EP1796925A2 - Vehicle tire, method for estimating adherence properties of a vehicle tire and a vehicle drive assisting method - Google Patents

Vehicle tire, method for estimating adherence properties of a vehicle tire and a vehicle drive assisting method

Info

Publication number
EP1796925A2
EP1796925A2 EP05801494A EP05801494A EP1796925A2 EP 1796925 A2 EP1796925 A2 EP 1796925A2 EP 05801494 A EP05801494 A EP 05801494A EP 05801494 A EP05801494 A EP 05801494A EP 1796925 A2 EP1796925 A2 EP 1796925A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tire
vehicle
temperature
tread
measuring
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP05801494A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Pascal Prost
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Michelin Recherche et Technique SA Switzerland
Michelin Recherche et Technique SA France
Societe de Technologie Michelin SAS
Original Assignee
Michelin Recherche et Technique SA Switzerland
Michelin Recherche et Technique SA France
Societe de Technologie Michelin SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Michelin Recherche et Technique SA Switzerland, Michelin Recherche et Technique SA France, Societe de Technologie Michelin SAS filed Critical Michelin Recherche et Technique SA Switzerland
Priority to EP09009088A priority Critical patent/EP2116399A3/en
Publication of EP1796925A2 publication Critical patent/EP1796925A2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C23/00—Devices for measuring, signalling, controlling, or distributing tyre pressure or temperature, specially adapted for mounting on vehicles; Arrangement of tyre inflating devices on vehicles, e.g. of pumps or of tanks; Tyre cooling arrangements
    • B60C23/20—Devices for measuring or signalling tyre temperature only
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T152/00—Resilient tires and wheels
    • Y10T152/10—Tires, resilient
    • Y10T152/10027—Tires, resilient with wear indicating feature

Definitions

  • VEHICLE PNEUMATIC TIRE METHOD OF ESTIMATING TIRE ADHERENCE PROPERTIES, AND VEHICLE DRIVER ASSISTING METHOD.
  • the present invention relates to a tire intended to equip a vehicle and more particularly to equip a two-wheeled vehicle such as a motorcycle.
  • the invention further relates to a method for estimating the adhesion properties of a tire and a method of assisting the driving of such a vehicle.
  • the reinforcing reinforcement or reinforcement of tires and in particular motorcycle tires is currently - and most often - constituted by stacking one or more tables conventionally designated “carcass plies", "tablecloths vertex » Etc.
  • This method of designating reinforcing reinforcements comes from the manufacturing process, consisting in producing a series of semi-finished products in the form of plies, provided with wire reinforcements, often longitudinal, which are subsequently assembled or stacked in order to make a rough draft. pneumatic. Tablecloths are made flat, with large dimensions, and are subsequently cut according to the dimensions of a given product. The assembly of the plies is also made, initially, substantially flat. The blank thus produced is then shaped to adopt the typical toroidal profile of the tires. Semi-finished products called “finishing” are then applied to the blank to obtain a product ready for vulcanization.
  • Such a type of "conventional” method involves, in particular for the manufacturing phase of the tire blank, the use of an anchoring element (generally a rod), used to carry out the anchoring or the maintenance of the carcass reinforcement in the area of the beads of the tire.
  • an anchoring element generally a rod
  • EP 0 582 196 discloses tires manufactured without the aid of semifinished products in the form of webs.
  • the reinforcing elements of the various reinforcement structures are applied directly to the adjacent layers of rubber mixtures, the whole being applied in successive layers to a toroidal core whose shape makes it possible to directly obtain a profile which is similar to the final profile. of the tire being manufactured.
  • Base products such as rubber mixes and reinforcement elements in the form of yarns or filaments, are directly applied to the core. Since this core is of toroidal shape, it is no longer necessary to form the blank to pass from a flat profile to a profile in the form of a torus.
  • the tires described in this document do not have the "traditional" reversal carcass ply around a rod.
  • This type of anchorage is replaced by an arrangement in which is disposed adjacent to said sidewall reinforcing structure circumferential son, all being embedded in a rubber mix anchoring or bonding.
  • the conventional terms such as “tablecloths”, “rods”, etc.
  • the term “carcass-type reinforcement” or “sidewall reinforcement” is used to designate the reinforcement elements of a carcass ply in the conventional method, and the corresponding reinforcing elements, generally applied at the flanks, to the carcass ply. a tire produced according to a process without semi-finished.
  • anchoring zone can refer to both the “traditional” reversal of carcass ply around a rod of a conventional process, that the assembly formed by the circumferential reinforcing elements, the mixture rubbery and adjacent portions of sidewall reinforcement of a low zone made with a method with application to a toroidal core.
  • the longitudinal direction of the tire is the direction corresponding to the periphery of the tire and defined by the rolling direction of the tire.
  • a circumferential plane or circumferential plane of section is a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire.
  • the equatorial plane is the circumferential plane passing through the center or crown of the tread.
  • the transverse or axial direction of the tire is parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire.
  • a radial plane contains the axis of rotation of the tire.
  • the architecture of such tires comprising a carcass reinforcement formed of one or two layers of reinforcing elements with the direction a circumferential angle of between 65 ° and 90 °, said carcass reinforcement being radially surmounted by a crown reinforcement formed at - AT -
  • the invention also relates to partially radial tires, that is to say the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement are radial on at least a portion of said carcass reinforcement, for example in the portion corresponding to the top of the tire.
  • a first structure consists, for said crown reinforcement, in using only circumferential cables, and said structure is more particularly used for the rear position.
  • a second structure directly inspired by the structures commonly used in tires for touring vehicles, has been used to improve the wear resistance, and consists in the use of at least two layers of working crown of reinforcing elements. parallel to each other in each layer but crossed from one layer to the next making sharp angles with the circumferential direction, such tires being more particularly adapted for the front of the motorcycles.
  • Said two working crown layers may be associated with at least one layer of circumferential elements, generally obtained by helically winding a strip of at least one rubber-coated reinforcing element.
  • tire crown architectures directly affects certain properties of tires such as wear, endurance, grip or even comfort in driving or in cases including motorcycles stability.
  • other tire parameters such as the nature of the rubber compounds constituting the tread also affect the properties of said tire.
  • the choice and the nature of the rubber compounds constituting the tread are, for example, essential parameters concerning the wear properties.
  • the choice and the nature of the rubber compounds constituting the tread also affect the adhesion properties of the tire.
  • the physicochemical properties of the rubber compounds vary according to the temperature and therefore that the temperature has an influence on the properties of the tread of a tire. pneumatic.
  • the invention aims to provide a tire for optimizing the operation of the vehicle and more specifically to optimize the use of the vehicle according to the adhesion properties of the tread of said tire.
  • a tire comprising at least one carcass-type reinforcement structure, formed of reinforcing elements, anchored on each side of the tire to a bead whose base is intended to be mounted. on an overstuffing seat, each bead extending radially outwardly by a sidewall, the flanks joining radially outwardly a tread, the beads, the sidewalls and the tread being made up in part of rubber masses, said tire comprising at least one device for measuring the internal temperature of a rubbery mass of the tread, said device being a system fixed within the rubbery mass of the tread.
  • the tire thus proposed according to the invention incorporates a device for measuring the temperature of the rubbery mass of the tread which will make it possible to obtain information on the properties of the tire such as in particular its ability to deform which directly affects the grip of the tire. This information made available to the driver or driver may allow him to change his driving behavior and the use he makes of the vehicle or more accurately tires.
  • the positioning within the rubbery mass allows the measuring device to give very precisely the value of the temperature of the rubber mixture which conditions the properties of the material.
  • the system transmits a signal reflecting the temperature of the attachment point of said system.
  • the temperature measurement system is for example a wireless temperature sensor, for example searchable by radio wave.
  • a system is advantageously associated with a radio antenna within the rubbery mass and a radio antenna on the vehicle to establish a radio link between an interrogator and the sensor.
  • Such a system is also advantageously able to function without being associated with a source of energy, such as a battery, present within the rubbery mass, said energy source being able to be associated with the interrogator placed on the vehicle. .
  • the system is connected to a rotating hub for transmitting a signal reflecting the temperature of the attachment point of said system.
  • a connection may allow the power supply of the sensor and the transmission of the signal by the rotating hub to a processing device of said signal positioned on the vehicle.
  • the tire according to the invention is as previously stated more particularly advantageous when equipping a motorcycle, balance, stability and therefore the steering of such a vehicle being directly dependent on the grip of the tires.
  • a reduction of the adhesion of a tire on a motorcycle is a fundamental information for the driver.
  • the tires for motorcycles are made with a curvature rate most often greater than 0.2 to be used in camber. It turns out that depending on the use of the bike, either in a straight line or in a curve, the part of the tread in contact with the ground is not the same.
  • An advantageous embodiment of the invention thus provides that the tire comprises at least three devices for measuring the internal temperature of the rubber mass of the tread.
  • the tire according to the invention is advantageously produced according to a manufacturing technique of the hard core type or rigid form as mentioned above.
