EP1768676A1 - Use of compounds containing thiol groups as an efflux pump inhibitor - Google Patents

Use of compounds containing thiol groups as an efflux pump inhibitor

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Publication number
EP1768676A1
EP1768676A1 EP05771836A EP05771836A EP1768676A1 EP 1768676 A1 EP1768676 A1 EP 1768676A1 EP 05771836 A EP05771836 A EP 05771836A EP 05771836 A EP05771836 A EP 05771836A EP 1768676 A1 EP1768676 A1 EP 1768676A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
thiol group
use according
glutathione
thiolated
containing compounds
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP05771836A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Martin Hoffer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MucoBiomer Biotechnologische Forschungs- und Entwicklungs GmbH
ThioMatrix Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH
Original Assignee
MucoBiomer Biotechnologische Forschungs- und Entwicklungs GmbH
ThioMatrix Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH
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Publication date
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Publication of EP1768676A1 publication Critical patent/EP1768676A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7048Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin, digitoxin or digoxin
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A61K31/716Glucans
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A61K31/716Glucans
    • A61K31/717Celluloses
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/74Synthetic polymeric materials
    • A61K31/795Polymers containing sulfur
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/03Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in an undefined or only partially defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/06Tripeptides
    • A61K38/063Glutathione
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/12Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
    • A61K38/13Cyclosporins
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/33Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans derived from pro-opiomelanocortin, pro-enkephalin or pro-dynorphin
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02Ophthalmic agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04Antibacterial agents

Definitions

  • non-invasive dosage forms are far more pleasant for the patient.
  • Tablets or nasal sprays may cause pain and risks associated with e.g. Injections and infusions are avoided. Accordingly, the compliance is greater for non-invasive forms of administration.
  • many classes of drugs such as chemotherapeutics for the treatment of cancer, can usually only be administered parenterally because their uptake via mucous membranes by various efflux pumps, such as e.g. P-glycoprotein greatly reduced [Hunter, J. and Hirst, B.H. (1997). In ⁇ testinal secretion of drugs. The role of P-glycoprotein and related drug efflux in limiting oral drug absorption. Adv. Drug Deliv.
  • the oral bioavailability could be increased from 28.6% to 52.7% [Yang, S., Gursoy RN, Lambert G. and Benita S., En- oral absorption of padlitaxel in a novel self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Pharm. Res. 21 (20024) 261-270].
  • the oral bioavailability of cyclosporin was markedly increased by the use of a nanoparticulate dosage form [Beckerman T., Golenser J. and Domb A., Cyclosporin nanoparticulate lipospheres for oral administration. J. Pharm.
  • the object of the present invention therefore relates to the provision of pharmaceutical dosage forms for active substances whose uptake via mucous membranes is reduced by efflux pumps, these new dosage forms counteracting the reduction in uptake.
  • the invention disclosed here relates to the field of pharmaceutical technology and is based on completely novel dosage forms which, in addition to the respective active ingredient, contain at least one adjuvant which has a large number of thiol groups in its chemical structure.
  • Permeation studies have shown completely unexpectedly that efflux pumps can be very efficiently inhibited on mucous membranes by the addition of such polythiol compounds. This effect can be further enhanced by the additional use of glutathione. Furthermore, glutathione per se shows a marked inhibitory effect against efflux pumps on mucous membranes.
  • these may preferably have a molecular weight of more than 2 kDa, but in particular more than 100 kDa.
  • Glutathione is generally scarcely absorbed by mucous membranes [Langoth N., Deve- lopment of Buccal Drug Delivery Systems for Peptide Drugs, Dissertation, University of Vienna, 2003].
  • dosage forms which contain polythiol compounds and / or glutathione in addition to the active ingredient, matrix tablets, eye drops and microparticles have been developed. Only through the combined use of active ingredients and excipients in the appropriate Darreichungs ⁇ form the desired effect can be achieved.
  • compositions which contain glutathione as stabilizer are described inter alia in WO 95/19177 A, JP 1/203336 A, JP 1/022817 A and JP 57/058616 A.
  • the present invention accordingly also relates to pharmaceutical dosage forms for improved drug absorption, these containing one or more active substances whose absorption via mucous membranes is reduced by efflux pumps, as well as glutathione or a derivative thereof and / or at least one compound contained as an adjuvant, which is composed of not more than 10 different subunits and having at least 10 covalently bonded thiol groups in their structure.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention contain, in addition to glutathione or a derivative, thereof and / or in addition to the polythiol compound, no further thiol compound.
  • a combination of glutathione or a derivative thereof and a polythiol compound is particularly preferred since this combination has a particularly good action with regard to the inhibition of efflux pumps.
  • the present invention is suitable for all active substances whose uptake is hindered or at least reduced by efflux pumps, but particularly preferred are compounds whose parenteral intake is disadvantageous or unpleasant for patients.
  • the tics from the group chemotherapeutic agents, antiarrhythmic agents, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, LokalanITAhe ⁇ , hormones, antifungals, ⁇ anticoagulants, antimalarial agents, calcium channel blockers, immunosuppressants and fluorescence Rescue marker are selected, in particular the active ingredients Taxol, cyclosporin, saquinavir or ritonavir.
  • polythiol compound (s) thiol group carrying derivatives of carbomer, polymethacrylic acid, poly (D-glucosamine), cellulose and polylysines or polyarginines which have more than 10, in particular more than 100, thiol groups in their structure are preferred embodiments of the present invention. These have an outstanding effect on the inhibition of the efflux pumps and thus the active substances in these dosage forms can be taken up particularly well and in high doses.
  • the polythiol compound (s) used preferably have a molecular weight which is greater than 2 kDa, in particular greater than 100 kDa.
  • Preferred dosage forms according to the present invention include nanoparticles, microparticles, matrix tablets, emulsions, solutions, suspensions, eye drops or capsules, as well as pharmaceutical dosage forms which are prepared for oral, nasal, pulmonary, vaginal, buccal, rectal and ocular administration.
