the insertion of the coin into a slot machine.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur Erkennung einer in einen Münzprüfer eingegebenen Münze unter Verwendung ihres Prägebildes zu schaffen, das schnell und zuverlässig die Erkennung der Münze gestattet.The invention is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for detecting a coin entered into a coin validator using its embossed image, which allows the detection of the coin quickly and reliably.

Die Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Hauptanspruchs in der Verbindung mit den Merkmalen des Oberbegriffs gelöst.The object is achieved by the characterizing features of the main claim in connection with the features of the preamble.

Dadurch, dass die eine Musteranordnung vorgebenden Merkmale in der Abbildung der Münze gespreizt und die Merkmale durch Verkleinerung der Abbildung reduziert werden, wobei das Abbild einer Polarkoordinatentransformation unterworfen wird, kann die Geschwindigkeit beim Vergleich der Münzen mit Referenzmustern erhöht werden und es wird die Möglichkeit zugelassen, nicht nur Fragmente, sondern praktisch die ganze Münzoberfläche als Referenzmuster zu benutzen, was wiederum die Robustheit des Verfahrens gegen zufällige Beschädigungen und Verschmutzungen der Münze erhöht, wobei die Spreizung der Merkmale die Robustheit des Vergleichs zwischen der aktuellen Abbildung und einer Referenzabbildung, insbesondere auch bei Verschiebungen oder Verdrehungen der Münze erhöht. Die Polarkoordinatentransformation überführt dabei das Verdrehen von dem aktuellen Münzbild bzw. vom Referenzmuster in eine lineare, z.B. horizontale Translation, die erheblich schneller zu berechnen ist.By spreading the features of a pattern layout in the image of the coin and reducing features by reducing the size of the image by subjecting the image to polar coordinate transformation, the speed of comparing the coins with reference patterns can be increased and the possibility is allowed to not only fragments, but practically the entire surface of the coin to be used as a reference pattern, which in turn increases the robustness of the process against accidental damage and contamination of the coin, the spreading of the features robustness of the comparison between the current image and a reference image, especially during shifts or twists of the coin increases. The polar coordinate transformation thereby converts the rotation of the current coin image or of the reference pattern into a linear, e.g. horizontal translation, which is much faster to calculate.

Dadurch, dass weiterhin ein zweistufiger Vergleich vorgenommen wird, bei dem das Abbild der Münze mit den Referenzmustern nach einem ersten vereinfachten Kriterium verglichen wird und eine Liste von ausgewählten Referenzmustern mit Sortierung nach ihrerBy further making a two-step comparison in which the image of the coin is compared with the reference patterns according to a first simplified criterion and a list of selected reference patterns sorted according to their

Ähnlichkeit erstellt wird und anschließend ein Vergleich der Abbildung mit denen in der Liste enthaltenen Referenzmustern entsprechend ihrer Sortierung nach einem zweiten, genauen Kriterium vorgenommen wird, wird die Bearbeitungszeit wesentlich verkürzt.Similarity is created and then a comparison of the mapping with the reference patterns contained in the list according to their sorting according to a second, accurate criterion is made, the processing time is significantly shortened.

Durch die in den Unteransprüchen angegebenen Maßnahmen sind vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen und Verbesserungen möglich.The measures specified in the dependent claims advantageous refinements and improvements are possible.

Erfindungsgemäß Steht die Spreizung in unmittelbarer Verbindung mit der Verkleinerung, wobei die Merkmale vor der Verkleinerung oder gleichzeitig mit der Verkleinerung gespreizt werden. Dabei wird die Größe des Maximum-Filters durch den Verkleinerungsfaktor bestimmt. Durch die Spreizung werden die physikalischen Merkmale der Abbildung bei der Verkleinerung erhalten und dabei die mathematischen Merkmale reduziert, um die Erkennung zu beschleunigen.According to the invention, the spreading is in direct connection with the reduction, wherein the features are spread before the reduction or simultaneously with the reduction. The size of the maximum filter is determined by the reduction factor. The spread preserves the physical features of the image as it is reduced, thereby reducing the mathematical features to speed detection.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist, als Charakteristik für das erste vereinfachte Kriterium die Verteilung der mittleren Helligkeit in den Zeilen der transformierten Abbildung zu berechnen und dann eine eindimensionale Korrelation zwischen der Helligkeitsverteilung der transformierten Abbildung und der Referenzbilder bzw. -muster zu benutzen. Auf diese Weise wird schon bei dem ersten Vergleich eine gute Auswahl der in Frage kommenden Referenzmuster erzielt. Anhand des ersten vereinfachten Kriteriums wird eine Liste der Referenzmuster entsprechend deren Ähnlichkeit zum aktuellen Bild erstellt.It is particularly advantageous, as a characteristic for the first simplified criterion, to calculate the distribution of the average brightness in the lines of the transformed image and then to use a one-dimensional correlation between the brightness distribution of the transformed image and the reference images or patterns. In this way, a good selection of the candidate reference pattern is already achieved in the first comparison. Based on the first simplified criterion, a list of the reference patterns is created according to their similarity to the current image.

Vorzugsweise kann als zweites genaues Kriterium eine zweidimensionale Korrelation der Helligkeitsverteilung in der transformierten Abbildung verwendet werden. Es wird dabei ein genauer Vergleich durchgeführt, wobei die Ergebnisse der Voranalyse nicht mehr berücksichtigt werden und nur das Ergebnis des genauen Vergleichs zählt.Preferably, as a second exact criterion, a two-dimensional correlation of the brightness distribution in the transformed image can be used. An exact comparison is carried out, whereby the results of the preliminary analysis are no longer taken into account and only the result of the exact comparison counts.