  • Such a tire which, as previously stated, is advantageously produced according to a technique of the type on a hard or toroidal core, in particular allows the establishment of temperature measuring devices in a quasi-final position, a conformation step not being possible. not required according to this type of process, said final position can further be perfectly identified.
  • the manufacture of the hard core type may allow to insert a temperature measuring device according to a predetermined indexing.
  • the carcass-type reinforcing structure advantageously comprises reinforcing elements forming with the circumferential direction an angle of between 65 ° and 90 °.
  • the tire further comprises a crown reinforcement architecture.
  • a first structure consists, for said crown reinforcement, in using only circumferential cables, and said structure is more particularly used for the rear position.
  • a second structure directly inspired by the structures commonly used in tires for touring vehicles, has been used to improve the wear resistance, and consists in the use of at least two layers of vertex of parallel reinforcing elements between they in each layer but crossed from one layer to the next in making with the circumferential direction sharp angles, such tires being more particularly adapted for the front of motorcycles.
  • the said two top layers may be radially surmounted by at least one layer of circumferential elements.
  • the crown reinforcing structure of the tire comprises at least two layers of reinforcing elements such that from one layer to the next, the reinforcement elements form between them angles between 20 and 160 ° and preferably between 40 and 100 °.
  • the reinforcing elements of the working layers are of textile material.
  • the reinforcing elements of a layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are metallic and / or textile and / or glass.
  • the invention provides in particular the use of reinforcing elements of different types in the same layer of circumferential reinforcing elements.
  • the reinforcing elements of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements have a modulus of elasticity greater than 6000 N / mm 2 .
  • the invention also proposes a method for estimating the adhesion properties of a tire by measuring the internal temperature of the tread with at least one device for measuring the temperature set within the rubbery mass. of the tread of said tire.
  • the measurement of the internal temperature of the tread effectively leads to an estimate of the adhesion, other characteristics such as in particular the temperature of the surface of the tread being necessary to determine more precisely the adhesion of the tire.
  • the estimation of the adhesion properties is performed before the rolling of the vehicle.
  • the estimation of the adhesion properties is performed during the rolling of the vehicle.
  • the invention also provides a use of at least one device for measuring the temperature set within the rubbery mass of the tread of a tire to estimate the adhesion properties of said tire.
  • the temperature measuring device is used before driving the vehicle.
  • the temperature measuring device is used during the rolling of the vehicle.
  • the invention also proposes a method of assisting the driving of a vehicle, in particular for motorcycle driving, according to which, the tires incorporate at least one device fixed within the rubbery mass of the tread. and measuring the internal temperature of said rubber mass of the tread, a signal reflecting the temperature of the fixing point of said system is transmitted to an operator device and the operator device informs the driver and / or regulates the power, the torque and / or the speed of the vehicle.
  • Such a method according to the invention makes it possible at any time to provide information possibly transmitted to the pilot and to authorize a type of steering or, conversely, to correct the steering of the vehicle to adapt it to the grip characteristics. treads or at least a portion of the tread portions of the tires in contact with the ground.
  • the signal reflecting the temperature of the fixing point of said system is transmitted by a wireless temperature sensor, for example searchable by radio wave and advantageously associated with a radio antenna within rubbery mass and a radio antenna on the vehicle.
  • the signal reflecting the temperature of the fixing point of said system is transmitted by connection through a rotating hub.
  • a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the temperature measurement, the transmission of the signal and the information and / or regulations are performed before driving the vehicle. According to this embodiment, the driver of the vehicle can receive this information before driving and know the use he can make his vehicle.
  • Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the temperature measurement, the transmission of the signal and the information and / or regulations are performed during the rolling of the vehicle. According to this embodiment, the driver of the vehicle can receive this information while driving and know the use he can make his vehicle.
  • Alternative embodiments of the driving assistance method according to the invention provides that the temperature information is transmitted to the operator device which regulates the driving of the vehicle for example by limiting the power, the torque and / or the speed of it.
  • a variant of the invention in particular for a regulation of the vehicle during taxiing, provides that the operator device receives a complementary measurement of the temperature of the outer surface of the tire and preferably a measurement of the temperature of the surface. contact of the tire with the ground. This second temperature measurement provides additional information on the properties of the tread and the adhesion thereof.
  • the invention also proposes a use of at least one temperature measurement system, such as those mentioned above, within the rubbery material constituting the tread of a tire equipping a vehicle to assist driving. said vehicle, said measuring system being fixed within the rubbery mass of the tread.
  • the temperature measurement system is used before driving the vehicle.
  • the temperature measurement system is used during the rolling of the vehicle.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 represent: FIG. 1, a meridian view of a diagram of FIG. A tire according to a first embodiment of the invention, Figure 2, a meridian view of a diagram of a tire according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 1 shows a tire 1 comprising a carcass reinforcement consisting of a single layer 2 comprising textile-type reinforcing elements.
  • the layer 2 consists of reinforcing elements arranged radially.
  • the radial positioning of the reinforcing elements is defined by the angle of application of said reinforcing elements; a radial arrangement corresponds to an angle of application of said elements with respect to the longitudinal direction of the tire of between 65 ° and 90 °.
  • Said carcass layer 2 is anchored on each side of the tire 1 in a bead 3 whose base is intended to be mounted on a rim seat.
  • Each bead 3 is extended radially outwardly by a sidewall 4, said sidewall 4 radially outwardly joining the tread 5.
  • the tire 1 thus formed has a curvature value greater than 0.15 and preferably greater than 0.3.
  • the curvature value is defined by the ratio HtAVt, that is, the ratio of the height of the tread to the maximum width of the tread of the tire.
  • the value of curvature will advantageously be between 0.25 and 0.5 for a tire intended to be mounted at the front of a motorcycle and it will advantageously be between 0.2 and 0.5 for a tire intended to be mounted at the rear.
  • the tire 1 further comprises a crown reinforcement 6, the detail of which is not shown in the figures.
  • the crown reinforcement may comprise at least one layer of reinforcing elements parallel to each other and making acute angles with the circumferential direction and / or a layer of circumferential reinforcing elements.
  • said reinforcing elements are crossed from one layer to the next, making angles between them. 40 and 100 °.
  • the tire comprises a device 7 for measuring the internal temperature of the rubber mass of the tread 5.
  • This measuring device 7 is for example a wireless temperature sensor, for example searchable. by radio wave and advantageously associated with a radio antenna within the rubbery mass and a radio antenna on the vehicle; the detail of embodiment is not shown in the figures.
  • This type of sensor has the advantage of not requiring power; it gives information on the temperature of the rubbery mass around it by modifying a wave that it receives and retransmits.
  • the operator device that receives the signal transmitted by the sensor, analyzes and communicates information to the driver or acts directly on the vehicle.
  • the driver thus benefits from a driving aid that indicates or imposes the limits of use of the vehicle.
  • This information is of course a safety tool especially in the case of driving a motorcycle where the knowledge of the tire adhesion potential can for example prevent a fall when using the tire in camber curves.
  • the pilot can then advantageously adapt his speed, the power and / or the torque used as a function of the temperature of the rubbery mass of the tread.
  • FIG. 1 represents only one device 7 for measuring the temperature within the tread 5. According to other embodiments of the invention, it is possible to provide a distribution of several measuring the temperature within the tread on the periphery thereof.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention more particularly adapted to the case of a motorcycle.
  • the tire comprises according to this embodiment at least three devices 7, 7 ', 7 "for measuring the internal temperature of the rubbery mass of the tread 5 and distributed over the axial width of the tread 5.
  • the first device 7 for measuring the temperature is set up in the region of the equatorial plane of the tire 1 and provides information as to the internal temperature of the portion of the tread 5 in contact with the ground when the bike follows a straight path.
  • the other two devices T and 7 "for measuring the temperature are put in place in the axially outer portions of the tread 5 of the tire 1 and each allow information to be given as to the internal temperature of a part of the tire.
  • axially outer tread 5 in contact with the ground when the motorcycle follows a curved path, the tire 1 then being used in camber.
  • alternative embodiments of the invention provide a distribution of several devices for measuring the temperature within the tread on the periphery thereof.
  • the data relating to the temperature measured within the tread by each of the measuring devices are transmitted to an operator device.
  • This operator device advantageously comprises a software-type data processing system which will make it possible to define an instruction taking into account the data coming from each of the tires and in the case of a motorcycle resulting from the front and rear tires.
  • the operator device thus permanently defines, at a prescribed interval, flight assistance instructions.
  • the instruction is then either sent to the driver of the vehicle that will be able to adapt its steering mode, or directly transmitted to a processor that limits the capacity of the vehicle for example in terms of power, torque and / or speed.
  • a processor that limits the capacity of the vehicle for example in terms of power, torque and / or speed.
  • Such an instruction is particularly particularly relevant during the course of driving but it can also be useful before driving to ensure a start of rolling the vehicle in the best conditions.
  • the vehicle equipped with such tires may also comprise such as previously mentioned temperature sensors of the tire surface. This is for example infrared sensor.