  • the present invention relates to the use of pharmaceutically acceptable thiol group-containing compounds for the production of medicaments for inhibiting efflux pumps, the medicaments containing active substances whose mucosal uptake is hindered by efflux pumps, if the thiol group-containing compounds are missing.
  • a combination medicine comprising at least two active ingredient components: a first component which comprises a specific active ingredient for a specific purpose for the prevention or treatment of a particular disease or disorder of an individual; and a second component which ensures that the efflux pumps, which counteract uptake of the first component, are inhibited, so that the first component can be absorbed more efficiently into the body of the individual.
  • Preferred efflux pumps which can be inhibited by the present invention are those described as pharmaceutically relevant. Particularly preferred is the inhibition of P-glycoprotein, ABCG2, ABCCl and ABCC2, in particular of P-glycoprotein. Accordingly, either the effective dose of the first component in the body can be increased or the amount of this first component in a particular drug can be reduced without thereby reducing effectiveness.
  • the active ingredient or a composition of active ingredients is provided as the first component, the (usually) absorption of which is reduced by efflux pumps (ie without the presence of the thiol group-containing compounds to be used according to the invention).
  • the compounds are expelled from the individual via the mucous membranes or other biological separating layers which have efflux pumps (eg blood-brain barrier, tumor cells, etc.) (systemically or locally). be supplied).
  • efflux pumps eg blood-brain barrier, tumor cells, etc.
  • this reflux of the active ingredient is now inhibited or reduced and an increased uptake of the active ingredient occurs (compared with the intake without thiol group-containing compound).
  • an efflux rate secretory permeation coefficient / absorptive permeation coefficient
  • an efflux rate secretory permeation coefficient / absorptive permeation coefficient
  • Particularly suitable thiol group-containing compounds according to the invention have a molecular weight of at least 250 g / mol. Compounds which have a lower molecular weight are less advantageous in their thiol group-dependent, efflux-pump-inhibiting properties.
  • the thiol group-containing compounds preferred according to the invention have, on the one hand, at least one thiol group per 1000 g / mol molecular weight, in particular at least one thiol group per 500 g / mol molecular weight. On the other hand, especially when larger molecules are used, these thiol group-containing compounds should have at least 10 thiol groups per molecule.
  • compounds may be used which are composed of one or more monomer units, wherein at least one of the monomer units is thiolierbar.
  • the thiol group-containing compounds according to the invention are composed of not more than 10 different subunits, in particular one, two or three different subunits. different monomer units.
  • Particularly suitable are compounds whose suitability as pharmaceutical formulation substances is already known and proven or their physiologically tolerated thiolated derivatives, ie those compounds which can be prepared from the known pharmaceutical formulation substances by introduction of free thiol groups.
  • Preferred thiol-containing compounds according to the invention are selected from thiolated carbomer, thiolated polymethacrylic acid, thiolated cellulose, thiolated polyglucosamines, thiolated polylysines, thiolated polyarginines or glutathione or glutathione derivatives, preferably those glutathione derivatives in which the -SH and - COOH group, in particular both -COOH groups, are obtained (for example, compounds such as Glu-Cys-Val-Gly, Glu-Cys-Lys-Gly, Glu-Cys-Ala-Cys-Gly).
  • the present combination drug is also administered as a mixture of drug and thiol group containing compound (in an efficient dose to achieve both sufficient effect and sufficient efflux pump inhibition), used in separate form (or eg as a kit ) is also possible, in which the active ingredient and the efflux pump inhibitors are administered separately.
  • Fig. 1 Results of permeation studies with rhodamine 123; Transport through the mucous membrane in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral, black symbols) and in the lateral direction (basolateral to apical, white symbols) in the absence (... O) or presence (.PHI., .DELTA.) Of glutathione in a concentration of 0.5% (m / v);
  • Fig. 2 Results of permeation studies with rhodamine 123; Transport through the mucous membrane in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral, black symbols) and in the lateral direction (basolateral to apical, white symbols) in the absence (B 7 O) or presence (+, A) of poly (D-glucosamine) cysteine in a concentration of 0.5% (m / v);
  • Fig. 3 Results of permeation studies with rhodamine 123; Transport through the mucosa in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral, black symbols) and in the lateral direction (basolateral to apical, white symbols) in the absence (B, O) or presence (+, A) of poly (D. Glucosamine) cysteine (0.5%, m / v) in combination with glutathione (0.5%, m / v).
  • the small intestine of guinea pigs was taken immediately after the animals were euthanized, cut lengthwise and washed in sterile 0.9% saline. Subsequently, this was clamped in Ussing chambers.
  • the incubation a buffer was used containing 250 mM NaCl, 2.6 mM MgSO 4, 10 mM KCl, 40 mM glucose, 50 mM NaHCO 3 and 50 mM Bis-Tris buffer pH 6.0 containing.
  • the Ussing chambers were gassed with a mixture of 95% .O 2 and 5% CO 2 and kept at a temperature of 37 ° C.
  • rhodamine 123 was described in the literature as the substrate for the efflux pump P-glycoprotein [eg: Tang F, Ouyang H, Yang JZ, Borchardt RT, Bidirectional transport of rhodamine 123 and Hoechst 33342 , fluorescence probes of the binding sites on P-glycoprotein, across MDCK-MDRl cell monolayers. J Pharm Be. 2004 May; 93 (5): 1185-94] at a final concentration of 0.001% (w / v) in the donor compartment facing the apical side of the mucosa.
  • FIG. 1 The results of these permeation studies are shown in FIG.
  • the values shown relate to the percentage of rhodamine used (0.001%, w / v) which is able to permeate the mucous membrane.
  • the values are the mean values ⁇ standard deviation from at least 3 test repetitions.
  • cyclosporin swollen with 1 g of the polythiol compound carbomer cysteine (MucoBiomer, Leobendorf, A) in demineralized water. Subsequently, 100 ml of this solution were precipitated in one liter of acetone and the precipitate was washed several times with acetone. Subsequently, it was lyophilized and finely ground the coagulum in the mortar. The corresponding microparticles had a size in the middle micron range and showed good drug release.
