EP1789802A1 - Phosphorylated vimentin serving as a marker of the aggressiveness and/or invasiveness of tumors - Google Patents

Phosphorylated vimentin serving as a marker of the aggressiveness and/or invasiveness of tumors

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Publication number
EP1789802A1
EP1789802A1 EP05797071A EP05797071A EP1789802A1 EP 1789802 A1 EP1789802 A1 EP 1789802A1 EP 05797071 A EP05797071 A EP 05797071A EP 05797071 A EP05797071 A EP 05797071A EP 1789802 A1 EP1789802 A1 EP 1789802A1
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Prior art keywords
vimentin
phosphorylated
protein
cells
tumor
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1789802B1 (en
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Ali Bouamrani
Emmanuel Gay
Jean-Paul Issartel
François Berger
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Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale INSERM
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Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale INSERM
Genome Express SA
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/574Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
    • G01N33/57484Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer involving compounds serving as markers for tumor, cancer, neoplasia, e.g. cellular determinants, receptors, heat shock/stress proteins, A-protein, oligosaccharides, metabolites
    • G01N33/57492Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer involving compounds serving as markers for tumor, cancer, neoplasia, e.g. cellular determinants, receptors, heat shock/stress proteins, A-protein, oligosaccharides, metabolites involving compounds localized on the membrane of tumor or cancer cells
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5011Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing antineoplastic activity

Definitions

  • Vimentin phosphorylcc as a marker of aggression and / or invasiveness of tumors
  • the present invention relates to a novel method that can be used to determine the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of a tumor as well as a method for identifying an anticancer agent to reduce aggression and / or invasiveness of a tumor. 'a tumor.
  • the invention is based on the finding by the inventors that the vimentin produced by the cancer cells could be a marker of the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of a tumor.
  • This quality of marker was not related to the level of expression of the vimentin in the cancerous cells, but to a post-translational transformation of this protein different according to the degree of aggressiveness and / or invasiveness.
  • Phosphorylated vimentin is specifically detectable in non-invasive tumors. Conversely, this marker is significantly lower in tumors of poor prognosis, namely tumors whose invasiveness endangers the survival of patients with these types of tumors.
  • the neuropathological diagnosis of tumors combines the evaluation of two fundamental parameters (Chatel and Brucher, 2001, Daumas-Duport and Figarella-Branger, 2002):
  • a cytological criterion which corresponds to cell typing. This typing consists in determining the histological origin of the tumor. Astrocytomas (tumors of astrocytic cells), oligodendrogliomas (oligodendrocyte tumors), meningiomas (meningeal tumors) are distinguished, for example; as well as many other types of tumors
  • a histopronostic criterion which according to elements of microscopic observations of the morphology of the cells, consists in attributing to the tumor a grade of malignancy. Tumors can be categorized on a scale of up to four grades (depending on the classifications used) that predict the degree of evolution and invasiveness of the tumor lesion. Some tumors are not very progressive, others grow very quickly.
  • cytogenetic analyzes the search for chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, amplifications of regions, loss of heterozygosity (especially allelic losses in Ip and 19q for oligodendrogliomas (Cairncross et al, 1998)), search for markers signifying fragmentations and translocations of chromosomes. These events that can affect various chromosomal regions of multiple chromosomes are often detected using methods such as: karyotype definition, Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), in situ fluorescent probe hybridization (FISH) or techniques based on PCR.
  • CGH Comparative Genomic Hybridization
  • FISH in situ fluorescent probe hybridization
  • protein markers immunohistochemical detection of the acidic gliofibrillar protein (GFAP) indicative of the normal or tumor astrocyte; proliferation antigen Ki 67.
  • the relevance of the diagnosis has a preponderant impact on the therapeutic action taken by the clinician who has a range of means of fight against tumors.
  • Vimentin is a 465 amino acid protein of molecular weight 53554 Da (Swiss-Prot (http://www.expasy.org) accession number: P08670).
  • the gene encoding vimentin is located on chromosome 10 in the 10p13 region (Ferrari et al., 1987). There is a single copy of this gene in the human haploid genome (a pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 6, cytogenetic region 6q22.32). A single transcript of about 1.8 kbp is usually detected in cells expressing vimentin (Lilienbaum et al, 1986, Perreau et al, 1988). Several polymorphisms or sequencing conflicts are reported in the literature (Ferrari et al, 1986, Perreau et al, 1988, Honoré et al, 1990).
  • vimentin like GFAP, would be found neither in medulloblastomas nor in oligodendrogliomas (Yung et al, 1985), but present in all astrocytomas (Yang et al, 1994).
  • EMT epithelio-mesenchymal transition
  • Vimentin is detected in many hormone-independent mammary carcinomas (epithelial carcinomas) (Cattoretti et al, 1988, Sommers et al, 1989). Hyperexpression of vimentin correlates with marked invasive and metastatic character in carcinoma of the cervix (Gilles et al, 1996). The detection of vimentin in kidney carcinoma cells is a marker of poor prognosis (Donhuijsen and Schulz, 1989); in these tumors, there would be a relationship between vimentin expression, nuclear DNA content, and histological grade (Dierick et al, 1991). For some tumor cell lines of the prostate, motility but not invasiveness can be correlated with higher expression of vimentin in vitro.
  • hepatocarcinoma cells Hep3B treated with phorbol esters (activators of Protein Kinases C, PKC) or with retinoic acid respectively show an increase in the transcript ratio of the vimentin or a decrease. These compounds do not affect cell proliferation but the invasive potential, measured in vitro, is increased by phorbol esters and reduced with retinoic acid (Yoon et al, 2004).
  • the measurement of the expression level of vimentin is not a parameter which makes it possible to make a diagnosis or to predict the capacities of evolution of the tumors (Raymond and Leong, 1989, Holck et al, 1993 Heatley et al, 1995, 2002).
  • vimentin does not necessarily correlate with the invasiveness according to the cell lines tested. Transcriptional control of vimentin expression does not appear to be the only criterion for rationalizing the invasiveness of tumors.
  • Vimentin may exist in a non-phosphorylated form and multiple phosphorylated forms. The phosphorylation of vimentin plays an important role in the disassembly of intermediate filaments. Several serine residues predominantly located in the N-terminal part of the protein constitute the post-translational modification sites by phosphorylation (Ando et al, 1989, 1991, Chou et al, 1991, Huang et al, 1994).
  • vimentin has different statuses: phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated depending on the different stages of mitosis (Tsujimura et al, 1994).
  • Aggression means the characteristic defining the malignant nature of tumors.
  • Tumors are generally classified according to several grades (grades are established on a scale evolving, in majority and according to the types of tumors, on levels from I to IV). The grade is defined by combining various criteria based on clinical observation, histological and cytological parameters.
  • Invasiveness is meant according to the invention the faculty for a malignant tumor of high grade to spread outside the tissue in which it originated. This spread goes hand in hand with a colonization of new histological structures, the tumorization of adjacent tissues and / or the possibility of more or less generalizable invasion of the body by metastases.
  • the present invention thus relates to a method that can be used to determine the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of a tumor, said method comprising, on a sample of tumor cells previously removed, the steps of:
  • the content of phosphorylated vimentin and the content of non-phosphorylated vimentin can be determined on the same sample, the comparison of the two values makes it possible to determine whether the phosphorylated vimentin content is significant or low. .
  • vimentin is phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated preferably by means of a method selected from the group comprising:
  • the detection of vimentin phosphorylated or not in the biological extract comprising it comprises the detection of vimentin and / or fragments of vimentin.
  • the phosphorylation-modified vimentin is extracted from a sample of biopsic nature and then analyzed and detected by the experimental approach based on mass spectrometry called SELDI technology (Surface Enhanced Desorption / Ionization technology ) (Merchant and Weinberger, 2000, Weinberger et al, 2000). Briefly, this platform combines an enrichment of protein fractions, from a biological sample, on an activated chemical matrix support, coupled with a mass spectrometric analysis of the proteins thus adsorbed on the support.
  • SELDI technology Surface Enhanced Desorption / Ionization technology
  • Example 1 illustrates the results obtained for the analysis of various types of invasive or non-invasive tumors (meninges tumors, tumors of glial cells of the central nervous system (glioblastomas and oligodendrogliomas) and tumors of the lung).
  • diagnostic or prognostic purpose of the state of invasiveness of tumors and based in its basic principle on the detection and / or the assay of the identified marker, object of the invention, or on any product derived from this marker as well as on the precursors of this marker, on the one hand, or the biological elements which are involved in its synthesis, degradation or post-translational modification , on the other hand.
  • the setting up of diagnostic tests may require the detection and quantification of unmodified vimentin and phosphorylated vimentin. This may be required, for example, in order to make quantitative ratio measurements between forms of non-phosphorylated vimentin and phosphorylated forms.
  • the phosphorylated vimentin can be first purified from the extract obtained from the samples according to conventional biochemical methods and then detected according to methods chosen from those mentioned below as example.
  • the extraction of the phosphorylated protein does not rest, as in the case of the SELDI method for the affinity capture of the phosphorylated protein on surfaces of activated material (ProteinChip® type of Ciphergen).
  • the detection of this protein can be obtained according to one of the two approaches described below which allow the detection of all or fragments corresponding to or from the protein in its unphosphorylated form:
  • Unmodified vimentin may be detected as such after chemical or enzymatic removal of the phosphate groups (dephosphorylation) of the phosphorylated vimentin extracted from the samples.
  • This approach illustrated in the example 2, can be carried out in addition to the test for the detection of phosphorylated vimentin and in this case would confirm that the phosphorylated vimentin is present in the sample analyzed.
  • reagents components that will be called reagents that may interact with the form or forms of vimentin or their derivatives.
  • these reagents mention may be made, of course, of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies as well as their immunoreactive fragments, grafted or not on or with other components; particle elements capable of interacting with vimentin forms (phages or recombinant bacteria expressing on their surface polypeptide regions capable of interacting with haptens or antigens) (Gao et al, 1999, Knappik et al, 2000); or aptamers (chemical molecules of the polynucleotide or even polypeptide type capable of establishing high affinity non-covalent interactions with target molecules) (Ellington and Szostak 1990, Tuerk and GoId 1990).
  • These selective reagents allow a demonstration of the modified vimentin extremely reliably and according to the approaches, a quantification of the rate of this protein in the sample.
  • a robust approach and relatively simple in principle is to detect in sections, smears or other preparations from biopsies an immunohistological type analysis. In this case, it is therefore typically tests performed on a raw sample (cutting tumors consisting of more or less homogeneous cells).
  • the application of this technique consists in demonstrating a reaction between the reagents and the vimentin on the preparation.
  • the detection of the complexes requires the detection of a signal generated by the use of radioactive tracers, fluorescent reagents for example or colorimetric methods.
  • Non-invasive tumor cells containing phosphorylated vimentin will show a positive reaction with the specific selected reagent for phosphorylated vimentin. Conversely, invasive cells not containing detectable amounts of modified vimentin will not show a signal.
  • Fluorescence-based cell sorting assays Fluorescence-based cell sorting assays (Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting) (Hulett et al., 1969, Parks and Herzenberg, 1984): a fluorescently labeled reagent may be used to label whole cells derived from and isolated from biopsies and to allow the sorting and quantification of positive cells for the presence of modified vimentin.
  • a fluorescently labeled reagent may be used to label whole cells derived from and isolated from biopsies and to allow the sorting and quantification of positive cells for the presence of modified vimentin.
  • unlysed cells dissociated from freshly collected biopsic tissue are contacted with the fluorescent selective reagent and the suspension and then analyzed using a cell sorter.
  • the cell sorter individually detects the intensity of the fluorescent signal associated with each cell, isolates the cells in specific reservoirs and counts the number of cells thus selected.
  • the two methods described above do not necessarily require the preparation of a cell extract since they can be applied directly to cells.
  • Other methods (mainly based on antibody reagents) listed below after they require the preparation of a protein extract obtained after lysis of the sample to be analyzed. These methods are based on the analysis of the interaction between the reagent and the protein to be detected, including possibly the adsorption of the latter on a support (ELISA methods, RIA, FRET, micro-arrays, detectors using the plasmonic resonance of area).
  • ELISA methods, RIA, FRET, micro-arrays, detectors using the plasmonic resonance of area ELISA methods, RIA, FRET, micro-arrays, detectors using the plasmonic resonance of area.
  • antibodies to the modified vimentin can be used to selectively interact (and in some cases capture) the protein of interest in a complex mixture of an extract containing almost all the proteins contained in a tumor biopsy.
  • the interaction between the antibody and the modified vimentin leads to the formation of a binary complex, called complex-immune, composed of modified vimentin and antibodies.
  • complex-immune a binary complex, called complex-immune, composed of modified vimentin and antibodies.
  • tests based on isotopic markings and RIA radioimmuno assays
  • the immune complex is produced by adding to the reaction medium in addition to the biopsy protein extract and the antibody, a known amount of modified vimentin labeled with a radioactive isotope.
  • the modified vimentin present in the biological extract and the radioactive vimentin-tracer will compete for binding to the antibody.
  • the amount of detectable radioactivity in the fraction thus isolated is inversely proportional to the amount of modified vimentin present in a biopsy sample.
  • Diagnostic kits using the RIA principle are distributed for example, for various assays, by Schering / Cis-Bio International (Gif / Yvette, France, www.cisbiomternatioiiai.fr).
  • FRET Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
  • the dosage can, in its most attractive version, be carried out directly in solution (homogeneous phase assay) and does not require isolate or purify any of the components of the immune complex.
  • This method requires in one of these variants the use of two different antibodies directed against the modified vimentin and labeled with appropriate fluorescent groups.
  • the two fluorescent groups are selected so that their optical characteristics make it possible for one of the groups to be excitable by the light radiation used for the fluorescence measurement, and then allow the transfer of the excitation energy to the second fluorescent group. which emits, as a last resort, a fluorescence radiation of very specific wavelength.
  • Fluorescence transfer is effective only if both molecules are kept close to each other close enough to each other.
  • the two antibodies labeled by the two fluorescent groups are chosen so as to be able to bind simultaneously to the modified vimentin.
  • the formed ternary immune complex fluorescent excitation antibody - vimentin - fluorescent light emission antibody
  • the intensity of the measured fluorescence signal is therefore directly proportional to the quantity of modified vimentin present in the biological extract (Mathis 1995, Szollosi et al 1998, Blomberg et al 1999, Ueda et al., 1999, Enomoto et al. , 2000).
  • Protein analysis by the fluorescence transfer method can be performed on the Kryptor® apparatus of the German company BRAHMS (www.brahms.de).
  • Detection tests based on the macroscopic detection of immune complexes (latex test, immuno-detection strips) (Singer et al., 1957, Hechemy et al, 1974): in this type of detection system, antibodies modified anti-vimentin are chemically coupled to particulate components of micrometric sizes such as colored or unstained polymer beads.
  • the incubation in a liquid medium of a fluid suspension of these antibody-coated beads with the biological extract to be analyzed leads to the creation of complex-immune aggregating several molecules of vimentin and several beads of polymers. This aggregation results in the formation of bundles of logs whose size becomes macroscopically important to the point of being "visible" to the eye by an operator.
  • the immune complexes are subjected to capillary migration on a chromatographic support strip and revealed by creating a colored band indicating the presence or absence of the detected antigen (symbolized test).
  • immunodetection strips widely used routinely for example for pregnancy tests). Latex tests are marketed by Bio-Mérieux for microbiological diagnostics for example (www.biomerieux.com).
  • Tests involving media capture Different antigen-antibody reaction detection tests can be performed using various modes of interaction or adsorption of the components with supports, reaction cups or microdetection systems. These tests often combine high levels of performance, related to the high sensitivities of the methods, the relative simplicity of sample handling, the robustness of the tests, and the high throughput processing capabilities of many simultaneous samples. a) methods derived from ELISA. One of the now classic methods, called
  • ELISA Enzyme Linked Immunoassays
  • the wells of the ELISA assay plate are filled with increasing dilutions of the sample.
  • the different proteins of the extract are fixed by adsorption on the bottom of the wells.
  • the adherent proteins on the walls of the wells are contacted with the specific antibodies to detect the presence of the modified vimentin.
  • the modified anti-vimentin antibody will immobilize in the bottom of the well, if and only if the antigenic protein is adsorbed on the wall of the well.
  • a detection step (based for example on a simple colorimetric test) of the presence of antibodies at the bottom of the wells consequently informs the presence of modified vimentin, adsorbed in the wells and therefore on its presence in the sample of departure.
  • Conducting assays on sample dilutions quantitatively estimates the level of modified vimentin in the biological sample.
  • Analyzes of ELISA tests can be performed on devices such as the VIDAS system distributed by Bio-Mérieux (www.biomerieux.com).
  • the micro-arrays technique is based on a logic of miniaturization, automation and more or less massive parallelization of the number of tests.
  • micro-arrays of proteins consisting of generally flat solid surfaces (glass slides, silicon fragments, etc.) comprising antibodies fixed by various chemical methods on the support, each antibody being deposited on a small surface of the support representing a few micron-squares of surface.
  • the antibodies are immobilized on the support by deposition of antibody suspension microdroplets on these supports (Peluso et al, 2003, Kusnezow and Hoheisel, 2003).
  • the formed immune complexes can be detected by various technical means, the most common being based on the detection of fluorescence signals or by a method using surface plasmon resonance (Vikinge et al., 1998). Kusnezow and Hoheisel, 2003).
  • This latter method of detection is the basis of a technique for analyzing the interactions between antibodies and proteins and makes it possible to measure the kinetics of interaction between antigens and antibodies as well as the quantities of antigens present in a sample ( Fagerstam et al, 1990, Szabo et al, 1995).
  • This technique is developed in the form of measurement automata, an example of which is known as BIAcore (BIAcore AB, Uppsala, Sweden, http://www.biacore.com).
  • the electrophoretic migration conditions can be optimized so that, given the different physicochemical characteristics (pi and different molecular weights) of vimentin and phosphorylated vimentin, these two components can be separated on two different zones of the gel, then the detection might require in this case only one antibody. Indeed, in this case, an antibody recognizing both the phosphorylated form and the non-phosphorylated form will lead to the manifestation of one or two vimentin detection signals on the Western blot; each of the signals then being easily attributable to native vimentin or vimentin phosphorylated according to the migration distances of these two entities observed during electrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel.
  • a reagent which selectively binds to phosphate groups present on proteins or induces specific chemical reactions with these phosphate groups will make it possible, depending on the case, to produce a radioactive, luminescent, colorimetric signal (case of dye reagent included in the kit "GelCode® phosphoprotein staining kit” - Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA; http://www.piercenet.com) or fluorescent (case of the fluorochrome included in the kit "Pro-Q® Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain” - Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA, http://www.probes.com).
  • the creation of this signal will specifically provide information on the presence of phosphate groups in the separated proteins in the electrophoresis gel.
  • the detection of this signal revealing the presence of phosphate groups at a protein which has a migration distance in the gel compatible with the expected molecular mass for vimentin will be sufficient information to allow a diagnosis of the presence of modified vimentin in the biological sample.
  • the selective detection of the modified vimentin can thus also be obtained by interaction with antibodies or other reagents capable of interacting specifically with vimentin or by the demonstration of physicochemical characteristics. original and distinguished from the protein.
  • the method of diagnosis and pathological prognosis can include or rely on the detection or even the dosage of the enzymatic activities of various catalysts of cellular metabolism such as, in particular, kinases and / or phosphatases involved in the process of post-translational modification by phosphorylation of vimentin.
  • the diagnostic method would be based on the detection of one or more of the cellular components that act in this process of modification of vimentin (these components are to be found in a non-exhaustive list of the following factors: kinases, phosphatases, proteases; carriers facilitating the presentation of vimentin to kinases in specific cellular compartments; sequestration, and consequently the stability, of the phosphorylated vimentin in particular or even extra cellular sub-cellular compartments).
  • the assay in biopsy samples or other biological fluids of the phosphorylation activity of the kinase (s) which phosphorylates vimentin could show a null or normal activity of these kinases in the case of invasive tumors and at contrary, an increase in detectable phosphorylation activity, more or less intense, in the case of non-invasive tumors.