Ausführungsbeispiele des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens werden in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung unter Heranziehung der beigefügten Zeichnung näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
eine Darstellung zur Polartransformation ei- ner Münze,
Fig. 2
das Originalprägebild einer Münze, sowie zwei Polartransformationen des Prägebildes der Münze mit Reduktion der Merkmale, win- kelmäßig um 3° verdreht,
Fig. 3
Ansichten entsprechend Fig. 2, bei denen ei- ne Spreizung der Merkmale mit einem Maximum- filter vorgenommen wurde, und
Fig. 4
die Darstellung eines Verfahrensablaufs zur Auswertung des Prägebildes einer Münze in einem Münzautomaten.
Embodiments of the method according to the invention will be explained in more detail in the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show it:
Fig. 1
a representation for the polar transformation of a coin,
Fig. 2
the original embossed image of a coin, as well as two polar transformations of the embossed image of the coin with reduction of the features, angularly rotated by 3 °,
Fig. 3
Views accordingly Fig. 2 in which a spread of the characteristics was carried out with a maximum filter, and
Fig. 4
the representation of a procedure for evaluating the embossed image of a coin in a slot machine.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren wird zur Erkennung einer Münze mit Auswertung ihres Prägebildes verwendet. Die Münze wird dabei in den Münzprüfer eingeworfen und mittels eines Bildsensors wird das Abbild der Münze aufgenommen und als Pixeldaten zu der Auswerteeinheit gesandt. Diese Auswerteeinheit ermittelt unter anderen den genauen Durchmesser und den genauen Mittelpunkt sowie gegebenenfalls die Form. In der weiteren Auswertung wird unter anderem eine Polartransformation entsprechend Fig. 1 durchgeführt, bei der beispielsweise der Radius der Münze als der äußere Radius der Transformation angenommen wird und der innere Radius der Transformation ist 0. Der Winkel θ wird im Uhrzeigersinn gezählt, wobei an der positiven x-Achse begonnen wird. Wie aus Fig. 1 unten zu erkennen ist, entsteht ein "verzerrtes" Muster, das linear ausgewertet werden kann.The method according to the invention is used to identify a coin with evaluation of its embossed image. The coin is thrown into the coin validator and the image of the coin is recorded by means of an image sensor and sent as pixel data to the evaluation unit. Among other things, this evaluation unit determines the exact diameter and the exact center as well as possibly the shape. In the further evaluation, among other things, a polar transformation is done accordingly Fig. 1 performed at For example, assuming the radius of the coin as the outer radius of the transformation and the inner radius of the transformation is 0. The angle θ is counted clockwise starting from the positive x-axis. How out Fig. 1 below, creates a "distorted" pattern that can be evaluated linearly.

In Fig. 2a1 ist eine Abbildung einer Münze zu erkennen, die in einem Bildaufnahmemodul mit einer zur Münzoberfläche schrägen Beleuchtung gewonnen wurde, durch die auf der Münzoberfläche dünne helle Linien auf einem dunklen Hintergrund zu sehen sind. Diese dünnen Linien stellen charakteristische Merkmale der Münze dar, die ein Muster bzw. eine Musteranordnung oder Teile davon bilden. Um die Geschwindigkeit bei der späteren Auswertung, d.h. bei dem Vergleich mit Referenzmerkmalen oder -mustern zu erhöhen, ist es vorteilhaft, die Anzahl der Merkmale zu reduzieren. Die Reduktion der Merkmale könnte beispielsweise durch eine Verkleinerung der Abbildung mittels Unterabtastung von Bildpunkten durchgeführt werden. Für einen Verkleinerungsfaktor N wird dabei aus jeder Zeile des Originalbildes nur jedes N-te Pixel weiterverarbeitet, alle anderen werden weggelassen. Entsprechendes gilt auch für eine Unterabtastung von Bildzeilen. Bei einer solchen Unterabtastung geht ein Teil der im Originalbild enthaltenen Merkmale verloren. Bei einer leichten Verdrehung bzw. Verschiebung des Originalbildes bleiben dabei immer unterschiedliche Merkmale erhalten, und die entsprechenden transformierten Bilder sind einander unähnlich.In Fig. 2a1 Fig. 12 is an illustration of a coin obtained in an image pickup module with illumination oblique to the coin surface, showing thin light lines on a dark background on the coin surface. These thin lines represent characteristic features of the coin that make up a pattern, or portions thereof. In order to increase the speed in the later evaluation, ie in the comparison with reference features or patterns, it is advantageous to reduce the number of features. The reduction of the features could be performed, for example, by reducing the size of the image by subsampling pixels. For a reduction factor N, each line of the original image is processed only every Nth pixel, all others are omitted. The same applies to undersampling of picture lines. In such a sub-scan, a part of the features contained in the original image is lost. With a slight rotation or displacement of the original image, different features always remain, and the corresponding transformed images are dissimilar.