  • carbomer cysteine MocoBiomer, Leobendorf, A
  • erythromycin 0.3 g are dissolved with 0.1 g of poly (D-glucosamine) -crystal (MucoBiomer GmbH, Leobendorf, A) and 0.5 g of glutathione (Sigma, Vienna, A) in 100 ml of water for injection purposes. Following this, isotonicity was introduced by addition of NaCl. provides. The solution was germ-filtered and bottled in 10 ml eye dropper bottles.

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Abstract

The non-invasive administration of many active ingredients fails with efflux pumps which sharply reduce the active ingredient resorption on mucous membranes. According to the invention, the active ingredient resorption on mucous membranes can be drastically improved by using dosages containing glutathione and/or compounds comprising numerous thiol groups, in addition to the active ingredient(s). Forms of administration such as matrix tablets, capsules, eye drops, or microparticles, containing the cited combination of active ingredients and auxiliary substances, can be used.

Description

VERWENDUNG VON THIOLGRUPPEN-HALTIGEN VERBINDUNGEN ALS EFFLUX- PUMPEN-HEMMERUSE OF THIOL GROUP-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS AS EFFLUX PUMP INHIBITORS
Im Vergleich zu parenteralen Darreichungsformen sind nicht-invasive Darreichungsformen den Patienten weit angenehmer. Durch die Einnahme von z.B. Tabletten oder Nasen¬ Sprays können Schmerzen und Risken, die im Zusammenhang mit z.B. Injektionen und Infusionen stehen, vermieden werden. Dementsprechend größer ist die Compliance für nicht-invasive Darreichungsformen. Viele Wirkstoffklassen wie Chemotherapeu¬ tika zur Krebsbehandlung können jedoch zumeist nur parenteral verabreicht werden, weil deren Aufnahme über Schleimhäute durch verschiedene Efflux-Pumpen, wie z.B. P-Glykoprotein, stark herabgesetzt ist [Hunter, J. and Hirst, B.H. (1997) . In¬ testinal secretion of drugs. The role of P-glycoprotein and related drug efflux Systems in limiting oral drug absorption. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 25, 129-157]. Zudem wird die Bioverfüg¬ barkeit von verschiedenen weiteren Wirkstoffen aus der Klasse der Antiarrhythmika, Antibiotika, Antimykotika, Antikoagulan¬ tien, Antimalaria-Wirkstoffe, Kalzium Kanal Blocker sowie Im- munsupressiva bei einer Verabreichung über Schleimhäute eben¬ falls bedingt durch Efflux-Pumpen stark herabgesetzt. So wird beispielsweise die Resorption von Erythromycin an der Cornea durch P-Glykoprotein stark herabgesetzt [Dey S, Gunda S, Mitra AK. Pharmacokinetics of Erythromycin in Rabbit Corneas FoI- lowing Single-Dos°e Infusion. Role of P-Glycoprotein as a Bar- rier to in vivo Ocular Drug Absorption. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004, in press; Dey S, Patel J, Anand BS, Jain-Vakkalagadda B, Kaliki P, Pal D, Ganapathy V, Mitra AK. , Molecular Evidence and Functional Expression of P-Glycoprotein (MDRl) in Human and Rabbit Cornea and Corneal Epithelial Cell Lines, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sei. 2003 JuI; 44 (7) :2909-18] . Die Entwicklung von Darreichungsformen zur Überwindung dieser Efflux-Pumpen ist daher seit vielen Jahren Gegenstand intensiver Forschungs¬ arbeit.Compared to parenteral dosage forms, non-invasive dosage forms are far more pleasant for the patient. By taking e.g. Tablets or nasal sprays may cause pain and risks associated with e.g. Injections and infusions are avoided. Accordingly, the compliance is greater for non-invasive forms of administration. However, many classes of drugs, such as chemotherapeutics for the treatment of cancer, can usually only be administered parenterally because their uptake via mucous membranes by various efflux pumps, such as e.g. P-glycoprotein greatly reduced [Hunter, J. and Hirst, B.H. (1997). In¬ testinal secretion of drugs. The role of P-glycoprotein and related drug efflux in limiting oral drug absorption. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 25, 129-157]. In addition, the bioavailability of various other active substances from the class of antiarrhythmics, antibiotics, antimycotics, anticoagulants, antimalarial drugs, calcium channel blockers and immunosuppressants is likewise greatly reduced when administered via mucous membranes, as a result of efflux pumps , For example, the absorption of erythromycin at the cornea by P-glycoprotein is greatly reduced [Dey S, Gunda S, Mitra AK. Pharmacokinetics of Erythromycin in Rabbit Cornea's Foiling Single-Dos Infusion. Role of P-glycoprotein as a barrier to in vivo ocular drug absorption. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004, in press; Dey S, Patel J, Anand BS, Jain Vakkalagadda B, Kaliki P, Pal D, Ganapathy V, Mitra AK. , Molecular Evidence and Functional Expression of P-Glycoprotein (MDRI) in Human and Rabbit Cornea and Corneal Epithelial Cell Lines, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sei. 2003 JuI; 44 (7): 2909-18]. The development of dosage forms for overcoming these efflux pumps has therefore been the subject of intensive research work for many years.