  • This additional data relating to the surface temperature of the tire tread completes the information and may further improve the driving of the vehicle.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Tires In General (AREA)
  • Auxiliary Drives, Propulsion Controls, And Safety Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a tire (1) comprising at least one carcass-type reinforcing structure (2) formed by reinforcing elements anchored on each side of the tire into a bead (3) whose base is mountable on a rim seat, wherein each bead is radially extendable outwards by a sidewall (4), the sidewalls are assembled radially outwards to a running thread (5) and said beads, sidewalls and the running thread are partially made of rubber materials. According to said invention, the tire also comprises a device (7) for measuring the internal temperature of the running thread (5) rubber material. A method for estimating the adherence properties of a tire, a vehicle drive assisting method and the use of at least one system for measuring the temperature of the rubber material of the tire running thread are also disclosed.

Description

PNEUMATIQUE POUR VEHICULE, PROCEDE D'ESTIMATION DES PROPRIETES D'ADHERENCE D'UN PNEUMATIQUE ET PROCEDE D'AIDE A LA CONDUITE D'UN VEHICULE. VEHICLE PNEUMATIC TIRE, METHOD OF ESTIMATING TIRE ADHERENCE PROPERTIES, AND VEHICLE DRIVER ASSISTING METHOD.
[0001] La présente invention concerne un pneumatique destiné à équiper un véhicule et plus particulièrement destiné à équiper un véhicule à deux roues tel qu'une motocyclette. L'invention concerne encore un procédé d'estimation des propriétés d'adhérence d'un pneumatique et un procédé d'aide à la conduite d'un tel véhicule.The present invention relates to a tire intended to equip a vehicle and more particularly to equip a two-wheeled vehicle such as a motorcycle. The invention further relates to a method for estimating the adhesion properties of a tire and a method of assisting the driving of such a vehicle.
[0002] Bien que non limité à une telle application, l'invention sera plus particulièrement décrite en référence à un tel pneumatique de motocyclette, ou moto.Although not limited to such an application, the invention will be more particularly described with reference to such a motorcycle tire, or motorcycle.
[0003] L'armature de renforcement ou renforcement des pneumatiques et notamment des pneumatiques de motocyclette est à l'heure actuelle - et le plus souvent - constituée par empilage d'une ou plusieurs nappes désignées classiquement « nappes de carcasse », «nappes sommet », etc. Cette façon de désigner les armatures de renforcement provient du procédé de fabrication, consistant à réaliser une série de produits semi-finis en forme de nappes, pourvues de renforts filaires souvent longitudinaux, qui sont par la suite assemblées ou empilées afin de confectionner une ébauche de pneumatique. Les nappes sont réalisées à plat, avec des dimensions importantes, et sont par la suite coupées en fonction des dimensions d'un produit donné. L'assemblage des nappes est également réalisé, dans un premier temps, sensiblement à plat. L'ébauche ainsi réalisée est ensuite mise en forme pour adopter le profil toroïdal typique des pneumatiques. Les produits semi- finis dits « de finition » sont ensuite appliqués sur l'ébauche, pour obtenir un produit prêt pour la vulcanisation.The reinforcing reinforcement or reinforcement of tires and in particular motorcycle tires is currently - and most often - constituted by stacking one or more tables conventionally designated "carcass plies", "tablecloths vertex », Etc. This method of designating reinforcing reinforcements comes from the manufacturing process, consisting in producing a series of semi-finished products in the form of plies, provided with wire reinforcements, often longitudinal, which are subsequently assembled or stacked in order to make a rough draft. pneumatic. Tablecloths are made flat, with large dimensions, and are subsequently cut according to the dimensions of a given product. The assembly of the plies is also made, initially, substantially flat. The blank thus produced is then shaped to adopt the typical toroidal profile of the tires. Semi-finished products called "finishing" are then applied to the blank to obtain a product ready for vulcanization.
[0004] Un tel type de procédé "classique" implique, en particulier pour la phase de fabrication de l'ébauche du pneumatique, l'utilisation d'un élément d'ancrage (généralement une tringle), utilisée pour réaliser l'ancrage ou le maintien de l'armature de carcasse dans la zone des bourrelets du pneumatique. Ainsi, pour ce type de procédé, on effectue un retournement d'une portion de toutes les nappes composant l'armature de carcasse (ou d'une partie seulement) autour d'une tringle disposée dans le bourrelet du pneumatique. On crée de la sorte un ancrage de l'armature de carcasse dans le bourrelet.Such a type of "conventional" method involves, in particular for the manufacturing phase of the tire blank, the use of an anchoring element (generally a rod), used to carry out the anchoring or the maintenance of the carcass reinforcement in the area of the beads of the tire. Thus, for this type of process, reverses a portion of all the plies composing the carcass reinforcement (or a part only) around a bead wire disposed in the bead of the tire. In this way, an anchoring of the carcass reinforcement in the bead is created.
[0005] La généralisation dans l'industrie de ce type de procédé classique, malgré de nombreuses variantes dans la façon de réaliser les nappes et les assemblages, a conduit l'homme du métier à utiliser un vocabulaire calqué sur le procédé ; d'où la terminologie généralement admise, comportant notamment les termes «nappes», «carcasse», «tringle», «conformation» pour désigner le passage d'un profil plat à un profil toroïdal, etc.The generalization in the industry of this type of conventional process, despite many variations in the manner of making webs and assemblies, led the skilled person to use a vocabulary modeled on the process; hence the generally accepted terminology, including in particular the terms "plies", "carcass", "rod", "conformation" to designate the passage from a flat profile to a toroidal profile, etc.
[0006] II existe aujourd'hui des pneumatiques qui ne comportent à proprement parler pas de «nappes» ou de «tringles» d'après les définitions précédentes. Par exemple, le document EP 0 582 196 décrit des pneumatiques fabriqués sans l'aide de produits semi- finis sous forme de nappes. Par exemple, les éléments de renforcement des différentes structures de renfort sont appliqués directement sur les couches adjacentes de mélanges caoutchouteux, le tout étant appliqué par couches successives sur un noyau toroïdal dont la forme permet d'obtenir directement un profil s' apparentant au profil final du pneumatique en cours de fabrication. Ainsi, dans ce cas, on ne retrouve plus de «semi-finis», ni de «nappes», ni de «tringle». Les produits de base, tels que les mélanges caoutchouteux et les éléments de renforcement sous forme de fils ou filaments, sont directement appliqués sur le noyau. Ce noyau étant de forme toroïdale, on n'a plus à former l'ébauche pour passer d'un profil plat à un profil sous forme de tore.There are now tires that do not have strictly speaking "tablecloths" or "rods" according to the above definitions. For example, EP 0 582 196 discloses tires manufactured without the aid of semifinished products in the form of webs. For example, the reinforcing elements of the various reinforcement structures are applied directly to the adjacent layers of rubber mixtures, the whole being applied in successive layers to a toroidal core whose shape makes it possible to directly obtain a profile which is similar to the final profile. of the tire being manufactured. Thus, in this case, there is no longer "semi-finished", or "tablecloths" or "rod". Base products, such as rubber mixes and reinforcement elements in the form of yarns or filaments, are directly applied to the core. Since this core is of toroidal shape, it is no longer necessary to form the blank to pass from a flat profile to a profile in the form of a torus.
[0007] Par ailleurs, les pneumatiques décrits dans ce document ne disposent pas du "traditionnel" retournement de nappe carcasse autour d'une tringle. Ce type d'ancrage est remplacé par un agencement dans lequel on dispose de façon adjacente à ladite structure de renfort de flanc des fils circonférentiels, le tout étant noyé dans un mélange caoutchouteux d'ancrage ou de liaison.Moreover, the tires described in this document do not have the "traditional" reversal carcass ply around a rod. This type of anchorage is replaced by an arrangement in which is disposed adjacent to said sidewall reinforcing structure circumferential son, all being embedded in a rubber mix anchoring or bonding.
[0008] II existe également des procédés d'assemblage sur noyau toroïdal utilisant des produits semi-finis spécialement adaptés pour une pose rapide, efficace et simple sur un noyau central. Enfin, il est également possible d'utiliser un mixte comportant à la fois certains produits semi-finis pour réaliser certains aspects architecturaux (tels que des nappes, tringles, etc), tandis que d'autres sont réalisés à partir de l'application directe de mélanges et/ou d'élément de renforcement.[0008] There are also methods for assembling a toroidal core using semi-finished products specially adapted for fast, efficient and simple installation on a central core. Finally, it is also possible to use a combination of both semi-finished products to achieve certain architectural aspects (such as plies, rods, etc.), while others are made from the direct application of mixtures and / or reinforcing element.
