EP1796872A1 - Method for polishing particularly of optically-active surfaces such as lenses - Google Patents

Method for polishing particularly of optically-active surfaces such as lenses

Info

Publication number
EP1796872A1
EP1796872A1 EP05791201A EP05791201A EP1796872A1 EP 1796872 A1 EP1796872 A1 EP 1796872A1 EP 05791201 A EP05791201 A EP 05791201A EP 05791201 A EP05791201 A EP 05791201A EP 1796872 A1 EP1796872 A1 EP 1796872A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tool
workpiece
polishing
axis
relative angle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP05791201A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1796872B1 (en
Inventor
Sven Kiontke
Thomas Kurschel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Asphericon GmbH
Original Assignee
Asphericon GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Asphericon GmbH filed Critical Asphericon GmbH
Publication of EP1796872A1 publication Critical patent/EP1796872A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1796872B1 publication Critical patent/EP1796872B1/en
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B13/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding or polishing optical surfaces on lenses or surfaces of similar shape on other work; Accessories therefor
    • B24B13/01—Specific tools, e.g. bowl-like; Production, dressing or fastening of these tools
    • B24B13/012—Specific tools, e.g. bowl-like; Production, dressing or fastening of these tools conformable in shape to the optical surface, e.g. by fluid pressure acting on an elastic membrane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B1/00—Processes of grinding or polishing; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B13/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding or polishing optical surfaces on lenses or surfaces of similar shape on other work; Accessories therefor
    • B24B13/06—Machines or devices designed for grinding or polishing optical surfaces on lenses or surfaces of similar shape on other work; Accessories therefor grinding of lenses, the tool or work being controlled by information-carrying means, e.g. patterns, punched tapes, magnetic tapes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for polishing a surface of a workpiece by means of a tool rotating about a tool axis, wherein the workpiece in at least one region of the workpiece surface with a respective currently touching surface, which is a portion of a be ⁇ working surface, which in turn at least a portion a polishing surface of the tool is touched, wherein the tool axis pierces the polishing surface.
  • a working surface is understood as meaning the entirety of all surfaces of a rotating tool that contact a workpiece during one revolution of the tool.
  • the momentarily contacting surface is considered to be the surface of the tool which is in contact with the workpiece at any one time.
  • a rotating tool 2 is moved on a likewise rotating workpiece 1, wherein the tool 2 consists of a rubber membrane or a ram with a glued-on polyurethane membrane, the so-called polishing foil or surface 2.1 ,
  • the tool rotates about a tool axis 2.2, the workpiece rotates about a workpiece axis 1.2.
  • the polishing film has a curvature and lies during processing with its center of rotation and a nikför ⁇ migen, machining area 2.4 to the center of rotation on the Werk ⁇ piece 1 on. In this case, it is pressed for example by compressed air or a de ⁇ forming elastomer.
  • the removal of the workpiece 1 is achieved both by the polishing film, as well as by a constantly supplied liquid.
  • the membrane or the plunger is always placed vertically on the workpiece surface 1.1 to be polished by means of a CNC program and guided slowly over the workpiece 1 over a radius.
  • the subfigures a), b) and c) show individual times of such a movement, both in lateral looks as well as in top view. The choice of the speed profile on the radius controls the removal in order to achieve the desired shape of the workpiece 1.
  • a wheel-shaped polishing tool 2 rotating about a tool axis 2.2 is guided over a workpiece surface 2.1 of a workpiece 1 rotating about a workpiece axis 1.2.
  • the polishing surface 2.1 is in this case mounted on the running surface of the wheel-shaped polishing tool 2.
  • the entire polishing surface 2.1 acts as a working surface 2.4, wherein at any one time only a momentarily berüh ⁇ rende surface 2.3 is in contact with the workpiece surface 1.1.
  • the invention is based on the object to provide a method of the type mentioned ge, in which a lesser wear of the Polierwerkzeu ⁇ ges or a shorter duration of the polishing process can be achieved, with free-form surfaces and non-rotating workpieces are polished.
  • the object is achieved by a method which has the features specified in claim 1.
  • polishing takes place only with the central subarea around the axis of rotation of the polishing tool, which means a minimum working surface.
  • the working surface and the momentarily contacting surface are identical at all times of polishing.
  • the midpoint of the partial surface of the polishing surface currently touching the workpiece is preferably away from the axis of rotation of the tool, whereby an enlarged surface for polishing is used.
  • the machined surface is a circular ring on the polishing surface. At a small distance, it is a circle whose diameter increases with the distance.
  • the longer service life of the tool allows a better prediction of the Po liervorganges and thus also a higher accuracy of the same.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to effectively polish edge regions of lenses with a reduced risk of destroying the polishing tool.
  • the extended tool life reduces downtime of the production process.
  • the accuracy of the polishing is further increased by the fact that the Geschwin ⁇ dtechniksver whatsoever over the working surface is more uniform, whereby fewer errors occur.
  • the center of the polishing surface is stationary as a fulcrum, while the outer edges of the working surface move at opposite speeds, which makes precise machining difficult.
  • any direction parallel to the workpiece axis is regarded as vertical.
  • a commercially available polishing machine can be used when the tool is tilted therein, wherein a relative angle between the tool axis and a local surface normal of the workpiece in the contacted area is set.
  • the method can be used both for convex and concave workpieces as well as for convex and concave freeform surfaces such as toroids or cylindrical surfaces.
  • the known polishing machines offer only a limited absolute tilt angle to the vertical for tilting the tool, for example less than 46 °. Work piece surfaces with slopes greater than this maximum angle can not be machined by the conventional method.
  • With the method according to the invention can be polished with sufficiently curved tool at a low tilt angle of the tool, if necessary even constant 0 °, surfaces with any increase.
  • a relative angle of more than 0 ° is set, thereby avoiding polishing with the center of the polishing surface and the associated disadvantages.
  • the tool is tilted about an axis extending perpendicular to the tool axis, which is very easily possible by means of a CNC program, since tilting in such a direction can be carried out with commercially available polishing machines.
  • the workpiece can be processed quickly in one go by moving the tool translato ⁇ risch along at least part of the workpiece surface.
  • the relative angle in the course of the movement along the workpiece surface is changed continuously.
  • the removal can be adapted to the machined surface of the workpiece.
  • the relative angle for minimal removal is set to 0 °, for example, in the outer region the relative angle is increased in order to obtain the greatest removal there.
  • the tool is evenly consumed in this way.
  • the method can be optimally adapted to the respective application by determining the relative angle to be set based on data of the workpiece and / or the tool.
  • the relative angle is determined from the respective relative position of the tool to the workpiece, based on a surface normal of the workpiece at this position, based on a polishing surface normal of the tool-contacting surface of the tool and / or on the basis of one ⁇ determined the deduction. This allows a high machining accuracy.
  • the absolute tilt angle of the tool with respect to the vertical during the translational movement is kept constant.
  • the tool is not tilted at all.
  • the tool must meet the mechanical requirements, in particular sufficiently high rises at its edge, so that it can still touch the workpiece in any increase on the surface of the workpiece.
  • the contact surface is well predictable.
  • the absolute tilt angle of the tool during the translational movement with respect to the vertical is kept at 0 °. This variant is preferably used when workpiece and tool have an identical shape.
  • the relative angle can also be set variably such that the track radii of the machined surface on the workpiece and the machining surface on the tool always coincide.
  • the tool is tilted so that the working area of the polishing surface itself has the same radius. This is implicitly the case, for example, when the shape of the workpiece and the tool are the same and the absolute tilt angle of the tool to the vertical is constant 0 °. This allows a uniform Ab ⁇ utilization of the tool and optimally effected by the web speed removal at a rotating workpiece adapted to the machined surface.
  • the relative angle is kept constant during the course of the movement.
  • convex workpieces can be machined by the method according to the invention by using a tool with a flat polishing surface as a function of a surface normal of the workpiece.