Durch die Verabreichung von Paclitaxel in Form von einer selbst-mikroemulgierenden Darreichungsform konnte zum Beispiel die orale Bioverfügbarkeit von 28,6% auf 52,7% gesteigert werden [Yang, S., Gursoy R.N., Lambert G. and Benita S., En- hanced oral absorption of padlitaxel in a novel self-microe- mulsifying drug delivery System with or without conemitant use of P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Pharm. Res. 21 (20024) 261-270]. In einer weiteren Studie konnte beispielsweise die orale Bio¬ verfügbarkeit von Cyclosporin durch den Einsatz einer nano- partikulären Darreichungsform deutlich erhöht werden [Beckerman T., Golenser J. and Domb A., Cyclosporin nanoparti- culate lipospheres for oral administration. J. Pharm. Sei. 93 (2004) 1264-1270] . In weiteren Ansätzen zur Lösung dieses Pro¬ blems konnten verschiedene Inhibitoren für gastrointestinale Efflux-Pumpen identifiziert werden [z.B. Dintaman, J.M. and Silverman, J.A. (1999) . Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by D-al- pha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) . Pharm. Res.f 16, 1550-1556.; Senior, A.E., Gros, P., and Ur- batsch, I.L. (1998) . Residues in P-glycoprotein catalytic si- tes that react with the inhibitor 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa- 1,3-diazole. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 357, 121-125].By administering paclitaxel in the form of a self-microemulsifying dosage form, for example, the oral bioavailability could be increased from 28.6% to 52.7% [Yang, S., Gursoy RN, Lambert G. and Benita S., En- oral absorption of padlitaxel in a novel self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Pharm. Res. 21 (20024) 261-270]. In another study, for example, the oral bioavailability of cyclosporin was markedly increased by the use of a nanoparticulate dosage form [Beckerman T., Golenser J. and Domb A., Cyclosporin nanoparticulate lipospheres for oral administration. J. Pharm. 93 (2004) 1264-1270]. In further attempts to solve this problem, various inhibitors for gastrointestinal efflux pumps could be identified [eg Dintaman, JM and Silverman, JA (1999). Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS). Pharm. Res. F 16, 1550-1556 .; Senior, AE, Gros, P., and Ur- batsch, IL (1998). Residues in P-glycoprotein catalytics that react with the inhibitor 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazoles. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 357, 121-125].
Die Effizienz dieser bereits entwickelten Darreichungs¬ formen ist jedoch in vielen Fällen nur sehr gering, so dass z.B. die meisten Zytostatika nach wie vor parenteral verab¬ reicht werden müssen. Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung betrifft daher die Bereitstellung von pharmazeutischen Darrei¬ chungsformen für Wirkstoffe, deren Aufnahme über Schleimhäute durch Efflux-Pumpen herabgesetzt wird, wobei diese neuen Dar¬ reichungsformen der Herabsetzung der.-Aufnähme entgegenwirken.However, the efficiency of these previously developed dosage forms is only very small in many cases, so that e.g. most cytotoxic drugs must still be administered parenterally. The object of the present invention therefore relates to the provision of pharmaceutical dosage forms for active substances whose uptake via mucous membranes is reduced by efflux pumps, these new dosage forms counteracting the reduction in uptake.
Die hier offenbarte Erfindung betrifft das Gebiet der pharmazeutischen Technologie und beruht auf völlig neuartigen Darreichungsformen, die neben dem jeweiligen Wirkstoff zu¬ mindest einen Hilfsstoff enthalten, der eine Vielzahl von Thiolgruppen in seiner chemischen Struktur aufweist. Permea- tionsstudien zeigten völlig unerwarteter Weise, dass durch den Zusatz solcher Polythiolverbindungen Efflux-Pumpen an Schleim¬ häuten sehr effizient gehemmt werden können. Dieser Effekt kann durch den zusätzlichen Einsatz von Glutathion noch weiter verstärkt werden. Des Weiteren zeigt Glutathion per se einen deutlichen Hemmeffekt gegen Efflux-Pumpen an Schleimhäuten. Um eine zu rasche Resorption oder Verdünnung der Polythiolver- bindung zum Beispiel im Gastrointestinaltrakt zu verhindern, können diese vorzugsweise eine Molekülmasse über 2 kDa, im Speziellen aber über 100 kDa aufweisen. Glutathion wird generell kaum von Schleimhäuten resorbiert [Langoth N., Deve¬ lopment of buccal drug delivery Systems for peptide drugs, Dissertation, Universität Wien, 2003] . Als Darreichungsformen, die neben dem Wirkstoff Polythiolverbindungen und/oder Gluta- thion enthalten, wurden Matrix-Tabletten, Augentropfen und Mi- kropartikel entwickelt. Erst durch den kombinierten Einsatz von Wirk- und Hilfsstoffen in der entsprechenden Darreichungs¬ form kann der gewünschte Effekt erzielt werden. Neben einer oralen Verabreichung ist auch eine okulare, nasale, pulmonale sowie rektale Verabreichung dieser neuen Darreichungsformen von kommerziellem Interesse. Pharmazeutische Zu¬ sammensetzungen, die Glutathion als Stabilisator enthalten, sind u.a. in der WO 95/19177 A, der JP 1/203336 A, der JP 1/022817 A und der JP 57/058616 A beschrieben.The invention disclosed here relates to the field of pharmaceutical technology and is based on completely novel dosage forms which, in addition to the respective active ingredient, contain at least one adjuvant which has a large number of thiol groups in its chemical structure. Permeation studies have shown completely unexpectedly that efflux pumps can be very efficiently inhibited on mucous membranes by the addition of such polythiol compounds. This effect can be further enhanced by the additional use of glutathione. Furthermore, glutathione per se shows a marked inhibitory effect against efflux pumps on mucous membranes. In order to prevent too rapid absorption or dilution of the polythiol compound, for example in the gastrointestinal tract, these may preferably have a molecular weight of more than 2 kDa, but in particular more than 100 kDa. Glutathione is generally scarcely absorbed by mucous membranes [Langoth N., Deve- lopment of Buccal Drug Delivery Systems for Peptide Drugs, Dissertation, University of Vienna, 2003]. As dosage forms, which contain polythiol compounds and / or glutathione in addition to the active ingredient, matrix tablets, eye drops and microparticles have been developed. Only through the combined use of active ingredients and excipients in the appropriate Darreichungs¬ form the desired effect can be achieved. In addition to oral administration, ocular, nasal, pulmonary and rectal administration of these new dosage forms is also of commercial interest. Pharmaceutical compositions which contain glutathione as stabilizer are described inter alia in WO 95/19177 A, JP 1/203336 A, JP 1/022817 A and JP 57/058616 A.