  • the phosphatase assay that eliminates the amino acid-modifying phosphate groups of vimentin could show normal activities in the case of non-invasive tumors and, on the contrary, an increase dephosphorylation activity detectable in the case of invasive tumors.
  • the measurement of the enzymatic activities of these compounds could not only constitute a diagnostic method of tumor invasiveness, but the physical detection of these compounds, coupled with their quantitative estimation, would constitute just as much an acceptable method of analysis if is that either the quantity of these components is modified in the cell or that one or the other of their physicochemical characteristics are altered in these invasive tumor cells or not and that these alterations can be detectable using appropriate technique.
  • a detection method based on the revelation of the phosphorylation capacities specific to a tumor sample: ie: on a micro-array type support, a number of peptides known to be known as kinase targets.
  • the method according to the invention can be used to determine the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of any type of tumor associated with overexpression of vimentin, including tumors of the central nervous system, breast carcinomas (epithelial tumors). hormone-independent, carcinoma of the cervix, kidney carcinomas, prostate cancers, bone metastases, hepatocarcinomas, melanomas or breast cancers.
  • the method according to the invention is used for determining the aggressivity and / or invasiveness of tumors of the central nervous system, in particular astrocytomas and meningiomas.
  • the present invention also relates to a diagnostic kit for the implementation of a method according to the invention, characterized in that it comprises on a suitable support, a means for the detection of non-phosphorylated vimentin and / or a means allowing the detection of phosphorylated vimentin.
  • the means for detecting unphosphorylated vimentin is chosen from:
  • the kit will require affinity supports for the capture of the protein (eg Ciphergen ProteinChip® strips). These supports will be adapted according to the chosen capture mode: supports with chemical reactivity adapted to the attachment of vimentin, or monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies recognizing all or part of the protein or its peptides. The phosphatase and / or protease reagents will also be necessary according to the chosen embodiment. For other tests, including ELISA tests, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies reacting against all or part of the vimentin will be essential.
  • affinity supports for the capture of the protein eg Ciphergen ProteinChip® strips. These supports will be adapted according to the chosen capture mode: supports with chemical reactivity adapted to the attachment of vimentin, or monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies recognizing all or part of the protein or its peptides. The phosphatase and / or protease reagents will also be necessary according to the chosen embodiment. For other tests, including
  • Specific reagents for the detection of immune complexes formed during the test will be chosen from conventional detection systems suitable for this type of test (for example secondary antibodies coupled to enzymatic systems allowing the execution of colorimetric reaction).
  • the phosphatase and / or protease reagents will also be necessary according to the chosen embodiment.
  • radioimmunoassay assays in addition to antibodies (or other specific capture agents for vimentin and its derivatives), a tracer identical to vimentin, or mimicking it with capture agents, will be required. in radioactively labeled form (or optionally according to other methods, for example: fluorescently labeled).
  • the means for detecting phosphorylated vimentin is chosen from:
  • the kit will require affinity supports for the capture of the protein (eg Ciphergen ProteinChips). These supports will be adapted according to the mode of capture chosen: supports with chemical reactivity adapted to the fixation of the vimentin, or monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal recognizing all or part of the protein or its peptides.
  • the protease type reagents will also be necessary according to the chosen embodiment.
  • polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies reacting against all or part of the vimentin will be essential.
  • Specific reagents for the detection of immune complexes formed during the test will be chosen from conventional detection systems suitable for this type of test (for example secondary antibodies coupled to enzymatic systems allowing the execution of colorimetric reaction).
  • the protease type reagents will also be necessary according to the chosen embodiment.
  • Western blot antibodies specific for the protein or its peptides or colorimetric or fluorescent labeling reagents specific for phosphoryl groups.
  • radioimmunoassay assays in addition to antibodies (or other specific capture agents for vimentin and its derivatives), a tracer identical to vimentin, or mimicking it with capture agents, will be required. in radioactively labeled form (or optionally according to other methods, for example: fluorescently labeled).
  • the support is chosen from supports of chemical compounds capable of interacting with phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated vimentin (for example: silica supports with ion exchange capacity), multi-well assay plates.
  • the diagnostic kit may also include any type of chemical reagent essential for the extraction, solubilization, enrichment, enzymatic digestion of the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated protein and for the detection of protein (coloring, chemical modifications, ).
  • the kit will also contain, for quantification and control-positive purposes, appropriate standard proteins, whether or not related to phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated vimentin.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for identifying an anti-cancer agent making it possible to reduce the aggressiveness and / or the invasiveness of a tumor by promoting the phosphorylation of vimentin, characterized in that it comprises the steps of: cell culture producing non-phosphorylated vimentin,
  • cells producing vimentin are cancer cells. They may also be non-cancerous cells expressing vimentin or else recombinant cells, more particularly mammalian cells, comprising a vector allowing the expression of the vimentin or its fragments. Also advantageously, the analysis of the vimentin produced to determine whether it is phosphorylated or not is carried out by the method defined above.
  • the present invention finally relates to a method for limiting the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of tumors, a method in which the phosphorylation of vimentin in cancer cells is promoted by the administration of a suitable therapeutic agent.
  • It relates to the use of an agent suitable for promoting the phosphorylation of vimentin in cancer cells for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancerous tumors.
  • the first possible strategy is to intervene directly on the cellular concentrations of the different forms of vimentin.
  • 3 areas of intervention are possible: a. directly lower the amount of native (non-phosphorylated) vimentin synthesized by the cells or reduce its bioavailability within the cell and thereby increase the overall yield of enzymatic phosphorylation of cellular vimentin.
  • This can be achieved by modifying the level of expression of vimentin, or by sequestering or even "neutralizing" non-phosphorylated vimentin.
  • the latter possibility would be based on the use of compounds that will complex and "mask" this protein, or on the control of the targeting of the protein out of the cytosolic compartment (routing in specific subcellular compartments or possibly secretion).
  • a second possibility is to directly promote the action of kinases that phosphorylate vimentin. This can be envisaged in two different ways: by increasing the specific enzymatic activity of these kinases, or by their overproduction, 3.
  • the third approach that is likely to promote the accumulation of phospho-vi- the opposite of the strategy described in point 2 above, on various actions intended to reduce the level of cellular phosphatases or their activity.
  • Strategy 1 Changes in parameters related to vimentin (expression rate, accessibility, stability).
  • pharmacological compounds or molecules may be capable of more or less selectively reducing the transcriptional efficiency of the vimentin gene. This can be achieved in particular by modifying quantitatively or qualitatively the role played by essential genetic regions on the transcription rate of the vimentin gene (promoter regions, enhancers, silencers ).
  • promoter regions, enhancers, silencers include promoter regions, enhancers, silencers .
  • compounds such as retinoic acid derivatives have already been shown to be able to curb the transcription of the gene for vimentin and retinoic acid derivatives (N- (4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide or -HPR) would block prostatic carcinogenesis (Webber et al, 1999).
  • the control of the expression of the gene can also be conceived by altering the stability and / or the translation possibilities of the mRNA, product of the normal transcription of the gene.
  • This strategy involves for example the use of one or more antisense polynucleotides capable of interacting in the cell with the mRNA and disrupting its stability or ability to be translated into vimentin by ribosomes.
  • the use of antisense polynucleotides has already been tested in vitro to lower the expression of vimentin. Thus in a hormone-insensitive and invasive prostate tumor cell line, overexpression of the vimentin gene has been observed. Transfection with an antisense-vimentin construct effectively reduces the invasiveness of these tumors measured in vitro (Singh et al, 2003).
  • This type of antisense-vimentin oligonucleotide construct also reduces the rate of migration of epithelial cells during wound healing (Gilles et al, 1999).
  • in vitro transfection of breast carcinoma malignant cells with antisense oligonucleotides to block the expression of vimentin helps to reduce the invasive activity of the cells thus treated (Hendrix et al, 1997).
  • the impact of polynucleotide compounds or antisense constructs on the rate of phosphorylation of vimentin has not been determined.
  • RNAi interference RNA, siRNA
  • siRNA interference RNA
  • the stability of the mRNA can also be reduced by acting on the concentration and / or the affinity of the cellular compounds that interact with the vimentin mRNA.
  • the 3 'non-coding region of the vimentin transcript interacts with proteins such as HAX-I and eEF1-gamma (Al-Maghrebi et al, 2002). It is recognized that the binding of proteins to the non-coding regions of the mRNAs is likely to substantially modify the stability of the mRNAs (Saini et al, 1990, Cuadrado et al, 2002).
  • Another possibility is to create, in the cells, complexes between the vimentin and various molecular compounds to limit the amount of unmodified free vimentin post-translationally, and thereby facilitate a high level of phosphorylation of this protein by the kinases.
  • Final event which is expected, at the cellular level, a limitation of the invasiveness of the tumors.
  • the molecules that could interact with the unmodified vimentin are chemical molecules, antibodies or aptamers (polypeptide or polynucleotide molecules capable of binding with high affinity to a protein, in this case vimentin here).
  • Vimentin is an antigenic molecule and the production of antibodies directed against this protein is quite feasible. Works such as those published by Hartmann et al. (2004) show, moreover, that vimentin can even elicit autoimmune reactions since Autoantibodies to vimentin can be detected in the serum of many patients with cutaneous lymphomas.
  • vimentin can interact with the so-called 14-3-3 protein of tumor cells.
  • 14-3-3 protein of tumor cells.
  • the combination of 14-3-3 with phospho vimentin would alter the dephosphorylation of the latter (Tzivion et al, 2000). Therefore, any action likely to disturb the interaction of vimentin with this protein 14-3-3 (or other compounds that bind to vimentin) will have the potential to facilitate the accumulation of phosphovimentin and therefore by Consequently, it is possible to reduce the invasiveness of tumors in a controllable manner.
  • the second strategy involving an activation of the vimentin phosphorylation activity is based on the development of molecules that can interact directly or not with the kinases and stimulate their specific activity. It is interesting to note in this logic that the treatment of CHO-K1 cells (cells of fibroblastic origin perennialized from Chinese hamster ovary biopsy) with cAMP derivatives (cyclic adenosine 3 ', 5'-monophosphate) ) induces the loss of the malignant phenotype. This event is associated with the phosphorylation of vimentin (Chan et al, 1989). It is possible to assume that in the case of this example, cAMP could be held responsible, without it being formally demonstrated, for the activation of cAMP-dependent kinases. In addition, the increase in cell kinase levels can be increased by various approaches. For example, biology technologies molecular offer the possibility of creating gene constructs for the expression of kinases in tumor cells after import of these constructs into said cells.
  • phosphatases may be a molecular target of choice. Indeed, any slowing of the activity of these enzymes should lead to the accumulation of phosphovimentin. Specific molecules, dedicated to the inhibition of phosphatases, will be more effective than the phophatases specifically involved in the dephosphorylation of vimentin have been identified.
  • the inhibition of phosphatases may be based on the use of chemical molecules capable of interacting with these enzymes or the use of RNAi or antisense constructs capable of disturbing the expression of these enzymes.
  • calycin A which blocks type 1 phosphatase, has been shown to promote the detection of a phosphorylated form of vimentin by Rho kinase at serine 71 of vimentin. (Inada et al, 1999).
  • the possibilities of antagonizing the activity of phosphatases may also involve interventions on the formation of multimolecular active complexes of phosphatases. Any action on compounds that activate phosphatases is likely to prevent activation of these enzymes. It has been demonstrated, for example, that the B55 protein that activates PP2A phosphatase is required for the dephosphorylation of vimentin (Turowski et al, 1999).
  • Example 1 Detection of phosphorylated vimentin for the diagnosis of various invasive or non-invasive solid tumors according to the embodiment based on SELDI-type mass spectrometry.
  • tissue samples in the form of frozen biopsy sections, are used for the preparation of the protein extracts and analyzed according to the protocols described below: Tissue sections of 20 ⁇ m thick are made with a microtome and 20 sections are put in place. incubation for 30 minutes at 4 ° C in 300 microliters of lysis buffer (Reporter Lysis Buffer, Promega, Madison, WI, USA) containing a conventional antiprotease mixture. The sample is vortexed several times during this incubation period.
  • lysis buffer Reporter Lysis Buffer, Promega, Madison, WI, USA
  • the supernatant (said final extract) is obtained and a protein assay by a conventional method makes it possible to control that the concentration of protein in the final extract reaches a titre of 2 to 3 micrograms of total protein per microliter.
  • the final protein extracts are analyzed using ProteinChip® SAX2 type analysis strips from Ciphergen, composed of active surfaces composed of a so-called anion exchange matrix.
  • ProteinChip® SAX2 are impregnated with an attachment buffer (10mM Tris pH 8.0 and 0.1% Triton X100) for 5 minutes. After removal of this buffer the final protein extracts are deposited on the active surfaces in the following manner: the extracts are diluted to a final titre of 0.1 microgram per microliter and 100 microliters of this dilution are deposited in contact with the active surfaces.
  • the ProteinChip® are then incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes and subjected to vigorous continuous agitation.
  • the ProteinChip® are washed twice with a buffer consisting of 10mM Tris pH 8.0 and 0.1% Triton X100, then once with a second washing buffer composed of 10mM Tris pH 8, 0. A last wash is carried out in 2mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.5. Finally, the active surfaces are dried under a stream of air and 1.6 microliter of a SPA solution (Sinapinic acid, Ciphergen) is deposited on these surfaces.
  • a SPA solution Tinapinic acid, Ciphergen
  • ProteinChip® analysis is performed using the Ciphergen mass spectrometer.
  • the apparatus is subjected to a calibration step using purified protein standards known and deposited on ProteinChip®.
  • the standards usually used are bovine insulin (molecular mass 5733.6 Da), bovine cytochrome c (12230.9 Da) and bovine serum albumin (66410.0 Da).
  • biopsy samples were carried out on invasive or non-invasive tumors of the meningioma type (35 tumors), on lung tumors (4 samples) and tumors of the glial cells of the system. central nervous system (type glioblastomas and oligodendrogliomas, 4 samples). Phosphorylated vimentin is detected by the presence of a peak at 53.5 kDa.
  • the phosphorylated vimentin can be purified from the protein extracts by a protocol which consists in subjecting the extract to chromatography on a hyperD® Q column under operating conditions facilitating the fixing of the vimentin in its phosphorylated form on the chromatographic support and then eluting this specifically. protein by solutions of well-defined composition.
  • the extract is incubated with the resin of the column in the presence of 100 mM Tris pH 8.5 for 30 min with stirring. 3 washes for 5 min in 10 mM Na-citrate buffer, pH 3.5 with stirring and then 3 washes in a solution consisting of 5% acetonitrile + 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid + 50% isopropanol.
  • the elution of the protein of interest is carried out in 16% acetonitrile + 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid + 33% isopropanol.
  • Phosphorylated vimentin is able to interact extremely strongly with a ProteinChip® SAX2 anion exchange matrix.
  • the adsorption of the vimentin on the matrix is resistant to treatments with buffers of acidic pH and the fixed protein is not eluted, in particular by washing at pH 3.5.
  • the dephosphorylated vimentin loses its anionic character and is no longer capable of adsorption on the SAX2 anion exchange matrix. However, it remains able to bind to a hydrophilic matrix (Ciphergen ProteinChip® NP20).
  • the detection of vimentin can be carried out by exploiting the proteolytic fragmentation of the sample or purified phosphorylated vimentin (see Example 2).
  • the identification of the protein is based on a strategy consisting in analyzing by mass spectrometry the result of the digestion of phosphorylated vimentin (or even dephosphorylated by preliminary treatment with phosphatases) by a protease (trypsin, or endoproteinase-Lys, or endoproteinase GIu-C, ...) and to identify the detected peptide peaks having masses identical to those of the predicted peptides of the structure of the vimentin .
  • the analysis of the digestion residue with the endoproteinase GIu-C of phosphorylated vimentin shows, for example, 25 peptides of different molecular masses in a molecular-mass detection window of between 1000 and 3000 Da.
  • the correspondence analysis between the mass of these peptides detected with those of the peptides which can be generated from vimentin has shown that more than a dozen of these peptides correspond strictly to peptides derived from the digestion of vimentin by endoproteinase GIu-C.
  • Engvall E Jonsson K, Perlmann P., Biochim Biophys Acta. 1971, 251, 427-34.
  • Engvall E Perlmann P., J Immunol. 1972, 109, 129-35.
  • Ferrari S Battini R, Kaczmarek L, Rittling S, Calabretta B, Riel JK, Philiponis V, Wei JF, Baserga R., Mol CeIl Biol. 1986, 6, 3614-20.
  • Ferrari S Cannizzaro LA, Battini R, Huebner K, Baserga R., Am J Hum Genet. 1987, 41, 616-26.

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Abstract

The invention relates to a novel method used for deter-mining the aggressiveness and/or invasiveness of a tumor. The invention also relates to a method for identifying an anticancer agent that makes it possible to reduce the aggressiveness and/or invasiveness of a tumor. The invention is based on the inventors' findings that vimentin produced by the cancer cells can be a marker of the aggressiveness and/or invasiveness of a tumor. This maker capacity is not associated with expression of the vimentin in the cancer cells but is with a post-translational transformation of this different protein according to the degree of aggressiveness and/or invasiveness.

Description

Vimentine phosphorylcc comme marqueur de l'agressivité et/ou l'invasivité des tumeurs Vimentin phosphorylcc as a marker of aggression and / or invasiveness of tumors
La présente invention concerne un nouveau procédé susceptible d'être employé pour déterminer l'agressivité et/ou l'invasivité d'une tumeur ainsi qu'un procédé pour identifier un agent anticancéreux permettant de réduire l'agressivité et/ou l'invasivité d'une tumeur.The present invention relates to a novel method that can be used to determine the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of a tumor as well as a method for identifying an anticancer agent to reduce aggression and / or invasiveness of a tumor. 'a tumor.
L'invention est basée sur la constatation par les inventeurs que la vimentine produite par les cellules cancéreuses pouvait être un marqueur de l'agressivité et/ou de l'invasivité d'une tumeur.The invention is based on the finding by the inventors that the vimentin produced by the cancer cells could be a marker of the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of a tumor.
Cette qualité de marqueur n'était pas liée au niveau d'expression de la vimentine dans les cellules cancéreuses, mais sur une transformation post-traductionnelle de cette protéine différente selon le degré d'agressivité et/ou d'invasivité.This quality of marker was not related to the level of expression of the vimentin in the cancerous cells, but to a post-translational transformation of this protein different according to the degree of aggressiveness and / or invasiveness.
La vimentine phosphorylée, est détectable spécifiquement dans les tumeurs non- invasives. A l'inverse, ce marqueur est en quantité significativement beaucoup plus faible dans des tumeurs de mauvais pronostic, à savoir des tumeurs dont le caractère invasif met en péril la survie des patients présentant ce genre de tumeurs.Phosphorylated vimentin is specifically detectable in non-invasive tumors. Conversely, this marker is significantly lower in tumors of poor prognosis, namely tumors whose invasiveness endangers the survival of patients with these types of tumors.
Le diagnostic neuropathologique des tumeurs combine l'évaluation de deux paramètres fondamentaux (Chatel et Brucher, 2001 ; Daumas-Duport et Figarella-Branger, 2002) :The neuropathological diagnosis of tumors combines the evaluation of two fundamental parameters (Chatel and Brucher, 2001, Daumas-Duport and Figarella-Branger, 2002):
• Un critère cytologique, qui correspond au typage cellulaire. Ce typage consiste à déterminer l'origine histologique de la tumeur. On distingue, par exemple, des astrocytomes (tumeurs des cellules astrocytaires), des oligodendrogliomes (tumeurs des oligodendrocytes), des méningiomes (tumeurs des méninges) ; ainsi que de nombreux autres types de tumeurs• A cytological criterion, which corresponds to cell typing. This typing consists in determining the histological origin of the tumor. Astrocytomas (tumors of astrocytic cells), oligodendrogliomas (oligodendrocyte tumors), meningiomas (meningeal tumors) are distinguished, for example; as well as many other types of tumors
• Un critère d'histopronostique, qui en fonction d'éléments d'observations microscopiques de la morphologie des cellules, consiste à attribuer à la tumeur un grade de malignité. On peut catégoriser les tumeurs selon une échelle de quatre grades maximum (selon les classifications en vigueur utilisées) qui prédisent le degré d'évolution et d'invasivité de la lésion tumorale. Certaines tumeurs sont peu évolutives, d'autres croissent très rapidement.• A histopronostic criterion, which according to elements of microscopic observations of the morphology of the cells, consists in attributing to the tumor a grade of malignancy. Tumors can be categorized on a scale of up to four grades (depending on the classifications used) that predict the degree of evolution and invasiveness of the tumor lesion. Some tumors are not very progressive, others grow very quickly.