[0009] Dans le présent document, afin de tenir compte des évolutions technologiques récentes tant dans le domaine de la fabrication que pour la conception de produits, les termes classiques tels que «nappes», «tringles», etc, sont avantageusement remplacés par des termes neutres ou indépendants du type de procédé utilisé. Ainsi, le terme «renfort de type carcasse» ou «renfort de flanc» est valable pour désigner les éléments de renforcement d'une nappe carcasse dans le procédé classique, et les éléments de renforcement correspondants, en général appliqués au niveau des flancs, d'un pneumatique produit selon un procédé sans semi-finis. Le terme «zone d'ancrage», pour sa part, peut désigner tout autant le "traditionnel" retournement de nappe carcasse autour d'une tringle d'un procédé classique, que l'ensemble formé par les éléments de renforcement circonférentiels, le mélange caoutchouteux et les portions adjacentes de renfort de flanc d'une zone basse réalisée avec un procédé avec application sur un noyau toroïdal.In this document, in order to take account of recent technological developments both in the field of manufacturing and for the design of products, the conventional terms such as "tablecloths", "rods", etc., are advantageously replaced by terms that are neutral or independent of the type of process used. Thus, the term "carcass-type reinforcement" or "sidewall reinforcement" is used to designate the reinforcement elements of a carcass ply in the conventional method, and the corresponding reinforcing elements, generally applied at the flanks, to the carcass ply. a tire produced according to a process without semi-finished. The term "anchoring zone", for its part, can refer to both the "traditional" reversal of carcass ply around a rod of a conventional process, that the assembly formed by the circumferential reinforcing elements, the mixture rubbery and adjacent portions of sidewall reinforcement of a low zone made with a method with application to a toroidal core.
[0010] La direction longitudinale du pneumatique, ou direction circonférentielle, est la direction correspondant à la périphérie du pneumatique et définie par la direction de roulement du pneumatique.The longitudinal direction of the tire, or circumferential direction, is the direction corresponding to the periphery of the tire and defined by the rolling direction of the tire.
[0011] Un plan circonférentiel ou plan circonférentiel de coupe est un plan perpendiculaire à l'axe de rotation du pneumatique. Le plan équatorial est le plan circonférentiel passant par le centre ou sommet de la bande de roulement.A circumferential plane or circumferential plane of section is a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire. The equatorial plane is the circumferential plane passing through the center or crown of the tread.
[0012] La direction transversale ou axiale du pneumatique est parallèle à l'axe de rotation du pneumatique.The transverse or axial direction of the tire is parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire.
[0013] Un plan radial contient l'axe de rotation du pneumatique.A radial plane contains the axis of rotation of the tire.
[0014] Comme dans le cas de tous les autres pneumatiques, on assiste à une radialisation des pneumatiques pour motos, l'architecture de tels pneumatiques comprenant une armature de carcasse formée d'une ou deux couches d'éléments de renforcement faisant avec la direction circonférentielle un angle pouvant être compris entre 65° et 90°, ladite armature de carcasse étant radialement surmontée d'une armature de sommet formée au - A -As in the case of all other tires, there is a radialization of the tires for motorcycles, the architecture of such tires comprising a carcass reinforcement formed of one or two layers of reinforcing elements with the direction a circumferential angle of between 65 ° and 90 °, said carcass reinforcement being radially surmounted by a crown reinforcement formed at - AT -
moins d'éléments de renforcement généralement textiles. Il subsiste toutefois des pneumatiques non radiaux auquel se rapporte également l'invention. L'invention se rapporte encore à des pneumatiques partiellement radiaux, c'est-à-dire dont les éléments de renforcement de l'armature de carcasse sont radiaux sur au moins une partie de ladite armature de carcasse, par exemple dans la partie correspondant au sommet du pneumatique.less generally textile reinforcing elements. There are, however, non-radial tires to which the invention also relates. The invention also relates to partially radial tires, that is to say the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement are radial on at least a portion of said carcass reinforcement, for example in the portion corresponding to the top of the tire.
[0015] De nombreuses architectures d'armature de sommet ont été proposées, selon que le pneumatique sera destiné à la monte à l'avant de la moto ou à la monte à l'arrière. Une première structure consiste, pour ladite armature de sommet, à employer uniquement des câbles circonférentiels, et ladite structure est plus particulièrement employée pour la position arrière. Une deuxième structure, directement inspirée des structures couramment employées en pneumatiques pour véhicules de Tourisme, a été utilisée pour améliorer la résistance à l'usure, et consiste dans l'utilisation d'au moins deux couches de sommet de travail d'éléments de renforcement parallèles entre eux dans chaque couche mais croisés d'une couche à la suivante en faisant avec la direction circonférentielle des angles aigus, de tels pneumatiques étant plus particulièrement adaptés pour l'avant des motos. Les dites deux couches de sommet de travail peuvent être associées à au moins une couche d'éléments circonférentiels, généralement obtenus par enroulement hélicoïdal d'une bandelette d'au moins un élément de renforcement enrobé de caoutchouc.Many crown reinforcement architectures have been proposed, depending on whether the tire is intended for riding at the front of the motorcycle or riding at the rear. A first structure consists, for said crown reinforcement, in using only circumferential cables, and said structure is more particularly used for the rear position. A second structure, directly inspired by the structures commonly used in tires for touring vehicles, has been used to improve the wear resistance, and consists in the use of at least two layers of working crown of reinforcing elements. parallel to each other in each layer but crossed from one layer to the next making sharp angles with the circumferential direction, such tires being more particularly adapted for the front of the motorcycles. Said two working crown layers may be associated with at least one layer of circumferential elements, generally obtained by helically winding a strip of at least one rubber-coated reinforcing element.
[0016] Le choix des architectures de sommet des pneumatiques intervient directement sur certaines propriétés des pneumatiques telles que l'usure, l'endurance, l'adhérence ou bien encore le confort en roulage ou dans les cas notamment des motocyclettes la stabilité. Toutefois d'autres paramètres des pneumatiques tels que la nature des mélanges caoutchouteux constituant la bande de roulement interviennent également sur les propriétés dudit pneumatique. Le choix et la nature des mélanges caoutchouteux constituant la bande de roulement sont par exemple des paramètres essentiels concernant les propriétés d'usure. Le choix et la nature des mélanges caoutchouteux constituant la bande de roulement interviennent également sur les propriétés d'adhérence du pneumatique. [0017] Par ailleurs, il est également connu de l'homme du métier que les propriétés physico-chimiques des mélanges caoutchouteux varient en fonction de la température et donc que la température a une influence sur les propriétés de la bande de roulement d'un pneumatique.The choice of tire crown architectures directly affects certain properties of tires such as wear, endurance, grip or even comfort in driving or in cases including motorcycles stability. However, other tire parameters such as the nature of the rubber compounds constituting the tread also affect the properties of said tire. The choice and the nature of the rubber compounds constituting the tread are, for example, essential parameters concerning the wear properties. The choice and the nature of the rubber compounds constituting the tread also affect the adhesion properties of the tire. Furthermore, it is also known to those skilled in the art that the physicochemical properties of the rubber compounds vary according to the temperature and therefore that the temperature has an influence on the properties of the tread of a tire. pneumatic.
[0018] L'invention a pour but de fournir un pneumatique permettant d'optimiser le fonctionnement du véhicule et plus précisément d'optimiser l'usage du véhicule en fonction des propriétés d'adhérence de la bande de roulement dudit pneumatique.The invention aims to provide a tire for optimizing the operation of the vehicle and more specifically to optimize the use of the vehicle according to the adhesion properties of the tread of said tire.
[0019] Ce but a été atteint selon l'invention par un pneumatique comportant au moins une structure de renfort de type carcasse, formée d'éléments de renforcement, ancrée de chaque côté du pneumatique à un bourrelet dont la base est destinée à être montée sur un siège déjante, chaque bourrelet se prolongeant radialement vers l'extérieur par un flanc, les flancs rejoignant radialement vers l'extérieur une bande de roulement les bourrelets, les flancs et la bande de roulement étant constitués pour partie de masses caoutchouteuses, ledit pneumatique comportant au moins un dispositif de mesure de la température interne d'une masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement, ledit dispositif étant un système fixé au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse, de la bande de roulement.This object has been achieved according to the invention by a tire comprising at least one carcass-type reinforcement structure, formed of reinforcing elements, anchored on each side of the tire to a bead whose base is intended to be mounted. on an overstuffing seat, each bead extending radially outwardly by a sidewall, the flanks joining radially outwardly a tread, the beads, the sidewalls and the tread being made up in part of rubber masses, said tire comprising at least one device for measuring the internal temperature of a rubbery mass of the tread, said device being a system fixed within the rubbery mass of the tread.
[0020] Le pneumatique ainsi proposé selon l'invention intègre un dispositif de mesure de la température de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement qui va permettre d'obtenir des informations sur les propriétés du pneumatique telles que notamment sa capacité à se déformer qui influe directement sur l'adhérence du pneumatique. Ces informations mises à disposition du conducteur ou pilote peuvent lui permettre de modifier son comportement de conduite et l'utilisation qu'il fait du véhicule ou plus exactement des pneumatiques. Le positionnement au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse permet au dispositif de mesure de donner très précisément la valeur de la température du mélange caoutchouteux qui conditionne les propriétés du matériau.The tire thus proposed according to the invention incorporates a device for measuring the temperature of the rubbery mass of the tread which will make it possible to obtain information on the properties of the tire such as in particular its ability to deform which directly affects the grip of the tire. This information made available to the driver or driver may allow him to change his driving behavior and the use he makes of the vehicle or more accurately tires. The positioning within the rubbery mass allows the measuring device to give very precisely the value of the temperature of the rubber mixture which conditions the properties of the material.