Demgemäß betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung auch pharma¬ zeutische Darreichungsformen zur verbesserten Wirkstoffauf¬ nahme, wobei diese einen oder mehrere Wirkstoffe enthalten, deren/dessen Aufnahme über Schleimhäute durch Efflux-Pumpen herabgesetzt wird, sowie Glutathion bzw. ein Derivat davon und/oder zumindest eine Verbindung als Hilfsstoff enthalten, die aus nicht mehr als 10 unterschiedlichen Untereinheiten aufgebaut ist und zumindest 10 kovalent gebundene Thiolgruppen in ihrer Struktur aufweist.The present invention accordingly also relates to pharmaceutical dosage forms for improved drug absorption, these containing one or more active substances whose absorption via mucous membranes is reduced by efflux pumps, as well as glutathione or a derivative thereof and / or at least one compound contained as an adjuvant, which is composed of not more than 10 different subunits and having at least 10 covalently bonded thiol groups in their structure.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthalten die er¬ findungsgemäßen pharmazeutischen Darreichungsformen neben Glutathion bzw. einem Derivat., davon und/oder neben der PoIy- thiolverbindung keine weitere Thiolverbindung.According to a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention contain, in addition to glutathione or a derivative, thereof and / or in addition to the polythiol compound, no further thiol compound.
Besonders bevorzugt ist dabei erfindungsgemäß eine Kombi¬ nation aus Glutathion bzw. einem Derivat davon und eine PoIy- thiolverbindung, da diese Kombination eine ganz besonders gute Wirkung im Hinblick auf die Hemmung der Efflux-Pumpen hat.According to the invention, a combination of glutathione or a derivative thereof and a polythiol compound is particularly preferred since this combination has a particularly good action with regard to the inhibition of efflux pumps.
Die vorliegende Erfindung eignet sich für sämtliche Wirk¬ stoffe, deren Aufnahme durch Efflux-Pumpen gehindert oder zu¬ mindest reduziert wird, besonders bevorzugt sind aber Ver¬ bindungen, deren parenterale Aufnahme für Patienten nachteilig oder unangenehm sind. Demgemäß sind erfindungsgemäß diejenigen pharmazeutischen Darreichungsformen bevorzugt, die einen oder mehrere der Wirkstoffe, die aus der Gruppe Chemotherapeutika, Antiarrhythmika, Antibiotika, Antiphlogistika, Lokalanästhe¬ tika, Hormone, Antimykotika, Antikoagulantien, Antimalaria- Mittel, Kalzium Kanal Blocker, Immunsupressiva sowie Fluo- reszenzmarker ausgewählt sind, insbesondere die Wirkstoffe Ta- xol, Cyclosporin, Saquinavir oder Ritonavir. Pharmazeutische Darreichungsformen,die Polythiolverbindung(en) , Thiolgruppen- tragende Derivate von Carbomer, Polymethacrylsäure, PoIy(D- glukosamine) , Zellulose sowie Polylysine oder Polyarginine enthalten, die mehr als 10, im Besonderen mehr als 100, Thiol- gruppen in ihrer Struktur aufweisen, sind bevorzugte Ausfüh¬ rungsformen der vorliegenden Erfindung, da diese einen heraus¬ ragenden Effekt auf die Hemmung der Efflux-Pumpen aufweisen und somit die Wirkstoffe in diesen Darreichungsformen beson¬ ders gut und in hohen Dosen aufgenommen werden können. Vorzugsweise weisen dabei die verwendeten Polythiolverbindung (en) eine Molekülmasse auf, die größer als 2 kDa, insbesondere größer als 100 kDa, ist.The present invention is suitable for all active substances whose uptake is hindered or at least reduced by efflux pumps, but particularly preferred are compounds whose parenteral intake is disadvantageous or unpleasant for patients. Accordingly, according to the invention are preferably those pharmaceutical dosage forms containing one or more of the active compounds, the tics from the group chemotherapeutic agents, antiarrhythmic agents, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, Lokalanästhe¬, hormones, antifungals, anticoagulants, antimalarial agents, calcium channel blockers, immunosuppressants and fluorescence Rescue marker are selected, in particular the active ingredients Taxol, cyclosporin, saquinavir or ritonavir. Pharmaceutical dosage forms containing polythiol compound (s), thiol group carrying derivatives of carbomer, polymethacrylic acid, poly (D-glucosamine), cellulose and polylysines or polyarginines which have more than 10, in particular more than 100, thiol groups in their structure are preferred embodiments of the present invention These have an outstanding effect on the inhibition of the efflux pumps and thus the active substances in these dosage forms can be taken up particularly well and in high doses. In this case, the polythiol compound (s) used preferably have a molecular weight which is greater than 2 kDa, in particular greater than 100 kDa.
Bevorzugte Darreichungsformen gemäß der vorliegenden Er¬ findung umfassen Nanopartikel, Mikropartikel, Matrix- Tabletten, Emulsionen, Lösungen, Suspensionen, Augentropfen oder Kapseln, sowie pharmazeutische Darreichungsformen, die zur oralen, nasalen, pulmonalen, vaginalen, bukkalen, rektalen sowie okularen Applikation hergerichtet sind.Preferred dosage forms according to the present invention include nanoparticles, microparticles, matrix tablets, emulsions, solutions, suspensions, eye drops or capsules, as well as pharmaceutical dosage forms which are prepared for oral, nasal, pulmonary, vaginal, buccal, rectal and ocular administration.