A l'heure actuelle, cette analyse histologique réalisée par l'anatomo-pathologiste est prédominante, malheureusement les discordances diagnostiques observées entre experts du domaine sont énormes (jusqu'à 64% de désaccord selon les tumeurs). Pire, des discordances similaires peuvent être notées lorsque les interprétations d'échantillons identiques sont confiées à la même personne à quelques semaines d'intervalles. Ce constat est inquiétant quand on sait que des erreurs diagnostiques peuvent entraîner une radiothérapie et/ou une chimiothérapie inutile et lourde de conséquences pour le patient. En complément de l'analyse histologique, il n'existe que quelques rares tests- diagnostics basés sur des approches moléculaires. Les observations cytologiques peuvent être ainsi complétées par la recherche d'anomalies génétiques et dans quelques laboratoires de la détection de certains marqueurs protéiques à l'aide d'anticorps spécifiques. On peut citer à titre d'exemples :At present, this histological analysis performed by the pathologist is predominant, unfortunately the diagnostic discrepancies observed between experts in the field are enormous (up to 64% of disagreement depending on the tumors). Worse, similar discrepancies can be noted when interpretations of identical samples are given to the same person a few weeks apart. This finding is disturbing when we know that diagnostic errors can lead to unnecessary radiotherapy and / or chemotherapy with serious consequences for the patient. In addition to histological analysis, there are only a few diagnostic tests based on molecular approaches. Cytological observations can thus be supplemented by the search for genetic abnormalities and in some laboratories the detection of certain protein markers using specific antibodies. Examples include:
• pour les analyses cytogénétiques : la recherche d'anomalies chromosomiques telles que délétions, amplifications de régions, pertes d'hétérozygoties (notamment pertes alléliques en Ip et 19q pour les oligodendrogliomes (Cairncross et al, 1998)), recherches de marqueurs signant les fragmentations et translocations de chromosomes. Ces événements qui peuvent affecter diverses régions chromosomiques de plusieurs chromosomes sont souvent détectés à l'aide de méthodes telles que : définition du caryotype, Hybridation Génomique Comparative (CGH), hybridation de sondes fluorescentes in situ (FISH) ou par des techniques basées sur la PCR. • pour la recherche de marqueurs protéiques : la détection immunohistochimique de la protéine gliofibrillaire acide (GFAP) indicatrice de l'astrocyte normal ou tumoral ; de l'antigène de prolifération Ki 67.• for cytogenetic analyzes: the search for chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, amplifications of regions, loss of heterozygosity (especially allelic losses in Ip and 19q for oligodendrogliomas (Cairncross et al, 1998)), search for markers signifying fragmentations and translocations of chromosomes. These events that can affect various chromosomal regions of multiple chromosomes are often detected using methods such as: karyotype definition, Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), in situ fluorescent probe hybridization (FISH) or techniques based on PCR. For the detection of protein markers: immunohistochemical detection of the acidic gliofibrillar protein (GFAP) indicative of the normal or tumor astrocyte; proliferation antigen Ki 67.
Il n'existe pas en routine, pour l'instant, de tests basés sur une détection et quantification de concentration de marqueurs transcriptomiques des tumeurs. Les quelques tests moléculaires disponibles actuellement ne permettent pas de distinguer sans ambiguïté les différents types de cellules tumorales et surtout, de pronostiquer correctement leur agressivité et invasivité.For the time being, there are no routine tests based on the detection and quantification of the concentration of transcriptomic markers of tumors. The few molecular tests currently available do not allow us to unambiguously distinguish the different types of tumor cells and, above all, to correctly predict their aggressiveness and invasiveness.
La pertinence du diagnostic a une incidence prépondérante sur l'action thérapeutique engagée par le clinicien qui dispose d'une panoplie de moyens de lutte contre les tumeurs.The relevance of the diagnosis has a preponderant impact on the therapeutic action taken by the clinician who has a range of means of fight against tumors.
L'exérèse de la tumeur constitue un moyen, a priori radical, pour éradiquer une tumeur. Dans la pratique clinique cette stratégie reste imparfaite. L'ablation de la tumeur se doit d'être exhaustive, ce qui est loin d'être le cas soit parce que les limites de la tumeur restent difficiles à évaluer lors du diagnostic, soit que les tumeurs au caractère infiltrant ont déjà « irradié» des cellules pré-tumorales dans les régions cérébrales voisines à la tumeur primitive. Enfin, la chirurgie constituant un acte traumatisant à la base, l'opérabilité des tumeurs doit toujours être évaluée de manière critique en fonction du bilan bénéfice-risque pour le patient.Excision of the tumor is a means, a priori radical, to eradicate a tumor. In clinical practice this strategy remains imperfect. The removal of the tumor must be exhaustive, which is far from being the case either because the limits of the tumor remain difficult to evaluate at the time of diagnosis, or because infiltrating tumors have already "irradiated" pre-tumor cells in the brain regions adjacent to the primary tumor. Finally, as surgery constitutes a traumatic act at the base, the operability of the tumors must always be critically evaluated according to the benefit-risk balance for the patient.
Il est donc important de pouvoir disposer de nouvelles méthodes permettant de caractériser l'agressivité et/ou l'invasivité d'une tumeur.It is therefore important to have new methods to characterize the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of a tumor.
La vimentine est une protéine de 465 acides aminés de masse moléculaire 53554 Da (Swiss-Prot (http ://www. expasy . org) numéro d'accession: P08670). Le gène codant la vimentine est localisé sur le chromosome 10 dans la région 1Op 13 (Ferrari et al, 1987). Il existe une copie unique de ce gène dans le génome haploïde humain (un pseudogène a été identifié sur le chromosome 6 ; région cytogénétique 6q22.32). Un transcrit unique d'environ l,8kbp est habituellement détecté dans les cellules exprimant la vimentine (Lilienbaum et al, 1986 ; Perreau et al, 1988). Plusieurs polymorphismes ou conflits de séquençage sont reportés dans la littérature (Ferrari et al, 1986 ; Perreau et al, 1988 ; Honoré et al, 1990).Vimentin is a 465 amino acid protein of molecular weight 53554 Da (Swiss-Prot (http://www.expasy.org) accession number: P08670). The gene encoding vimentin is located on chromosome 10 in the 10p13 region (Ferrari et al., 1987). There is a single copy of this gene in the human haploid genome (a pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 6, cytogenetic region 6q22.32). A single transcript of about 1.8 kbp is usually detected in cells expressing vimentin (Lilienbaum et al, 1986, Perreau et al, 1988). Several polymorphisms or sequencing conflicts are reported in the literature (Ferrari et al, 1986, Perreau et al, 1988, Honoré et al, 1990).
Selon des explorations immunohistochimiques, la vimentine, tout comme la GFAP, ne seraient retrouvées ni dans les médulloblastomes, ni dans les oligodendrogliomes (Yung et al, 1985), mais bien présentes dans tous les astrocytomes (Yang et al, 1994).According to immunohistochemical investigations, vimentin, like GFAP, would be found neither in medulloblastomas nor in oligodendrogliomas (Yung et al, 1985), but present in all astrocytomas (Yang et al, 1994).
De nombreuses données dans la littérature suggèrent que dans les cellules cancéreuses épithéliales il y a expression aberrante de vimentine. Ce phénomène d'expression de protéines des filaments intermédiaires dans les cellules épithéliales, avec acquisition de propriétés migratoires et/ou invasives est appelé transition épithélio- mésenchymale (EMT).Numerous data in the literature suggest that in epithelial cancer cells there is aberrant expression of vimentin. This phenomenon of expression of intermediate filament proteins in epithelial cells, with acquisition of migratory and / or invasive properties is called epithelio-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
La vimentine est détectée dans de nombreux carcinomes (tumeurs épithéliales) mammaires hormone-indépendants (Cattoretti et al, 1988 ; Sommers et al, 1989). L'hyperexpression de vimentine serait à mettre en corrélation avec un caractère invasif et métastasique marqué dans le cas du carcinome du col de l'utérus (Gilles et al, 1996). La détection de vimentine dans les cellules de carcinomes de rein est un marqueur de mauvais pronostic (Donhuijsen et Schulz, 1989) ; dans ces tumeurs, il y aurait relation entre expression de vimentine, contenu en ADN nucléaire et grade histologique (Dierick et al, 1991). Pour certaines lignées cellulaires tumorales de la prostate, la motilité mais pas l'invasivité peut être mise en corrélation avec une plus forte expression de la vimentine in vitro. Ces tumeurs qui expriment la vimentine sont susceptibles de produire des métastases osseuses (Lang et al, 2002). Les cellules d'hépatocarcinome Hep3B traitées par les esters de phorbol (activateurs de Protéines Kinases C, PKC) ou par l'acide rétinoïque montrent respectivement une augmentation du taux de transcrit de la vimentine ou une diminution. Ces composés n'affectent pas la prolifération cellulaire mais le potentiel invasif, mesuré in vitro, est augmenté par les esters de phorbol et réduit avec l'acide rétinoïque (Yoon et al, 2004). En outre, la coexpression de vimentine et de kératines dans les cellules tumorales de mélanomes ou de cancers mammaires est jugée par plusieurs auteurs comme un facteur d'accroissement des capacités prolifératives et métastasiques de ces tumeurs (Chu et al, 1996, Hendrix et al, 1997). Selon les publications mentionnées ci-dessus, il apparaît crédible de conclure que l'invasivité des cellules tumorales serait directement proportionnelle à la concentration cellulaire de vimentine. Néanmoins, on trouve aussi d'autres travaux qui ne confirment pas ce message. Dans les tumeurs mammaires, il a été indiqué que l'expression de la vimentine est un élément qui ne doit pas être associé avec un risque accru de décès et être considéré comme un facteur de mauvais pronostic (Seshadri et al, 1996). Pour d'autres auteurs, la mesure du taux d'expression de la vimentine n'est pas un paramètre qui permet de poser un diagnostic ni de prévoir les capacités d'évolution des tumeurs (Raymond and Leong, 1989 ; Holck et al, 1993 ; Heatley et al, 1995, 2002).Vimentin is detected in many hormone-independent mammary carcinomas (epithelial carcinomas) (Cattoretti et al, 1988, Sommers et al, 1989). Hyperexpression of vimentin correlates with marked invasive and metastatic character in carcinoma of the cervix (Gilles et al, 1996). The detection of vimentin in kidney carcinoma cells is a marker of poor prognosis (Donhuijsen and Schulz, 1989); in these tumors, there would be a relationship between vimentin expression, nuclear DNA content, and histological grade (Dierick et al, 1991). For some tumor cell lines of the prostate, motility but not invasiveness can be correlated with higher expression of vimentin in vitro. These tumors that express vimentin are likely to produce bone metastases (Lang et al, 2002). The hepatocarcinoma cells Hep3B treated with phorbol esters (activators of Protein Kinases C, PKC) or with retinoic acid respectively show an increase in the transcript ratio of the vimentin or a decrease. These compounds do not affect cell proliferation but the invasive potential, measured in vitro, is increased by phorbol esters and reduced with retinoic acid (Yoon et al, 2004). In addition, the coexpression of vimentin and keratin in tumor cells of melanomas or breast cancers has been judged by several authors to be a factor in increasing the proliferative and metastatic capacities of these tumors (Chu et al, 1996, Hendrix et al, 1997). According to the publications mentioned above, it seems credible to conclude that the invasiveness of the tumor cells would be directly proportional to the cell concentration of vimentin. Nevertheless, there are also other works that do not confirm this message. In mammary tumors, it has been reported that the expression of vimentin is an element that should not be associated with an increased risk of death and be considered a factor of poor prognosis (Seshadri et al, 1996). For other authors, the measurement of the expression level of vimentin is not a parameter which makes it possible to make a diagnosis or to predict the capacities of evolution of the tumors (Raymond and Leong, 1989, Holck et al, 1993 Heatley et al, 1995, 2002).
En clair, le niveau d'expression de la vimentine ne corrèle pas nécessairement avec l'invasivité selon les lignées cellulaires testées. Le contrôle transcriptionnel de l'expression de la vimentine n'apparaît donc pas comme le seul critère permettant de rationaliser l'invasivité des tumeurs. La vimentine peut exister sous une forme non-phosphorylée et de multiples formes phosphorylées. La phosphorylation de la vimentine joue un rôle important dans le désassemblage des filaments intermédiaires. Plusieurs résidus de serines majoritairement situés dans la partie N terminale de la protéine constituent les sites de modification post- traductionnelle par phosphorylation (Ando et al, 1989, 1991 ; Chou et al, 1991 ; Huang et al, 1994). Plusieurs kinases différentes peuvent être impliquées dans ces modifications de la vimentine (Tsujimura et al, 1994). Dans les cellules en cours de prolifération, la vimentine présente différents statuts : phosphorylée ou non-phosphorylée en fonction des différentes étapes des mitoses (Tsujimura et al, 1994).Clearly, the level of expression of vimentin does not necessarily correlate with the invasiveness according to the cell lines tested. Transcriptional control of vimentin expression does not appear to be the only criterion for rationalizing the invasiveness of tumors. Vimentin may exist in a non-phosphorylated form and multiple phosphorylated forms. The phosphorylation of vimentin plays an important role in the disassembly of intermediate filaments. Several serine residues predominantly located in the N-terminal part of the protein constitute the post-translational modification sites by phosphorylation (Ando et al, 1989, 1991, Chou et al, 1991, Huang et al, 1994). Several different kinases may be involved in these modifications of vimentin (Tsujimura et al, 1994). In cells in the course of proliferation, vimentin has different statuses: phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated depending on the different stages of mitosis (Tsujimura et al, 1994).
Par Agressivité, on entend selon l'invention la caractéristique définissant le caractère malin des tumeurs. Les tumeurs sont généralement classifiées selon plusieurs grades (les grades sont établis sur une échelle évoluant, en majorité et en fonction des types de tumeurs, sur des niveaux de I à IV). Le grade est défini en combinant des critères divers basés sur l'observation clinique, les paramètres histologiques et cytologiques.Aggression means according to the invention the characteristic defining the malignant nature of tumors. Tumors are generally classified according to several grades (grades are established on a scale evolving, in majority and according to the types of tumors, on levels from I to IV). The grade is defined by combining various criteria based on clinical observation, histological and cytological parameters.
Par Invasivité, on entend selon l'invention la faculté pour une tumeur maligne de haut grade de se propager en dehors du tissu au sein duquel elle a pris naissance. Cette propagation va de pair avec une colonisation de nouvelles structures histologiques, la tumorisation de tissus adjacents et/ou la possibilité d'envahissement plus ou moins généralisable de l'organisme par voies de métastases.By Invasiveness is meant according to the invention the faculty for a malignant tumor of high grade to spread outside the tissue in which it originated. This spread goes hand in hand with a colonization of new histological structures, the tumorization of adjacent tissues and / or the possibility of more or less generalizable invasion of the body by metastases.
La présente invention concerne donc un procédé susceptible d'être employé pour déterminer l'agressivité et/ou l'invasivité d'une tumeur, ledit procédé comprenant, sur un échantillon de cellules tumorales préalablement prélevé les étapes de :The present invention thus relates to a method that can be used to determine the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of a tumor, said method comprising, on a sample of tumor cells previously removed, the steps of:
- préparer un extrait biologique comprenant de la vimentine, et- preparing a biological extract comprising vimentin, and
- déterminer si la vimentine ainsi extraite est phosphorylée ou non phosphorylée, la présence significative de vimentine phosphorylée étant un indice de non-agressivité et/ou non- invasivité de la tumeur.- Determine whether the vimentin thus extracted is phosphorylated or not phosphorylated, the significant presence of phosphorylated vimentin being an index of non-aggressiveness and / or non-invasiveness of the tumor.
Pour la méthode selon l'invention, on pourra établir la teneur moyenne en vimentine phosphorylée sur des échantillons de cellules tumorales connues pour leur agressivité et/ou invasivité, puis ensuite comparer la teneur en vimentine phosphorylée d'un nouvel échantillon à analyser avec cette teneur moyenne, valeur standard d'invasivité et/ou d'agressivité.For the method according to the invention, it will be possible to establish the average content of phosphorylated vimentin on samples of tumor cells known for their aggressivity and / or invasiveness, and then to compare the phosphorylated vimentin content. of a new sample to be analyzed with this average content, standard value of invasiveness and / or aggression.
C'est par rapport à la teneur moyenne associée aux tumeurs invasives que l'on pourra déterminer si la teneur en vimentine phosphorylée de l'échantillon à analyser est significativement importante - indice de non-invasivité et/ou de non-agressivité - ou significativement faible - indice d'invasivité et/ou d'agressivité -.It is in relation to the average content associated with invasive tumors that it will be possible to determine whether the phosphorylated vimentin content of the sample to be analyzed is significantly important - index of non-invasiveness and / or non-aggressiveness - or significantly low - index of invasiveness and / or aggression -.
Pour la méthode selon l'invention, on pourra également établir la teneur moyenne en vimentine phosphorylée sur des échantillons de cellules tumorales connues pour leur non-agressivité et/ou non-invasivité, puis ensuite comparer la teneur en vimentine phosphorylée d'un nouvel échantillon à analyser avec cette teneur moyenne, valeur standard de non-invasivité et/ou de non-agressivité.For the method according to the invention, it will also be possible to establish the average content of phosphorylated vimentin on samples of tumor cells known for their non-aggressiveness and / or non-invasiveness, and then to compare the phosphorylated vimentin content of a new sample. to analyze with this average content, standard value of non-invasiveness and / or non-aggressiveness.
C'est par rapport à cette teneur moyenne associée aux tumeurs non invasives et/ou non agressives que l'on pourra déterminer si la teneur en vimentine phosphorylée est significativement importante ou faible. L'homme du métier pourra choisir d'effectuer une comparaison par rapport à une seule des deux valeurs standard ou par rapport aux deux valeurs standard ci-dessus.It is with respect to this average content associated with non-invasive and / or non-aggressive tumors that it will be possible to determine whether the phosphorylated vimentin content is significantly important or low. Those skilled in the art may choose to perform a comparison with respect to only one of the two standard values or with respect to the two standard values above.
Selon un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention, on pourra déterminer sur le même échantillon la teneur en vimentine phosphorylée et la teneur en vimentine non phosphorylée, la comparaison des deux valeurs permettent de déterminer si la teneur en vimentine phosphorylée est significativement importante ou faible.According to another embodiment of the invention, the content of phosphorylated vimentin and the content of non-phosphorylated vimentin can be determined on the same sample, the comparison of the two values makes it possible to determine whether the phosphorylated vimentin content is significant or low. .
Pour la mise en œuvre du procédé selon l'invention, on détermine si la vimentine est phosphorylée ou non phosphorylée de préférence au moyen d'une méthode sélectionnée parmi le groupe comprenant :For the implementation of the method according to the invention, it is determined whether the vimentin is phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated preferably by means of a method selected from the group comprising:
- l'analyse SELDI-TOF - la méthode FACS ou ses équivalents- SELDI-TOF analysis - FACS method or its equivalents
- les marquages isotopiques RIA- RIA isotopic markings
- le transfert de fluorescence FRETFRET fluorescence transfer
- la mise en évidence de complexe-immuns- highlighting complex-immune
- les méthodes permettant de détecter des réactions antigènes-anticorps comme les méthodes ELISA, les micro-arrays de protéines ou Western-blotmethods for detecting antigen-antibody reactions such as ELISA, protein micro-arrays or Western-blot methods
- les tests de migration électrophorétique avec mise en évidence de modifications post-traductionnelles de la vimentine.- electrophoretic migration tests with evidence of post-translational modifications of vimentin.