In Fig. 2a2 und a3 ist eine Polartransformation entsprechend Fig. 1 dargestellt, bei der eine so genannte Unterabtastung direkt bei der Transformation vorgenommen wurde, d.h., das Bild wurde mit einem Reduktions- oder Verkleinerungsfaktor N, z.B. 6, transformiert. Die transformierten Abbildungen entsprechend Fig. 2a2 und a3 sind im Verhältnis zu Fig. 2a1 vergrößert dargestellt, wobei die Münze bei a3 gegenübe4r a2 um 3° verdreht aufgenommen wurde und beiden Aufnahmen die gleiche Transformation zugrunde liegt. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass bei dieser Behandlung entsprechend Fig. 2a2, a3 wahrscheinlich ist, dass durch Weglassen von Pixeln auch Merkmale weggelassen werden, wodurch die Erkennbarkeit verringert wird.In Fig. 2a2 and a3 is a polar transformation accordingly Fig. 1 shown in which a so-called subsampling made directly during the transformation ie, the image was transformed with a reduction or reduction factor N, eg 6. The transformed images accordingly Fig. 2a2 and a3 are in proportion to Fig. 2a1 shown magnified, wherein the coin at a3 gegenübe4r a2 was rotated rotated by 3 ° and the two images based on the same transformation. It has been shown that in this treatment accordingly Fig. 2a2, a3 it is likely that by omitting pixels, features will also be omitted, thereby reducing visibility.

Um den unkontrollierten Verlust der Information bei der Reduktion der Merkmale durch Unterabtastung zu vermeiden, wird eine Spreizung des Abbildes vorgenommen, wobei das Ergebnis der Spreizung in Fig. 3 dargestellt ist. Mit der Spreizung wird eine physikalische Vergrößerung der charakteristischen Merkmale jeweils auf mehrere Pixel vorgenommen.In order to avoid the uncontrolled loss of information in the reduction of the features by sub-sampling, a spread of the image is made, the result of the spread in Fig. 3 is shown. With the spreading, a physical enlargement of the characteristic features is carried out in each case on several pixels.

Die Spreizung kann auf unterschiedliche Weise durchgeführt werden, bei einem Abbild, wie es beispielsweise in Fig. 2a1 dargestellt ist, das helle Linien auf einem dunklen Hintergrund aufweist, ist eine Spreizung der Merkmale, d.h. der hellen Linien durch eine Filterung mit einem Maximum-Filter durchführbar. Dies ist in Fig. 3b1 dargestellt, in der zu erkennen ist, dass die "hellen" Merkmale physikalisch vergrößert und auf mehrere Pixel verteilt sind.The spreading can be carried out in different ways, in an image, such as in Fig. 2a1 is shown having bright lines on a dark background, a spread of the features, ie the bright lines by filtering with a maximum filter is feasible. This is in Fig. 3b1 in which it can be seen that the "bright" features are physically enlarged and distributed over several pixels.

Falls das Bild der Münze mit einer senkrechten Beleuchtung im Aufnahmemodul aufgenommen wird, sind im Abbild dunkle Linien auf einem hellen Hintergrund zu sehen, in diesem Fall kann die Spreizung beispielsweise durch eine Filterung mit einem Minimum-Filter durchgeführt werden.If the image of the coin is taken with a vertical illumination in the recording module, dark lines on a light background can be seen in the image, in this case the spreading can be carried out for example by filtering with a minimum filter.

Um eine Verkleinerung der Abbildung zu erzielen, wird die Größe sowohl des Maximum- als auch des Minimum-Filters als NxM Pixel definiert, wobei N und M den Verkleinerungsfaktoren den Spalten und Zeilen entlang entsprechen. Anschließend oder gleichzeitig mit der Filterung und Verkleinerung, die auf einer Bearbeitung der Pixel beruhen, kann die Polartransformation entsprechend Fig. 3 Bild 2 durchgeführt werden.To make the image smaller, the size of both the maximum and minimum filters is defined as NxM pixels, where N and M correspond to the reduction factors along the columns and rows. Subsequently or simultaneously with the filtering and reduction, which are based on a processing of the pixels, the polar transformation can accordingly Fig. 3 Figure 2.

Fig. 3b3 ist eine Darstellung entsprechend Fig. 2a3, bei der das Prägebild um 3° zu den Darstellungen nach den Fign. 2a2 und 3b2 verdreht ist. Wie klar zu erkennen ist, treten die Merkmale entsprechend Fig. 3 stärker hervor und die Ähnlichkeit zwischen den Abbildungen b2 und b3 ist auch nach dem später berechneten Korrelationsmaß wesentlich höher als die zwischen den Abbildungen Fig. 2a2 und a3. Bei dieser Art wird zuerst die Spreizung und dann die Verkleinerung bzw. Transformation mit einer Verkleinerung durchgeführt. Fig. 3b3 is a representation accordingly Fig. 2a3 , in which the embossed image by 3 ° to the representations of the FIGS. 2a2 and 3b2 is twisted. As can be clearly seen, the features occur accordingly Fig. 3 and the similarity between the figures b2 and b3 is much higher than that between the figures even after the correlation measure calculated later Fig. 2a2 and a3 , In this way, first the spreading and then the reduction or transformation is carried out with a reduction.