Gemäß einem besonderen Aspekt betrifft die vorliegende Er¬ findung die Verwendung von pharmazeutisch verträglichen Thiol- gruppen-hältigen Verbindungen zur Herstellung von Medikamenten zur Inhibierung von Efflux-Pumpen, wobei die Medikamente Wirk¬ stoffe enthalten, deren mukosale Aufnahme durch Efflux-Pumpen behindert ist, wenn di.e Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindungen fehlen. Dabei handelt es sich sozusagen um ein Kombinationsme¬ dikament aus mindestens zwei Wirkstoff-Komponenten: einer ersten Komponente, die einen bestimmten Wirkstoff für einen bestimmten Zweck zur Vorbeugung oder Behandlung einer bestimm¬ ten Erkrankung oder Störung eines Individuums umfasst; und einer zweiten Komponente, die dafür sorgt, dass die Efflux- Pumpen, die einer Aufnahme der ersten Komponente entgegenwir¬ ken, inhibiert werden, so dass die erste Komponente effizi¬ enter in den Körper des Individuums aufgenommen werden kann. Bevorzugte Efflux-Pumpen, die mit der vorliegenden Erfindung inhibiert werden können, sind diejenigen, die als pharmazeu¬ tisch relevant beschrieben sind. Besonders bevorzugt ist dabei die Inhibierung von P-Glykoprotein, ABCG2, ABCCl und ABCC2, insbesondere von P-Glykoprotein. Demgemäß kann entweder die effektive Dosis der ersten Komponente im Körper vergrößert werden oder aber die Menge dieser ersten Komponente in einem bestimmten Medikament verringert werden, ohne dass dadurch die Effektivität reduziert wird. Erfindungsgemäß wird dabei als erste Komponente ein Wirk¬ stoff (oder eine WirkstoffZusammensetzung) vorgesehen, dessen (deren) Aufnahme normalerweise (also ohne die Anwesenheit der erfindungsgemäß einzusetzenden Thiolgruppen-hältigen Ver¬ bindungen) durch Efflux-Pumpen herabgesetzt wird (d.h. durch solche Efflux-Pumpen gleich wieder ausgeschieden wird, an¬ stelle dass die Verbindungen dem Individuum über die Schleim¬ häute oder andere biologische Trennschichten, die Efflux-Pum- pen aufweisen (z.B. Blut-Hirn-Schranke, Tumorzellen, etc) (sys¬ temisch oder lokal) zugeführt werden) . Durch das Vorsehen der zweiten Komponente (einer oder mehreren Thiolgruppen-hältiger Verbindungen) wird nun dieser Rückfluss des Wirkstoffes inhi¬ biert bzw. reduziert und es kommt zu einer erhöhten Aufnahme des Wirkstoffes (verglichen mit der Aufnahme ohne Thiol- gruppen-hältige Verbindung) . Erfindungsgemäß können als erste Komponente alle Wirkstoffe oder WirkstoffZusammensetzungen vorgesehen werden, bei welchen die Aufnahme über Schleimhäute, bedingt durch die Aktivität von Efflux-Pumpen, erschwert ist, die also z.B. eine Efflux-Rate (sekretorischer Permeations-Ko- effizient/absorptiver Permeations-Koeffizient) von größer als 1,5, vorzugsweise größer als 2,0, insbesondere größer als 2,5 aufweisen (z.B. bei 37°C in einem Testsystem wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben) .According to a particular aspect, the present invention relates to the use of pharmaceutically acceptable thiol group-containing compounds for the production of medicaments for inhibiting efflux pumps, the medicaments containing active substances whose mucosal uptake is hindered by efflux pumps, if the thiol group-containing compounds are missing. It is, so to speak, a combination medicine comprising at least two active ingredient components: a first component which comprises a specific active ingredient for a specific purpose for the prevention or treatment of a particular disease or disorder of an individual; and a second component which ensures that the efflux pumps, which counteract uptake of the first component, are inhibited, so that the first component can be absorbed more efficiently into the body of the individual. Preferred efflux pumps which can be inhibited by the present invention are those described as pharmaceutically relevant. Particularly preferred is the inhibition of P-glycoprotein, ABCG2, ABCCl and ABCC2, in particular of P-glycoprotein. Accordingly, either the effective dose of the first component in the body can be increased or the amount of this first component in a particular drug can be reduced without thereby reducing effectiveness. According to the invention, the active ingredient (or a composition of active ingredients) is provided as the first component, the (usually) absorption of which is reduced by efflux pumps (ie without the presence of the thiol group-containing compounds to be used according to the invention). The same time, the compounds are expelled from the individual via the mucous membranes or other biological separating layers which have efflux pumps (eg blood-brain barrier, tumor cells, etc.) (systemically or locally). be supplied). By providing the second component (one or more thiol group-containing compounds), this reflux of the active ingredient is now inhibited or reduced and an increased uptake of the active ingredient occurs (compared with the intake without thiol group-containing compound). According to the invention, as the first component, it is possible to provide all active ingredients or active compound compositions in which uptake via the mucous membranes, caused by the activity of efflux pumps, is impeded, ie, for example, an efflux rate (secretory permeation coefficient / absorptive permeation coefficient) ) of greater than 1.5, preferably greater than 2.0, in particular greater than 2.5 (eg at 37 ° C in a test system as described in Example 1).
Besonders geeignete erfindungsgemäße Thiolgruppen-hältige Verbindungen weisen ein Molekulargewicht von mindestens 250 g/mol auf. Verbindungen, die ein geringeres Molekulargewicht aufweisen sind in ihrer Thiolgruppen-abhängigen, Efflux-Pum- pen-inhibierenden Eigenschaften weniger vorteilhaft.Particularly suitable thiol group-containing compounds according to the invention have a molecular weight of at least 250 g / mol. Compounds which have a lower molecular weight are less advantageous in their thiol group-dependent, efflux-pump-inhibiting properties.
Die erfindungsgemäß bevorzugten Thiolgruppen-hältigen Ver¬ bindungen haben einerseits zumindest eine Thiolgruppe pro 1000 g/mol Molekulargewicht, insbesondere zumindest eine Thiol¬ gruppe pro 500 g/mol Molekulargewicht. Andererseits, besonders wenn größere Moleküle eingesetzt werden, sollten diese Thiol¬ gruppen-hältigen Verbindungen zumindest 10 Thiolgruppen pro Molekül aufweisen.The thiol group-containing compounds preferred according to the invention have, on the one hand, at least one thiol group per 1000 g / mol molecular weight, in particular at least one thiol group per 500 g / mol molecular weight. On the other hand, especially when larger molecules are used, these thiol group-containing compounds should have at least 10 thiol groups per molecule.