Selon le mode de détection choisi, la détection de la vimentine phosphorylée ou non dans l'extrait biologique la comprenant comprend la mise en évidence de la vimentine et/ou des fragments de vimentine.Depending on the detection method chosen, the detection of vimentin phosphorylated or not in the biological extract comprising it comprises the detection of vimentin and / or fragments of vimentin.
L'homme du métier saura déterminer les fragments de vimentine permettant de mettre en œuvre le procédé selon l'invention. Selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, la vimentine modifiée par phosphorylation est extraite d'un échantillon de nature biopsique puis analysée et détectée par l'approche expérimentale basée sur la spectrométrie de masse dite technologie SELDI (Surface Enhanced Desorption/Ionization technology) (Merchant et Weinberger, 2000 ; Weinberger et al, 2000). Brièvement, cette plate- forme allie un enrichissement en fractions protéiques, à partir d'un échantillon biologique, sur un support de type matrice chimique activée, couplé à une analyse par spectrométrie de masse des protéines ainsi adsorbées sur le support. Ce mode de réalisation est effectuée en exploitant la plateforme technique distribuée par la société Ciphergen (Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc. Fremont, CA5 USA ; http://www.ciphergen.com). L'exemple 1 illustre les résultats obtenus pour l'analyse de divers types de tumeurs invasives ou non-invasives (tumeurs des méninges, tumeurs des cellules gliales du système nerveux central (glioblastomes et oligodendrogliomes) et tumeurs du poumon).Those skilled in the art will be able to determine the fragments of vimentin making it possible to implement the process according to the invention. According to a first embodiment of the invention, the phosphorylation-modified vimentin is extracted from a sample of biopsic nature and then analyzed and detected by the experimental approach based on mass spectrometry called SELDI technology (Surface Enhanced Desorption / Ionization technology ) (Merchant and Weinberger, 2000, Weinberger et al, 2000). Briefly, this platform combines an enrichment of protein fractions, from a biological sample, on an activated chemical matrix support, coupled with a mass spectrometric analysis of the proteins thus adsorbed on the support. This embodiment is performed by exploiting the technical platform distributed by Ciphergen (Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc. Fremont, CA USA 5; http://www.ciphergen.com). Example 1 illustrates the results obtained for the analysis of various types of invasive or non-invasive tumors (meninges tumors, tumors of glial cells of the central nervous system (glioblastomas and oligodendrogliomas) and tumors of the lung).
Néanmoins, il est également possible de faire appel à d'autres procédés ou méthodes d'analyse pour constituer une application à visée diagnostique ou pronostique de l'état d'invasivité des tumeurs et reposant dans son principe de base sur la détection et/ou le dosage du marqueur identifié, objet de l'invention, ou sur tout produit issu de ce marqueur ainsi que sur les précurseurs de ce marqueur, d'une part, ou les éléments biologiques qui interviennent dans sa synthèse, dégradation ou modification post- traductionnelle, d'autre part. En outre, la mise en place de tests diagnostiques peut nécessiter que soient détectées voire quantifiées la vimentine non modifiée et la vimentine phosphorylée. Ceci peut être requis par exemple dans le but de procéder à des mesures de rapports de quantités entre les formes de vimentine non-phosphorylée et les formes phosphorylées. Selon un mode de réalisation autre que la méthode SELDI, la vimentine phosphorylée peut être tout d'abord purifiée de l'extrait obtenu à partir des échantillons selon des méthodes de biochimie classiques puis détectée selon des méthodes choisies parmi celles mentionnées ci-dessous à titre d'exemple. Dans ce cas, l'extraction de la protéine phosphorylée ne repose pas, comme dans le cas de la réalisation par la méthode SELDI sur la capture par affinité de la protéine phosphorylée sur des surfaces de matériau activé (type ProteinChip® de Ciphergen). Après enrichissement de l'extrait en vimentine phosphorylée, voire purification de la-dite protéine, la détection de cette protéine peut être obtenue selon l'une des 2 approches décrites ci-après qui permettent la détection de la totalité ou de fragments correspondants à, ou issus de la protéine sous sa forme non- phosphorylée:Nevertheless, it is also possible to use other methods or methods of analysis to constitute an application for diagnostic or prognostic purpose of the state of invasiveness of tumors and based in its basic principle on the detection and / or the assay of the identified marker, object of the invention, or on any product derived from this marker as well as on the precursors of this marker, on the one hand, or the biological elements which are involved in its synthesis, degradation or post-translational modification , on the other hand. In addition, the setting up of diagnostic tests may require the detection and quantification of unmodified vimentin and phosphorylated vimentin. This may be required, for example, in order to make quantitative ratio measurements between forms of non-phosphorylated vimentin and phosphorylated forms. According to an embodiment other than the SELDI method, the phosphorylated vimentin can be first purified from the extract obtained from the samples according to conventional biochemical methods and then detected according to methods chosen from those mentioned below as example. In this case, the extraction of the phosphorylated protein does not rest, as in the case of the SELDI method for the affinity capture of the phosphorylated protein on surfaces of activated material (ProteinChip® type of Ciphergen). After enrichment of the phosphorylated vimentin extract, or even purification of the said protein, the detection of this protein can be obtained according to one of the two approaches described below which allow the detection of all or fragments corresponding to or from the protein in its unphosphorylated form:
1. La vimentine non modifiée peut être détectée comme telle après élimination chimique ou enzymatique des groupements phosphates (déphosphorylation) de la vimentine phosphorylée extraite des échantillons. Cette approche, illustrée dans l'exemple 2 , peut être réalisée en complément du test de détection de la vimentine phosphorylée et permettrait dans ce cas de confirmer que la vimentine phosphorylée est bien présente dans l'échantillon analysé.1. Unmodified vimentin may be detected as such after chemical or enzymatic removal of the phosphate groups (dephosphorylation) of the phosphorylated vimentin extracted from the samples. This approach, illustrated in the example 2, can be carried out in addition to the test for the detection of phosphorylated vimentin and in this case would confirm that the phosphorylated vimentin is present in the sample analyzed.
2. Enfin, il est également envisageable de détecter la présence ou la disparition des peptides issus d'un clivage enzymatique ou chimique de la vimentine non modifiée. Une illustration de résultats d'analyse obtenus par la détection de peptides de digestion enzymatique est présentée dans l'exemple 3. En outre, le clivage de la vimentine phosphorylée par des réactions chimiques ou enzymatiques incluant des modifications chimiques des acides aminés phosphorylés (selon des méthodes s'inspirant de celles décrites par exemple par Rusnak et al, 2002 ou Knight et al, 2003) pourraient conduire à la création de peptides de vimentine identiques à des fractions de vimentine non modifiée et qui seraient alors détectables comme tels selon des méthodes appropriées.2. Finally, it is also conceivable to detect the presence or disappearance of the peptides resulting from an enzymatic or chemical cleavage of the unmodified vimentin. An illustration of analysis results obtained by the detection of enzymatic digestion peptides is presented in Example 3. In addition, the cleavage of phosphorylated vimentin by chemical or enzymatic reactions including chemical modifications of the phosphorylated amino acids (according to methods inspired by those described for example by Rusnak et al, 2002 or Knight et al, 2003) could lead to the creation of vimentin peptides identical to unmodified vimentin fractions and which would then be detectable as such by appropriate methods. .
D'autres techniques d'analyse sont également susceptibles d'être employées pour détecter la ou les formes de vimentine, phosphorylée(s) ou non, pour la réalisation d'un test biologique d'analyse à visée diagnostique. La liste non-exhaustive décrite ci-après à valeur d'exemple de techniques variées que l'homme de l'art est en mesure d'utiliser pour réaliser une analyse d'échantillons de tumeurs afin de détecter tout ou partie de la vimentine modifiée et d'en tirer une information à valeur diagnostique ou pronostique conformément à l'invention décrite ici. Les analyses pourront être réalisées directement sur des prélèvements bruts, fragments ou coupes de tissus (biopsies) ou sur des prélèvements ayant subit des traitements, correspondant de manière non-exhaustive à des lysats, extraits ou sous-fractions issus de ces tumeurs. Il est également envisageable de procéder à la recherche du marqueur ou de ces dérivés dans les liquides biologiques prélevés chez les patients. Le principe de base général utilisable consiste à disposer de composantsOther analysis techniques are also likely to be used to detect the form or forms of vimentin, phosphorylated or not, for carrying out a biological test for diagnostic analysis. The non-exhaustive list described below is an example of various techniques that those skilled in the art can use to perform an analysis of tumor samples in order to detect all or part of the modified vimentin. and derive information of diagnostic or prognostic value according to the invention described herein. The analyzes may be carried out directly on raw samples, fragments or sections of tissue (biopsies) or on samples that have undergone treatments, corresponding in a non-exhaustive manner to lysates, extracts or subfractions from these tumors. It is also conceivable to search for the marker or these derivatives in the biological fluids taken from patients. The basic general principle that can be used is to have components
(composants que l'on nommera réactifs) susceptibles d'interagir avec la ou les formes de vimentine ou leurs dérivés. Au chapitre de ces réactifs on peut citer bien évidemment, les anticorps polyclonaux ou monoclonaux ainsi que leurs fragments immunoréactifs, greffés ou non sur, ou avec d'autres composants ; des éléments particulaires susceptibles d'interagir avec les formes de vimentine (phages ou bactéries recombinants exprimant à leur surface des régions polypeptidiques capables d'interaction avec des haptènes ou antigènes) (Gao et al, 1999 ; Knappik et al, 2000) ; ou des aptamères (molécules chimiques de type polynucléotides voire polypeptidiques capables d'établir des interactions non covalentes de forte affinité avec des molécules cibles) (Ellington et Szostak, 1990 ; Tuerk et GoId, 1990). Ces réactifs sélectifs autorisent une mise en évidence de la vimentine modifiée de manière extrêmement fiable et selon les approches, une quantification du taux de cette protéine dans l'échantillon. L'utilisation de tels réactifs sélectifs peut être envisagée au travers de méthodes ou de protocoles variés qui sont évoqués ci-dessous.(components that will be called reagents) that may interact with the form or forms of vimentin or their derivatives. With regard to these reagents, mention may be made, of course, of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies as well as their immunoreactive fragments, grafted or not on or with other components; particle elements capable of interacting with vimentin forms (phages or recombinant bacteria expressing on their surface polypeptide regions capable of interacting with haptens or antigens) (Gao et al, 1999, Knappik et al, 2000); or aptamers (chemical molecules of the polynucleotide or even polypeptide type capable of establishing high affinity non-covalent interactions with target molecules) (Ellington and Szostak 1990, Tuerk and GoId 1990). These selective reagents allow a demonstration of the modified vimentin extremely reliably and according to the approaches, a quantification of the rate of this protein in the sample. The use of such selective reagents can be envisaged through various methods or protocols which are discussed below.
Analyses basées sur les techniques d'immuno-histo -chimie (Kiernan, 1999) :Analyzes based on immunohistochemistry techniques (Kiernan, 1999):
Une approche robuste et relativement simple dans son principe consiste à détecter dans des coupes, frottis ou autres préparations provenant des biopsies une analyse de type immuno-histologique. Dans ce cas il s'agit donc typiquement de tests réalisés sur un échantillon brut (coupe de tumeurs constituées de cellules plus ou moins homogènes). L'application de cette technique consiste à mettre en évidence une réaction entre les réactifs et la vimentine sur la préparation. La mise en évidence des complexes (protéines détectés-réactifs) impose la détection d'un signal généré par l'utilisation de traceurs radioactifs, de réactifs fluorescents par exemple ou de méthodes colorimétriques. Les cellules tumorales non-invasives contenant de la vimentine phosphorylée montreront une réaction positive avec le réactif sélectionné spécifique vis-à-vis de la vimentine phosphorylée. A l'inverse, les cellules invasives ne contenant pas de quantités détectables de vimentine modifiée ne montreront pas de signal.A robust approach and relatively simple in principle is to detect in sections, smears or other preparations from biopsies an immunohistological type analysis. In this case, it is therefore typically tests performed on a raw sample (cutting tumors consisting of more or less homogeneous cells). The application of this technique consists in demonstrating a reaction between the reagents and the vimentin on the preparation. The detection of the complexes (detected-reactive proteins) requires the detection of a signal generated by the use of radioactive tracers, fluorescent reagents for example or colorimetric methods. Non-invasive tumor cells containing phosphorylated vimentin will show a positive reaction with the specific selected reagent for phosphorylated vimentin. Conversely, invasive cells not containing detectable amounts of modified vimentin will not show a signal.
Tests basés sur le tri cellulaire utilisant la fluorescence (méthode dite cytométrie de flux ou FACS, Fluorescent Activated CeIl Sorting) (Hulett et al, 1969 ; Parks et Herzenberg, 1984) : un réactif marqué par un groupement fluorescent pourra être utilisé afin de marquer des cellules entières issues et isolées de biopsies et de permettre le tri et la quantification des cellules positives pour la présence de vimentine modifiée. Dans le cadre de cette méthode, les cellules non-lysées dissociées du tissu biopsique fraîchement collecté sont mises en contact du réactif sélectif fluorescent et la suspension et ensuite analysée à l'aide d'un trieur de cellule. Le trieur de cellules détecte de manière individuelle l'intensité du signal fluorescent associé à chaque cellule, isole les cellules dans des réservoirs spécifiques et procède au comptage du nombre de cellules ainsi sélectionnées. Des instruments conçus pour l'analyse FACS sont distribués par exemple par la société Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA ; http://www.bd.com). L'utilisation de paramètres techniques appropriés et optimisés (dilution des cellules, paramètres optiques,...) permet d'envisager le tri et comptage sélectif des cellules contenant de la vimentine modifiée ou non et d'assurer la faisabilité de cette méthode d'utilisation de l'invention décrite ici. A noter cependant, qu'une approche de cytométrie de flux appliquée à l'analyse des extraits protéiques (ie, sur les cellules lysées cette fois) pourrait être conduite par exemple avec la technologie Bio-Plex de Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA ; http://www.bio-rad.com).Fluorescence-based cell sorting assays (Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting) (Hulett et al., 1969, Parks and Herzenberg, 1984): a fluorescently labeled reagent may be used to label whole cells derived from and isolated from biopsies and to allow the sorting and quantification of positive cells for the presence of modified vimentin. As part of this method, unlysed cells dissociated from freshly collected biopsic tissue are contacted with the fluorescent selective reagent and the suspension and then analyzed using a cell sorter. The cell sorter individually detects the intensity of the fluorescent signal associated with each cell, isolates the cells in specific reservoirs and counts the number of cells thus selected. Instruments designed for FACS analysis are distributed for example by Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA, http://www.bd.com). The use of appropriate and optimized technical parameters (cell dilution, optical parameters, ...) makes it possible to envisage the sorting and selective counting of cells containing modified or non modified vimentin and to ensure the feasibility of this method of use of the invention described herein. It should be noted, however, that a flow cytometry approach applied to the analysis of protein extracts (ie, on the cells lysed this time) could be carried out for example with the Bio-Rad Bio-Plex technology (Hercules, CA, USA; http://www.bio-rad.com).
Les deux méthodes décrites ci-dessus ne requièrent pas nécessairement la préparation d'un extrait de cellules puisqu'elles peuvent être appliquées directement sur des cellules. D'autres méthodes (basées surtout sur des réactifs de type anticorps) listées ci- après nécessitent quant à elles la préparation d'un extrait protéique obtenu après lyse de l'échantillon à analyser. Ces méthodes sont basées sur l'analyse de l'interaction entre le réactif et la protéine à détecter, incluant éventuellement l'adsorption de cette dernière sur un support (méthodes ELISA, RIA, FRET, micro-arrays, détecteurs utilisant la résonance plasmonique de surface...). La génération d'un signal associé à cette interaction autorise la détection de la vimentine modifiée dans un échantillon et sa quantification, en fonction de l'intensité des signaux engendrés. Ainsi, des anticorps dirigés contre la vimentine modifiée peuvent être utilisés pour interagir (voire dans certains cas capturer) sélectivement la protéine d'intérêt dans un mélange complexe constitué d'un extrait contenant la quasi- totalité des protéines contenues dans une biopsie de tumeurs. L'interaction entre l'anticorps et la vimentine modifiée conduit à la formation d'un complexe binaire, dit complexe- immun, composé de vimentine modifiée et d'anticorps. Dans la plupart des cas et comme pour la méthode de détection préférée par les auteurs décrite dans ce document, les méthodes présentées ci-après s'adressent plus particulièrement, mais sans exclusive, à des lysats d'échantillons biopsiques.The two methods described above do not necessarily require the preparation of a cell extract since they can be applied directly to cells. Other methods (mainly based on antibody reagents) listed below after they require the preparation of a protein extract obtained after lysis of the sample to be analyzed. These methods are based on the analysis of the interaction between the reagent and the protein to be detected, including possibly the adsorption of the latter on a support (ELISA methods, RIA, FRET, micro-arrays, detectors using the plasmonic resonance of area...). The generation of a signal associated with this interaction allows the detection of the modified vimentin in a sample and its quantification, depending on the intensity of the signals generated. Thus, antibodies to the modified vimentin can be used to selectively interact (and in some cases capture) the protein of interest in a complex mixture of an extract containing almost all the proteins contained in a tumor biopsy. The interaction between the antibody and the modified vimentin leads to the formation of a binary complex, called complex-immune, composed of modified vimentin and antibodies. In most cases and as for the method of detection preferred by the authors described in this document, the methods presented below are particularly, but not exclusively, addressed to biopsy sample lysates.
Tests basés sur les marquages isotopiques et le RIA (radio-immuno assays) (Yalow et Berson, 1960 ; Booth et al, 1982) : dans une des variantes de ce dosage, le complexe- immun est réalisé, en rajoutant dans le milieu réactionnel, outre l'extrait protéique de biopsie et l'anticorps, une quantité connue de vimentine modifiée marquée par un isotope radioactif. La vimentine modifiée présente dans l'extrait biologique et la vimentine radioactive-traceur vont entrer en compétition pour la fixation sur l'anticorps. Après sélection des complexe-immuns formés, la quantité de radioactivité détectable dans la fraction ainsi isolée est inversement proportionnelle à la quantité de vimentine modifiée présente dans un échantillon biopsique. Des trousses diagnostiques utilisant le principe du RIA sont distribuées par exemple, pour divers dosages, par la société Schering / Cis-Bio International (Gif/Yvette, France ; www.cisbiomternatioîiai.fr).Tests based on isotopic markings and RIA (radioimmuno assays) (Yalow and Berson, 1960, Booth et al, 1982): in one of the variants of this assay, the immune complex is produced by adding to the reaction medium in addition to the biopsy protein extract and the antibody, a known amount of modified vimentin labeled with a radioactive isotope. The modified vimentin present in the biological extract and the radioactive vimentin-tracer will compete for binding to the antibody. After selection of formed immune complexes, the amount of detectable radioactivity in the fraction thus isolated is inversely proportional to the amount of modified vimentin present in a biopsy sample. Diagnostic kits using the RIA principle are distributed for example, for various assays, by Schering / Cis-Bio International (Gif / Yvette, France, www.cisbiomternatioiiai.fr).