  • Piece is tilted in the touched area about an axis different from the tool axis, wherein the tool axis of the tool is aligned parallel to the surface normal and the tool is parallel to a Werk ⁇ piece surface in the touched area moved.
  • the amount of displacement is determined by means of an ablation to be achieved, which increases the accuracy of the polishing.
  • the control of the tool is simple if the workpiece rotates about a workpiece axis.
  • the polishing process can be accelerated if the rotational movements of workpiece and tool are directed in opposite directions.
  • the opposite speeds of the processed and machined surface make possible a higher removal rate.
  • the tool is expediently pressed against the workpiece surface.
  • the removal can be regulated if the contact pressure can be controlled.
  • the workpiece is not damaged when the contact pressure is generated by means of compressed air.
  • Rotationally symmetrical lenses can be processed with very little effort with this method.
  • FIG. 1 shows a polishing method in the prior art with a constant relative angle of 0 °
  • FIG. 2 shows a polishing method in the prior art with a tool axis parallel to the polishing surface
  • FIG. 3 shows phases of the method according to the invention with a variable relative angle and schematically a polishing surface and a working surface in a respective side view and a schematic top view
  • FIG. 4 shows phases of the method at a constant relative angle in the side view, as well as schematically the polishing surface and the processing surface,
  • Figure 5 phases of the process at a constant absolute tilt angle to the vertical in side view and schematically polishing surface and machined surface and
  • Figure 6 phases of the process with a flat polishing surface at a constant relative angle of 0 ° in side view.
  • a workpiece 1 in this case a lens, with aspherical surface 1.1 by means of a tool 2 polished, which rotates about a tool axis 2.2.
  • the three subfigures show different times during the polishing process.
  • the workpiece 1 in turn rotates about a workpiece axis 1.2, wherein the directions of rotation on the side of the workpiece 1 facing the tool 2 rotate. are opposite, the vectors of the angular velocity are thus parallel to each other.
  • the tool 2 contacts the workpiece 1 with a respective momentarily contacting surface 2.3, which is a part of a polishing surface 2.1, wherein the machining surface 2.4 on the polishing surface is due to the rotation of the tool 2 from the union of all currently contacting surfaces 2.3 2.1 results.
  • the shape of the working surface 2.4 depends on the position of the tool 2.
  • the polishing surface 2.1 is acted upon on the side facing away from the workpiece 1 side with an air pressure, whereby it is pressed surface with a corresponding contact pressure against the Werk Swissoberflä ⁇ 1.1.
  • the air pressure and thus the contact pressure are preferably controllable, whereby the removal dependent on the contact pressure during the polishing can be controlled.
  • the tool 2 is tilted in this example by a relative angle 3 between the respective surface normal 1.3 of the workpiece 1 and the tool axis 2.2 of the tool.
  • the tilting takes place about a second axis, not shown, which is oriented perpendicular to the tool axis 2.2.
  • the partial images a), b) and c) show three different moments of the polishing process, during which the tool 3 is moved along a radius of the workpiece surface 1.1.
  • the relative angle 3 starts at 0 ° in the center of the workpiece 1 and increases continuously during the movement along the workpiece surface 1.1.
  • the absolute tilt angle 4 of the tool 5 to the vertical 5 also increases during the movement, but remains low compared to conventional polishing methods. With sufficiently curved polishing surface 2.1, it is therefore also possible to polish steep rises using the method shown.
  • FIG. 4 shows a method in which the relative angle 3 remains constant during the entire movement along the workpiece surface 1.1, in three sections a), b) and c).
  • the polishing surface 2.1 is schematically illustrated in a view from below in all figures, wherein the respective processing surface 2.4 is hatched in a hatched manner.
  • the machined surface 2.4 due to the konstan ⁇ th geometric conditions consistently a circular ring.
  • the absolute tilt angle 4 of the tool to the vertical 5 decreases during the movement, it is in the center of the workpiece 1 maximum. Even with this method steep increases are polishable.
  • the removal by the tool 2 in this example is more uniform during the movement along the workpiece surface 1.1 than in the case of the continuous change of the relative angle 3.
  • the relative angle 3 increases steadily, whereas the absolute tilt angle 4 to the vertical 5 is constantly 0 °.
  • This movement enables a simple position control of the tool 2.
  • the tool 2 is positioned so that the center of the surface touching the same path radius as the circle touched by it on the workpiece surface 1.1.
  • the working area 2.4 changes as a result of the variable relative angle 3, similar to the example shown in FIG. It grows as a function of the distance of the center of the currently touching surface 2.3 from the center of rotation of the polishing surface 2.1.
  • FIG. 6 shows a variant of the method in which a tool 2 having a planar polishing surface 2.1 is used.
  • the position of the tool 2 is set as a function of the position of the tool 2 such that the relative angle 3 between the tool axis 2.2 and the local surface normal 1.3 is constant 0 ° and the polishing surface 2.1 thus extends tangentially to the workpiece surface 1.1 - is directed.
  • the center of the polishing surface is used only in the middle of the workpiece 1, in the outer regions the tool 2 is displaced tangentially to the workpiece surface 1.1, whereby the polishing process is accelerated depending on the rotational speed of the tool 2 or Life of the tool 2 is increased. Also, the polishing is possible with higher accuracy.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
  • Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)

Abstract

A method is disclosed, whereby a reduced wear of the polishing tool and a reduced duration for the polishing process may be achieved and also free form surfaces and non-rotating workpieces may be polished. The above may be achieved whereby the surface of the tool actually in contact with the workpiece lies off the tool axis. The invention further relates to a method for polishing a surface of a workpiece, via a tool rotating about a tool axis, whereby the workpiece, at least in one region of the workpiece surface has a contacted surface which is part region of a surface for machining, which for its part is at least part of a polishing surface of the tool, whereby the tool axis intersects the polishing surface.

Description

VERFAHREN ZUM POLIEREN, INSBESONDERE VON OBERFLÄCHEN OPTISCH WIRKSAMER FLÄCHEN WIE LINSENMETHOD OF POLISHING, ESPECIALLY SURFACES OF OPTICALLY EFFECTIVE SURFACES SUCH AS LENSES
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Polieren einer Oberfläche eines Werkstückes mittels eines um eine Werkzeugachse rotierenden Werkzeugs, wobei das Werkstück in mindestens einem Bereich der Werkstückoberfläche mit einer jeweils momentan berührenden Fläche, die ein Teilbereich einer be¬ arbeitenden Fläche ist, die ihrerseits wenigstens ein Teilbereich einer Polierfiä- che des Werkzeugs ist, berührt wird, wobei die Werkzeugachse die Polierflä¬ che durchstößt.The invention relates to a method for polishing a surface of a workpiece by means of a tool rotating about a tool axis, wherein the workpiece in at least one region of the workpiece surface with a respective currently touching surface, which is a portion of a be¬ working surface, which in turn at least a portion a polishing surface of the tool is touched, wherein the tool axis pierces the polishing surface.
Im Folgenden wird unter einer bearbeitenden Fläche die Gesamtheit aller ein Werkstück berührenden Flächen eines rotierenden Werkzeugs während einer Umdrehung des Werkzeugs verstanden. Als momentan berührende Fläche wird die jeweils zu einem Zeitpunkt in Kontakt mit dem Werkstück stehende Fläche des Werkzeugs angesehen.In the following, a working surface is understood as meaning the entirety of all surfaces of a rotating tool that contact a workpiece during one revolution of the tool. The momentarily contacting surface is considered to be the surface of the tool which is in contact with the workpiece at any one time.