Vorzugsweise können Verbindungen verwendet werden, die aus ein oder mehreren Monomereinheiten zusammengesetzt sind, wobei zumindest eine der Monomereinheiten thiolierbar ist. Vorzugs¬ weise sind aber die erfindungsgemäßen Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindungen aus nicht mehr als 10 unterschiedlichen Unter¬ einheiten aufgebaut, insbesondere aus ein, zwei oder drei un- terschiedlichen Monomereinheiten. Besonders geeignet sind Ver¬ bindungen, deren Eignung als pharmazeutische Formulierungs¬ stoffe schon bekannt und belegt ist oder deren physiologisch verträglichen thiolierten Derivate, d.h. diejenigen Ver¬ bindungen, die aus den bekannten pharmazeutischen Formu¬ lierungsstoffen durch Einführung von freien Thiolgruppen hergestellt werden können.Preferably compounds may be used which are composed of one or more monomer units, wherein at least one of the monomer units is thiolierbar. Preferably, however, the thiol group-containing compounds according to the invention are composed of not more than 10 different subunits, in particular one, two or three different subunits. different monomer units. Particularly suitable are compounds whose suitability as pharmaceutical formulation substances is already known and proven or their physiologically tolerated thiolated derivatives, ie those compounds which can be prepared from the known pharmaceutical formulation substances by introduction of free thiol groups.
Bevorzugte Thiolgruppen-hältige Verbindungen sind er¬ findungsgemäß ausgewählt aus thioliertem Carbomer, thiolierter Polymethacrylsäure, thiolierter Zellulose, thiolierten Polyg- lukosaminen, thiolierten Polylysinen, thiolisierten Polyar- gininen oder Glutathion oder Glutathion-Derivate, vorzugs¬ weise diejenigen Glutathion-Derivate, bei denen die -SH und - COOH-Gruppe, insbesondere beide -COOH-Gruppen, erhalten sind (z.B. Verbindungen, wie Glu-Cys-Val-Gly, Glu-Cys-Lys-Gly, GIu- Cys-Ala-Cys-Gly) .Preferred thiol-containing compounds according to the invention are selected from thiolated carbomer, thiolated polymethacrylic acid, thiolated cellulose, thiolated polyglucosamines, thiolated polylysines, thiolated polyarginines or glutathione or glutathione derivatives, preferably those glutathione derivatives in which the -SH and - COOH group, in particular both -COOH groups, are obtained (for example, compounds such as Glu-Cys-Val-Gly, Glu-Cys-Lys-Gly, Glu-Cys-Ala-Cys-Gly).
Üblicherweise wird das vorliegende Kombinationsmedikament auch als Mischung von Wirkstoff- und Thiolgruppen-hältiger Verbindung verabreicht (in einer effizienten Dosis um sowohl ausreichende Wirkung als auch ausreichende Efflux-Pumpen-Hem- mung zu erzielen), die Anwendung in getrennter Form (oder z.B. als Kit) ist aber ebenfalls möglich, bei welcher die Wirkstof¬ fe und die Efflux-Pumpen-Hemmer getrennt verabreicht werden.Usually, the present combination drug is also administered as a mixture of drug and thiol group containing compound (in an efficient dose to achieve both sufficient effect and sufficient efflux pump inhibition), used in separate form (or eg as a kit ) is also possible, in which the active ingredient and the efflux pump inhibitors are administered separately.
Die Erfindung wird anhand der nachfolgenden Beispiele und der Zeichnungsfiguren, auf die sie natürlich nicht einge¬ schränkt ist, näher erläutert.The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the following examples and the drawing figures, to which, of course, it is not limited.
Es zeigen:Show it:
Fig. 1: Ergebnisse von Permeationsstudien mit Rhodamin 123; Transport durch die Schleimhaut in die absorptive Richtung (apikal nach basolateral; schwarze Symbole) sowie in die se¬ kretorische Richtung (basolateral nach apikal; weiße Symbole) in der Abwesenheit (>,O) oder Anwesenheit (Φ,Δ) von Gluta¬ thion in einer Konzentration von 0,5% (m/v);Fig. 1: Results of permeation studies with rhodamine 123; Transport through the mucous membrane in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral, black symbols) and in the lateral direction (basolateral to apical, white symbols) in the absence (... O) or presence (.PHI., .DELTA.) Of glutathione in a concentration of 0.5% (m / v);
Fig. 2: Ergebnisse von Permeationsstudien mit Rhodamin 123; Transport durch die Schleimhaut in die absorptive Richtung (apikal nach basolateral; schwarze Symbole) sowie in die se¬ kretorische Richtung (basolateral nach apikal; weiße Symbole) in der Abwesenheit (B7O) oder Anwesenheit (+,A) von PoIy(D- Glukosamin) -Cystein in einer Konzentration von 0,5% (m/v);Fig. 2: Results of permeation studies with rhodamine 123; Transport through the mucous membrane in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral, black symbols) and in the lateral direction (basolateral to apical, white symbols) in the absence (B 7 O) or presence (+, A) of poly (D-glucosamine) cysteine in a concentration of 0.5% (m / v);
Fig. 3: Ergebnisse von Permeationsstudien mit Rhodamin 123; Transport durch die Schleimhaut in die absorptive Richtung (apikal nach basolateral; schwarze Symbole) sowie in die se¬ kretorische Richtung (basolateral nach apikal; weiße Symbole) in der Abwesenheit (B,O) oder Anwesenheit (+,A) von PoIy(D- Glukosamin) -Cystein (0,5%; m/v) in Kombination mit Glutathion (0,5%; m/v) .Fig. 3: Results of permeation studies with rhodamine 123; Transport through the mucosa in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral, black symbols) and in the lateral direction (basolateral to apical, white symbols) in the absence (B, O) or presence (+, A) of poly (D. Glucosamine) cysteine (0.5%, m / v) in combination with glutathione (0.5%, m / v).