In einem anderen Ausführungsbeispiel der Spreizung der Merkmale wird diese mit einer modifizierten Polartransformation erreicht, wobei gleichzeitig das Abbild reduziert wird. Dazu wird zu einem Punkt im transformierten Bild mit den kartesischen Koordinaten θ,r ein entsprechender Ursprungspunkt im Originalbild mit Abstand von dem Mittelpunkt der Münze N*r und einem Winkel von M*θ gegenüber einer für das Bild bestimmten Ausrichtung berechnet und die Helligkeit des Punktes in dem transformierten Bild wird als Maximum der Helligkeit des Originalbildes auf einem Gebiet der Größe K*K Pixel um den Ursprungspunkt herum berechnet, wobei K das Maximale der Verkleinerungsfaktoren ist: K = max (N, M).In another embodiment of the spreading of the features this is achieved with a modified polar transformation, at the same time the image is reduced. For this purpose, to a point in the transformed image with the Cartesian coordinates θ, r, a corresponding origin point in the original image is calculated with distance from the center of the coin N * r and an angle of M * θ against an orientation determined for the image and the brightness of the point in the transformed image is calculated as the maximum of the brightness of the original image on a region of size K * K pixels around the origin point, where K is the maximum of the reduction factors: K = max (N, M).

Mit diesem Verfahren der Spreizung und Verkleinerung durch die modifizierte Polartransformation werden unter Verwendung der Fig. 2a1 die gleichen Ergebnisse erzielt, wie sie in Fig. 3b2 und Fig. 3b3 dargestellt sind.With this method of spreading and reduction by the modified polar transformation, using Fig. 2a1 achieved the same results as in Fig. 3b2 and Fig. 3b3 are shown.

Nach der Spreizung, Verkleinerung und Polartransformation, die wie oben beschrieben auch zeitgleich stattfinden können, wird ein mehrstufiger Vergleich der transformierten Abbildung entsprechend Fig. 3b2 bzw. b3 mit einer Anzahl von Referenzmustern durchgeführt. Dazu wird in der ersten Stufe für die transformierte verkleinerte Abbildung mit gespreizten Merkmalen ein erstes vereinfachtes Kriterium zugrunde gelegt, dass zwar keine sichere Erkennung der Münze leisten kann, dafür aber nur eine kurze Bearbeitungszeit benötigt. Der Vergleich der transformierten Abbildung mit allen Referenzmustern unter Zugrundelegung des ersten vereinfachten Kriteriums ergibt jeweils ein Ähnlichkeitsmaß, mit dem eine sortierte, temporäre Liste der Referenzmuster erstellt wird. Muster, die bessere Ergebnisse, d.h. größere Ähnlichkeiten liefern, werden am Anfang der Liste positioniert. Dadurch kann bei einem Vergleich in einer zweiten Stufe das passende Referenzmuster mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit unter den ersten, in der Liste vorhandenen Kandidaten gefunden werden, wodurch die Bearbeitungszeit wesentlich verkürzt wird.After the spreading, reduction and polar transformation, which can take place simultaneously as described above, a multi-level comparison of the transformed image corresponding Fig. 3b2 and b3 performed with a number of reference patterns. For this purpose, a first simplified criterion is used as the basis for the transformed reduced image with spread characteristics in the first stage, although it can not reliably identify the coin, but requires only a short processing time. The comparison of the transformed map with all the reference patterns on the basis of the first simplified criterion results in each case a similarity measure with which a sorted, temporary list of the reference patterns is created. Patterns that provide better results, ie greater similarities, are positioned at the top of the list. As a result, in a comparison in a second stage, the matching reference pattern can be found with a high probability among the first, present in the list candidate, whereby the processing time is significantly shortened.

Als eine Charakteristik für ein vereinfachtes Kriterium kann die Verteilung der mittleren Helligkeit in Zeilen der transformierten Abbildung sowie als vereinfachtes Kriterium eine eindimensionale Korrelation zwischen diesen Charakteristiken für die transformierte Abbildung und die Referenzmuster verwendet werden.As a characteristic for a simplified criterion, the distribution of average brightness in lines of the transformed image and, as a simplified criterion, a one-dimensional correlation between these characteristics for the transformed image and the reference patterns may be used become.

In der zweiten Stufe wird ein zweiter Vergleich zwischen der transformierten Abbildung und den auf der Liste befindlichen Referenzmustern entsprechend einem zweiten, genauen Kriterium, das eine größere Bearbeitungszeit verlangt, durchgeführt. Dabei wird eine Übereinstimmung mit guter Genauigkeit mit einem der Referenzmuster gefunden und ein Signal für die Zulässigkeit der Münze abgegeben oder der Vorgang des Vergleichs wird abgebrochen. Als Charakteristik für das zweite, genau Kriterium kann z.B. die zweidimensionale Helligkeitsverteilung in der transformierten Abbildung dienen, und der Vergleich kann beispielsweise mit Hilfe der zweidimensionalen Korrelation durchgeführt werden.In the second stage, a second comparison is made between the transformed map and the reference samples on the list according to a second, more accurate criterion requiring a greater processing time. In this case, a match with good accuracy is found with one of the reference patterns and a signal for the admissibility of the coin is given or the process of comparison is aborted. As a characteristic for the second, exactly criterion, e.g. serve the two-dimensional brightness distribution in the transformed image, and the comparison can be carried out for example by means of the two-dimensional correlation.