Tests basés sur les méthodes de transfert de fluorescence, FRET (Fluorescence Résonance Energy Transfer) : pour une telle analyse, le dosage peut, dans sa version la plus attractive, être réalisé directement en solution (dosage en phase homogène) et ne nécessite pas d'isoler ou purifier l'un ou l'autre des composants du complexe-immun. Cette méthode nécessite dans une de ces variantes, l'utilisation de deux anticorps différents dirigés contre la vimentine modifiée et marqués par des groupements fluorescents appropriés. Les deux groupements fluorescents sont sélectionnés de telle sorte que leurs caractéristiques optiques permettent pour l'un des groupements d'être excitable par le rayonnement lumineux utilisé pour la mesure de fluorescence, puis autorisent le transfert de l'énergie d'excitation au deuxième groupement fluorescent qui émet, en dernier ressort, un rayonnement de fluorescence de longueur d'onde bien spécifique. Le transfert de fluorescence n'est effectif que si les deux molécules sont maintenues à proximité suffisamment rapprochée l'une de l'autre. De fait, dans ce type de dosage, les deux anticorps marqués par les deux groupements fluorescents sont choisis pour pouvoir se fixer de manière simultanée sur la vimentine modifiée. Le complexe-immun ternaire formé (anticorps fluorescent d'excitation - vimentine - anticorps fluorescent d'émission lumineuse) permet donc un rapprochement de deux anticorps et dans ce cas seulement, un signal de fluorescence peut être détecté. L'intensité du signal de fluorescence mesuré est donc directement proportionnelle à la quantité de vimentine modifiée présente dans l'extrait biologique (Mathis, 1995 ; Szollosi et al, 1998 ; Blomberg et al, 1999 ; Ueda et al, 1999 ; Enomoto et al, 2000). L'analyse de protéines par la méthode de transfert de fluorescence peut être effectué sur l'appareil Kryptor® de la société allemande B.R.A.H.M.S. (www.brahms.de).Tests based on fluorescence transfer methods, FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer): for such an analysis, the dosage can, in its most attractive version, be carried out directly in solution (homogeneous phase assay) and does not require isolate or purify any of the components of the immune complex. This method requires in one of these variants the use of two different antibodies directed against the modified vimentin and labeled with appropriate fluorescent groups. The two fluorescent groups are selected so that their optical characteristics make it possible for one of the groups to be excitable by the light radiation used for the fluorescence measurement, and then allow the transfer of the excitation energy to the second fluorescent group. which emits, as a last resort, a fluorescence radiation of very specific wavelength. Fluorescence transfer is effective only if both molecules are kept close to each other close enough to each other. In fact, in this type of assay, the two antibodies labeled by the two fluorescent groups are chosen so as to be able to bind simultaneously to the modified vimentin. The formed ternary immune complex (fluorescent excitation antibody - vimentin - fluorescent light emission antibody) thus allows a two-antibody approach and in this case only, a fluorescence signal can be detected. The intensity of the measured fluorescence signal is therefore directly proportional to the quantity of modified vimentin present in the biological extract (Mathis 1995, Szollosi et al 1998, Blomberg et al 1999, Ueda et al., 1999, Enomoto et al. , 2000). Protein analysis by the fluorescence transfer method can be performed on the Kryptor® apparatus of the German company BRAHMS (www.brahms.de).
Tests de détection basés sur la mise en évidence macroscopique des complexe-immuns (test au latex, bandes d'immuno-détection) (Singer et al, 1957 ; Hechemy et al, 1974) : dans ce type de système de détection, des anticorps anti-vimentine modifiée sont couplés chimiquement à des composants particulaires de tailles micrométriques telles que des billes de polymères colorées ou non. L'incubation en milieu liquide d'une suspension fluide de ces billes recouvertes d'anticorps avec l'extrait biologique à analyser conduit à la création de complexe-immuns agrégeant plusieurs molécules de vimentine et plusieurs billes de polymères. Cette agrégation se traduit par la formation de paquets de billes dont la taille devient macroscopiquement importante au point d'être visibles « à l'œil » par un opérateur. Dans une variante commune et sophistiquée du système, les complexe-immuns sont soumis à migration par capillarité sur une bandelette de support de chromatographie et révélés par création d'une bande colorée indiquant la présence ou l'absence de l'antigène détecté (test symbolisé par les bandelettes d'immunodétection largement utilisées en routine par exemple pour les tests de grossesses). Des tests au latex sont commercialisés par la société Bio-Mérieux pour des diagnostics microbiologiques par exemple (www.biomerieux.com).Detection tests based on the macroscopic detection of immune complexes (latex test, immuno-detection strips) (Singer et al., 1957, Hechemy et al, 1974): in this type of detection system, antibodies modified anti-vimentin are chemically coupled to particulate components of micrometric sizes such as colored or unstained polymer beads. The incubation in a liquid medium of a fluid suspension of these antibody-coated beads with the biological extract to be analyzed leads to the creation of complex-immune aggregating several molecules of vimentin and several beads of polymers. This aggregation results in the formation of bundles of logs whose size becomes macroscopically important to the point of being "visible" to the eye by an operator. In a common and sophisticated variant of the system, the immune complexes are subjected to capillary migration on a chromatographic support strip and revealed by creating a colored band indicating the presence or absence of the detected antigen (symbolized test). immunodetection strips widely used routinely for example for pregnancy tests). Latex tests are marketed by Bio-Mérieux for microbiological diagnostics for example (www.biomerieux.com).
Tests impliquant une capture sur support : Différents tests de détection de réactions antigène-anticorps peuvent être pratiqués exploitant divers modes d'interactions ou adsorptions des composants avec des supports, cupules de réactions ou systèmes de microdétection. Ces tests allient très souvent de hauts niveaux de performance, liés aux sensibilités élevées des méthodes, à la relative simplicité de manipulation des échantillons, à la robustesse des tests, et aux capacités de traitement à haut débit de nombreux échantillons en simultané. a) méthodes dérivées de l'ELISA. Une des méthodes désormais classique, appeléeTests involving media capture: Different antigen-antibody reaction detection tests can be performed using various modes of interaction or adsorption of the components with supports, reaction cups or microdetection systems. These tests often combine high levels of performance, related to the high sensitivities of the methods, the relative simplicity of sample handling, the robustness of the tests, and the high throughput processing capabilities of many simultaneous samples. a) methods derived from ELISA. One of the now classic methods, called
ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunoassays) (Engvall et Perlmann, 1971, 1972 ; Engvall et al, 1971) consiste à provoquer la création des complexe-immuns sous forme immobilisée sur les parois des puits (cupules) de plaques de dosages multi-puits en matière plastique. Ce type de méthode se décline en une multitude de variantes selon que les protocoles reposent sur l'immobilisation première des anticorps ou des antigènes dans le fond des puits et selon les méthodes de révélation utilisées (ELISA direct ou indirect). A titre d'exemple, on peut brièvement mentionner que ce genre de test peut être exécuté selon la description qui suit pour la détection de la vimentine modifiée. Ainsi, à partir de l'extrait protéique issue de la biopsie, les puits de la plaque de dosage ELISA sont remplies avec des dilutions croissantes de l'échantillon. Les différentes protéines de l'extrait se fixent par adsorption sur le fond des puits. Après lavages des puits, les protéines adhérentes sur les parois des puits sont mises en contact avec les anticorps spécifiques destinés à détecter la présence de la vimentine modifiée. De ce fait, l'anticorps anti-vimentine modifiée s'immobilisera dans le fond du puits, si et seulement si la protéine antigène est adsorbée sur la paroi de la cupule. Une étape de détection (basée par exemple sur un test colorimétrique simple) de la présence d'anticorps au fond des puits renseigne par voie de conséquence sur la présence de vimentine modifiée, adsorbée dans les puits et donc sur sa présence dans l'échantillon de départ. La réalisation de dosages sur les dilutions de l'échantillon permet d'estimer de manière quantitative le taux de vimentine modifiée dans l'échantillon biologique. Les analyses des tests ELISA peuvent être réalisées sur des appareils tel que le système VIDAS distribué par Bio-Mérieux (www.biomerieux.com). b) méthodes basées sur les « micro -arrays de protéines ». Dans une approche similaire d'immobilisation de complexe-immuns, la technique des micro-arrays repose sur une logique de miniaturisation, automatisation et parallélisation plus ou moins massive du nombre de tests. Pour ces tests, il est nécessaire de créer des « micro-arrays de protéines » constitués de surfaces solides généralement planes (lames de verre, fragments de silicium...) comportant des anticorps fixés par divers procédés chimiques sur le support, chaque anticorps étant déposé sur une petite surface du support représentant quelques micron-carrés de surface. Par exemple, les anticorps sont immobilisés sur le support par dépôt de microgouttes de suspension des anticorps sur ces supports (Peluso et al, 2003, Kusnezow et Hoheisel, 2003). Après incubation avec les échantillons à analyser, les complexe-immuns formés peuvent être détectés par divers moyens techniques, les plus courants reposant sur la détection de signaux de fluorescence ou par une méthode faisant appel à la résonance plasmonique de surface (Vikinge et al, 1998 ; Kusnezow et Hoheisel, 2003).ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunoassays) (Engvall and Perlmann, 1971, 1972, Engvall et al, 1971) consists in causing the creation of immune complexes in immobilized form on the walls of the wells (wells) of multi-well assay plates of matter. plastic. This This type of method is available in a multitude of variants depending on whether the protocols rely on the initial immobilization of the antibodies or antigens in the bottom of the wells and on the revelation methods used (direct or indirect ELISA). By way of example, it can briefly be mentioned that this kind of test can be performed according to the description which follows for the detection of the modified vimentin. Thus, from the protein extract from the biopsy, the wells of the ELISA assay plate are filled with increasing dilutions of the sample. The different proteins of the extract are fixed by adsorption on the bottom of the wells. After washing the wells, the adherent proteins on the walls of the wells are contacted with the specific antibodies to detect the presence of the modified vimentin. As a result, the modified anti-vimentin antibody will immobilize in the bottom of the well, if and only if the antigenic protein is adsorbed on the wall of the well. A detection step (based for example on a simple colorimetric test) of the presence of antibodies at the bottom of the wells consequently informs the presence of modified vimentin, adsorbed in the wells and therefore on its presence in the sample of departure. Conducting assays on sample dilutions quantitatively estimates the level of modified vimentin in the biological sample. Analyzes of ELISA tests can be performed on devices such as the VIDAS system distributed by Bio-Mérieux (www.biomerieux.com). (b) methods based on "microarrays of proteins". In a similar approach of complex-immune immobilization, the micro-arrays technique is based on a logic of miniaturization, automation and more or less massive parallelization of the number of tests. For these tests, it is necessary to create "micro-arrays of proteins" consisting of generally flat solid surfaces (glass slides, silicon fragments, etc.) comprising antibodies fixed by various chemical methods on the support, each antibody being deposited on a small surface of the support representing a few micron-squares of surface. For example, the antibodies are immobilized on the support by deposition of antibody suspension microdroplets on these supports (Peluso et al, 2003, Kusnezow and Hoheisel, 2003). After incubation with the samples to be analyzed, the formed immune complexes can be detected by various technical means, the most common being based on the detection of fluorescence signals or by a method using surface plasmon resonance (Vikinge et al., 1998). Kusnezow and Hoheisel, 2003).
La résonance plasmonique de surface repose sur un principe physique expérimental bien connu. La surface plane d'un film d'or réfléchit un rayon lumineux incident dans une direction prédite par les lois de l'optique classique. Néanmoins pour une toute petite partie du faisceau lumineux réfléchi, sous une certaine incidence, on constate une diminution significative du nombre de photons réfléchis. L'angle d'incidence de la zone de réflexion de la zone moins lumineuse dépend de la quantité de matière fixée sur la face du film d'or opposée à la face irradiée par le faisceau lumineux incident. Toute interaction d'anticorps, d'antigènes ou constitution de complexe-immuns sur la face opposée d'un détecteur basée sur la résonance plasmonique et irradiée sous une certaine incidence par un rayon lumineux provoque donc un changement sensible de l'angle de réflexion de la partie moins lumineuse du faisceau de lumière réfléchi. La détection de cette déflexion de l'angle de réflexion permet de mettre en évidence et de quantifier la fixation de composants sur le détecteur.Surface plasmon resonance is based on a well-known experimental physics principle. The flat surface of a gold film reflects an incident light ray in a direction predicted by the laws of conventional optics. Nevertheless, for a very small part of the reflected light beam, at a certain incidence, there is a significant decrease in the number of reflected photons. The angle of incidence of the zone of reflection of the less luminous zone depends on the quantity of material fixed on the face of the gold film opposite to the side irradiated by the incident light beam. Any interaction of antibodies, antigens or complex-immune complexes on the opposite face of a detector based on plasmon resonance and irradiated at a certain incidence by a light ray thus causes a significant change in the angle of reflection of the less luminous part of the reflected light beam. The detection of this deflection of the reflection angle makes it possible to highlight and quantify the fixing of components on the detector.
Cette dernière méthode de détection est à la base d'une technique d'analyse des interactions entre anticorps et protéines et permet de mesurer les paramètres de cinétique d'interaction entre antigènes et anticorps de même que les quantités d'antigènes présents dans un échantillon (Fagerstam et al, 1990 ; Szabo et al, 1995). Cette technique est développée sous la forme d'automates de mesure dont un exemple est connu sous le nom de BIAcore (BIAcore AB, Uppsala, Suède ; http://www.biacore.com). Il est intéressant de mentionner, à titre d'exemple, que l'utilisation de ce type de détecteur pour la détection de phénomènes d'association de fragments peptidiques de la vimentine entre eux, de même que la mise en évidence de l'impact de la phosphorylation sur ces interactions, a fait l'objet d'une publication scientifique récente (Gohara et al, 2001). c) méthode basée sur la spectrométrie de masse. Enfin, et tout naturellement, la détection de la vimentine modifiée grâce à la technique SELDI peut être déclinée en faisant appel à des anticorps immobilisés sur les supports d'affinité utilisables sur le spectromètre de masse Ciphergen ou tout autre spectromètre de masse approprié pour ce genre d'analyse. Il est en effet possible d'immobiliser des anticorps par greffage chimique sur les supports de silice ou polymères et d'utiliser ces supports pour piéger la vimentine modifiée qui est présente dans un échantillon à analyser. Les complexe-immuns ainsi immobilisés sur les supports peuvent être ensuite analysés par spectrométrie de masse. Dans ce genre d'analyse, le pic de la protéine vimentine modifiée et/ou non-modifiée (tout dépend des anticorps greffés sur le support) peut être détecté dans le spectre de masse. L'utilisation des anticorps greffés sur le support permet de constituer une méthode de dosage extrêmement sensible et spécifique. Compte tenu de l'affinité des anticorps pour la protéine, des quantités infimes de vimentine présentes dans un échantillon pourront être détectées, de plus, la parfaite sélectivité des anticorps vis-à-vis de la protéine contre laquelle ils sont dirigés est une garantie de la totale spécificité du dosage. d) méthode basée sur le Western-blot (Towbin et al, 1979 ; Burnette 1981). Dans le cas de cette méthode, l'extrait protéique est analysé par migration électrophorétique en gel de polyacrylamide en milieu dénaturant (technique connue dans une de ces variantes sous l'acronyme de SPAGE : pour SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; ou électrophorèse en gel de polyacrylamide en présence de l'agent détergent dénaturant Sodium Dodécyl Sulfate). Cette migration électrophorétique permet de séparer les protéines en fonction de leurs masses moléculaires respectives (Laemmli 1970). A l'issue de cette séparation, des protocoles dits de Western-blot, très classiques, permettent d'immuno-détecter au sein du profil d'électrophorèse la protéine d'intérêt à l'aide d'un anticorps dirigé contre cette protéine. Ces protocoles permettent de révéler par des techniques radioactives, fluorescentes ou luminescentes la présence de la protéine d'intérêt. L'analyse peut être menée de manière à accéder à une estimation quantitative suffisamment précise du taux de protéine dans l'échantillon de départ pour réaliser un diagnostic d'intérêt clinique (Procaccio et al, 1999). La réalisation de ce test à l'aide d'un anticorps anti-vimentine modifiée conduira à la révélation sur le profil de Western-blot et pour les échantillons qui contiennent de la vimentine modifiée d'un signal présent au niveau d'une zone de masse moléculaire correspondant à la vimentine modifiée. Ce genre de tests pourrait être réalisé en utilisant les équipements nécessaires à la réalisation de Western-blots distribués par Immunetics (Boston, MA, USA ; http://www.immunetics.com).This latter method of detection is the basis of a technique for analyzing the interactions between antibodies and proteins and makes it possible to measure the kinetics of interaction between antigens and antibodies as well as the quantities of antigens present in a sample ( Fagerstam et al, 1990, Szabo et al, 1995). This technique is developed in the form of measurement automata, an example of which is known as BIAcore (BIAcore AB, Uppsala, Sweden, http://www.biacore.com). It is worth mentioning, by way of example, that the use of this type of detector for detecting phenomena of association of peptide fragments of vimentin with each other, as well as the demonstration of the impact of phosphorylation on these interactions has been the subject of a recent scientific publication (Gohara et al, 2001). c) mass spectrometry based method. Finally, and quite naturally, the detection of modified vimentin using the SELDI technique can be declined by using antibodies immobilized on affinity supports usable on the Ciphergen mass spectrometer or any other mass spectrometer suitable for this kind. analysis. It is indeed possible to immobilize antibodies by chemical grafting on the silica or polymer supports and to use these supports to trap the modified vimentin which is present in a sample to be analyzed. The immune complexes thus immobilized on the supports can then be analyzed by mass spectrometry. In this type of analysis, the peak of the modified and / or unmodified vimentin protein (all depends on the antibodies grafted onto the support) can be detected in the mass spectrum. The use of the grafted antibodies on the support makes it possible to constitute an extremely sensitive and specific assay method. Given the affinity of the antibodies for the protein, minute quantities of vimentin present in a sample can be detected, moreover, the perfect selectivity of the antibodies towards the protein against which they are directed is a guarantee of the total specificity of the assay. d) Western blot method (Towbin et al., 1979; Burnette 1981). In the case of this method, the protein extract is analyzed by electrophoretic migration in a polyacrylamide gel in denaturing medium (known technique in one of these variants under the acronym of SPAGE: for SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of the denaturing detergent Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate). This electrophoretic migration makes it possible to separate the proteins as a function of their respective molecular weights (Laemmli 1970). At the end of this separation, so-called Western-blot protocols, which are very conventional, make it possible to immuno-detect within the electrophoresis profile the protein of interest using an antibody directed against this protein. These protocols make it possible to reveal by radioactive, fluorescent or luminescent techniques the presence of the protein of interest. The analysis can be conducted in such a way as to access a sufficiently accurate quantitative estimate of the level of protein in the starting sample to make a diagnosis of clinical interest (Procaccio et al, 1999). Conducting this test using a modified anti-vimentin antibody will result in revealing on the Western-blot profile and in samples containing modified vimentin a signal present in a region of molecular weight corresponding to the modified vimentin. Such tests could be performed using the equipment needed to produce Western blots distributed by Immunetics (Boston, MA, USA; http://www.immunetics.com).
Accessoirement, si les conditions de migrations électrophorétiques peuvent être optimisées de sorte que, compte tenu des caractéristiques physico -chimiques différentes (pi et masses moléculaires différentes) de la vimentine et de la vimentine phosphorylée, ces deux composants peuvent être séparés sur deux zones différentes du gel, alors la détection pourrait ne nécessiter dans ce cas qu'un seul anticorps. En effet, dans ce cas, un anticorps reconnaissant à la fois la forme phosphorylée et la forme non-phosphorylée conduira à la manifestation de un ou deux signaux de détection de vimentine sur le Western-blot ; chacun des signaux étant alors facilement attribuable à la vimentine native ou la vimentine phosphorylée selon les distances de migration de ces deux entités constatées lors de l'électrophorèse dans le gel de polyacrylamide.Incidentally, if the electrophoretic migration conditions can be optimized so that, given the different physicochemical characteristics (pi and different molecular weights) of vimentin and phosphorylated vimentin, these two components can be separated on two different zones of the gel, then the detection might require in this case only one antibody. Indeed, in this case, an antibody recognizing both the phosphorylated form and the non-phosphorylated form will lead to the manifestation of one or two vimentin detection signals on the Western blot; each of the signals then being easily attributable to native vimentin or vimentin phosphorylated according to the migration distances of these two entities observed during electrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel.
Dans toutes les méthodes évoquées ci-dessus, il est fait mention de l'utilisation d'anticorps. Cette description privilégiée de l'utilisation d'anticorps dans les méthodes décrites n'exclut pas que les tests évoqués ici puissent être aussi réalisés avec d'autres réactifs capables d'interaction avec la vimentine, modifiée ou non, tels que, à titre d'exemple les aptamères.In all the methods mentioned above, mention is made of the use of antibodies. This privileged description of the use of antibodies in the methods described does not exclude that the tests mentioned here can also be carried out with other reagents capable of interacting with modified or unmodified vimentin, such as, for example, example aptamers.