Zum Polieren wird im Stand der Technik gemäß Figur 1 ein rotierendes Werk¬ zeug 2 auf einem ebenfalls rotierenden Werkstück 1 bewegt, wobei das Werk¬ zeug 2 aus einer Gummimembran oder einem Stößel mit einer aufgeklebten Polyurethanmembran, der sogenannten Polierfolie oder -fläche 2.1, besteht. Das Werkzeug rotiert um eine Werkzeugachse 2.2, das Werkstück rotiert um eine Werkstückachse 1.2. Die Polierfolie besitzt eine Krümmung und liegt während der Bearbeitung mit ihrem Rotationsmittelpunkt und einem kreisför¬ migen, bearbeitenden Bereich 2.4 um den Rotationsmittelpunkt auf dem Werk¬ stück 1 auf. Dabei wird sie beispielsweise durch Druckluft oder ein sich de¬ formierendes Elastomer angedrückt. Der Abtrag am Werkstück 1 wird sowohl durch die Polierfolie, als auch durch eine ständig zugeführte Flüssigkeit erzielt. Die Membran oder der Stößel wird mittels eines CNC-Programmes stets senk¬ recht auf die zu polierende Werkstückoberfläche 1.1 gestellt und langsam auf einem Radius über das Werkstück 1 geführt. Die Teilfiguren a), b) und c) zei¬ gen einzelne Zeitpunkte einer solchen Bewegung jeweils sowohl in Seitenan- sieht als auch in Draufsicht. Über die Wahl des Geschwindigkeitsverlaufes auf dem Radius wird der Abtrag gesteuert, um die gewünschte Form des Werk¬ stücks 1 zu erzielen.For polishing, in the state of the art according to FIG. 1, a rotating tool 2 is moved on a likewise rotating workpiece 1, wherein the tool 2 consists of a rubber membrane or a ram with a glued-on polyurethane membrane, the so-called polishing foil or surface 2.1 , The tool rotates about a tool axis 2.2, the workpiece rotates about a workpiece axis 1.2. The polishing film has a curvature and lies during processing with its center of rotation and a kreisför¬ migen, machining area 2.4 to the center of rotation on the Werk¬ piece 1 on. In this case, it is pressed for example by compressed air or a de¬ forming elastomer. The removal of the workpiece 1 is achieved both by the polishing film, as well as by a constantly supplied liquid. The membrane or the plunger is always placed vertically on the workpiece surface 1.1 to be polished by means of a CNC program and guided slowly over the workpiece 1 over a radius. The subfigures a), b) and c) show individual times of such a movement, both in lateral looks as well as in top view. The choice of the speed profile on the radius controls the removal in order to achieve the desired shape of the workpiece 1.
Bei diesem Verfahren wird nur ein geringer Abtrag erzielt. Zudem verschleißt das Polierwerkzeug relativ schnell. Außerdem muss das Werkzeug zum Polie¬ ren des Randbereiches zumindest teilweise über das Werkstück hinausragen wie in Figur 1 c) gezeigt. Dabei kann das Werkzeug insbesondere bei hohem Luftdruck sehr stark abgenutzt und durch die äußere Linsenkante zerstört wer¬ den. Dieses Verfahren ist nur für konvexe oder konkave rotationssymmetrische Werkstücke geeignet, nicht jedoch für Freiformflächen und nicht rotierende WerkstückeIn this method, only a small removal is achieved. In addition, the polishing tool wears relatively quickly. In addition, the tool must at least partially project beyond the workpiece in order to polish the edge region, as shown in FIG. 1 c). In this case, the tool can be very heavily worn, especially at high air pressure, and destroyed by the outer lens edge. This method is only suitable for convex or concave rotationally symmetrical workpieces, but not for free-form surfaces and non-rotating workpieces
In einem anderen, in Figur 2 dargestellten Verfahren wird ein radförmiges, um eine Werkzeugachse 2.2 rotierendes Polierwerkzeug 2 über eine Werkstück¬ oberfläche 2.1 eines um eine Werkstückachse 1.2 rotierenden Werkstücks 1 geführt. Die Polierfläche 2.1 ist in diesem Fall auf der Lauffläche des radför- migen Polierwerkzeugs 2 angebracht. Die gesamte Polierfläche 2.1 wirkt als bearbeitende Fläche 2.4, wobei zu jedem Zeitpunkt nur eine momentan berüh¬ rende Fläche 2.3 in Kontakt mit der Werkstückoberfläche 1.1 steht. Jedoch besteht die Gefahr, in der Mitte des Werkstücks aufgrund der dort geringen bearbeiteten Fläche ein Loch zu polieren.In another method, shown in FIG. 2, a wheel-shaped polishing tool 2 rotating about a tool axis 2.2 is guided over a workpiece surface 2.1 of a workpiece 1 rotating about a workpiece axis 1.2. The polishing surface 2.1 is in this case mounted on the running surface of the wheel-shaped polishing tool 2. The entire polishing surface 2.1 acts as a working surface 2.4, wherein at any one time only a momentarily berüh¬ rende surface 2.3 is in contact with the workpiece surface 1.1. However, there is a danger of polishing a hole in the center of the workpiece due to the small machined surface there.
Die Genauigkeit der Bearbeitung ist bei beiden Verfahren begrenzt.The accuracy of processing is limited in both methods.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, ein Verfahren der eingangs ge¬ nannten Art anzugeben, bei dem ein geringerer Verschleiß des Polierwerkzeu¬ ges beziehungsweise eine geringere Dauer des Poliervorgangs erreicht werden kann, wobei auch Freiformflächen und nicht rotierende Werkstücke polierbar sind. Die Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch ein Verfahren, welches die in Anspruch 1 angegebenen Merkmale aufweist.The invention is based on the object to provide a method of the type mentioned ge, in which a lesser wear of the Polierwerkzeu¬ ges or a shorter duration of the polishing process can be achieved, with free-form surfaces and non-rotating workpieces are polished. The object is achieved by a method which has the features specified in claim 1.
Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der Unteransprü¬ che.Advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject of Unteransprü¬ che.
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist es möglich, einen geringeren Ver¬ schleiß des Polierwerkzeuges zu erreichen beziehungsweise den Poliervorgang zu beschleunigen, wobei Freiformflächen und nicht rotierende Werkstücke polierbar sind. Dies gelingt, indem mit einem Polierwerkzeug, dessen Rotati¬ onsachse die Polierfläche durchstößt, mit einem Bereich der Polierfläche po¬ liert wird, der von der Rotationsachse des Werkzeugs entfernt ist. Die bearbei¬ tende Fläche und die momentan berührende Fläche sind also in den meisten Fällen nicht identisch, vielmehr ist die momentan berührende Fläche eine Un¬ termenge der bearbeitenden Fläche.With the method according to the invention, it is possible to achieve a lower wear of the polishing tool or to accelerate the polishing process, wherein free-form surfaces and non-rotating workpieces can be polished. This is achieved by polishing with a polishing tool whose rotation axis pierces the polishing surface with a region of the polishing surface which is remote from the axis of rotation of the tool. The machined surface and the currently contacting surface are thus in most cases not identical; rather, the surface currently in contact is a subset of the working surface.