Da bei der Prüfung der Münze im Münzprüfer nur eine vorbestimmte Zeit zur Verfügung steht, muss die Prüfung abgebrochen und die münze zurückgegeben werden, wenn die Zeit abgelaufen ist. Beispielsweise kann der eigentliche Vergleichsprozess nach einer vorbestimmten Anzahl von Referenzmustern entsprechend der vorgegebenen Liste abgebrochen werden. Dabei kann die maximale Anzahl zu bearbeitender Referenzmuster in Abhängigkeit von der Kapazität des Rechners festgelegt werden. Eine weitere Möglichkeit besteht darin, die Vergleichsberechnungen der Referenzmuster entsprechend ihrer sortierten Reihenfolge solange durchzuführen, bis die Münze in ihrem Lauf durch den Münzprüfer an eine vorbestimmte Stelle kommt, beispielsweise an die Stelle, an der sie sortiert wird. Liegt zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch kein gültiges Klassifikationsergebnis vor, so fällt die Münze in den Rückgabeschacht.Since there is only a predetermined amount of time to check the coin in the coin validator, the check must be canceled and the coin returned when the time is up. For example, the actual comparison process can be aborted after a predetermined number of reference patterns corresponding to the given list. The maximum number of reference patterns to be processed can be determined depending on the capacity of the computer. Another possibility is to perform the comparison calculations of the reference patterns according to their sorted order until the coin comes in its course through the coin validator to a predetermined location, for example, to the point at which it is sorted. If there is still no valid classification result at this time, the coin falls into the return shaft.

Es ist möglich, dass nach dieser zweiten Vergleichsstufe bereits eine endgültige Entscheidung über die Annahme oder die Abweisung der Münze getroffen werden kann, insbesondere dann, wenn alle durch Münzenklassen definierten Referenzmuster gut trennbar sind. Zu einer Münzenklasse können z.B. jeweils alle gültigen Münzen mit einem gleichen Nennwert zugeordnet werden. Dann wird jede Klasse mindestens aus zwei Referenzmustern bestehen, einem Muster für eine Kopfseite und einem Muster für eine Zahlseite. Falls es mehrere gültige Varianten für Prägebilder der Kopf- oder Zahlseite gibt, wird die Anzahl des Musters höher. Trotzdem sind normalerweise alle Prägebilder, abgesehen von absichtlichen Fälschungen, so unterschiedlich, dass hohe Korrelationsquotienten nur zwischen Abbildungen einer Klasse möglich sind.It is possible that after this second comparison stage, a final decision can already be taken on the acceptance or rejection of the coin, in particular if all reference patterns defined by coin classes are easily separable. To a class of coins, e.g. in each case all valid coins with the same denomination are assigned. Then each class will consist of at least two reference patterns, a pattern for a header page and a pattern for a pay-page. If there are several valid variants for header images of the header or the payment page, the number of patterns becomes higher. Nevertheless, apart from intentional forgeries, all embossed images are usually so different that high correlation quotients are only possible between images of a class.

Eine andere Situation tritt auf, wenn die Ähnlichkeit der Prägung bzw. der transformierten Abbildung zu einem der Referenzmuster der Münzklasse X zwar festgestellt ist, eine endgültige Erkennung aber nicht durchgeführt werden kann, weil es auch weitere Münzklassen gibt, deren Ähnlichkeit mit der Münzklasse X vorher bekannt ist. Z.B. betrifft dies Fälschungen von Münzen, die bei "guter Fälschung" echten Münzen sehr ähneln können. Nicht auszuschließen ist, dass bei gleichem Durchmesser und ähnlichen Prägungen manchmal auch die echten Münzen unterschiedliche Nennwerte haben können. In diesem Fall ist für eine endgültige Entscheidung eine zusätzliche Sicherheitsprüfung als dritte Stufe notwendig.Another situation occurs when the similarity of the embossing or the transformed image to one of the reference patterns of the coin class X is indeed established, but a final recognition can not be performed because there are also other coin classes, their similarity with the coin class X before is known. For example, This concerns counterfeiting of coins which, in the case of 'good forgery', can very much resemble genuine coins. It can not be ruled out that with the same diameter and similar imprints sometimes the real coins can also have different denominations. In this case, an additional safety check as a third stage is necessary for a final decision.

Die Helligkeitsverteilung im transformierten Bild kann auch für die Sicherheitsprüfung benutzt werden. Falls Unterschiedlichkeiten bestimmter Fragmente der Prägungen vorliegen, können diese Fragmente als Muster für die Sicherheitsprüfung ausgewählt werden. Falls unterschiedliche Merkmale auf der ganzen Abbildung verstreut sind, kann eine Differenz-Charakteristik der Merkmale wie folgt berechnet werden: U ij x y = K x y * h i x y - h j x y ,

Figure imgb0001
wobei hi(x,y) und hj(x,y) mittelwertfreie Helligkeitsverteilungen in den Referenzmustern der ähnlichen Klassen i und j sind. K ist ein Faktor, der so ermittelt werden kann, dass nur deutlich unterschiedliche Stellen mit einbezogen werden, beispielsweise: K x y = 1 h i x y < 0 , 5 h j x y ; h i x y > 2 h j x y 0 h i x y 0 , 5 h j x y hi x y < 2 hj x y
Figure imgb0002
The brightness distribution in the transformed image can also be used for the safety test. If there are differences in particular fragments of the imprints, these fragments can be patterned selected for the safety test. If different features are scattered throughout the figure, a difference characteristic of the features can be calculated as follows: U ij x y = K x y * H i x y - H j x y .
Figure imgb0001
where h i (x, y) and h j (x, y) are mean-free brightness distributions in the reference patterns of the similar classes i and j. K is a factor that can be determined to include only significantly different locations, for example: K x y = 1 H i x y < 0 . 5 H j x y ; H i x y > 2 H j x y 0 H i x y 0 . 5 H j x y Hi x y < 2 hj x y
Figure imgb0002

Der Vergleich dieser Differenz einer transformierten Abbildung, die der Klasse i ähnlicher ist, ergibt ein positives Signal und eine Abbildung, die der Klasse j ähnlicher ist ergibt ein negatives Signal. Falls mehrere Klassen zueinander ähnlich sind, müssen solche Differenzen bzw. Differenzfragmente für jedes Klassenpaar erzeugt und geprüft werden.The comparison of this difference of a transformed map, which is more similar to the class i, gives a positive signal and a map similar to the class j gives a negative signal. If several classes are similar to each other, such differences or difference fragments must be generated and checked for each class pair.