Exemple de test de migration électrophorétique avec mise en évidence des modifications post-traductionnelles de la vimentine n'utilisant pas les anticorps pour la détection : de manière semblable à la méthode dite Western-blot décrite ci-dessus, il est possible de procéder à la séparation des protéines dans un gel de polyacrylamide puis après migration de colorer ce gel ou son empreinte, à l'aide de réactifs chimiques spécifiques. Dans ce cas, l'utilisation d'un réactif qui se fixe sélectivement sur des groupements phosphates présents sur des protéines ou induit des réactions chimiques spécifiques avec ces groupements phosphates permettra de produire selon le cas, un signal radioactif, luminescent, colorimétrique (cas du réactif colorant inclus dans le kit «GelCode® phosphoprotein staining kit » - Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA ; http://www.piercenet.com) ou fluorescent (cas du fluorochrome inclus dans le kit « Pro-Q® Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain » - Molecular Probes, Eugène, OR, USA ; http://www.probes.com). La création de ce signal renseignera spécifiquement sur la présence de groupements phosphates dans les protéines séparées dans le gel d'électrophorèse. La détection de ce signal révélant la présence de groupes phosphates au niveau d'une protéine qui présente une distance de migration dans le gel compatible avec la masse moléculaire attendue pour la vimentine sera une information suffisante pour permettre un diagnostic de présence de la vimentine modifiée dans l'échantillon biologique.Example of an electrophoretic migration test with demonstration of the post-translational modifications of vimentin not using the antibodies for detection: in a similar way to the so-called Western-blot method described above, it is possible to carry out the separation of the proteins in a polyacrylamide gel and after migration to color the gel or its imprint, using specific chemical reagents. In this case, the use of a reagent which selectively binds to phosphate groups present on proteins or induces specific chemical reactions with these phosphate groups will make it possible, depending on the case, to produce a radioactive, luminescent, colorimetric signal (case of dye reagent included in the kit "GelCode® phosphoprotein staining kit" - Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA; http://www.piercenet.com) or fluorescent (case of the fluorochrome included in the kit "Pro-Q® Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain" - Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA, http://www.probes.com). The creation of this signal will specifically provide information on the presence of phosphate groups in the separated proteins in the electrophoresis gel. The detection of this signal revealing the presence of phosphate groups at a protein which has a migration distance in the gel compatible with the expected molecular mass for vimentin will be sufficient information to allow a diagnosis of the presence of modified vimentin in the biological sample.
Telle que décrite ci-dessus, la détection sélective de la vimentine modifiée peut donc également être obtenue par interaction avec des anticorps ou d'autres réactifs capables d'interagir de manière spécifique avec la vimentine ou par la mise en évidence de caractéristiques physico -chimiques originales et distinguâmes de la protéine.As described above, the selective detection of the modified vimentin can thus also be obtained by interaction with antibodies or other reagents capable of interacting specifically with vimentin or by the demonstration of physicochemical characteristics. original and distinguished from the protein.
Par ailleurs, en complément, et comme c'est déjà le cas en ce qui concerne la méthode Western-blot, il est envisageable de réaliser des tests permettant de révéler ou d'accéder à l'évaluation de deux ou plusieurs paramètres qui combinés permettent de confirmer la présence de la vimentine phosphorylée dans un échantillon. Ces combinaisons de paramètres peuvent être par exemple : la taille et la détection de groupes phosphates ; la taille et la détection à l'aide de composants interagissant spécifiquement avec la vimentine ; le point isoélectrique et la taille de la protéine... Des analyses par électrophorèse bi-dimensionnelles sont potentiellement réalisables en exploitant les instruments et ré actifs de la gamme Multiphor™ par exemple, mise au point par Amersham (http://wwwl .amershambiosciences.com).Moreover, in addition, and as is already the case with regard to the Western-blot method, it is conceivable to carry out tests making it possible to reveal or to access the evaluation of two or more parameters which combined make it possible to to confirm the presence of phosphorylated vimentin in a sample. These combinations of parameters can be for example: the size and the detection of phosphate groups; size and detection using components interacting specifically with vimentin; the isoelectric point and the size of the protein ... Two-dimensional electrophoresis analyzes are potentially feasible by exploiting the instruments and reagents of the Multiphor ™ range, for example, developed by Amersham (http: // www .amershambiosciences). .com).
En outre, considérant que la vimentine phosphorylée constitue un marqueur très informatif qui permet de pronostiquer l'évolution favorable ou non d'une tumeur, la méthode de diagnostic et de pronostic pathologique peut inclure ou reposer sur la détection voire le dosage des activités enzymatiques de divers catalyseurs du métabolisme cellulaire telles que, notamment, les kinases et/ou phosphatases qui interviennent dans le processus de modification post-traductionnelle par phosphorylation de la vimentine.In addition, considering that phosphorylated vimentin is a very informative marker that can predict the favorable or unfavorable evolution of a tumor, the method of diagnosis and pathological prognosis can include or rely on the detection or even the dosage of the enzymatic activities of various catalysts of cellular metabolism such as, in particular, kinases and / or phosphatases involved in the process of post-translational modification by phosphorylation of vimentin.
Il est en effet tout à fait envisageable de concevoir une méthode d'intérêt diagnostique et pronostique ne reposant pas forcément sur la détection de la seule vimentine phosphorylée mais sur les composants essentiels voire spécifiques qui concourent à la modification et/ou la stabilité de la vimentine sous sa forme phosphorylée. La méthode de diagnostic reposerait dans ce cas sur la détection d'un ou plusieurs des composants cellulaires qui agissent dans ce processus de modification de la vimentine (ces composants sont à rechercher dans une liste non exhaustive des facteurs suivants : kinases ; phosphatases ; protéases ; transporteurs facilitant la présentation de la vimentine aux kinases dans des compartiments cellulaires spécifiques ; transporteurs assurant la séquestration, et par voie de conséquence la stabilité, de la vimentine phosphorylée dans des compartiments sub-cellulaires particuliers voire extra cellulaires).It is indeed quite conceivable to design a method of diagnostic and prognostic interest not necessarily based on the detection of the only phosphorylated vimentin but on the essential or even specific components that contribute to the modification and / or the stability of the vimentin in its phosphorylated form. In this case, the diagnostic method would be based on the detection of one or more of the cellular components that act in this process of modification of vimentin (these components are to be found in a non-exhaustive list of the following factors: kinases, phosphatases, proteases; carriers facilitating the presentation of vimentin to kinases in specific cellular compartments; sequestration, and consequently the stability, of the phosphorylated vimentin in particular or even extra cellular sub-cellular compartments).
A titre d'exemple, le dosage dans les échantillons biopsiques ou autres fluides biologiques de l'activité de phosphorylation de la, ou des kinases qui phosphorylent la vimentine pourraient montrer une activité nulle ou normale de ces kinases dans le cas de tumeurs invasives et au contraire, une augmentation de l'activité de phosphorylation détectable, plus ou moins intense, dans le cas de tumeurs non-invasives. Inversement, et selon la même logique que précédemment, il est facilement prédictible que le dosage des phosphatases qui éliminent les groupements phosphates modifiant les acides aminés de la vimentine pourraient montrer des activités normales dans le cas de tumeurs non-invasives et au contraire, une augmentation de l'activité de déphosphorylation détectable dans le cas de tumeurs invasives.By way of example, the assay in biopsy samples or other biological fluids of the phosphorylation activity of the kinase (s) which phosphorylates vimentin could show a null or normal activity of these kinases in the case of invasive tumors and at contrary, an increase in detectable phosphorylation activity, more or less intense, in the case of non-invasive tumors. Conversely, and according to the same logic as above, it is easily predictable that the phosphatase assay that eliminates the amino acid-modifying phosphate groups of vimentin could show normal activities in the case of non-invasive tumors and, on the contrary, an increase dephosphorylation activity detectable in the case of invasive tumors.
En outre, non seulement, la mesure des activités enzymatiques de ces composés pourrait constituer une méthode diagnostique d'invasivité des tumeurs mais la mise en évidence physique de ces composés couplée à leur estimation quantitative, constituerait tout autant une méthode acceptable d'analyse si tant est que : soit la quantité de ces composants est modifiée dans la cellule ou soit que l'une ou l'autre de leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques sont altérées dans ces cellules tumorales invasives ou non et que ces altérations puissent être détectables à l'aide d'une technique appropriée. Ici également, il peut être fait mention d'une méthode de détection basée sur la révélation des capacités de phosphorylation propres à un échantillon tumoral : ie : sur un support type micro -array, on peut déposer un certain nombre de peptides connus pour être des cibles de kinases. Sur ce micro-array, on peut déposer divers peptides cibles ET les peptides correspondant aux peptides de la vimentine où se produisent les phosphorylations (détectés dans le cadre de la présente invention). En incubant ce micro- array avec un lysat de cellules à analyser, en présence d'ATP radio-marqué, on va révéler la compétence de l'échantillon biologique à phosphoryler tels ou tels peptides. De ce fait, on identifie globalement la composition qualitative (et semi-quantitative) de l'échantillon en ces composants de type kinases actives. On réalise donc un « phosphorylome » de l'échantillon. L'existence de kinases spécifiques de la vimentine (ou en quantité altérée par rapport à une référence de tissu sain) permettra d'établir un pronostic d'invasivité ou non-invasivité de la tumeur dont un échantillon a été étudié avec ce procédé.In addition, the measurement of the enzymatic activities of these compounds could not only constitute a diagnostic method of tumor invasiveness, but the physical detection of these compounds, coupled with their quantitative estimation, would constitute just as much an acceptable method of analysis if is that either the quantity of these components is modified in the cell or that one or the other of their physicochemical characteristics are altered in these invasive tumor cells or not and that these alterations can be detectable using appropriate technique. Here too, mention may be made of a detection method based on the revelation of the phosphorylation capacities specific to a tumor sample: ie: on a micro-array type support, a number of peptides known to be known as kinase targets. On this micro-array, various target peptides AND the peptides corresponding to the peptides of the vimentin where the phosphorylations (detected in the context of the present invention) are deposited can be deposited. By incubating this microarray with a lysate of cells to be analyzed, in the presence of radio-labeled ATP, the competence of the biological sample to phosphorylate such or such peptides will be revealed. As a result, the qualitative (and semi-quantitative) composition of the sample is generally identified as active kinase-type components. A "phosphorylome" of the sample is therefore produced. The existence of vimentin-specific kinases (or in an altered amount relative to a reference of healthy tissue) will make it possible to establish a prognosis of invasiveness or non-invasiveness of the tumor of which a sample has been studied with this method.
Le procédé selon l'invention peut être employé pour la détermination de l'agressivité et/ou de l'invasivité de tout type de tumeur associée à une surexpression de vimentine, notamment les tumeurs du système nerveux central, les carcinomes (tumeurs épithéliales) mammaires hormone-indépendants, les carcinomes du col de l'utérus, les carcinomes du rein, les cancers de la prostate, les métastases osseuses, les hépatocarcinomes les mélanomes ou de cancers mammaires.The method according to the invention can be used to determine the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of any type of tumor associated with overexpression of vimentin, including tumors of the central nervous system, breast carcinomas (epithelial tumors). hormone-independent, carcinoma of the cervix, kidney carcinomas, prostate cancers, bone metastases, hepatocarcinomas, melanomas or breast cancers.
De manière avantageuse, le procédé selon l'invention est employé pour la détermination de l'agressivité et/ou de l'invasivité des tumeurs du système nerveux central, notamment les astrocytomes et les méningiomes.Advantageously, the method according to the invention is used for determining the aggressivity and / or invasiveness of tumors of the central nervous system, in particular astrocytomas and meningiomas.
La présente invention concerne également un kit de diagnostic pour la mise en œuvre d'un procédé selon l'invention, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend sur un support approprié, un moyen permettant la détection de la vimentine non phosphorylée et/ou un moyen permettant la détection de la vimentine phosphorylée.The present invention also relates to a diagnostic kit for the implementation of a method according to the invention, characterized in that it comprises on a suitable support, a means for the detection of non-phosphorylated vimentin and / or a means allowing the detection of phosphorylated vimentin.
Selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, le moyen de détection de la vimentine non phosphorylée est choisi parmi :According to a first embodiment of the invention, the means for detecting unphosphorylated vimentin is chosen from:
Pour les tests basés sur l'utilisation de la spectrométrie de masse, le kit nécessitera des supports d'affinité pour la capture de la protéine (exemple : barettes ProteinChip® de Ciphergen). Ces supports seront adaptés en fonction du mode de capture choisi : supports à réactivité chimique adaptée à la fixation de la vimentine, ou anticorps monoclonaux ou polyclonaux reconnaissant tout ou partie de la protéine ou de ses peptides. Les réactifs de type phosphatase et/ou protéase seront également nécessaires selon le protocole de réalisation choisi. Pour les autres tests, notamment tests ELISA, les anticorps polyclonaux ou monoclonaux réagissant contre tout ou partie de la vimentine seront indispensables. Des réactifs spécifiques pour la détection des complexe-immuns formés lors du test seront choisis parmi les systèmes de détection classique appropriés à ce genre de tests (par exemple anticorps secondaires couplés à des systèmes enzymatiques autorisant l'exécution de réaction colorimétrique). Les réactifs de type phosphatase et/ou protéase seront également nécessaires selon le protocole de réalisation choisi.For tests based on the use of mass spectrometry, the kit will require affinity supports for the capture of the protein (eg Ciphergen ProteinChip® strips). These supports will be adapted according to the chosen capture mode: supports with chemical reactivity adapted to the attachment of vimentin, or monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies recognizing all or part of the protein or its peptides. The phosphatase and / or protease reagents will also be necessary according to the chosen embodiment. For other tests, including ELISA tests, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies reacting against all or part of the vimentin will be essential. Specific reagents for the detection of immune complexes formed during the test will be chosen from conventional detection systems suitable for this type of test (for example secondary antibodies coupled to enzymatic systems allowing the execution of colorimetric reaction). The phosphatase and / or protease reagents will also be necessary according to the chosen embodiment.
Pour les tests de radio-immunoessais, outre les anticorps (ou autres agents de capture spécifiques de la vimentine et ses dérivés), un traceur identique à la vimentine, ou mimant celle-ci vis-à-vis des agents de capture, sera requis sous forme marquée radioactivement (ou éventuellement selon d'autres procédés, par exemple : marquée de manière fluorescente).For radioimmunoassay assays, in addition to antibodies (or other specific capture agents for vimentin and its derivatives), a tracer identical to vimentin, or mimicking it with capture agents, will be required. in radioactively labeled form (or optionally according to other methods, for example: fluorescently labeled).
Selon un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention, le moyen de détection de la vimentine phosphorylée est choisi parmi :According to another embodiment of the invention, the means for detecting phosphorylated vimentin is chosen from:
Pour les tests basés sur l'utilisation de la spectrométrie de masse, le kit nécessitera des supports d'affinité pour la capture de la protéine (exemple : barettes ProteinChips de Ciphergen). Ces supports seront adaptés en fonction du mode de capture choisi : supports à réactivité chimique adaptée à la fixation de la vimentine, ou anticorps monoclonaux ou polyclonaux reconnaissant tout ou partie de la protéine ou de ses peptides. Les réactifs de type protéase seront également nécessaires selon le protocole de réalisation choisi.For tests based on the use of mass spectrometry, the kit will require affinity supports for the capture of the protein (eg Ciphergen ProteinChips). These supports will be adapted according to the mode of capture chosen: supports with chemical reactivity adapted to the fixation of the vimentin, or monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal recognizing all or part of the protein or its peptides. The protease type reagents will also be necessary according to the chosen embodiment.
Pour les autres tests, notamment tests ELISA, les anticorps polyclonaux ou monoclonaux réagissant contre tout ou partie de la vimentine seront indispensables. Des réactifs spécifiques pour la détection des complexe-immuns formés lors du test seront choisi parmi les systèmes de détection classique appropriés à ce genre de tests (par exemple anticorps secondaires couplés à des systèmes enzymatiques autorisant l'exécution de réaction colorimétrique). Les réactifs de type protéase seront également nécessaires selon le protocole de réalisation choisi. Pour le Western-blot : anticorps spécifiques de la protéine ou de ses peptides ou réactifs de marquage colorimétriques ou fluorescents spécifiques des groupements phosphoryles.For other tests, including ELISA tests, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies reacting against all or part of the vimentin will be essential. Specific reagents for the detection of immune complexes formed during the test will be chosen from conventional detection systems suitable for this type of test (for example secondary antibodies coupled to enzymatic systems allowing the execution of colorimetric reaction). The protease type reagents will also be necessary according to the chosen embodiment. For Western blot: antibodies specific for the protein or its peptides or colorimetric or fluorescent labeling reagents specific for phosphoryl groups.
Pour les tests de radio-immunoessais, outre les anticorps (ou autres agents de capture spécifiques de la vimentine et ses dérivés), un traceur identique à la vimentine, ou mimant celle-ci vis-à-vis des agents de capture, sera requis sous forme marquée radioactivement (ou éventuellement selon d'autres procédés, par exemple : marquée de manière fluorescente).For radioimmunoassay assays, in addition to antibodies (or other specific capture agents for vimentin and its derivatives), a tracer identical to vimentin, or mimicking it with capture agents, will be required. in radioactively labeled form (or optionally according to other methods, for example: fluorescently labeled).
De manière avantageuse, le support est choisi parmi des supports de composés chimiques capables d'interagir avec la vimentine phosphorylée ou non-phosphorylée (par exemple : supports de silice à capacité d'échanges d'ions), des plaques de dosages multi- puits de matière plastique, des gels de polyacrylamide ou autre matrice pour la séparation des protéines selon leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques (masse moléculaire, charges ioniques,...), des billes de latex ou autres matériaux activées de manière appropriée par les réactifs autorisant des interactions avec la vimentine ou les complexe-immuns.Advantageously, the support is chosen from supports of chemical compounds capable of interacting with phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated vimentin (for example: silica supports with ion exchange capacity), multi-well assay plates. polyacrylamide gels or other matrix for the separation of proteins according to their physico-chemical characteristics (molecular weight, ionic charges, ...), latex beads or other materials appropriately activated by reagents allowing interactions with vimentin or immune complexes.
De manière évidente pour l'homme de l'art, le kit diagnostic pourra inclure également tout type de réactifs chimiques indispensables à l'extraction, solubilisation, enrichissement, digestion enzymatique de la protéine phosphorylée ou non-phosphorylée ainsi que pour la mise en évidence de la protéine (coloration, modifications chimiques,...). Le kit contiendra aussi pour des besoins de quantification, et de contrôle-positifs, des protéines standard appropriées, apparentées ou non à la vimentine phosphorylée ou non- phosphorylée.Obviously, for those skilled in the art, the diagnostic kit may also include any type of chemical reagent essential for the extraction, solubilization, enrichment, enzymatic digestion of the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated protein and for the detection of protein (coloring, chemical modifications, ...). The kit will also contain, for quantification and control-positive purposes, appropriate standard proteins, whether or not related to phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated vimentin.
La présente invention concerne aussi un procédé pour identifier un agent anticancéreux permettant de réduire l'agressivité et/ou l'invasivité d'une tumeur en favorisant la phosphorylation de la vimentine, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend les étapes de : - mise en culture de cellules produisant de la vimentine non phosphorylée,The present invention also relates to a method for identifying an anti-cancer agent making it possible to reduce the aggressiveness and / or the invasiveness of a tumor by promoting the phosphorylation of vimentin, characterized in that it comprises the steps of: cell culture producing non-phosphorylated vimentin,
- mise en contact desdites cellules avec un agent à tester,bringing said cells into contact with an agent to be tested,
- analyse de la vimentine produite pour déterminer si elle est phosphorylée ou non après culture des cellules en contact avec l'agent à tester, - sélection du ou des agents capables d'induire la phosphorylation de la vimentine dans les cellules cancéreuses testées.analysis of the vimentin produced to determine whether it is phosphorylated or not after culture of the cells in contact with the agent to be tested, selection of the agent (s) capable of inducing the phosphorylation of vimentin in the cancer cells tested.
L'homme du métier saura déterminer les moyens nécessaires à la mise en œuvre du procédé selon les agents testés susceptibles d'agir sur la phosphorylation de la vimentine : « petites molécules », siRNA, antisens, etc.Those skilled in the art will be able to determine the means necessary for carrying out the process according to the agents tested which may act on the phosphorylation of vimentin: "small molecules", siRNAs, antisense, etc.