Im Gegensatz dazu wird im Stand der Technik bei dem in Figur 1 gezeigten Verfahren nur mit dem zentralen Teilbereich um die Rotationsachse des Po¬ lierwerkzeuges poliert, was eine minimale bearbeitende Fläche bedeutet. Die bearbeitende Fläche und die momentan berührende Fläche sind zu allen Zeit¬ punkten des Polierens identisch.In contrast, in the prior art in the case of the method shown in FIG. 1, polishing takes place only with the central subarea around the axis of rotation of the polishing tool, which means a minimum working surface. The working surface and the momentarily contacting surface are identical at all times of polishing.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Polierverfahren liegt der Mittelpunkt der das Werkstück jeweils momentan berührenden Teilfläche der Polierfläche vor¬ zugsweise abseits der Rotationsachse des Werkzeugs, wodurch eine vergrößer¬ te bearbeitende Fläche zum Polieren verwendet wird. Bei größerer Entfernung des Mittelpunktes der momentan berührenden Fläche von der Rotationsachse ist die bearbeitende Fläche ein Kreisring auf der Polierfläche. Bei kleiner Ent¬ fernung handelt es sich um einen Kreis, dessen Durchmesser mit der Entfer¬ nung zunimmt. Je weiter die jeweils momentan berührende Teilfläche radial von der Rotati¬ onsachse entfernt ist, desto größer ist die bearbeitende Fläche in ihrer Gesamt¬ heit und desto höher ist bei gleicher Winkelgeschwindigkeit des Werkzeuges die Bahngeschwindigkeit der bearbeitenden Fläche, die die Dauer des Polier¬ prozesses bestimmt. Bei gleicher Rotationsfrequenz wie in herkömmlichen Polierverfahren wird also die Dauer des Polierprozesses verkürzt. Wird die Rotationsfrequenz so gewählt, dass die Bahngeschwindigkeit der bearbeitenden Fläche etwa derjenigen im herkömmlichen Verfahren entspricht, so wird durch die vergrößerte Fläche der Verschleiß deutlich verringert und somit die Stand¬ zeit des Werkzeuges erhöht. Das Werkzeug benötigt weniger Ausfallzeit, da es länger die notwendige Genauigkeit hält und somit erst nach längerem Betrieb als bisher ersetzt werden muss, wodurch die Produktivität erhöht wird. Die höhere Standzeit des Werkzeuges ermöglicht eine bessere Vorhersage des Po¬ liervorganges und damit ebenfalls eine höhere Genauigkeit desselben. Deswei¬ teren ermöglicht das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ein effektives Polieren von Randbereichen von Linsen bei reduzierter Gefahr der Zerstörung des Polier¬ werkzeuges.In the case of the polishing method according to the invention, the midpoint of the partial surface of the polishing surface currently touching the workpiece is preferably away from the axis of rotation of the tool, whereby an enlarged surface for polishing is used. At a greater distance of the center of the currently contacting surface from the axis of rotation, the machined surface is a circular ring on the polishing surface. At a small distance, it is a circle whose diameter increases with the distance. The farther the respective currently touching partial surface is radially away from the axis of rotation, the greater is the machined surface in its entirety and the higher is the web speed of the machining surface which determines the duration of the polishing process with the same angular velocity of the tool , At the same rotational frequency as in conventional polishing, so the duration of the polishing process is shortened. If the rotational frequency chosen so that the web speed of the machined surface corresponds approximately to that in the conventional method, the wear is significantly reduced by the increased surface area, thus increasing the tool life. The tool requires less downtime because it maintains the required accuracy for a longer period of time and therefore needs to be replaced after a longer period of operation than before, increasing productivity. The longer service life of the tool allows a better prediction of the Po liervorganges and thus also a higher accuracy of the same. In addition, the method according to the invention makes it possible to effectively polish edge regions of lenses with a reduced risk of destroying the polishing tool.
Durch die verlängerte Standzeit von Werkzeugen werden Ausfallzeiten des Produktionsprozesses reduziert.The extended tool life reduces downtime of the production process.
Die Genauigkeit des Polierens wird zudem dadurch erhöht, dass die Geschwin¬ digkeitsverteilung über die bearbeitende Fläche gleichmäßiger ist, wodurch weniger Fehler auftreten. Im herkömmlichen Verfahren gemäß Figur 1 steht das Zentrum der Polierfläche als Drehpunkt still, während sich die Außenrän¬ der der bearbeitenden Fläche mit einander entgegengesetzten Geschwindigkei¬ ten bewegen, was eine genaue Bearbeitung erschwert.The accuracy of the polishing is further increased by the fact that the Geschwin¬ digkeitsverteilung over the working surface is more uniform, whereby fewer errors occur. In the conventional method according to FIG. 1, the center of the polishing surface is stationary as a fulcrum, while the outer edges of the working surface move at opposite speeds, which makes precise machining difficult.
Da die Rotationsfrequenz des Werkzeugs technisch begrenzt ist, können insbe¬ sondere bei kleineren Werkstücken mit zumeist starken Krümmungen kleine Werkzeuge viel effektiver oder sogar größere Werkzeuge eingesetzt werden, die einen um ein Vielfaches größeren Abtrag erzielen, als bei dem bisherigen Verfahren möglich ist.Since the rotational frequency of the tool is technically limited, small tools can be used much more effectively or even larger tools, in particular for smaller workpieces with mostly strong curvatures. which achieve a much greater removal than is possible in the previous method.
Je nach geometrischer Beschaffenheit des Werkstückes ist es zweckmäßig, wenigstens bereichsweise auch in herkömmlicher Weise mit dem Rotations¬ zentrum der Polierfläche zu polieren, da der Abtrag hier aufgrund der geringen Bahngeschwindigkeit am niedrigsten ist, was insbesondere in der Mitte des Werkstücks eine höhere Bearbeitungsgenauigkeit ermöglicht.Depending on the geometric nature of the workpiece, it is expedient to polish at least regionally in a conventional manner with the center of rotation of the polishing surface, since the removal is lowest here due to the low web speed, which enables a higher machining accuracy, especially in the center of the workpiece.
Als Vertikale wird im Folgenden jede zur Werkstückachse parallele Richtung angesehen.In the following, any direction parallel to the workpiece axis is regarded as vertical.
Zur Durchführung des Verfahrens ist eine handelsübliche Poliermaschine ein¬ setzbar, wenn das Werkzeug in dieser verkippt wird, wobei ein relativer Win¬ kel zwischen der Werkzeugachse und einer lokalen Oberflächennormalen des Werkstücks in dem berührten Bereich eingestellt wird. Das Verfahren ist so¬ wohl für konvexe als auch konkave Werkstücke sowie für konvexe und konka¬ ve Freiformflächen wie Toroide oder Zylinderflächen einsetzbar. Es sind unter¬ schiedliche Werkzeugtypen denkbar wie kegelförmige, walzenförmige, sphäri¬ sche und asphärische. Die bekannten Poliermaschinen bieten nur einen be¬ grenzten absoluten Kippwinkel zur Vertikalen zum Kippen des Werkzeugs, beispielsweise weniger als 46 °. Werkstückflächen mit Anstiegen, die stärker sind als dieser maximale Winkel, können mit dem herkömmlichen Verfahren nicht bearbeitet werden. Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren können bei ausreichend gekrümmtem Werkzeug bei geringem Kippwinkel des Werkzeugs, bei Bedarf auch konstant 0°, Flächen mit beliebigem Anstieg poliert werden.For carrying out the method, a commercially available polishing machine can be used when the tool is tilted therein, wherein a relative angle between the tool axis and a local surface normal of the workpiece in the contacted area is set. The method can be used both for convex and concave workpieces as well as for convex and concave freeform surfaces such as toroids or cylindrical surfaces. There are different types of tools conceivable as conical, cylindrical, spherical and aspherical. The known polishing machines offer only a limited absolute tilt angle to the vertical for tilting the tool, for example less than 46 °. Work piece surfaces with slopes greater than this maximum angle can not be machined by the conventional method. With the method according to the invention can be polished with sufficiently curved tool at a low tilt angle of the tool, if necessary even constant 0 °, surfaces with any increase.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführung wird ein relativer Winkel von mehr als 0° eingestellt, wodurch ein Polieren mit dem Zentrum der Polierfläche und die damit verbundenen Nachteile vermieden werden. In einer vorteilhaften Ausfiihrungsform wird das Werkzeug um eine zur Werk¬ zeugachse senkrecht verlaufende Achse verkippt, was mittels eines CNC- Programmes sehr einfach möglich ist, da eine Verkippen in eine solche Rich¬ tung mit handelsüblichen Poliermaschinen durchführbar ist.In a preferred embodiment, a relative angle of more than 0 ° is set, thereby avoiding polishing with the center of the polishing surface and the associated disadvantages. In an advantageous embodiment, the tool is tilted about an axis extending perpendicular to the tool axis, which is very easily possible by means of a CNC program, since tilting in such a direction can be carried out with commercially available polishing machines.