Um die Anzahl von Fehl-Erkennungen weiter zu reduzieren, können Referenzmuster der Prägungen von Münzen, die besondere häufig an dem Standort des betreffenden Münzprüfers vorkommen können, unabhängig von der Prüfung nach dem vereinfachten ersten Kriterium der genauen Prüfung entsprechend dem zweiten Kriterium unterzogen werden. Dazu gehört beispielsweise eine Zahl-Seite, die für alle Euromünzen identisch ist und deren Wahrscheinlichkeit der Erscheinung als aktuelle Abbildung 0,5 ist. Diese sollten auf jeden Fall geprüft werden. Solche Muster können beispielsweise an den Anfang der sortierten temporären Liste eingefügt werden, ohne einen Vergleich entsprechend dem vereinfachten Kriterium durchzuführen.In order to further reduce the number of misrecognitions, reference patterns of coin embossments, which may be particularly frequent at the location of the coin validator concerned, may be subjected to the detailed examination according to the second criterion independently of the test according to the simplified first criterion. This includes, for example, a number page that is identical for all euro coins and whose probability of appearance as the current figure is 0.5. These should be checked in any case. For example, such patterns may be added to the beginning of the sorted temporary list without making a comparison according to the simplified criterion.

In Fig. 4 ist ein Verfahrensablauf des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens dargestellt. Die Auswerteeinrichtung des Münzprüfers bekommt von dem Bildaufnahmemodul eine aktuelle hochauflösende Abbildung der Münze mit genau ermitteltem Durchmesser, Form und Mittelpunkt. Der ermittelte Durchmesser sowie die ermittelte Form werden im Schritt S1 mit der Liste der zulässigen Durchmesser und der Form der Münze verglichen. Falls ein unzulässiger Wert oder eine unzulässige Form vorliegen, wird die Münze gleich abgewiesen.In Fig. 4 a process flow of the method according to the invention is shown. The evaluation device of the coin validator receives from the image acquisition module a current high-resolution image of the coin with a precisely determined diameter, shape and center point. The determined diameter and the determined shape are compared in step S1 with the list of permissible diameters and the shape of the coin. If an invalid value or an invalid shape is present, the coin is rejected immediately.

Im zulässigen Fall wird im Schritt S2 die Abbildung einer modifizierten Polartransformation mit gleichzeitiger Spreizung der Merkmale und Verkleinerung der Abbildung unterzogen, wodurch sich die transformierte Abbildung entsprechend der Fig. 3b2 oder b3 ergibt. Von allen im System hinterlegten Referenzmustern werden diejenigen für die Prägebilderkennung ausgewählt, die zu einer Münze mit übereinstimmendem Durchmesser gehören. Für die transformierte Abbildung wird im Schritt S3 eine Charakteristik für das vereinfachte Kriterium berechnet, z.B. eine Verteilung der mittleren Helligkeit für die einzelnen Zeilen der transformierten Abbildung. Diese Charakteristik wird im Schritt S4 mit den für den aktuellen Durchmesser in einer Datenbank PKRM gespeicherten entsprechenden Charakteristiken der Referenzmuster verglichen, wobei alle Muster in der Reihenfolge abnehmender Ähnlichkeit sortiert werden. Es wird also eine temporäre sortierte Liste der Referenzmuster gebildet (siehe S5). Dabei existiert eine zusätzlich gespeicherte Häufigkeitsliste HL. Wenn die Referenzmuster der Liste in dieser Häufigkeitsliste vorkommen, werden diese Muster am Anfang der Liste ohne den Vergleich ihrer Charakteristika eingefügt.In the permissible case, the image of a modified polar transformation with simultaneous spreading of the features and reduction of the image is subjected to the image in step S2, whereby the transformed image corresponding to Fig. 3b2 or b3 results. Of all the reference patterns stored in the system, those for the embossing image recognition belonging to a coin of the same diameter are selected. For the transformed image, a characteristic for the simplified criterion is calculated in step S3, for example a distribution of the average brightness for the individual lines of the transformed image. This characteristic is compared in step S4 with the corresponding characteristics of the reference patterns stored for the current diameter in a database PKRM, wherein all the patterns are sorted in the order of decreasing similarity. Thus, a temporary sorted list of the reference patterns is formed (see S5). There is an additionally stored frequency list HL. If the reference patterns of the list appear in this frequency list, they become Added pattern at the top of the list without comparing their characteristics.