De manière avantageuse, les cellules produisant de la vimentine sont des cellules cancéreuses. Il peut également s'agir de cellules non cancéreuses exprimant la vimentine ou encore de cellules recombinantes, plus particulièrement de cellules de mammifères, comprenant un vecteur permettant l'expression de la vimentine ou ses fragments. De manière également avantageuse, l'analyse de la vimentine produite, permettant de déterminer si elle est phosphorylée ou non, est effectuée par le procédé défini précédemment.Advantageously, cells producing vimentin are cancer cells. They may also be non-cancerous cells expressing vimentin or else recombinant cells, more particularly mammalian cells, comprising a vector allowing the expression of the vimentin or its fragments. Also advantageously, the analysis of the vimentin produced to determine whether it is phosphorylated or not is carried out by the method defined above.
La présente invention concerne enfin un procédé permettant de limiter l'agressivité et/ou l'invasivité des tumeurs, procédé dans lequel on favorise la phosphorylation de la vimentine dans les cellules cancéreuses par l'administration d'un agent thérapeutique approprié.The present invention finally relates to a method for limiting the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of tumors, a method in which the phosphorylation of vimentin in cancer cells is promoted by the administration of a suitable therapeutic agent.
Elle concerne l'utilisation d'un agent approprié pour favoriser la phosphorylation de la vimentine dans les cellules cancéreuses, pour la préparation d'un médicament destiné au traitement des tumeurs cancéreuses.It relates to the use of an agent suitable for promoting the phosphorylation of vimentin in cancer cells for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancerous tumors.
Différents moyens peuvent être employés à cet effet, selon différents axes thérapeutiques :Different means can be used for this purpose, according to different therapeutic axes:
1. La première stratégie envisageable consiste à intervenir directement sur les concentrations cellulaires des différentes formes de vimentine. Dans cette optique, 3 axes d'intervention sont possibles : a. abaisser directement la quantité de vimentine native (non-phosphorylée) synthétisée par les cellules ou en réduire sa bio-disponibilité au sein de la cellule et permettre ainsi d'accroître le rendement global de phosphorylation enzymatique de la vimentine cellulaire. Ceci peut être atteint par la modification du taux d'expression de la vimentine, ou par la séquestration, voire « neutralisation » de la vimentine non-phosphorylée. Cette dernière possibilité reposerait sur l'utilisation de composés qui vont se complexer et « masquer » cette protéine, ou sur le contrôle de l'adressage de la protéine hors du compartiment cytosolique (routage dans des compartiments subcellulaires spécifiques ou éventuellement sécrétion). Ces deux opérations indépendantes ayant pour objectif de soustraire la vimentine native à toute implication dans les phénomènes biologiques de la cellule. b. favoriser l'accessibilité de la vimentine aux kinases. En agissant sur la disponibilité de certains composants cellulaires qui interagissent de manière naturelle avec la vimentine, il peut être possible de stimuler la phosphorylation de cette protéine. c. augmenter la stabilité et la durée de vie de la vimentine phosphorylée en contrariant les systèmes cellulaires qui participent à la dégradation ou à l'élimination cytoplasmique de celle-ci.1. The first possible strategy is to intervene directly on the cellular concentrations of the different forms of vimentin. With this in mind, 3 areas of intervention are possible: a. directly lower the amount of native (non-phosphorylated) vimentin synthesized by the cells or reduce its bioavailability within the cell and thereby increase the overall yield of enzymatic phosphorylation of cellular vimentin. This can be achieved by modifying the level of expression of vimentin, or by sequestering or even "neutralizing" non-phosphorylated vimentin. The latter possibility would be based on the use of compounds that will complex and "mask" this protein, or on the control of the targeting of the protein out of the cytosolic compartment (routing in specific subcellular compartments or possibly secretion). These two independent operations aim at removing the native vimentin from any implication in the biological phenomena of the cell. b. to promote the accessibility of vimentin to kinases. By acting on the availability of certain cellular components that interact in a natural with vimentin, it may be possible to stimulate phosphorylation of this protein. vs. to increase the stability and shelf life of phosphorylated vimentin by antagonizing the cellular systems involved in cytoplasmic degradation or elimination.
2. Une deuxième possibilité consiste à promouvoir directement l'action des kinases qui phosphorylent la vimentine. Ceci peut être envisagé de deux façons différentes : par l'augmentation de l'activité enzymatique spécifique de ces kinases, ou par leur surproduction, 3. La troisième approche qui est susceptible de favoriser l'accumulation de phospho -vimentine est basée, à l'inverse de la stratégie décrite au point numéro 2 ci-dessus, sur des actions diverses destinées à réduire le taux de phosphatases cellulaires ou leur activité.2. A second possibility is to directly promote the action of kinases that phosphorylate vimentin. This can be envisaged in two different ways: by increasing the specific enzymatic activity of these kinases, or by their overproduction, 3. The third approach that is likely to promote the accumulation of phospho-vi- the opposite of the strategy described in point 2 above, on various actions intended to reduce the level of cellular phosphatases or their activity.
Dans un souci d'efficacité thérapeutique optimale, une combinaison de deux ou plusieurs de ces approches n'est bien évidemment pas exclue.For the sake of optimal therapeutic efficacy, a combination of two or more of these approaches is obviously not excluded.
Stratégie 1 : Modifications de paramètres relatifs à la vimentine (taux d'expression, accessibilité, stabilité).Strategy 1: Changes in parameters related to vimentin (expression rate, accessibility, stability).
Dans le cadre de cette stratégie, il est techniquement possible d'envisager de réduire la concentration cellulaire de vimentine par le blocage plus ou moins partiel de l'expression du gène par différents moyens. Une possibilité repose sur la régulation négative de l'expression du gène ; l'autre sur l'activation de la dégradation des ARN messagers (ARNm) ou sur la réduction de l'efficacité de leur traduction.As part of this strategy, it is technically possible to consider reducing the cell concentration of vimentin by blocking more or less partial expression of the gene by various means. One possibility is based on the downregulation of gene expression; the other on the activation of the degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA) or on the reduction of the efficiency of their translation.
Divers composés ou molécules pharmacologiques peuvent s'avérer capables de réduire plus ou moins sélectivement l'efficacité de transcription du gène de la vimentine. Ceci peut être obtenu en particulier en modifiant quantitativement ou qualitativement le rôle joué par des régions génétiques essentielles sur le taux de transcription du gène de la vimentine (régions promotrices, enhancers, silencers...). A titre d'exemple, des composés tels que les dérivés de l'acide rétinoïque ont déjà été montrés capables de freiner la transcription du gène de la vimentine et des dérivés de l'acide rétinoïque (N-(4- hydroxyphenyl) retinamide ou 4-HPR) bloqueraient la carcinogenèse prostatique (Webber et al, 1999).Various pharmacological compounds or molecules may be capable of more or less selectively reducing the transcriptional efficiency of the vimentin gene. This can be achieved in particular by modifying quantitatively or qualitatively the role played by essential genetic regions on the transcription rate of the vimentin gene (promoter regions, enhancers, silencers ...). By way of example, compounds such as retinoic acid derivatives have already been shown to be able to curb the transcription of the gene for vimentin and retinoic acid derivatives (N- (4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide or -HPR) would block prostatic carcinogenesis (Webber et al, 1999).
Le contrôle de l'expression du gène peut également se concevoir en altérant la stabilité et/ou les possibilités de traduction de l'ARNm, produit de la transcription normale du gène. Cette stratégie implique par exemple l'utilisation d'un ou de plusieurs polynucléotides-antisens, capables d'interagir dans la cellule avec l'ARNm et de perturber sa stabilité ou sa capacité à être traduit en vimentine par les ribosomes. L'utilisation de polynucléotides antisens a déjà été expérimentée in vitro pour abaisser l'expression de la vimentine. Ainsi dans une lignée de cellules tumorales de prostate, hormone-insensible et invasive, il a été observé une surexpression du gène de la vimentine. La transfection avec une construction antisens-vimentine réduit effectivement le caractère invasif de ces tumeurs mesuré in vitro (Singh et al, 2003). Ce genre de construction oligonucléotides antisens-vimentine réduit aussi la vitesse de migration de cellules épithéliales au cours de la cicatrisation de lésions (Gilles et al, 1999). De même, la transfection in vitro de cellules malignes de carcinome mammaire avec des oligonucléotides anti-sens destinés à bloquer l'expression de la vimentine concourt à réduire l'activité invasive des cellules ainsi traitées (Hendrix et al, 1997). Dans les travaux cités ci-dessus, l'impact des composés polynucléotidiques ou constructions antisens sur le taux de phosphorylation de la vimentine n'a pas été déterminé.The control of the expression of the gene can also be conceived by altering the stability and / or the translation possibilities of the mRNA, product of the normal transcription of the gene. This strategy involves for example the use of one or more antisense polynucleotides capable of interacting in the cell with the mRNA and disrupting its stability or ability to be translated into vimentin by ribosomes. The use of antisense polynucleotides has already been tested in vitro to lower the expression of vimentin. Thus in a hormone-insensitive and invasive prostate tumor cell line, overexpression of the vimentin gene has been observed. Transfection with an antisense-vimentin construct effectively reduces the invasiveness of these tumors measured in vitro (Singh et al, 2003). This type of antisense-vimentin oligonucleotide construct also reduces the rate of migration of epithelial cells during wound healing (Gilles et al, 1999). Similarly, in vitro transfection of breast carcinoma malignant cells with antisense oligonucleotides to block the expression of vimentin helps to reduce the invasive activity of the cells thus treated (Hendrix et al, 1997). In the work cited above, the impact of polynucleotide compounds or antisense constructs on the rate of phosphorylation of vimentin has not been determined.
L'utilisation appropriée d'ARNi (ARN d'interférence, siRNA) (Fire et al, 1998 ; Bernstein et al, 2001 ; Elbashir et al, 2001a et b), judicieusement sélectionnés en fonction de la séquence primaire du transcrit codant la vimentine, est bien évidemment une solution à l'efficacité attendue pour abaisser le taux de transcrit disponible dans la cellule pour la synthèse de vimentine.The appropriate use of RNAi (interference RNA, siRNA) (Fire et al, 1998, Bernstein et al, 2001, Elbashir et al, 2001a and b), judiciously selected according to the primary sequence of the transcript encoding vimentin , of course, is a solution to the expected efficiency to lower the level of transcript available in the cell for the synthesis of vimentin.
Enfin, selon une troisième option, la stabilité de l'ARNm peut également être réduite en intervenant sur la concentration et/ou l'affinité des composés cellulaires qui interagissent avec l'ARNm de la vimentine. En effet, la région 3' non-codante du transcrit de la vimentine interagit avec des protéines telles que HAX-I et eEFl -gamma (Al- Maghrebi et al, 2002). Il est reconnu que la fixation de protéines sur les régions non- codantes des ARNm est de nature à modifier sensiblement la stabilité des ARNm (Saini et al, 1990 ; Cuadrado et al, 2002). Il est donc tout à fait plausible d'envisager que les modifications de concentration de ces protéines ou l'utilisation de molécules chimiques ayant la vertu de modifier la force d'interaction de ces protéines avec l'ARNm de la vimentine pourront de manière indirecte, affecter la stabilité du transcrit et par voie de conséquence aboutir à la baisse de synthèse de la vimentine.Finally, according to a third option, the stability of the mRNA can also be reduced by acting on the concentration and / or the affinity of the cellular compounds that interact with the vimentin mRNA. Indeed, the 3 'non-coding region of the vimentin transcript interacts with proteins such as HAX-I and eEF1-gamma (Al-Maghrebi et al, 2002). It is recognized that the binding of proteins to the non-coding regions of the mRNAs is likely to substantially modify the stability of the mRNAs (Saini et al, 1990, Cuadrado et al, 2002). It is therefore quite plausible to envisage that changes in the concentration of these proteins or the use of chemical molecules having the virtue of modifying the interaction force of these proteins with the mRNA of vimentin may indirectly, affect the stability of the transcript and consequently lead to the decline of synthesis of vimentin.
Une autre possibilité consiste à créer, dans les cellules, des complexes entre la vimentine et des composés moléculaires variés pour limiter la quantité de vimentine libre non-modifiée post-traductionnellement, et faciliter de ce fait un taux de phosphorylation important de cette protéine par les kinases. Evénement final dont il est attendu, au niveau cellulaire, une limitation de l'invasivité des tumeurs. Les molécules qui pourraient interagir avec la vimentine non-modifiée sont des molécules chimiques, des anticorps ou des aptamères (molécules polypeptidiques ou polynucléotidiques capables de se fixer avec une forte affinité sur une protéine, en l'occurrence la vimentine ici). La vimentine est une molécule antigénique et la production d'anticorps dirigés contre cette protéine est tout à fait réalisable. Des travaux tels que ceux publiés par Hartmann et al, (2004) montrent d'ailleurs que la vimentine peut même susciter des réactions auto-immunes puisque des auto-anticorps dirigés contre la vimentine peuvent être détectés dans le sérum de nombreux patients atteints de lymphomes cutanés.Another possibility is to create, in the cells, complexes between the vimentin and various molecular compounds to limit the amount of unmodified free vimentin post-translationally, and thereby facilitate a high level of phosphorylation of this protein by the kinases. Final event which is expected, at the cellular level, a limitation of the invasiveness of the tumors. The molecules that could interact with the unmodified vimentin are chemical molecules, antibodies or aptamers (polypeptide or polynucleotide molecules capable of binding with high affinity to a protein, in this case vimentin here). Vimentin is an antigenic molecule and the production of antibodies directed against this protein is quite feasible. Works such as those published by Hartmann et al. (2004) show, moreover, that vimentin can even elicit autoimmune reactions since Autoantibodies to vimentin can be detected in the serum of many patients with cutaneous lymphomas.
L'intervention sur la séquestration de la vimentine dans des compartiments subcellulaires ou la modification de son excrétion par des systèmes de pompage transmembranaires reste encore une hypothèse de travail. Néanmoins, cette approche constitue une piste intéressante puisqu'il a été rapporté que les macrophages se montraient capables de sécréter la vimentine phosphorylée (Mor-Vaknin et al, 2003). Il existe donc bien des systèmes transporteurs capables de véhiculer la vimentine du cytosol vers l'extérieur des cellules. II est également envisageable de modifier les modalités d'interaction de composés cellulaires normaux avec la vimentine. Il s'agit dans ce cas de modifier les interactions entre la vimentine et les protéines ou composés cellulaires normaux avec lesquels elle forme naturellement des complexes.The intervention on the sequestration of vimentin into subcellular compartments or the modification of its excretion by transmembrane pumping systems still remains a working hypothesis. Nevertheless, this approach is an interesting avenue since it has been reported that macrophages were able to secrete phosphorylated vimentin (Mor-Vaknin et al, 2003). There are therefore many carrier systems capable of conveying the cytosol vimentin to the outside of the cells. It is also conceivable to modify the interaction modalities of normal cellular compounds with vimentin. In this case, it is a question of modifying the interactions between vimentin and the normal cellular proteins or compounds with which it naturally forms complexes.
A titre d'exemple, on peut mentionner que la vimentine peut interagir avec la protéine dite 14-3-3 des cellules tumorales. L'association de 14-3-3 avec la phospho vimentine altérerait la déphosphorylation de cette dernière (Tzivion et al, 2000). De ce fait, toute action susceptible de perturber l'interaction de la vimentine avec cette protéine 14-3-3 (ou d'autres composés qui se fixent sur la vimentine) aura la potentialité de faciliter l'accumulation de la phosphovimentine et donc par voie de conséquence de réduire de manière contrôlable l'invasivité des tumeurs.By way of example, it may be mentioned that vimentin can interact with the so-called 14-3-3 protein of tumor cells. The combination of 14-3-3 with phospho vimentin would alter the dephosphorylation of the latter (Tzivion et al, 2000). Therefore, any action likely to disturb the interaction of vimentin with this protein 14-3-3 (or other compounds that bind to vimentin) will have the potential to facilitate the accumulation of phosphovimentin and therefore by Consequently, it is possible to reduce the invasiveness of tumors in a controllable manner.
Enfin, tous éléments cellulaires tels que des protéases, qui dégraderaient spécifiquement la vimentine phosphorylée, ou des transporteurs membranaires qui excréteraient spécifiquement la vimentine, représenteraient des cibles contre lesquelles dédier des molécules ou approches destinées à bloquer de telles activités. L'inhibition de ces activités pourrait globalement tendre vers la diminution de la concentration cellulaire de vimentine phosphorylée.Finally, all cellular elements such as proteases, which would specifically degrade phosphorylated vimentin, or membrane transporters that specifically excrete vimentin, would represent targets against which to dedicate molecules or approaches intended to block such activities. The inhibition of these activities could globally tend towards the decrease of the cellular concentration of phosphorylated vimentin.
La deuxième stratégie impliquant une activation de l'activité de phosphorylation de la vimentine repose sur le développement de molécules susceptibles d' interagir directement ou non avec les kinases et à stimuler leur activité spécifique. Il est intéressant de constater dans cette logique que le traitement des cellules CHO-Kl (cellules d'origine fibroblastique pérennisées à partir de biopsie ovarienne d'hamster chinois) avec des dérivés de l'AMPc (adénosine 3',5'-monophosphate cyclique) induit la perte du phénotype malin. Cet événement va de pair avec la phosphorylation de la vimentine (Chan et al, 1989). Il est possible de supposer que dans le cas de cet exemple, l'AMPc pourrait être tenu pour responsable, sans que cela ait été démontré formellement, de l' activation de kinases dépendantes de l'AMPc. Par ailleurs, l'augmentation du taux de kinases cellulaires peut être augmenté par diverses approches. Par exemple, les technologies de biologie moléculaire offrent la possibilité de créer des constructions géniques pour l'expression de kinases dans les cellules tumorales après import de ces constructions dans les dites cellules.The second strategy involving an activation of the vimentin phosphorylation activity is based on the development of molecules that can interact directly or not with the kinases and stimulate their specific activity. It is interesting to note in this logic that the treatment of CHO-K1 cells (cells of fibroblastic origin perennialized from Chinese hamster ovary biopsy) with cAMP derivatives (cyclic adenosine 3 ', 5'-monophosphate) ) induces the loss of the malignant phenotype. This event is associated with the phosphorylation of vimentin (Chan et al, 1989). It is possible to assume that in the case of this example, cAMP could be held responsible, without it being formally demonstrated, for the activation of cAMP-dependent kinases. In addition, the increase in cell kinase levels can be increased by various approaches. For example, biology technologies molecular offer the possibility of creating gene constructs for the expression of kinases in tumor cells after import of these constructs into said cells.
Enfin, en ce qui concerne la troisième stratégie, les phosphatases peuvent constituer une cible moléculaire de choix. En effet, tout ralentissement de l'activité de ces enzymes devrait conduire à l'accumulation de phosphovimentine. Des molécules spécifiques, dédiées à l'inhibition des phosphatases, seront d'autant plus efficaces que les phophatases spécifiquement impliquées dans la déphosphorylation de la vimentine auront été identifiées.Finally, with respect to the third strategy, phosphatases may be a molecular target of choice. Indeed, any slowing of the activity of these enzymes should lead to the accumulation of phosphovimentin. Specific molecules, dedicated to the inhibition of phosphatases, will be more effective than the phophatases specifically involved in the dephosphorylation of vimentin have been identified.
L'inhibition des phosphatases pourra reposer sur l'utilisation de molécules chimiques capables d' interagir avec ces enzymes ou le recours à des ARNi ou constructions antisens capables de perturber l'expression de ces enzymes. A titre d'exemple, on peut mentionner qu'il a été montré que la calyculin A qui bloque la phosphatase de type 1 favorise la détection d'une forme phosphorylée de la vimentine par la Rho kinase au niveau de la serine 71 de la vimentine (Inada et al, 1999). Les possibilités de contrarier l'activité des phosphatases peuvent aussi impliquer des interventions sur la formation des complexes actifs multimoléculaires de phosphatases. Toute action sur les composés qui activent les phosphatases est susceptible de prévenir l'activation de ces enzymes. Il a été démontré par exemple que la protéine B55 qui active la phosphatase PP2A est requise pour la déphosphorylation de la vimentine (Turowski et al, 1999).The inhibition of phosphatases may be based on the use of chemical molecules capable of interacting with these enzymes or the use of RNAi or antisense constructs capable of disturbing the expression of these enzymes. By way of example, it may be mentioned that calycin A, which blocks type 1 phosphatase, has been shown to promote the detection of a phosphorylated form of vimentin by Rho kinase at serine 71 of vimentin. (Inada et al, 1999). The possibilities of antagonizing the activity of phosphatases may also involve interventions on the formation of multimolecular active complexes of phosphatases. Any action on compounds that activate phosphatases is likely to prevent activation of these enzymes. It has been demonstrated, for example, that the B55 protein that activates PP2A phosphatase is required for the dephosphorylation of vimentin (Turowski et al, 1999).