[0021] Selon une première variante de réalisation de l'invention, le système émet un signal traduisant la température du point de fixation dudit système. Une telle réalisation est particulièrement avantageuse puisqu'elle permet de transmettre les informations relatives à la température sans nécessiter de connexion filaire. [0022] Selon cette première variante de réalisation, le système de mesure de la température est par exemple un capteur de température sans fil, par exemple interrogeable par onde radio. Un tel système est avantageusement associé à une antenne radio au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse et une antenne radio sur le véhicule pour établir une liaison radio entre un interrogateur et le capteur. Un tel système est en outre avantageusement apte à fonctionner sans être associée à une source d'énergie, telle qu'une pile, présente au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse, ladite source d'énergie pouvant être associée à l'interrogateur placé sur le véhicule.According to a first embodiment of the invention, the system transmits a signal reflecting the temperature of the attachment point of said system. Such an embodiment is particularly advantageous since it makes it possible to transmit the information relating to the temperature without the need for a wired connection. According to this first embodiment, the temperature measurement system is for example a wireless temperature sensor, for example searchable by radio wave. Such a system is advantageously associated with a radio antenna within the rubbery mass and a radio antenna on the vehicle to establish a radio link between an interrogator and the sensor. Such a system is also advantageously able to function without being associated with a source of energy, such as a battery, present within the rubbery mass, said energy source being able to be associated with the interrogator placed on the vehicle. .
[0023] Selon une deuxième variante de réalisation de l'invention, le système est connecté à un moyeu tournant pour transmettre un signal traduisant la température du point de fixation dudit système. Une telle connexion peut permettre l'alimentation du capteur et la transmission du signal par le moyeu tournant jusqu'à un dispositif de traitement dudit signal positionné sur le véhicule.According to a second embodiment of the invention, the system is connected to a rotating hub for transmitting a signal reflecting the temperature of the attachment point of said system. Such a connection may allow the power supply of the sensor and the transmission of the signal by the rotating hub to a processing device of said signal positioned on the vehicle.
[0024] Le pneumatique selon l'invention est comme énoncé précédemment plus particulièrement avantageux lorsqu'il équipe une moto, l'équilibre, la stabilité et donc le pilotage d'un tel véhicule étant directement dépendants de l'adhérence des pneumatiques. De la même façon une diminution de l'adhérence d'un pneumatique sur une moto est une information fondamentale pour le pilote.The tire according to the invention is as previously stated more particularly advantageous when equipping a motorcycle, balance, stability and therefore the steering of such a vehicle being directly dependent on the grip of the tires. In the same way a reduction of the adhesion of a tire on a motorcycle is a fundamental information for the driver.
[0025] Les pneumatiques pour moto sont réalisés avec un taux de courbure le plus souvent supérieur à 0,2 pour être utilisé en carrossage. Il s'avère donc que selon l'utilisation de la moto, soit en ligne droite, soit en courbe, la partie de la bande de roulement au contact du sol n'est pas la même.The tires for motorcycles are made with a curvature rate most often greater than 0.2 to be used in camber. It turns out that depending on the use of the bike, either in a straight line or in a curve, the part of the tread in contact with the ground is not the same.
[0026] Une réalisation avantageuse de l'invention prévoit ainsi que le pneumatique comporte au moins trois dispositifs de mesure de la température interne de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement.An advantageous embodiment of the invention thus provides that the tire comprises at least three devices for measuring the internal temperature of the rubber mass of the tread.
[0027] Selon cette réalisation avantageuse de l'invention et lorsque les dispositifs de mesure de la température sont répartis selon la direction axiale du pneumatique, il est ainsi possible de connaître la température de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement au contact du sol.According to this advantageous embodiment of the invention and when the temperature measuring devices are distributed in the axial direction of the tire, it is thus possible to know the temperature of the rubbery mass of the tread in contact with the ground.
[0028] De façon à faciliter la mise en place du ou des dispositifs de mesure de la température, le pneumatique selon l'invention est avantageusement réalisé selon une technique de fabrication du type sur noyau dur ou forme rigide telle qu'évoquée précédemment.In order to facilitate the introduction of the temperature measuring device or devices, the tire according to the invention is advantageously produced according to a manufacturing technique of the hard core type or rigid form as mentioned above.
[0029] Un tel pneumatique qui comme énoncé précédemment est avantageusement réalisé selon une technique du type sur noyau dur ou toroïdal autorise notamment la mise en place des dispositifs de mesure de la température dans une position quasi-finale, une étape de conformation n'étant pas requise selon ce type de procédé, ladite position finale pouvant en outre être parfaitement identifiée. En effet, la fabrication du type sur noyau dur peut permettre d'insérer un dispositif de mesure de la température selon une indexation prédéterminée.Such a tire which, as previously stated, is advantageously produced according to a technique of the type on a hard or toroidal core, in particular allows the establishment of temperature measuring devices in a quasi-final position, a conformation step not being possible. not required according to this type of process, said final position can further be perfectly identified. Indeed, the manufacture of the hard core type may allow to insert a temperature measuring device according to a predetermined indexing.
[0030] La structure de renfort de type carcasse comporte avantageusement des éléments de renforcement faisant avec la direction circonférentielle un angle compris entre 65° et 90°.The carcass-type reinforcing structure advantageously comprises reinforcing elements forming with the circumferential direction an angle of between 65 ° and 90 °.
[0031] Entre la structure de renfort de type carcasse et la bande de roulement, le pneumatique comporte encore une architecture d'armature de sommet.Between the carcass-type reinforcement structure and the tread, the tire further comprises a crown reinforcement architecture.
[0032] Des architectures d'armature de sommet usuelle pour des pneumatiques moto varient, selon que le pneumatique sera destiné à la monte à l'avant de la moto ou à la monte à l'arrière. Une première structure consiste, pour ladite armature de sommet, à employer uniquement des câbles circonférentiels, et ladite structure est plus particulièrement employée pour la position arrière. Une deuxième structure, directement inspirée des structures couramment employées en pneumatiques pour véhicules de Tourisme, a été utilisée pour améliorer la résistance à l'usure, et consiste dans l'utilisation d'au moins deux couches de sommet d'éléments de renforcement parallèles entre eux dans chaque couche mais croisés d'une couche à la suivante en faisant avec la direction circonférentielle des angles aigus, de tels pneumatiques étant plus particulièrement adaptés pour l'avant des motos. Les dites deux couches de sommet peuvent être surmontées radialement d'au moins une couche d'éléments circonférentiels.Conventional crown reinforcement architectures for motorcycle tires vary, depending on whether the tire will be intended for riding at the front of the motorcycle or riding at the rear. A first structure consists, for said crown reinforcement, in using only circumferential cables, and said structure is more particularly used for the rear position. A second structure, directly inspired by the structures commonly used in tires for touring vehicles, has been used to improve the wear resistance, and consists in the use of at least two layers of vertex of parallel reinforcing elements between they in each layer but crossed from one layer to the next in making with the circumferential direction sharp angles, such tires being more particularly adapted for the front of motorcycles. The said two top layers may be radially surmounted by at least one layer of circumferential elements.
[0033] Selon une réalisation préférée de l'invention, la structure de renforcement de sommet du pneumatique comporte au moins deux couches d'éléments de renforcement telles que d'une couche à la suivante les éléments de renforcement forment entre eux des angles compris entre 20 et 160° et de préférence entre 40 et 100°.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the crown reinforcing structure of the tire comprises at least two layers of reinforcing elements such that from one layer to the next, the reinforcement elements form between them angles between 20 and 160 ° and preferably between 40 and 100 °.
[0034] Selon une réalisation préférée de l'invention, les éléments de renforcement des couches de travail sont en matériau textile.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the reinforcing elements of the working layers are of textile material.
[0035] De préférence également, les éléments de renforcement d'une couche d'éléments de renforcement circonférentiels sont métalliques et/ou textiles et/ou en verre. L'invention prévoit notamment l'utilisation d'éléments de renforcement de natures différentes dans une même couche d'éléments de renforcement circonférentiels.Also preferably, the reinforcing elements of a layer of circumferential reinforcing elements are metallic and / or textile and / or glass. The invention provides in particular the use of reinforcing elements of different types in the same layer of circumferential reinforcing elements.
[0036] De préférence encore, les éléments de renforcement de la couche d'éléments de renforcement circonférentiels présentent un module d'élasticité supérieur à 6000 N/mm2.More preferably, the reinforcing elements of the layer of circumferential reinforcing elements have a modulus of elasticity greater than 6000 N / mm 2 .