Die aktuelle transformierte Abbildung der Münze wird im Schritt S6 mit dem ersten Referenzmuster aus der temporären Liste nach dem zweiten, genauen Kriterium entsprechend einer zweidimensionalen Helligkeitsverteilung verglichen, z.B. mit Hilfe einer zweidimensionalen Korrelation. Dazu werden aus der Datenbank GKRM die entsprechenden Referenzmuster geliefert. Falls im Schritt S7 festgestellt wird, dass das Ergebnis des Vergleichs mit dem jeweiligen Referenzmuster A der Klasse X ein vorbestimmtes Ähnlichkeitsmaß x übersteigt, wird der Vergleich abgebrochen und die Münze vorläufig zu einer Klasse X sortiert. Falls die Klasse X keine bekannte Ähnlichkeit zu einer anderen Klasse hat, wird diese vorläufige Klassifikation bestätigt und das Verfahren beendet, d.h., die Münze als zulässig erkannt.The current transformed image of the coin is compared in step S6 with the first reference pattern from the temporary list according to the second, accurate criterion according to a two-dimensional brightness distribution, e.g. with the help of a two-dimensional correlation. For this purpose, the corresponding reference patterns are supplied from the database GKRM. If it is determined in step S7 that the result of the comparison with the respective reference pattern A of the class X exceeds a predetermined degree of similarity x, the comparison is aborted and the coin is provisionally sorted into a class X. If the class X has no known similarity to another class, this preliminary classification is confirmed and the procedure is terminated, i.e., the coin is recognized as permissible.

Falls bei Schritt S7 festgestellt wird, dass die Ähnlichkeit zum behandelten Referenzmuster nicht groß genug ist, wird im Schritt S8 festgestellt, ob es noch ein weiteres Referenzmuster in der temporären Liste TLRM gibt. Ist dies der Fall, geht das Verfahren zum Schritt S6 zurück und eine erneute Prüfung beginnt.If it is determined at step S7 that the similarity to the treated reference pattern is not large enough, it is determined in step S8 whether there is another reference pattern in the temporary list TLRM. If so, the process returns to step S6 and a retest begins.

Falls im Schritt S7 festgestellt wird, dass eine Möglichkeit der Verwechselung mit einem Referenzmuster einer Klasse Y vorliegt, wird im Schritt S9 die Sicherheitsprüfung durchgeführt, bei der beispielsweise entweder nach Fragmenten gesucht wird, die in einer der Klassen vorkommen und in einer anderen nicht oder die aktuelle transformierte Abbildung wird mit einer Differenzcharakteristik verglichen. Die Referenzmuster bzw. die Referenzwerte für die Sicherheitsprüfung sind in einer Datenbank MSP gespeichert.If it is determined in step S7 that there is a possibility of being confused with a reference pattern of a class Y, the security check is carried out in step S9, for example searching for either fragments that occur in one of the classes and not in another or The current transformed image is compared with a differential characteristic. The reference patterns or the reference values for the security check are stored in a database MSP.

Der Vergleich des aktuellen Prägebildes bzw. der transformierten Abbildung mit den Referenzmustern wird, wenn kein gültiges Ergebnis vorliegt, nach der vorbestimmten Zeit abgebrochen.The comparison of the current embossed image or the transformed image with the reference patterns is aborted after the predetermined time if there is no valid result.

Die Auswerteeinheit, d.h., die Berechnungs-, Vergleichs- und Speichermittel, kann in Form eines Mikroprozessors, Mikrocomputers oder dergleichen mit entsprechenden Speichern, wie oben angegeben, ausgebildet sein.The evaluation unit, i.e. the calculation, comparison and storage means, may be in the form of a microprocessor, microcomputer or the like with corresponding memories as stated above.

Im obigen Ausführungsbeispiel wurde als "vereinfachtes Kriterium" für den Vergleich das Ergebnis einer eindimensionalen Korrelation zwischen den Verteilungen der mittleren Helligkeit in Zeilen des transformierten Bildes als bestimmte Charakteristika verwendet. Als ein anderes Beispiel eines vereinfachten Kriteriums könnte ein Ergebnis einer bestimmten Operation mit der Verteilung der hellen und dunklen Pixel in einer der Zeilen der transformierten Abbildung dienen. Zum Beispiel gibt es in der Abbildung einer Zahlseite einer deutschen Münze mit dem Nennwert 1 oder 2 Euro mehr dunkle Pixel als helle, und in einer Kopfseite derselben Münze gibt es mehr helle Pixel als dunkle. Wenn der Quotient Anzahl hell/Anzahl dunkel als ein Kriterium verwendet wird, kann die Kopfseite einer deutschen Münze von deren Zahlseite unterschieden werden.In the above embodiment, as a "simplified criterion" for the comparison, the result of one-dimensional correlation between the average brightness distributions in lines of the transformed image was used as specific characteristics. As another example of a simplified criterion, a result of a particular operation could be the distribution of the light and dark pixels in one of the lines of the transformed image. For example, in the illustration of a number page of a German coin with a denomination of 1 or 2 euros, there are more dark pixels than bright ones, and in a head page of the same coin there are more bright pixels than dark ones. If the quotient number light / number dark is used as a criterion, the head side of a German coin can be distinguished from its pay side.

Weiterhin kann man die gleiche Charakteristik verwenden, nämlich die Verteilung der mittleren Helligkeit in den Zeilen der transformierten Abbildung, jedoch ein anderes Kriterium zum Vergleich auswählen. Beispielsweise kann die Koordinate des Maximums der Verteilung benutzt werden. Wenn bei der aktuellen Abbildung das Maximum am Rand der Münze liegt, werden für den genauen Vergleich nur die Referenzabbildungen, die das Maximum der Verteilung auch am Rand haben, usw., gewählt.Furthermore, one can use the same characteristic, namely the distribution of the average brightness in the lines of the transformed image, but choose a different criterion for comparison. For example the coordinate of the maximum of the distribution can be used. If, in the current image, the maximum lies at the edge of the coin, only the reference images that have the maximum of the distribution at the edge, etc., are selected for the exact comparison.