Das Werkstück kann in einem Durchgang zügig bearbeitet werden, indem das Werkzeug entlang wenigstens eines Teils der Werkstückoberfläche translato¬ risch bewegt wird.The workpiece can be processed quickly in one go by moving the tool translato¬ risch along at least part of the workpiece surface.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird der relative Winkel im Verlauf der Bewegung entlang der Werkstückoberfläche kontinuierlich verändert. Dadurch kann der Abtrag an die bearbeitete Fläche des Werkstücks angepasst werden. Im Innenbereich, in welchem die bearbeitete Fläche klein ist, wird beispiels¬ weise der relative Winkel für minimales Abtragen auf 0° gesetzt, im Außenbe¬ reich wird der relative Winkel erhöht, um dort den größten Abtrag zu erhalten. Es bestellt dadurch im Gegensatz zum herkömmlichen Verfahren nicht die Ge¬ fahr, in der Mitte aufgrund der geringen bearbeiteten Fläche ein Loch zu polie¬ ren. Zudem wird das Werkzeug auf diese Weise gleichmäßig verbraucht.In a preferred embodiment, the relative angle in the course of the movement along the workpiece surface is changed continuously. As a result, the removal can be adapted to the machined surface of the workpiece. In the inner region, in which the machined surface is small, the relative angle for minimal removal is set to 0 °, for example, in the outer region the relative angle is increased in order to obtain the greatest removal there. As a result, in contrast to the conventional method, it does not have the risk of polishing a hole in the middle due to the small machined surface. In addition, the tool is evenly consumed in this way.
Das Verfahren kann auf den jeweiligen Anwendungsfall optimal abgestimmt werden, indem der einzustellende relative Winkel anhand von Daten des Werk¬ stücks und/oder des Werkzeugs ermittelt wird. In einer bevorzugten Ausfuh¬ rungsform wird der relative Winkel dabei anhand der jeweiligen relativen Posi¬ tion des Werkzeugs zum Werkstück, anhand einer Oberflächennormalen des Werkstücks an dieser Position, anhand einer Polierflächennormalen der mo¬ mentan berührenden Fläche des Werkzeugs und/oder anhand eines zu erzielen¬ den Abtrages ermittelt. Dies ermöglicht eine hohe Bearbeitungsgenauigkeit.The method can be optimally adapted to the respective application by determining the relative angle to be set based on data of the workpiece and / or the tool. In a preferred embodiment, the relative angle is determined from the respective relative position of the tool to the workpiece, based on a surface normal of the workpiece at this position, based on a polishing surface normal of the tool-contacting surface of the tool and / or on the basis of one ¬ determined the deduction. This allows a high machining accuracy.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausfulirungsform wird der absolute Kippwinkel des Werkzeugs bezüglich der Vertikalen während der translatorischen Bewegung konstant gehalten. In diesem Extremfall wird das Werkzeug gar nicht gekippt. Hierfür muß das Werkzeug die mechanischen Voraussetzungen, insbesondere ausreichend starker Anstiege an seinem Rand, erfüllen, damit es das Werkstück auch in jedem Anstieg auf der Oberfläche des Werkstückes noch berühren kann. Damit ist die Kontaktfläche gut vorherbestimmbar. Mit besonders gerin¬ gem Aufwand zu programmieren ist eine derartige Verfahrensform, in der der absolute Kippwinkel des Werkzeugs während der translatorischen Bewegung bezüglich der Vertikalen auf 0° gehalten wird. Diese Variante wird bevorzugt verwendet, wenn Werkstück und Werkzeug eine identische Form aufweisen.In an advantageous embodiment, the absolute tilt angle of the tool with respect to the vertical during the translational movement is kept constant. In this extreme case, the tool is not tilted at all. For this purpose, the tool must meet the mechanical requirements, in particular sufficiently high rises at its edge, so that it can still touch the workpiece in any increase on the surface of the workpiece. Thus, the contact surface is well predictable. To program with particularly low expenditure is such a method form, in which the absolute tilt angle of the tool during the translational movement with respect to the vertical is kept at 0 °. This variant is preferably used when workpiece and tool have an identical shape.
Generell kann der relative Winkel auch derart variabel eingestellt werden, dass die Bahnradien von bearbeiteter Fläche auf dem Werkstück und bearbeitender Fläche auf dem Werkzeug stets übereinstimmen. Wenn ein Punkt mit einem bestimmten Radius auf dem Werkstück bearbeitet wird, ist das Werkzeug so gekippt, dass der bearbeitende Bereich der Polierfläche selbst den denselben Radius aufweist. Dies ist implizit beispielsweise dann der Fall, wenn die Form von Werkstück und Werkzeug gleich sind und der absolute Kippwinkel des Werkzeugs zur Vertikalen konstant 0° ist. Damit wird eine gleichmäßige Ab¬ nutzung des Werkzeuges ermöglicht und der durch die Bahngeschwindigkeit bewirkte Abtrag bei rotierendem Werkstück optimal an die bearbeitete Fläche angepasst.In general, the relative angle can also be set variably such that the track radii of the machined surface on the workpiece and the machining surface on the tool always coincide. When a point with a certain radius is machined on the workpiece, the tool is tilted so that the working area of the polishing surface itself has the same radius. This is implicitly the case, for example, when the shape of the workpiece and the tool are the same and the absolute tilt angle of the tool to the vertical is constant 0 °. This allows a uniform Ab¬ utilization of the tool and optimally effected by the web speed removal at a rotating workpiece adapted to the machined surface.
In einer weiteren, bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird der relative Winkel im Verlauf der Bewegung konstant gehalten. Der Werkzeugverbrauch wird damit zwar nicht mehr so stark reduziert wie bei kontinuierlich verändertem relativen Winkel, jedoch ist der Abtrag des Werkzeuges gleichförmiger und damit besser berechenbar im Sinne einer Korrekturpolitur.In a further preferred embodiment, the relative angle is kept constant during the course of the movement. Although the tool consumption is thus not reduced as much as with continuously changing relative angle, however, the removal of the tool is more uniform and thus more predictable in terms of a correction polish.
Für eine möglichst großflächige Bearbeitung konkaver Linsen ist es vorteilhaft, eine konvexe Polierfläche zu verwenden und umgekehrt.For the widest possible machining of concave lenses, it is advantageous to use a convex polishing surface and vice versa.
Mit herkömmlichen Poliermaschinen können konvexe Werkstücke durch das erfϊndungsgemäße Verfahren bearbeitet werden, indem ein Werkzeug mit einer ebenen Polierfläche in Abhängigkeit einer Oberflächennormalen des Werk- Stücks in dem berührten Bereich um eine von der Werkzeugachse verschiedene Achse gekippt wird, wobei die Werkzeugachse des Werkzeugs parallel zu der Oberflächennormalen ausgerichtet und das Werkzeug parallel zu einer Werk¬ stückoberfläche in dem berührten Bereich verschoben ist.With conventional polishing machines, convex workpieces can be machined by the method according to the invention by using a tool with a flat polishing surface as a function of a surface normal of the workpiece. Piece is tilted in the touched area about an axis different from the tool axis, wherein the tool axis of the tool is aligned parallel to the surface normal and the tool is parallel to a Werk¬ piece surface in the touched area moved.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform wird der Betrag der Verschiebung an¬ hand eines zu erzielenden Abtrages ermittelt, was die Genauigkeit des Polie¬ rens erhöht.In an advantageous embodiment, the amount of displacement is determined by means of an ablation to be achieved, which increases the accuracy of the polishing.
Bei rotationssymmetrischen Werkstücken ist die Steuerung des Werkzeuges einfach, wenn das Werkstück um eine Werkstückachse rotiert. Der Polierpro- zess kann dabei beschleunigt werden, wenn die Rotationsbewegungen von Werkstück und Werkzeug entgegengesetzt gerichtet sind. Die entgegengesetz¬ ten Bahngeschwindigkeiten von bearbeiteter und bearbeitender Fläche ermög¬ lichen einen höheren Abtrag.In the case of rotationally symmetrical workpieces, the control of the tool is simple if the workpiece rotates about a workpiece axis. The polishing process can be accelerated if the rotational movements of workpiece and tool are directed in opposite directions. The opposite speeds of the processed and machined surface make possible a higher removal rate.