[0037] L'invention propose également un procédé d'estimation des propriétés d'adhérence d'un pneumatique consistant à mesurer la température interne de la bande de roulement avec au moins un dispositif de mesure de la température fixé au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement dudit pneumatique.The invention also proposes a method for estimating the adhesion properties of a tire by measuring the internal temperature of the tread with at least one device for measuring the temperature set within the rubbery mass. of the tread of said tire.
[0038] La mesure de la température interne de la bande de roulement ne conduit effectivement qu'à une estimation de l'adhérence, d'autres caractéristiques telles que notamment la température de la surface de la bande de roulement étant nécessaire pour déterminer plus précisément l'adhérence du pneumatique.The measurement of the internal temperature of the tread effectively leads to an estimate of the adhesion, other characteristics such as in particular the temperature of the surface of the tread being necessary to determine more precisely the adhesion of the tire.
[0039] Selon une première variante de réalisation de l'invention, l'estimation des propriétés d'adhérence est effectuée avant le roulage du véhicule.According to a first embodiment of the invention, the estimation of the adhesion properties is performed before the rolling of the vehicle.
[0040] Selon une deuxième variante de réalisation de l'invention, l'estimation des propriétés d'adhérence est effectuée pendant le roulage du véhicule. [0041] L'invention propose aussi une utilisation d'au moins un dispositif de mesure de la température fixé au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement d'un pneumatique pour estimer les propriétés d'adhérence dudit pneumatique.According to a second embodiment of the invention, the estimation of the adhesion properties is performed during the rolling of the vehicle. The invention also provides a use of at least one device for measuring the temperature set within the rubbery mass of the tread of a tire to estimate the adhesion properties of said tire.
[0042] Selon une première variante de réalisation de l'invention, le dispositif de mesure de température est utilisé avant le roulage du véhicule.According to a first embodiment of the invention, the temperature measuring device is used before driving the vehicle.
[0043] Selon une deuxième variante de réalisation de l'invention, le dispositif de mesure de température est utilisé pendant le roulage du véhicule.According to a second embodiment of the invention, the temperature measuring device is used during the rolling of the vehicle.
[0044] L'invention propose encore un procédé d'aide à la conduite d'un véhicule, notamment pour la conduite de moto, selon lequel, les pneumatiques intègrent au moins un dispositif fixé au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement et mesurant la température interne de ladite masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement, un signal traduisant la température du point de fixation dudit système est transmis à un dispositif opérateur et le dispositif opérateur informe le conducteur et/ou régule la puissance, le couple et/ou la vitesse du véhicule.The invention also proposes a method of assisting the driving of a vehicle, in particular for motorcycle driving, according to which, the tires incorporate at least one device fixed within the rubbery mass of the tread. and measuring the internal temperature of said rubber mass of the tread, a signal reflecting the temperature of the fixing point of said system is transmitted to an operator device and the operator device informs the driver and / or regulates the power, the torque and / or the speed of the vehicle.
[0045] Un tel procédé selon l'invention permet à tout moment d'apporter des informations éventuellement transmises au pilote et d'autoriser un type de pilotage ou bien au contraire de corriger le pilotage du véhicule pour l'adapter aux caractéristiques d'adhérence des bandes de roulement ou tout au moins d'une partie des parties des bandes de roulement des pneumatiques au contact du sol.Such a method according to the invention makes it possible at any time to provide information possibly transmitted to the pilot and to authorize a type of steering or, conversely, to correct the steering of the vehicle to adapt it to the grip characteristics. treads or at least a portion of the tread portions of the tires in contact with the ground.
[0046] Selon une première variante de réalisation de l'invention, le signal traduisant la température du point de fixation dudit système est transmis par un capteur de température sans fil, par exemple interrogeable par onde radio et avantageusement associé à une antenne radio au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse et une antenne radio sur le véhicule.According to a first embodiment of the invention, the signal reflecting the temperature of the fixing point of said system is transmitted by a wireless temperature sensor, for example searchable by radio wave and advantageously associated with a radio antenna within rubbery mass and a radio antenna on the vehicle.
[0047] Selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention, le signal traduisant la température du point de fixation dudit système est transmis par connexion au travers d'un moyeu tournant. [0048] Un mode de réalisation particulièrement avantageux de l'invention prévoit que la mesure de température, la transmission du signal et l'information et/ou régulations sont effectuées avant le roulage du véhicule. Selon ce mode de réalisation, le pilote du véhicule peut recevoir ces informations avant de rouler et savoir l'utilisation qu'il peut faire de son véhicule.According to a second embodiment of the invention, the signal reflecting the temperature of the fixing point of said system is transmitted by connection through a rotating hub. A particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the temperature measurement, the transmission of the signal and the information and / or regulations are performed before driving the vehicle. According to this embodiment, the driver of the vehicle can receive this information before driving and know the use he can make his vehicle.
[0049] Une autre réalisation avantageuse de l'invention prévoit que la mesure de température, la transmission du signal et l'information et/ou régulations sont effectuées pendant le roulage du véhicule. Selon cette réalisation, le pilote du véhicule peut recevoir ces informations en cours de roulage et savoir l'utilisation qu'il peut faire de son véhicule.Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the temperature measurement, the transmission of the signal and the information and / or regulations are performed during the rolling of the vehicle. According to this embodiment, the driver of the vehicle can receive this information while driving and know the use he can make his vehicle.
[0050] Des variantes de réalisation du procédé d'aide à la conduite selon l'invention prévoit que les informations concernant la température sont transmises au dispositif opérateur qui régule la conduite du véhicule par exemple en limitant la puissance, le couple et/ou la vitesse de celui-ci.Alternative embodiments of the driving assistance method according to the invention provides that the temperature information is transmitted to the operator device which regulates the driving of the vehicle for example by limiting the power, the torque and / or the speed of it.
[0051] Une variante de l'invention, notamment pour une régulation du véhicule en cours de roulage, prévoit que le dispositif opérateur reçoit une mesure complémentaire de la température de la surface extérieure du pneumatique et de préférence une mesure de la température de la surface de contact du pneumatique avec le sol. Cette seconde mesure de température apporte un complément d'information sur les propriétés de la bande de roulement et sur l'adhérence de celle-ci.A variant of the invention, in particular for a regulation of the vehicle during taxiing, provides that the operator device receives a complementary measurement of the temperature of the outer surface of the tire and preferably a measurement of the temperature of the surface. contact of the tire with the ground. This second temperature measurement provides additional information on the properties of the tread and the adhesion thereof.
[0052] L'invention propose également une utilisation d'au moins un système de mesure de température, tel que ceux évoqués précédemment, au sein de la matière caoutchouteuse constituant la bande de roulement d'un pneumatique équipant un véhicule pour aider à la conduite dudit véhicule, ledit système de mesure étant fixé au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement.The invention also proposes a use of at least one temperature measurement system, such as those mentioned above, within the rubbery material constituting the tread of a tire equipping a vehicle to assist driving. said vehicle, said measuring system being fixed within the rubbery mass of the tread.
[0053] Selon une première variante de réalisation de l'invention, le système de mesure de température est utilisé avant le roulage du véhicule.According to a first embodiment of the invention, the temperature measurement system is used before driving the vehicle.
[0054] Selon une deuxième variante de réalisation de l'invention, le système de mesure de température est utilisé pendant le roulage du véhicule. [0055] D'autres détails et caractéristiques avantageux de l'invention ressortiront ci- après de la description des exemples de réalisation de l'invention en référence aux figures 1 et 2 qui représentent : figure 1, une vue méridienne d'un schéma d'un pneumatique selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, figure 2, une vue méridienne d'un schéma d'un pneumatique selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention.According to a second embodiment of the invention, the temperature measurement system is used during the rolling of the vehicle. Other details and advantageous features of the invention will emerge below from the description of the exemplary embodiments of the invention with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 which represent: FIG. 1, a meridian view of a diagram of FIG. A tire according to a first embodiment of the invention, Figure 2, a meridian view of a diagram of a tire according to a second embodiment of the invention.
[0056] Les figures 1 et 2 ne sont pas représentées à l'échelle pour en simplifier la compréhension.Figures 1 and 2 are not shown in scale to simplify understanding.
[0057] La figure 1 représente un pneumatique 1 comprenant une armature de carcasse constituée d'une seule couche 2 comprenant des éléments de renforcement de type textile. La couche 2 est constituée d'éléments de renforcement disposés radialement. Le positionnement radial des éléments de renforcement est défini par l'angle de pose desdits éléments de renforcement ; une disposition radiale correspond à un angle de pose desdits éléments par rapport à la direction longitudinale du pneumatique compris entre 65° et 90°.Figure 1 shows a tire 1 comprising a carcass reinforcement consisting of a single layer 2 comprising textile-type reinforcing elements. The layer 2 consists of reinforcing elements arranged radially. The radial positioning of the reinforcing elements is defined by the angle of application of said reinforcing elements; a radial arrangement corresponds to an angle of application of said elements with respect to the longitudinal direction of the tire of between 65 ° and 90 °.