Les exemples de réalisation ci-dessous permettent de mieux illustrer l'invention, sans toutefois chercher à en limiter la portée.The examples of embodiment below make it possible to better illustrate the invention without, however, seeking to limit its scope.
Exemple 1 : Détection de la vimentine phosphorylée pour le diagnostic de diverses tumeurs solides invasives ou non-invasives selon le mode de réalisation reposant sur la spectrométrie de masse de type SELDI.Example 1 Detection of phosphorylated vimentin for the diagnosis of various invasive or non-invasive solid tumors according to the embodiment based on SELDI-type mass spectrometry.
Les échantillons de tissus, sous formes de coupes de biopsies congelées sont utilisés pour la préparation des extraits protéiques et analysés selon les protocoles décrits ci-après : Des coupes de tissus de 20 μm d'épaisseur sont réalisées au microtome et 20 coupes sont mises en incubation pendant 30 minutes à 4°C dans 300 microlitres d'un tampon de lyse (Reporter Lysis Buffer, Promega, Madison, WI, USA) contenant un mélange classique d'antiprotéases. L'échantillon est vortexé à plusieurs reprises pendant cette période d'incubation. Après centrifugation (10000g pendant 10 min à 4°C), le surnageant (dit extrait final) est obtenu et un dosage protéique par une méthode classique permet de contrôler que la concentration en protéine dans l'extrait final atteint un titre de 2 à 3 microgrammes de protéines totales par microlitre.The tissue samples, in the form of frozen biopsy sections, are used for the preparation of the protein extracts and analyzed according to the protocols described below: Tissue sections of 20 μm thick are made with a microtome and 20 sections are put in place. incubation for 30 minutes at 4 ° C in 300 microliters of lysis buffer (Reporter Lysis Buffer, Promega, Madison, WI, USA) containing a conventional antiprotease mixture. The sample is vortexed several times during this incubation period. After centrifugation (10000 g for 10 min at 4 ° C.), the supernatant (said final extract) is obtained and a protein assay by a conventional method makes it possible to control that the concentration of protein in the final extract reaches a titre of 2 to 3 micrograms of total protein per microliter.
Les extraits finaux protéiques sont analysés grâce aux barrettes d'analyse ProteinChip® de type SAX2 de la société Ciphergen composées de surfaces actives composées d'une matrice dite échangeuse d'anions. Pour assurer l'équilibration des charges ioniques des surfaces actives, les ProteinChip® SAX2 sont imprégnées d'un tampon de fixation (Tris 10OmM pH 8,0 et 0,1% Triton XlOO) pendant 5 minutes. Après élimination de ce tampon les extraits finaux protéiques sont déposés sur les surfaces actives de la manière suivante : les extraits sont dilués à un titre final de 0,1 microgramme par microlitre et 100 microlitres de cette dilution sont déposés au contact des surfaces actives. Les ProteinChip® sont ensuite mises en incubation à température ambiante pendant 45 minutes et soumises à une agitation vigoureuse permanente. Après incubation, les ProteinChip® sont lavées deux fois à l'aide d'un tampon constitué de Tris 10OmM pH 8,0 et 0,1% Triton X100, puis une fois avec un deuxième tampon de lavage composé de Tris 10OmM pH 8,0. Un dernier lavage est réalisé en tampon HEPES 2mM, pH 7,5. Enfin, les surfaces actives sont séchées sous courant d'air et 1,6 microlitre d'une solution SPA (Sinapinic acid, Ciphergen) est déposé sur ces surfaces.The final protein extracts are analyzed using ProteinChip® SAX2 type analysis strips from Ciphergen, composed of active surfaces composed of a so-called anion exchange matrix. To ensure the equilibration of the ionic charges of On active surfaces, ProteinChip® SAX2 are impregnated with an attachment buffer (10mM Tris pH 8.0 and 0.1% Triton X100) for 5 minutes. After removal of this buffer the final protein extracts are deposited on the active surfaces in the following manner: the extracts are diluted to a final titre of 0.1 microgram per microliter and 100 microliters of this dilution are deposited in contact with the active surfaces. The ProteinChip® are then incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes and subjected to vigorous continuous agitation. After incubation, the ProteinChip® are washed twice with a buffer consisting of 10mM Tris pH 8.0 and 0.1% Triton X100, then once with a second washing buffer composed of 10mM Tris pH 8, 0. A last wash is carried out in 2mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.5. Finally, the active surfaces are dried under a stream of air and 1.6 microliter of a SPA solution (Sinapinic acid, Ciphergen) is deposited on these surfaces.
L'analyse des ProteinChip® est réalisée à l'aide du spectromètre de masse Ciphergen. L'appareil est soumis à une étape de calibration utilisant des standards protéiques purifiés connus et déposés sur des ProteinChip®. Les standards habituellement utilisés sont l'insuline bovine (masse moléculaire 5733,6 Da) le cytochrome c bovin (12230,9 Da) et l'albumine sérique bovine (66410,0 Da).ProteinChip® analysis is performed using the Ciphergen mass spectrometer. The apparatus is subjected to a calibration step using purified protein standards known and deposited on ProteinChip®. The standards usually used are bovine insulin (molecular mass 5733.6 Da), bovine cytochrome c (12230.9 Da) and bovine serum albumin (66410.0 Da).
L'analyse d'échantillons biopsiques selon la méthode décrite ci-dessus a été effectuée sur des tumeurs invasives ou non-invasives de type méningiomes (35 tumeurs), sur des tumeurs du poumon (4 échantillons) et des tumeurs des cellules gliales du système nerveux central (type glioblastomes et oligodendrogliomes, 4 échantillons). La vimentine phosphorylée est détectée par la présence d'un pic à 53,5 kDa.The analysis of biopsy samples according to the method described above was carried out on invasive or non-invasive tumors of the meningioma type (35 tumors), on lung tumors (4 samples) and tumors of the glial cells of the system. central nervous system (type glioblastomas and oligodendrogliomas, 4 samples). Phosphorylated vimentin is detected by the presence of a peak at 53.5 kDa.
Les résultats d'analyse sont rassemblés dans le tableau 1 (valeurs calculées sur un ensemble de 35 tumeurs différentes).The results of analysis are summarized in Table 1 (values calculated on a set of 35 different tumors).
Exemple 2 : Détection de la vimentine non-phosphorylccExample 2 Detection of Non-phosphorylated Vimentin
La vimentine phosphorylée peut être purifiée des extraits protéiques par un protocole qui consiste à soumettre l'extrait à une chromatographie sur colonne Q hyperD® dans des conditions opératoires facilitant la fixation de la vimentine sous sa forme phosphorylée sur le support chromatographique puis à éluer spécifiquement cette protéine par des solutions de composition bien définie. L'extrait est mis en incubation avec la résine de la colonne en présence de Tris 100 mM pH 8,5 pendant 30 min avec agitation. On réalise 3 lavages de 5 min en tampon Na-citrate 10OmM, pH 3,5 avec agitation puis 3 lavages dans une solution composé de 5% Acétonitrile + 0,5% acide trifluoroacétique + 50% Isopropanol. L'élution de la protéine d'intérêt est réalisée en 16% Acétonitrile + 0,1% acide trifluoroacétique + 33% Isopropanol.The phosphorylated vimentin can be purified from the protein extracts by a protocol which consists in subjecting the extract to chromatography on a hyperD® Q column under operating conditions facilitating the fixing of the vimentin in its phosphorylated form on the chromatographic support and then eluting this specifically. protein by solutions of well-defined composition. The extract is incubated with the resin of the column in the presence of 100 mM Tris pH 8.5 for 30 min with stirring. 3 washes for 5 min in 10 mM Na-citrate buffer, pH 3.5 with stirring and then 3 washes in a solution consisting of 5% acetonitrile + 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid + 50% isopropanol. The elution of the protein of interest is carried out in 16% acetonitrile + 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid + 33% isopropanol.
Après purification de la protéine phosphorylée, une incubation en présence d'une phosphatase selon des méthodes conventionnelles (pendant 2 heures à température ambiante en présence de phosphatase alcaline extraite d'intestin de veau) permet d'éliminer les groupements phosphates. La détection de la vimentine non-phosphorylée peut être réalisée par spectrométrie de masse SELDI.After purification of the phosphorylated protein, incubation in the presence of a phosphatase according to conventional methods (for 2 hours at room temperature in the presence of alkaline phosphatase extracted from calf intestine) makes it possible to eliminate the phosphate groups. The detection of non-phosphorylated vimentin can be performed by SELDI mass spectrometry.
La vimentine phosphorylée est capable d'interagir de manière extrêmement forte avec une matrice d'échange d'anions type ProteinChip® SAX2. L'adsorption de la vimentine sur la matrice résiste à des traitements par des tampons de pH acide et la protéine fixée n'est pas éluée, en particulier par lavage à pH 3,5. Après traitement par une phosphatase de la vimentine phosphorylée purifiée à partir des tumeurs non-invasives, la vimentine dé-phosphorylée perd son caractère anionique et n'est plus capable d'adsorption sur la matrice échangeuse d'anions SAX2. Elle reste toutefois capable de se fixer sur une matrice hydrophile (Ciphergen ProteinChip® NP20).Phosphorylated vimentin is able to interact extremely strongly with a ProteinChip® SAX2 anion exchange matrix. The adsorption of the vimentin on the matrix is resistant to treatments with buffers of acidic pH and the fixed protein is not eluted, in particular by washing at pH 3.5. After phosphatase treatment of purified phosphorylated vimentin from non-invasive tumors, the dephosphorylated vimentin loses its anionic character and is no longer capable of adsorption on the SAX2 anion exchange matrix. However, it remains able to bind to a hydrophilic matrix (Ciphergen ProteinChip® NP20).
Les résultats d'analyse par spectrométrie de masse après fixation sur support ProteinChip® Ciphergen de type SAX2 et NP20 sont indiqués dans le tableau 2.ProteinChip® Ciphergen type SAX2 and NP20 mass spectrometry analysis results are shown in Table 2.
Exemple 3 : Détection de fragments de digestion enzymatique de la vimentineExample 3 Detection of fragments of enzymatic digestion of vimentin
La détection de la vimentine peut être effectuée en exploitant la fragmentation protéolytique de l'échantillon ou de la vimentine phosphorylée purifiée (voir exemple 2). Dans ce cadre, l'identification de la protéine repose sur une stratégie consistant à analyser par spectrométrie de masse le résultat de la digestion de la vimentine phosphorylée (voire déphosphorylée par traitement préliminaire aux phosphatases) par une protéase (trypsine, ou endoprotéinase-Lys, ou endoprotéinase GIu-C,...) et à repérer les pics peptidiques détectés comportant des masses identiques à celles des peptides prédits de la structure de la vimentine.The detection of vimentin can be carried out by exploiting the proteolytic fragmentation of the sample or purified phosphorylated vimentin (see Example 2). In this context, the identification of the protein is based on a strategy consisting in analyzing by mass spectrometry the result of the digestion of phosphorylated vimentin (or even dephosphorylated by preliminary treatment with phosphatases) by a protease (trypsin, or endoproteinase-Lys, or endoproteinase GIu-C, ...) and to identify the detected peptide peaks having masses identical to those of the predicted peptides of the structure of the vimentin .
L'analyse du résidu de digestion par l' endoprotéinase GIu-C de la vimentine phosphorylée montre par exemple 25 peptides de masses moléculaires différentes dans une fenêtre de détection de masses moléculaires comprises entre 1000 et 3000 Da. L'analyse de correspondance entre la masse de ces 25 peptides détectés avec celles des peptides pouvant être générés à partir de la vimentine a montré que plus d'une douzaine de ces peptides correspondent strictement à des peptides issus de la digestion de la vimentine par l' endoprotéinase GIu-C.The analysis of the digestion residue with the endoproteinase GIu-C of phosphorylated vimentin shows, for example, 25 peptides of different molecular masses in a molecular-mass detection window of between 1000 and 3000 Da. The correspondence analysis between the mass of these peptides detected with those of the peptides which can be generated from vimentin has shown that more than a dozen of these peptides correspond strictly to peptides derived from the digestion of vimentin by endoproteinase GIu-C.
Les résultats d'analyse sont indiqués dans le tableau 3The analysis results are shown in Table 3
Tableau 3 :Table 3:
« Measured Mass » : masse des peptides détectés"Measured Mass": mass of detected peptides
« Computed Mass » : masses des peptides de digestion endo GIu-C prédits à partir de la séquence connue de la vimentine « Residues Start » : position du premier acide aminé du peptide détecté au sein de la séquence de la vimentine"Computed Mass": masses of endo GIu-C digestion peptides predicted from the known sequence of vimentin "Residues Start": position of the first amino acid of the peptide detected within the vimentin sequence
« Residues To» : position du dernier acide aminé du peptide détecté au sein de la séquence de la vimentine Références bibliographiques"Residues To": position of the last amino acid of the peptide detected within the vimentin sequence Bibliographical references
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Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Procédé susceptible d'être employé pour déterminer l'agressivité et/ou l'invasivité d'une tumeur, ledit procédé comprenant, sur un échantillon de cellules tumorales préalablement prélevé, les étapes de :A method that can be used to determine the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of a tumor, said method comprising, on a sample of tumor cells previously removed, the steps of:
- préparer un extrait biologique comprenant de la vimentine, et- preparing a biological extract comprising vimentin, and
- déterminer si la vimentine ainsi extraite est phosphorylée ou non phosphorylée.- to determine if the vimentin thus extracted is phosphorylated or not phosphorylated.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'on détermine si la vimentine est phosphorylée ou non phosphorylée au moyen d'une méthode sélectionnée parmi le groupe comprenant :2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is determined whether the vimentin is phosphorylated or not phosphorylated by means of a method selected from the group comprising:
- l'analyse SELDI-TOF- SELDI-TOF analysis
- la méthode FACS ou ses équivalents- the FACS method or its equivalents
- les marquages isotopiques RIA- RIA isotopic markings
- le transfert de fluorescence FRET - la mise en évidence de complexe-immuns- FRET fluorescence transfer - the detection of complex-immune
- les méthodes permettant de détecter des réactions antigènes-anticorps comme les méthodes ELISA, les micro-arrays de protéines ou Western-blotmethods for detecting antigen-antibody reactions such as ELISA, protein micro-arrays or Western-blot methods
- les tests de migration électrophorétique avec mise en évidence de modifications post-traductionnelles de la vimentine. - electrophoretic migration tests with evidence of post-translational modifications of vimentin.
3. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la tumeur est une tumeur du système nerveux central.3. Method according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the tumor is a tumor of the central nervous system.
4. Kit de diagnostic pour la mise en œuvre d'un procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend sur un support approprié, un moyen permettant la détection de la vimentine non phosphorylée et/ou un moyen permettant la détection de la vimentine phosphorylée.4. Diagnostic kit for the implementation of a method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it comprises on a suitable support, a means for the detection of unphosphorylated vimentin and / or a means for detecting phosphorylated vimentin.
5. Kit selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le moyen de détection de la vimentine non phosphorylée est choisi parmi : les anticorps réagissant avec tout ou partie de la protéine, les réactifs autres que les anticorps capables d'interagir de manière spécifique avec la vimentine, les réactifs de modification et/ou clivage de la protéine au niveau des sites de phosphorylation, les traceurs radioactifs.5. Kit according to claim 4, characterized in that the means for detecting unphosphorylated vimentin is chosen from: antibodies reacting with all or part of the protein, reagents other than antibodies capable of interacting specifically with vimentin, reagents for modification and / or cleavage of the protein at the sites of phosphorylation, radioactive tracers.
6. Kit selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le moyen de détection de la vimentine phosphorylée est choisi parmi : les anticorps réagissant avec tout ou partie de la protéine, les réactifs autres que les anticorps capables d'interagir de manière spécifique avec la vimentine, les réactifs de modification (marquage colorimétrique ou fluorescent) au niveau des sites de phosphorylation, les réactifs et/ou protéases pour le clivage spécifique de la protéine au niveau des sites de phosphorylation, les traceurs radioactifs. 6. Kit according to claim 4, characterized in that the means for detecting phosphorylated vimentin is chosen from: antibodies reacting with all or part of the protein, reagents other than antibodies capable of interacting specifically with the vimentin, modification reagents (colorimetric or fluorescent labeling) at the sites of phosphorylation, reagents and / or proteases for the specific cleavage of the protein at the sites of phosphorylation, radioactive tracers.
7. Kit selon l'une des revendications 4 à 6, caractérisé en ce que le support est choisi parmi : les supports de composés chimiques capables d'interagir avec la vimentine phosphorylée ou non-phosphorylée, les plaques de dosages multi-puits de matière plastique, les gels de polyacrylamide ou autre matrice pour la séparation des protéines selon leurs caractéristiques physico -chimiques, des billes de latex ou autres matériaux activés pour interagir spécifiquement avec la vimentine.7. Kit according to one of claims 4 to 6, characterized in that the support is selected from: the supports of chemical compounds capable of interacting with the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated vimentin, the multi-well material dosage plates plastic, polyacrylamide gels or other matrix for the separation of proteins according to their physico-chemical characteristics, latex beads or other materials activated to interact specifically with vimentin.
8. Procédé pour identifier un agent anticancéreux permettant de réduire l'agressivité et/ou l'invasivité d'une tumeur en favorisant la phosphorylation de la vimentine, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend les étapes de : - mise en culture de cellules produisant de la vimentine non phosphorylée,8. A method for identifying an anticancer agent for reducing the aggressiveness and / or invasiveness of a tumor by promoting the phosphorylation of vimentin, characterized in that it comprises the steps of: - culturing cells producing unphosphorylated vimentin,
- mise en contact desdites cellules avec un agent à tester,bringing said cells into contact with an agent to be tested,
- analyse de la vimentine produite pour déterminer si elle est phosphorylée ou non après culture des cellules en contact avec l'agent à tester,analysis of the vimentin produced to determine whether it is phosphorylated or not after culture of the cells in contact with the agent to be tested,
- sélection du ou des agents capables d'induire la phosphorylation de la vimentine dans les cellules cancéreuses testées.selection of the agent (s) capable of inducing the phosphorylation of vimentin in the cancer cells tested.
9. Procédé selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que les cellules produisant de la vimentine sont des cellules cancéreuses.9. Process according to claim 8, characterized in that the cells producing vimentin are cancerous cells.
10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 8 ou 9, caractérisé en ce que l'analyse de la vimentine produite est effectuée par le procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2.10. Method according to one of claims 8 or 9, characterized in that the analysis of the vimentin produced is carried out by the method according to one of claims 1 or 2.
11. Utilisation d'un agent approprié pour favoriser la phosphorylation de la vimentine dans les cellules cancéreuses, pour la préparation d'un médicament destiné au traitement des tumeurs cancéreuses. 11. Use of an agent suitable for promoting the phosphorylation of vimentin in cancer cells for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancerous tumors.
EP05797071A 2004-09-17 2005-09-15 Phosphorylated vimentin serving as a marker of the aggressiveness and/or invasiveness of tumors Not-in-force EP1789802B1 (en)

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FR0409857A FR2875601B1 (en) 2004-09-17 2004-09-17 VIMENTIN PHOSPHORYLEE AS A MARKER OF AGGRESSIVITY AND / OR INVASIVENESS OF TUMORS
PCT/EP2005/054598 WO2006030023A1 (en) 2004-09-17 2005-09-15 Phosphorylated vimentin serving as a marker of the aggressiveness and/or invasiveness of tumors

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