Um den Abtrag zu erhöhen, wird zweckmäßigerweise das Werkzeug gegen die Werkstückoberfläche gepresst. Dabei ist der Abtrag regulierbar, wenn der An¬ pressdruck steuerbar ist. Im Falle der Beschädigung der Polierfläche wird das Werkstück nicht beschädigt, wenn der Anpressdruck mittels Druckluft erzeugt wird.In order to increase the removal, the tool is expediently pressed against the workpiece surface. In this case, the removal can be regulated if the contact pressure can be controlled. In the case of damage to the polishing surface, the workpiece is not damaged when the contact pressure is generated by means of compressed air.
Die Verwendung des Verfahrens nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche für das Polieren optisch wirksamer Flächen ermöglicht die Nutzung der ge¬ nannten Vorteile für optisch wirksame Flächen beispielsweise von Linsen oder Spiegeln.The use of the method according to one of the preceding claims for the polishing of optically active surfaces allows the use of the aforementioned advantages for optically effective surfaces, for example of lenses or mirrors.
Mit besonders geringem Aufwand sind mit diesem Verfahren rotationssymmet- rische Linsen bearbeitbar.Rotationally symmetrical lenses can be processed with very little effort with this method.
Die Erfindung wird im Folgenden anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen erläutert. Dazu zeigen:The invention will be explained below with reference to exemplary embodiments. To show:
Figur 1 ein Polierverfahren im Stand der Technik mit konstantem relati¬ ven Winkel von 0°,FIG. 1 shows a polishing method in the prior art with a constant relative angle of 0 °,
Figur 2 ein Polierverfahren im Stand der Technik mit zur Polierfläche paralleler Werkzeugachse,FIG. 2 shows a polishing method in the prior art with a tool axis parallel to the polishing surface,
Figur 3 Phasen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens bei variablem relati¬ vem Winkel sowie schematisch Polierfläche und bearbeitende Fläche in jeweils einer Seitenansicht und einer schematischen Draufsicht,FIG. 3 shows phases of the method according to the invention with a variable relative angle and schematically a polishing surface and a working surface in a respective side view and a schematic top view,
Figur 4 Phasen des Verfahrens bei konstantem relativem Winkel in Sei¬ tenansicht sowie schematisch Polierfläche und bearbeitende Flä¬ che,FIG. 4 shows phases of the method at a constant relative angle in the side view, as well as schematically the polishing surface and the processing surface,
Figur 5 Phasen des Verfahrens bei konstantem absolutem Kippwinkel zur Vertikalen in Seitenansicht sowie schematisch Polierfläche und bearbeitende Fläche undFigure 5 phases of the process at a constant absolute tilt angle to the vertical in side view and schematically polishing surface and machined surface and
Figur 6 Phasen des Verfahrens mit ebener Polierfläche bei konstantem relativem Winkel von 0° in Seitenansicht.Figure 6 phases of the process with a flat polishing surface at a constant relative angle of 0 ° in side view.
Die Figuren 1 und 2 wurden bereits im Stand der Technik beschrieben.Figures 1 and 2 have already been described in the prior art.
In Figur 3 wird in den Teilfiguren a), b) und c), die jeweils in seitlicher An¬ sicht sowie als schematische Draufsicht dargestellt sind, ein Werkstück 1, in diesem Fall eine Linse, mit asphärischer Oberfläche 1.1 mittels eines Werk¬ zeuges 2 poliert, das um eine Werkzeugachse 2.2 rotiert. Die drei Teilfiguren zeigen verschiedene Zeitpunkte während des Poliervorganges. Das Werk¬ stück 1 rotiert seinerseits um eine Werkstückachse 1.2, wobei die Rotations¬ richtungen auf der dem Werkzeug 2 zugewandten Seite des Werkstücks 1 ein- ander entgegengesetzt sind, die Vektoren der Winkelgeschwindigkeit liegen also parallel zueinander. Das Werkzeug 2 berührt das Werkstück 1 mit einer jeweiligen momentan berührenden Fläche 2.3, die ein Teil einer Polierflä¬ che 2.1 ist, wobei sich durch die Rotation des Werkzeugs 2 aus der Vereini¬ gung aller momentan berührenden Flächen 2.3 die bearbeitende Fläche 2.4 auf der Polierfläche 2.1 ergibt. Die Form der bearbeitende Fläche 2.4 hängt dabei von der Lage des Werkzeugs 2 ab. Die Polierfläche 2.1 wird auf der vom Werkstück 1 abgewandten Seite mit einem Luftdruck beaufschlagt, wodurch sie mit einem entsprechenden Anpressdruck gegen die Werkstückoberflä¬ che 1.1 gepresst wird. Der Luftdruck und damit der Anpressdruck sind vor¬ zugsweise regelbar, wodurch der vom Anpressdruck abhängige Abtrag wäh¬ rend des Polierens steuerbar ist.In FIG. 3, in subfigures a), b) and c), which are each shown in lateral view and in schematic plan view, a workpiece 1, in this case a lens, with aspherical surface 1.1 by means of a tool 2 polished, which rotates about a tool axis 2.2. The three subfigures show different times during the polishing process. The workpiece 1 in turn rotates about a workpiece axis 1.2, wherein the directions of rotation on the side of the workpiece 1 facing the tool 2 rotate. are opposite, the vectors of the angular velocity are thus parallel to each other. The tool 2 contacts the workpiece 1 with a respective momentarily contacting surface 2.3, which is a part of a polishing surface 2.1, wherein the machining surface 2.4 on the polishing surface is due to the rotation of the tool 2 from the union of all currently contacting surfaces 2.3 2.1 results. The shape of the working surface 2.4 depends on the position of the tool 2. The polishing surface 2.1 is acted upon on the side facing away from the workpiece 1 side with an air pressure, whereby it is pressed surface with a corresponding contact pressure against the Werkstückoberflä¬ 1.1. The air pressure and thus the contact pressure are preferably controllable, whereby the removal dependent on the contact pressure during the polishing can be controlled.
Das Werkzeug 2 wird in diesem Beispiel um einen relativen Winkel 3 zwi¬ schen der jeweiligen Oberflächennormalen 1.3 des Werkstücks 1 und der Werkzeugachse 2.2 des Werkzeugs verkippt. Das Verkippen erfolgt um eine nicht abgebildete zweite Achse, die senkrecht zur Werkzeugachse 2.2 ausge¬ richtet ist. Die Teilabbildungen a), b) und c) zeigen drei verschiedene Momente des Poliervorganges, währenddessen das Werkzeug 3 entlang eines Radius der Werkstückoberfläche 1.1 bewegt wird. Der relative Winkel 3 beginnt bei 0° im Zentrum des Werkstücks 1 und nimmt im Laufe der Bewegung entlang der Werkstückoberfläche 1.1 kontinuierlich zu. Der absolute Kippwinkel 4 des Werkzeugs zur Vertikalen 5 nimmt ebenfalls während der Bewegung zu, bleibt jedoch gering im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Polierverfahren. Bei ausrei¬ chend gekrümmter Polierfläche 2.1 ist mit dem gezeigten Verfahren daher auch das Polieren steiler Anstiege möglich.The tool 2 is tilted in this example by a relative angle 3 between the respective surface normal 1.3 of the workpiece 1 and the tool axis 2.2 of the tool. The tilting takes place about a second axis, not shown, which is oriented perpendicular to the tool axis 2.2. The partial images a), b) and c) show three different moments of the polishing process, during which the tool 3 is moved along a radius of the workpiece surface 1.1. The relative angle 3 starts at 0 ° in the center of the workpiece 1 and increases continuously during the movement along the workpiece surface 1.1. The absolute tilt angle 4 of the tool 5 to the vertical 5 also increases during the movement, but remains low compared to conventional polishing methods. With sufficiently curved polishing surface 2.1, it is therefore also possible to polish steep rises using the method shown.