[0058] Ladite couche de carcasse 2 est ancrée de chaque côté du pneumatique 1 dans un bourrelet 3 dont la base est destinée à être montée sur un siège de jante. Chaque bourrelet 3 est prolongé radialement vers l'extérieur par un flanc 4, ledit flanc 4 rejoignant radialement vers l'extérieur la bande de roulement 5. Le pneumatique 1 ainsi constitué présente une valeur de courbure supérieure à 0.15 et de préférence supérieure à 0.3. La valeur de courbure est définie par le rapport HtAVt, c'est-à-dire par le rapport de la hauteur de la bande de roulement sur la largeur maximale de la bande de roulement du pneumatique. La valeur de courbure sera avantageusement comprise entre 0.25 et 0.5 pour un pneumatique destiné à être monté à l'avant d'une motocyclette et elle sera avantageusement comprise entre 0.2 et 0.5 pour un pneumatique destiné à être monté à l'arrière.Said carcass layer 2 is anchored on each side of the tire 1 in a bead 3 whose base is intended to be mounted on a rim seat. Each bead 3 is extended radially outwardly by a sidewall 4, said sidewall 4 radially outwardly joining the tread 5. The tire 1 thus formed has a curvature value greater than 0.15 and preferably greater than 0.3. The curvature value is defined by the ratio HtAVt, that is, the ratio of the height of the tread to the maximum width of the tread of the tire. The value of curvature will advantageously be between 0.25 and 0.5 for a tire intended to be mounted at the front of a motorcycle and it will advantageously be between 0.2 and 0.5 for a tire intended to be mounted at the rear.
[0059] Le pneumatique 1 comporte encore une armature de sommet 6, dont le détail n'est pas représenté sur les figures. Comme énoncé précédemment, l'armature de sommet peut comporter au moins une couche d'éléments de renforcement parallèles entre eux et faisant avec la direction circonférentielle des angles aigus et/ou une couche d'éléments de renforcement circonférentiels. Dans le cas de l'armature de sommet d'un pneumatique comportant au moins deux couches d'éléments de renforcement faisant avec la direction circonférentielle des angles aigus lesdits éléments de renforcement sont croisés d'une couche à la suivante en faisant entre eux des angles compris 40 et 100°.The tire 1 further comprises a crown reinforcement 6, the detail of which is not shown in the figures. As stated earlier, the crown reinforcement may comprise at least one layer of reinforcing elements parallel to each other and making acute angles with the circumferential direction and / or a layer of circumferential reinforcing elements. In the case of the crown reinforcement of a tire comprising at least two layers of reinforcing elements making acute angles with the circumferential direction, said reinforcing elements are crossed from one layer to the next, making angles between them. 40 and 100 °.
[0060] Conformément à l'invention, le pneumatique comporte un dispositif 7 de mesure de la température interne de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement 5. Ce dispositif de mesure 7 est par exemple un capteur de température sans fil, par exemple interrogeable par onde radio et avantageusement associé à une antenne radio au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse et une antenne radio sur le véhicule ; le détail de réalisation n'est pas représenté sur les figures. Ce type de capteur présente l'avantage de ne pas nécessiter d'alimentation ; il renseigne sur la température de la masse caoutchouteuse qui l'entoure en modifiant une onde qu'il reçoit et retransmet.According to the invention, the tire comprises a device 7 for measuring the internal temperature of the rubber mass of the tread 5. This measuring device 7 is for example a wireless temperature sensor, for example searchable. by radio wave and advantageously associated with a radio antenna within the rubbery mass and a radio antenna on the vehicle; the detail of embodiment is not shown in the figures. This type of sensor has the advantage of not requiring power; it gives information on the temperature of the rubbery mass around it by modifying a wave that it receives and retransmits.
[0061] Selon cette réalisation, il n'est donc pas nécessaire de prévoir des conducteurs filaires pour relier le capteur à un dispositif opérateur qui reçoit le signal émis par le capteur.In this embodiment, it is therefore not necessary to provide wired conductors to connect the sensor to an operator device that receives the signal from the sensor.
[0062] Le dispositif opérateur qui reçoit le signal émis par le capteur, l'analyse et communique des informations au pilote ou bien agit directement sur le véhicule.The operator device that receives the signal transmitted by the sensor, analyzes and communicates information to the driver or acts directly on the vehicle.
[0063] Le pilote bénéficie ainsi d'une aide à la conduite qui lui indique ou bien lui impose les limites d'utilisation du véhicule. Cette information devient bien entendu un outil de sécurité notamment dans le cas du pilotage d'une moto où la connaissance du potentiel d'adhérence des pneumatiques peut par exemple prévenir une chute lors d'utilisation du pneumatique en carrossage dans des courbes. Le pilote peut alors avantageusement adapter sa vitesse, la puissance et/ou le couple utilisé en fonction de la température de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement.The driver thus benefits from a driving aid that indicates or imposes the limits of use of the vehicle. This information is of course a safety tool especially in the case of driving a motorcycle where the knowledge of the tire adhesion potential can for example prevent a fall when using the tire in camber curves. The pilot can then advantageously adapt his speed, the power and / or the torque used as a function of the temperature of the rubbery mass of the tread.
[0064] Un autre avantage des pneumatiques selon l'invention peut encore être de limiter leur usure par une utilisation mieux adaptée à leur état à un instant donné. [0065] La figure 1 ne représente qu'un seul dispositif 7 de mesure de la température au sein de la bande de roulement 5. Selon d'autres variantes de réalisation de l'invention, il peut être prévu une répartition de plusieurs dispositifs de mesure de la température au sein de la bande de roulement sur la périphérie de celle-ci.Another advantage of the tires according to the invention may be to limit their wear by a better use adapted to their state at a given moment. FIG. 1 represents only one device 7 for measuring the temperature within the tread 5. According to other embodiments of the invention, it is possible to provide a distribution of several measuring the temperature within the tread on the periphery thereof.
[0066] La figure 2 illustre un second mode de réalisation de l'invention plus particulièrement adapté au cas d'une moto. Le pneumatique comporte selon ce mode de réalisation au moins trois dispositifs 7, 7', 7" de mesure de la température interne de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement 5 et répartis sur la largeur axiale de la bande de roulement 5.[0066] Figure 2 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention more particularly adapted to the case of a motorcycle. The tire comprises according to this embodiment at least three devices 7, 7 ', 7 "for measuring the internal temperature of the rubbery mass of the tread 5 and distributed over the axial width of the tread 5.
[0067] Le premier dispositif 7 de mesure de la température est mis en place dans la zone du plan équatorial du pneumatique 1 et permet de donner des informations quant à la température interne de la partie de la bande de roulement 5 au contact du sol lorsque la moto suit une trajectoire rectiligne.The first device 7 for measuring the temperature is set up in the region of the equatorial plane of the tire 1 and provides information as to the internal temperature of the portion of the tread 5 in contact with the ground when the bike follows a straight path.
[0068] Les deux autres dispositifs T et 7" de mesure de la température sont mis en place dans les parties axialement extérieures de la bande de roulement 5 du pneumatique 1 et permettent chacun de donner des informations quant à la température interne d'une partie axialement extérieure de la bande de roulement 5 au contact du sol lorsque la moto suit une trajectoire en courbe, le pneumatique 1 étant alors utilisé en carrossage.The other two devices T and 7 "for measuring the temperature are put in place in the axially outer portions of the tread 5 of the tire 1 and each allow information to be given as to the internal temperature of a part of the tire. axially outer tread 5 in contact with the ground when the motorcycle follows a curved path, the tire 1 then being used in camber.
[0069] Comme dans le cas de la figure 1, des variantes de réalisation de l'invention prévoient une répartition de plusieurs dispositifs de mesure de la température au sein de la bande de roulement sur la périphérie de celle-ci.As in the case of Figure 1, alternative embodiments of the invention provide a distribution of several devices for measuring the temperature within the tread on the periphery thereof.
[0070] Quel que soit le type de réalisation selon l'invention, les données relatives à la température mesurées au sein de la bande de roulement par chacun des dispositifs de mesure sont transmises à un dispositif opérateur. Ce dispositif opérateur comporte avantageusement un système de traitement des données de type logiciel qui va permettre de définir une instruction prenant en compte les données issues de chacun des pneumatiques et dans le cas d'une moto issues des pneumatiques avant et arrière. Le dispositif opérateur définit ainsi de manière permanente à intervalle prévu des instructions d'aide au pilotage.Whatever the type of embodiment according to the invention, the data relating to the temperature measured within the tread by each of the measuring devices are transmitted to an operator device. This operator device advantageously comprises a software-type data processing system which will make it possible to define an instruction taking into account the data coming from each of the tires and in the case of a motorcycle resulting from the front and rear tires. The The operator device thus permanently defines, at a prescribed interval, flight assistance instructions.