Claims (16)

  1. Method for recognising a coin which is inserted in a coin-acceptor unit by using the embossed image thereof which has characteristic features, said embossed image being recorded by a camera device,
    characterised by the following steps:
    spreading of the features, which prescribe a pattern arrangement, in the image of the coin,
    reducing the features by reducing the image and
    transforming the same with a polar transformation,
    comparing the transformed image with a plurality of prescribed reference patterns, according to a first simplified criterion, with a rapid processing time and
    producing a list of reference patterns, sorted according to their similarity to the transformed image,
    comparing the transformed image with the reference patterns contained in the list corresponding to the sorting thereof according to a second, exact criterion and emitting a recognition signal if one of the reference patterns corresponds to the transformed image,
    stopping the comparison process and rejecting the coin according to a prescribed condition.
  2. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the spreading of the features and the reduction of the image are implemented at the same time.
  3. Method according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that the spreading of the features and the reduction of the image are implemented with a maximum or minimum filter, the N x N pixels of which corresponds to the reduction factor.
  4. Method according to claim 3, characterised in that the reduced and spread image is subjected to a polar transformation.
  5. Method according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that the spreading of the features and the reduction of the image is implemented with a modified polar transformation, a corresponding origin point in the image with a spacing N*r from the centre of the coin and an angle M*θ relative to an orientation determined for the image corresponding to any point in the transformed image with the Cartesian coordinates θ, r and the brightness of the point in the transformed image being calculated as maximum of the brightness of the image on the area of the K*K pixels around the origin and K being the greatest of the reduction factors (N, M).
  6. Method according to one of the claims 1 to 5, characterised in that, for the first, simplified criterion, a line-wise calculation of the brightness distribution in the transformed image is undertaken.
  7. Method according to claim 6, characterised in that the comparison between the transformed image and the reference pattern is implemented with a one-dimensional correlation between the brightness distribution for the transformed image of the coin and the reference pattern.
  8. Method according to one of the claims 1 to 7, characterised in that, for the second, exact criterion, a two-dimensional brightness distribution is used in the transformed image.
  9. Method according to claim 8, characterised in that the comparison between the transformed image and the reference pattern is implemented with the help of a two-dimensional correlation.
  10. Method according to one of the claims 1 to 9, characterised in that, as prescribed condition for stopping the comparison process according to the exact criterion, a predetermined number of reference patterns to be processed is chosen.
  11. Method according to one of the claims 1 to 9, characterised in that, as prescribed condition for stopping the comparison process, a predetermined time is chosen, in particular that which the coin requires until exiting from the coin-acceptor unit.
  12. Method according to one of the claims 1 to 11, characterised in that, in the case where, after the comparison corresponding to the second, exact criterion, it is established that a similarity of the transformed image to at least two coin classes is present, an accuracy test is undertaken in which features are determined for the transformed image which are different for the at least two coin classes.
  13. Method according to claim 12, characterised in that a predetermined fragment of the transformed image is compared with the at least two reference patterns and the similar reference pattern is determined.
  14. Method according to claim 12, characterised in that at least one difference pattern between reference patterns is produced and, by means of this comparison with the transformed image, a mostly similar reference pattern is determined.
  15. Method according to one of the claims 1 to 14, characterised in that selected reference patterns are added to the beginning of the list of reference patterns which is sorted according to the result of the comparison corresponding to the first, simplified criterion of similarity, independently of this result, and are subjected to a test according to the second, exact criterion of similarity.
  16. Device for implementing the method according to one of the claims 1 to 15 with a camera for recording the embossed pattern of the coin which has characteristic features and an evaluation device, characterised in that the evaluation device comprises:
    calculation means for spreading the features in the image, reducing the features by reducing the image and transforming the same with a polar transformation,
    first comparison means for comparing the transformed image with a plurality of prescribed reference patterns, according to a first simplified criterion, with a rapid processing time,
    means for producing a list of reference patterns, sorted according to their similarity to the transformed image,
    second comparison means for comparing the transformed image with the reference patterns contained in the list corresponding to the sorting thereof according to a second, exact criterion and emitting a recognition signal if one of the reference patterns corresponds to the transformed image, and
    first memory means for storing characteristics of the reference patterns for comparison according to the first criterion,
    second memory means for intermediate storage of the list produced by the means for producing a list, and
    third memory means for storing characteristics of the reference patterns for comparison according to the second criterion.
EP06754675A 2005-06-16 2006-06-14 Method and device for recognising a coin by using the embossed pattern thereof Not-in-force EP1897067B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE102005028669A DE102005028669A1 (en) 2005-06-16 2005-06-16 Method and device for recognizing a coin entered in a coin validator using its embossed image
PCT/EP2006/006529 WO2006133974A1 (en) 2005-06-16 2006-06-14 Method and device for recognising a coin by using the embossed pattern thereof

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EP1897067A1 EP1897067A1 (en) 2008-03-12
EP1897067B1 true EP1897067B1 (en) 2010-09-01

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US (1) US8150139B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1897067B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE479971T1 (en)
DE (2) DE102005028669A1 (en)
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WO (1) WO2006133974A1 (en)

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US8150139B2 (en) 2012-04-03
DE502006007784D1 (en) 2010-10-14
US20080205741A1 (en) 2008-08-28
ES2351164T3 (en) 2011-02-01
DE102005028669A1 (en) 2006-12-28
ATE479971T1 (en) 2010-09-15
WO2006133974A1 (en) 2006-12-21
EP1897067A1 (en) 2008-03-12

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