Bei kleiner Entfernung des Mittelpunktes der momentan berührenden Flä¬ che 2.3 von der Rotations- und Werkzeugachse 2.2 ist die bearbeitende Flä¬ che 2.4 ein Kreis, dessen Durchmesser mit der Entfernung zunimmt. Bei größe¬ rer Entfernung als dem Radius der berührenden Fläche 2.3 stellt die bearbei¬ tende Fläche 2.4 einen Kreisring auf der Polierfläche 2.1 dar. Figur 4 zeigt ein Verfahren, bei dem der relative Winkel 3 während der gesam¬ ten Bewegung entlang der Werkstückoberfläche 1.1 konstant bleibt, in drei Ausschnitten a), b) und c). In dieser und in den folgenden Figuren ist jeweils die Polierfläche 2.1 in einer Ansicht von unten in allen Figuren schematisch mitabgebildet, wobei die jeweilige bearbeitende Fläche 2.4 schraffiert gezeich¬ net ist. In diesem Beispiel ist die bearbeitende Fläche 2.4 aufgrund der konstan¬ ten geometrischen Verhältnisse gleichbleibend ein Kreisring. Der absolute Kippwinkel 4 des Werkzeugs zur Vertikalen 5 nimmt während der Bewegung ab, er ist in der Mitte des Werkstückes 1 maximal. Auch mit diesem Verfahren sind steile Anstiege polierbar.At a small distance of the center of the currently contacting surface 2.3 from the rotation and tool axis 2.2, the working surface 2.4 is a circle whose diameter increases with the distance. At a distance greater than the radius of the contacting surface 2.3, the machined surface 2.4 represents a circular ring on the polishing surface 2.1. FIG. 4 shows a method in which the relative angle 3 remains constant during the entire movement along the workpiece surface 1.1, in three sections a), b) and c). In this and in the following figures, in each case the polishing surface 2.1 is schematically illustrated in a view from below in all figures, wherein the respective processing surface 2.4 is hatched in a hatched manner. In this example, the machined surface 2.4 due to the konstan¬ th geometric conditions consistently a circular ring. The absolute tilt angle 4 of the tool to the vertical 5 decreases during the movement, it is in the center of the workpiece 1 maximum. Even with this method steep increases are polishable.
Der Abtrag durch das Werkzeug 2 ist in diesem Beispiel während der Bewe¬ gung entlang der Werkstückoberfläche 1.1 gleichförmiger als bei der kontinu¬ ierlichen Änderung des relativen Winkels 3.The removal by the tool 2 in this example is more uniform during the movement along the workpiece surface 1.1 than in the case of the continuous change of the relative angle 3.
Bei dem in Figur 5 gezeigten Verfahren nimmt der relative Winkel 3 stetig zu, wohingegen der absolute Kippwinkel 4 zur Vertikalen 5 konstant 0° beträgt. Diese Bewegung ermöglicht eine einfache Positionssteuerung des Werk¬ zeugs 2. Das Werkzeug 2 wird so positioniert, dass der Mittelpunkt der berüh¬ renden Fläche denselben Bahnradius aufweist wie der durch ihn berührte Kreis auf der Werkstückoberfläche 1.1. Die bearbeitende Fläche 2.4 verändert sich durch den variablen relativen Winkel 3 ähnlich wie in dem in Figur 1 gezeigten Beispiel. Sie wächst in Abhängigkeit der Entfernung des Mittelpunktes der momentan berührenden Fläche 2.3 vom Rotationszentrum der Polierfläche 2.1.In the method shown in Figure 5, the relative angle 3 increases steadily, whereas the absolute tilt angle 4 to the vertical 5 is constantly 0 °. This movement enables a simple position control of the tool 2. The tool 2 is positioned so that the center of the surface touching the same path radius as the circle touched by it on the workpiece surface 1.1. The working area 2.4 changes as a result of the variable relative angle 3, similar to the example shown in FIG. It grows as a function of the distance of the center of the currently touching surface 2.3 from the center of rotation of the polishing surface 2.1.
In Figur 6 ist eine Variante des Verfahrens dargestellt, bei der ein Werkzeug 2 mit einer ebenen Polierfläche 2.1 eingesetzt wird. Die Lage des Werkzeugs 2 wird wie bei herkömmlichen Polierverfahren in Abhängigkeit der Position des Werkzeugs 2 so eingestellt, dass der relative Winkel 3 zwischen der Werk¬ zeugachse 2.2 und der lokalen Oberflächennormalen 1.3 konstant 0° beträgt und die Polierfläche 2.1 somit tangential zur Werkstückoberfläche 1.1 ausge- richtet ist. Als berührende Fläche 2.4 wird jedoch nur in der Mitte des Werk¬ stücks 1 das Zentrum der Polierfläche benutzt, in den Außenbereichen wird das Werkzeug 2 tangential zur Werkstückoberfläche 1.1 verschoben, wodurch in Abhängigkeit der Rotationsgeschwindigkeit des Werkzeuges 2 der Poliervor¬ gang beschleunigt wird oder die Lebensdauer des Werkzeuges 2 erhöht wird. Auch ist das Polieren mit höherer Genauigkeit möglich. FIG. 6 shows a variant of the method in which a tool 2 having a planar polishing surface 2.1 is used. As in conventional polishing methods, the position of the tool 2 is set as a function of the position of the tool 2 such that the relative angle 3 between the tool axis 2.2 and the local surface normal 1.3 is constant 0 ° and the polishing surface 2.1 thus extends tangentially to the workpiece surface 1.1 - is directed. As a contacting surface 2.4, however, the center of the polishing surface is used only in the middle of the workpiece 1, in the outer regions the tool 2 is displaced tangentially to the workpiece surface 1.1, whereby the polishing process is accelerated depending on the rotational speed of the tool 2 or Life of the tool 2 is increased. Also, the polishing is possible with higher accuracy.
BEZUGSZEICHENLISTELIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
1 Werkstück1 workpiece
1.1 Werkstückoberfläche1.1 workpiece surface
1.2 Werkstückachse1.2 Workpiece axis
1.3 Oberflächennormale1.3 Surface Normal
2 Werkzeug2 tools
2.1 Polierfläche2.1 polishing surface
2.2 Werkzeugachse2.2 Tool axis
2.3 Momentan berührende Fläche2.3 Currently touching area
2.4 Bearbeitende Fläche2.4 Processing area
3 Relativer Winkel3 relative angle
4 Absoluter Kippwinkel4 Absolute tilt angle
5 Vertikale 5 vertical

Claims

P A T E N T A N S P RÜ C H E PATENT TALK
1. Verfahren zum Polieren einer Oberfläche eines Werkstückes (1) mittels eines um eine Werkzeugachse (2.2) rotierenden Werkzeugs (2), wobei das Werkstück (1) in einem Bereich einer Werkstückoberfläche (1.1) mit einer jeweils momentan berührenden Fläche (2.3), die wenigstens ein Teilbe¬ reich einer bearbeitenden Fläche (2.4) ist, die ihrerseits ein Teilbereich ei¬ ner Polierfläche (2.1) des Werkzeugs (2) ist, berührt wird, wobei die Werkzeugachse (2.2) die Polierfläche (2.1) durchstößt, dadurch gekenn¬ zeichnet, dass die Lage des Werkzeugs (2) so eingestellt wird, dass der Mittelpunkt der jeweils momentan das Werkstück (1) berührenden Flä¬ che (2.3) des Werkzeugs (2) abseits der Werkzeugachse (2.2) liegt.1. A method for polishing a surface of a workpiece (1) by means of a tool axis (2.2) rotating about a tool (2), wherein the workpiece (1) in a region of a workpiece surface (1.1) with a respective currently touching surface (2.3), which is at least a Teilbe¬ rich a machined surface (2.4), which in turn is a portion of ei¬ ner polishing surface (2.1) of the tool (2) is touched, the tool axis (2.2) pierces the polishing surface (2.1), characterized gekenn ¬ records that the position of the tool (2) is set so that the center of each currently the workpiece (1) touching surface (2.3) of the tool (2) off the tool axis (2.2).