[0071] L'instruction est alors soit transmise au pilote du véhicule qui va pouvoir adapter son mode pilotage, soit directement transmise à un processeur qui limite les capacités du véhicule par exemple en termes de puissance, de couple et/ou de vitesse. Une telle instruction est notamment particulièrement pertinente en cours de roulage mais elle peut également s'avérer utile avant roulage pour assurer un début de roulage du véhicule dans les meilleures conditions.The instruction is then either sent to the driver of the vehicle that will be able to adapt its steering mode, or directly transmitted to a processor that limits the capacity of the vehicle for example in terms of power, torque and / or speed. Such an instruction is particularly particularly relevant during the course of driving but it can also be useful before driving to ensure a start of rolling the vehicle in the best conditions.
[0072] Le véhicule équipé de tels pneumatiques peut encore comporter tel qu'évoqué précédemment des capteurs de température de la surface du pneumatique. Il s'agit par exemple de capteur infrarouge. L'apport de ces données complémentaires relatives à la température de surface de la bande de roulement des pneumatiques complètent les informations et peut permettre encore d'améliorer la conduite du véhicule. The vehicle equipped with such tires may also comprise such as previously mentioned temperature sensors of the tire surface. This is for example infrared sensor. The provision of this additional data relating to the surface temperature of the tire tread completes the information and may further improve the driving of the vehicle.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1 - Pneumatique comportant au moins une structure de renfort de type carcasse, formée d'éléments de renforcement, ancrée de chaque côté du pneumatique à un bourrelet dont la base est destinée à être montée sur un siège de jante, chaque bourrelet se prolongeant radialement vers l'extérieur par un flanc, les flancs rejoignant radialement vers l'extérieur une bande de roulement, les bourrelets, les flancs et la bande de roulement étant constitués pour partie de masses caoutchouteuses, caractérisé en ce que le pneumatique comporte au moins un dispositif de mesure de la température interne d'une masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement et en ce que ledit dispositif est fixé au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement.1 - A tire comprising at least one reinforcing structure of carcass type, formed of reinforcing elements, anchored on each side of the tire to a bead whose base is intended to be mounted on a rim seat, each bead extending radially towards the outside by a sidewall, the flanks joining radially outwardly a tread, the beads, flanks and the tread being made up in part of rubbery masses, characterized in that the tire comprises at least one device for measuring the internal temperature of a rubbery mass of the tread and in that said device is fixed within the rubbery mass of the tread.
2 - Pneumatique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif émet un signal traduisant la température du point de fixation dudit système.2 - A tire according to claim 1, characterized in that the device emits a signal reflecting the temperature of the attachment point of said system.
3 - Pneumatique selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif est un capteur de température sans fil, par exemple interrogeable par onde radio.3 - tire according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the device is a wireless temperature sensor, for example searchable radio wave.
4 - Pneumatique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif est connecté à un moyeu tournant pour transmettre un signal traduisant la température du point de fixation dudit dispositif.4 - A tire according to claim 1, characterized in that the device is connected to a rotating hub for transmitting a signal reflecting the temperature of the attachment point of said device.
5 - Pneumatique selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le pneumatique comporte au moins trois dispositifs de mesure de la température interne de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement.5 - A tire according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the tire comprises at least three devices for measuring the internal temperature of the rubber mass of the tread.
6 - Utilisation d'un pneumatique tel que décrit selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5 pour un véhicule motorisé à deux roues tel qu'une motocyclette.6 - Use of a tire as described in one of claims 1 to 5 for a motorized two-wheeled vehicle such as a motorcycle.
7 - Procédé d'estimation des propriétés d'adhérence d'un pneumatique consistant à mesurer la température interne de la bande de roulement avec au moins un dispositif de mesure de la température fixé au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement dudit pneumatique. 8 - Utilisation d'au moins un dispositif de mesure de la température fixé au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement d'un pneumatique pour estimer les propriétés d'adhérence dudit pneumatique.7 - Method for estimating the adhesion properties of a tire consisting in measuring the internal temperature of the tread with at least one device for measuring the temperature fixed within the rubbery mass of the tread of said tire . 8 - Use of at least one device for measuring the temperature set within the rubbery mass of the tread of a tire to estimate the adhesion properties of said tire.
9 - Procédé d'aide à la conduite d'un véhicule comportant des ensembles montés pneumatiques/roues, caractérisé en ce que les pneumatiques intègrent au moins un dispositif, fixé au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement et mesurant la température interne de ladite masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement, en ce qu'un signal traduisant la température du point de fixation dudit dispositif est transmis à un dispositif opérateur et en ce que le dispositif opérateur informe le conducteur et/ou régule la puissance et/ou le couple et/ou la vitesse du véhicule.9 - A method of assisting the driving of a vehicle having tire / wheel assemblies, characterized in that the tires incorporate at least one device, fixed within the rubbery mass of the tread and measuring the internal temperature of said rubbery mass of the tread, in that a signal reflecting the temperature of the fixing point of said device is transmitted to an operator device and in that the operator device informs the driver and / or regulates the power and / or the torque and / or speed of the vehicle.
10 - Procédé d'aide à la conduite d'un véhicule selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que le signal traduisant la température du point de fixation dudit système est transmis par un capteur de température sans fil, par exemple interrogeable par onde radio et associé à une antenne radio au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse et une antenne radio sur le véhicule. 11 - Procédé d'aide à la conduite d'un véhicule selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que le signal traduisant la température du point de fixation dudit système est transmis par connexion au travers d'un moyeu tournant.10 - Process for aiding driving a vehicle according to claim 9, characterized in that the signal reflecting the temperature of the fixing point of said system is transmitted by a wireless temperature sensor, for example searchable by radio wave and associated with a radio antenna within the rubbery mass and a radio antenna on the vehicle. 11 - A method of assisting driving a vehicle according to claim 9, characterized in that the signal reflecting the temperature of the fixing point of said system is transmitted by connection through a rotating hub.
12 - Procédé d'aide à la conduite d'un véhicule selon l'une des revendications 9 à 11, caractérisé en ce que la mesure de température, la transmission du signal et l'information et/ou régulations sont effectuées avant le roulage du véhicule.12 - A method of assisting driving of a vehicle according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the temperature measurement, the transmission of the signal and the information and / or regulations are performed before the rolling of the vehicle. vehicle.
13 - Procédé d'aide à la conduite d'un véhicule selon l'une des revendications 9 à 11, caractérisé en ce que la mesure de température, la transmission du signal et l'information et/ou régulations sont effectuées pendant le roulage du véhicule.13 - A method for aiding driving a vehicle according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the temperature measurement, the signal transmission and the information and / or regulations are performed during the driving of the vehicle. vehicle.
14 - Procédé d'aide à la conduite d'un véhicule selon l'une des revendications 9 à 13, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif opérateur reçoit une mesure de température de la surface extérieure du pneumatique et de préférence une mesure de la température de la surface de contact du pneumatique avec le sol.14 - A method of assisting driving a vehicle according to one of claims 9 to 13, characterized in that the operator device receives a temperature measurement of the outer surface of the tire and preferably a measurement of the temperature of the contact surface of the tire with the ground.
15 - Utilisation d'au moins un système de mesure de température au sein de la matière caoutchouteuse constituant la bande de roulement d'un pneumatique équipant un véhicule pour aider à la conduite dudit véhicule, ledit système de mesure étant fixé au sein de la masse caoutchouteuse de la bande de roulement.Use of at least one temperature measurement system within the rubbery material constituting the tread of a tire fitted to a vehicle to assist in driving said vehicle, said measuring system being fixed within the rubbery mass of the tread.
16 - Utilisation d'au moins un système de mesure de température selon la revendication 15 avant le roulage du véhicule.16 - Use of at least one temperature measuring system according to claim 15 before driving the vehicle.
17 - Utilisation d'au moins un système de mesure de température selon la revendication 15 pendant le roulage du véhicule.17 - Use of at least one temperature measuring system according to claim 15 during the rolling of the vehicle.
18 - Utilisation d'au moins un système de mesure de température selon l'une des revendication 15 à 17 pour un véhicule motorisé à deux roues tel qu'une motocyclette. 18 - Use of at least one temperature measuring system according to one of claims 15 to 17 for a motorized vehicle with two wheels such as a motorcycle.
EP05801494A 2004-09-29 2005-09-27 Vehicle tire, method for estimating adherence properties of a vehicle tire and a vehicle drive assisting method Withdrawn EP1796925A2 (en)

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FR0410325A FR2875737B1 (en) 2004-09-29 2004-09-29 TIRE FOR VEHICLE AND METHOD FOR AIDING DRIVING A VEHICLE
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WO2003105511A1 (en) * 2002-06-11 2003-12-18 Societe De Technologie Michelin A method for embedding a radio frequency antenna in a tire

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US20070251621A1 (en) 2007-11-01
WO2006035028A3 (en) 2006-10-05
EP2116399A2 (en) 2009-11-11
FR2875737B1 (en) 2008-07-04
FR2875737A1 (en) 2006-03-31
WO2006035028A8 (en) 2007-07-26
BRPI0516145A (en) 2008-08-26
EP2116399A3 (en) 2009-12-23
WO2006035028A2 (en) 2006-04-06
CN101031441A (en) 2007-09-05
JP2008514498A (en) 2008-05-08

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