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Werk¬ zeug (2) um eine von der Werkzeugachse (2.2) verschiedene Achse ver¬ kippt wird, wobei ein relativer Winkel (3) zwischen der Werkzeugach¬ se (2.2) und einer lokalen Oberflächennormalen (1.3) des Werkstücks (1) in dem berührten Bereich eingestellt wird.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the tool (2) is tilted about an axis different from the tool axis (2.2), wherein a relative angle (3) between the tool axis (2.2) and a local surface normal (1.3) of the workpiece (1) is adjusted in the touched area.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein relativer Winkel (3) von mehr als 0° eingestellt wird.3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that a relative angle (3) of more than 0 ° is set.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Werkzeug (2) um eine zur Werkzeugachse (2.2) senkrecht verlaufende Achse verkippt wird.4. The method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the tool (2) is tilted about a tool axis (2.2) perpendicular axis.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, 3 oder 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Werkzeug (2) entlang wenigstens eines Teils der Werkstückoberflä¬ che (1.1) translatorisch bewegt wird. 5. The method of claim 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that the tool (2) along at least part of the Werkstückoberflä¬ surface (1.1) is moved in translation.
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der relative Winkel (3) im Verlauf der translatorischen Bewegung entlang der Werk¬ stückoberfläche (1.1) zumindest abschnittsweise kontinuierlich verändert wird.6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the relative angle (3) in the course of the translational movement along the Werk¬ piece surface (1.1) is changed continuously at least in sections.
7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der einzustel¬ lende relative Winkel (3) anhand von Daten des Werkstücks (1) und/oder des Werkzeugs (2) ermittelt wird.7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the einzustel¬ loin relative angle (3) based on data of the workpiece (1) and / or the tool (2) is determined.
8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der relative Winkel (3) anhand der jeweiligen relativen Position des Werkzeugs (2) zum Werkstück (1) ermittelt wird.8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that the relative angle (3) based on the respective relative position of the tool (2) to the workpiece (1) is determined.
9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der relative Winkel (3) anhand einer Oberflächennormalen (1.3) des Werkstücks (1) im an dieser Position berührten Bereich der Werkstückoberfläche (1.1) ermittelt wird.9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the relative angle (3) on the basis of a surface normal (1.3) of the workpiece (1) in the area touched on this position of the workpiece surface (1.1) is determined.
10. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der relative Winkel (3) anhand einer Polierflächennormalen der je¬ weils momentan die Werkstückoberfläche (1) berührenden Fläche (2.3) des Werkzeugs (2) ermittelt wird.10. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the relative angle (3) based on a polishing surface normal of each time the workpiece surface (1) touching surface (2.3) of the tool (2) is determined.
11. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der relative Winkel (3) anhand eines zu erzielenden Abtrages von der Werkstückoberfläche (1.1) ermittelt wird.11. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that the relative angle (3) is determined based on an achievable Abtrages of the workpiece surface (1.1).
12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass während der translatorischen Bewegung der absolute Kippwinkel (4) zwischen der Werkzeugachse (2.2) und der Vertikalen (5) konstant gehalten wird. 12. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that during the translational movement of the absolute tilt angle (4) between the tool axis (2.2) and the vertical (5) is kept constant.
13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass während der translatorischen Bewegung der absolute Kippwinkel (4) zwischen der Werkzeugachse (2.2) und der Vertikalen (5) auf 0° gehalten wird.13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that during the translatory movement of the absolute tilt angle (4) between the tool axis (2.2) and the vertical (5) is held at 0 °.
14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der relative Winkel (3) im Verlauf der translatorischen Bewegung konstant gehalten wird.14. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the relative angle (3) is kept constant in the course of the translational movement.
15. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekenn¬ zeichnet, dass die Polierfläche (2.1) konvex ist.15. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the polishing surface (2.1) is convex.
16. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Werk¬ zeug (2) mit einer ebenen Polierfläche (2.4) in Abhängigkeit einer Ober¬ flächennormalen (1.3) des Werkstücks (1) in dem berührten Bereich um eine von der Werkzeugachse (2.2) verschiedene Achse gekippt wird, wo¬ bei die Werkzeugachse (2.2) parallel zu der Oberflächennormalen (1.3) ausgerichtet und das Werkzeug (2) parallel zu einer Werkstückoberflä¬ che (1.1) in dem berührten Bereich verschoben ist.16. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a tool (2) with a planar polishing surface (2.4) as a function of a surface normal (1.3) of the workpiece (1) in the area touched by one of the tool axis (2.2 ), wherein the tool axis (2.2) is aligned parallel to the surface normal (1.3) and the tool (2) is displaced parallel to a workpiece surface (1.1) in the contacted region.
17. Verfahren nach Anspruch 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Betrag der Verschiebung anhand eines zu erzielenden Abtrages ermittelt wird.17. The method according to claim 16, characterized in that the amount of the shift is determined on the basis of a discount to be achieved.
18. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekenn¬ zeichnet, dass das Werkstück (1) um eine Werkstückachse (1.2) rotiert.18. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the workpiece (1) about a workpiece axis (1.2) rotates.
19. Verfahren nach Anspruch 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Rotati¬ onsbewegungen von Werkstück (1) und Werkzeug (2) entgegengesetzt ge¬ richtet sind, so dass die Relativgeschwindigkeit zwischen Werkstückober¬ fläche (1.1) und Polierfläche (2.1) im Bereich der jeweils momentan be¬ rührenden Fläche (2.3) vergrößert wird. 19. The method according to claim 18, characterized in that the rotational movements of workpiece (1) and tool (2) are directed in opposite directions so that the relative speed between workpiece surface (1.1) and polishing surface (2.1) in the region of each currently be¬ touching surface (2.3) is increased.
20. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekenn¬ zeichnet, dass das Werkzeug (2) gegen die Werkstückoberfläche (1.1) ge- presst wird.20. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the tool (2) against the workpiece surface (1.1) is pressed.
21. Verfahren nach Anspruch 20, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der An¬ pressdruck steuerbar ist.21. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that the contact pressure can be controlled.
22. Verfahren nach Anspruch 20 oder 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Anpressdruck mittels Druckluft erzeugt wird.22. The method according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that the contact pressure is generated by means of compressed air.
23. Verwendung des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 22 für das Polieren optisch wirksamer Flächen.23. Use of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 22 for the polishing of optically active surfaces.
24. Verwendung des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 22 zur Bear¬ beitung rotationssymmetrischer Linsen. 24. Use of the method according to one of claims 1 to 22 for Bear¬ processing rotationally symmetric lenses.
EP05791201A 2004-09-30 2005-09-28 Method for polishing particularly of optically-active surfaces such as lenses Not-in-force EP1796872B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE102004047563A DE102004047563A1 (en) 2004-09-30 2004-09-30 Method of polishing
PCT/DE2005/001712 WO2006034695A1 (en) 2004-09-30 2005-09-28 Method for polishing particularly of optically-active surfaces such as lenses

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1796872A1 true EP1796872A1 (en) 2007-06-20
EP1796872B1 EP1796872B1 (en) 2008-11-26

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US (1) US7854645B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1796872B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE415241T1 (en)
DE (2) DE102004047563A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2318539T3 (en)
WO (1) WO2006034695A1 (en)

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Publication number Publication date
EP1796872B1 (en) 2008-11-26
ATE415241T1 (en) 2008-12-15
ES2318539T3 (en) 2009-05-01
US7854645B2 (en) 2010-12-21
DE102004047563A1 (en) 2006-04-06
DE502005006093D1 (en) 2009-01-08
WO2006034695A1 (en) 2006-04-06
US20070173176A1 (en) 2007-07-26

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