Beispiele:Examples:
Beispiel 1:Example 1:
Hemmung von Efflux-Pumpen an der Schleimhaut durch GlutathionInhibition of mucosal efflux by glutathione
Der Dünndarm von Meerschweinchen wurde unmittelbar nach dem Einschläfern der Tiere entnommen, der Länge nach aufge¬ schnitten und in steriler 0,9%iger Kochsalzlösung gewaschen. Im Anschluss daran wurde dieser in Ussing-Kammern eingespannt. Als Inkubationsmedium wurde ein Puffer verwendet, der 250 mM NaCl, 2,6 mM MgSO4, 10 mM KCl, 40 mM Glukose, 50 mM NaHCO3 und 50 mM Bis-Tris Puffer pH 6,0 enthielt. Die Ussing-Kammern wurden mit einem Gemisch aus 95% .O2 und 5% CO2 begast und auf einer Temperatur von 37°C gehalten. Nach einer 30-minütigen Ausgleichsphase wurde Rhodamin 123, das als Substrat für die Efflux-Pumpe P-Glykoprotein in der Literatur beschrieben ist [z.B.: Tang F, Ouyang H, Yang JZ, Borchardt RT., Bidirectional transport of rhodamine 123 and Hoechst 33342, fluorescence probes of the binding sites on P-glycoprotein, across MDCK- MDRl cell monolayers. J Pharm Sei. 2004 May; 93 (5) :1185-94] in einer Endkonzentration von 0,001% (m/v) in das Donor-Kom- partiment gegeben, das der apikalen Seite der Schleimhaut zugewandt ist. In bestimmten Zeitabständen wurden im Azzeptor -Kompartiment, das der basolateralen Seite der Schleimhaut zugewandt ist, Proben gezogen und durch frisches Inkubations¬ medium ersetzt. Die Konzentration an permeiertem Rhodamin wurde fluorimetrisch bestimmt. Zu dem wurden alle bereits be¬ schriebenen Permeationsstudien auch mit in umgekehrter Rich¬ tung eingespannter Schleimhaut durchgeführt, so dass die baso- laterale Seite der Schleimhaut dem Donor-Kompartiment zuge¬ wandt ist. Parallel dazu wurden die gleichen Experimente mit dem einzigen Unterschied durchgeführt, dass das Donor- und Az- zeptor-Kompartiment noch zusätzlich Glutathion in einer Kon¬ zentration von 0,5% enthielten.The small intestine of guinea pigs was taken immediately after the animals were euthanized, cut lengthwise and washed in sterile 0.9% saline. Subsequently, this was clamped in Ussing chambers. The incubation a buffer was used containing 250 mM NaCl, 2.6 mM MgSO 4, 10 mM KCl, 40 mM glucose, 50 mM NaHCO 3 and 50 mM Bis-Tris buffer pH 6.0 containing. The Ussing chambers were gassed with a mixture of 95% .O 2 and 5% CO 2 and kept at a temperature of 37 ° C. After a 30-min equilibration phase, rhodamine 123 was described in the literature as the substrate for the efflux pump P-glycoprotein [eg: Tang F, Ouyang H, Yang JZ, Borchardt RT, Bidirectional transport of rhodamine 123 and Hoechst 33342 , fluorescence probes of the binding sites on P-glycoprotein, across MDCK-MDRl cell monolayers. J Pharm Be. 2004 May; 93 (5): 1185-94] at a final concentration of 0.001% (w / v) in the donor compartment facing the apical side of the mucosa. At certain time intervals samples were taken in the acetone compartment facing the basolateral side of the mucosa and replaced with fresh incubation medium. The concentration of permeated rhodamine was determined fluorimetrically. All the permeation studies already described have also been carried out with the mucosa clamped in the reverse direction, so that the basolateral side of the mucous membrane is directed towards the donor compartment. In parallel, the same experiments were carried out with the only difference being that the donor and aceptor compartment additionally contained glutathione in a concentration of 0.5%.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Permeationsstudien sind in Figur 1 dargestellt. In dieser Figur wird der Transport von Rhodamin 123 durch die Schleimhaut in die absorptive Richtung (apikal nach basolateral; schwarze Symbole) sowie in die sekretorische Richtung (basolateral nach apikal; weiße Symbole) in der Abwesenheit (■,O) oder Anwesenheit (Φ,Δ) von Glutathion in einer Konzentration von 0,5% (m/v) veranschaulicht. Die ge¬ zeigten Werte beziehen sich auf den Prozentanteil an einge¬ setztem Rhodamin (0,001%; m/v), der die Schleimhaut permeieren kann. Die Werte sind die Mittelwerte ± Stan¬ dardabweichung aus mindestens 3 Versuchswiederholungen. Die Studien zeigen einen statistisch signifikanten (p<0,05) Hemme¬ ffekt von Glutathion auf Efflux-Pumpen, da der Durchtritt von Rhodamin in die absorptive Richtung in Anwesenheit von Gluta¬ thion deutlich verbessert wird, hingegen in die sekretorische Richtung in Anwesenheit von Glutathion deutlich verschlechtert wird.The results of these permeation studies are shown in FIG. In this figure, the transport of rhodamine 123 through the mucosa in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral, black symbols) and in the secretory direction (basolateral to apical, white symbols) in the absence (■, O) or presence (Φ, Δ) of glutathione at a concentration of 0.5% (m / v). The values shown relate to the percentage of rhodamine used (0.001%, w / v) which is able to permeate the mucous membrane. The values are the mean values ± standard deviation from at least 3 test repetitions. The studies show a statistically significant (p <0.05) inhibitory effect of glutathione on efflux pumps, since the passage of rhodamine in the absorptive direction in the presence of glutathione is markedly improved, whereas in the secretory direction in the presence of glutathione Glutathione is significantly worsened.
Werden die bereits beschriebenen Experimente bei 40C durchgeführt, so ist der Effekt von Glutathion wesentlich geringer, was .auf die Hemmung der Efflux-Pumpen hindeutet.,.If the experiments as described above performed at 4 0 C, the effect is much less of glutathione, suggesting .on the inhibition of efflux pumps.,.
Beispiel 2:Example 2:
Hemmung von Efflux-Pumpen an der Schleimhaut durch eine PoIy- thiolverbindungInhibition of efflux pumps on the mucosa by a polythiol compound
Permeationsstudien unter dem Einfluss einer Polythiolver- bindung wurden wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben durchgeführt. Der Efflux-Pumpen-Hemmer Glutathion wurde jedoch durch die PoIy- thiolverbindung PoIy(D-Glukosamin) -Cystein (MucoBiomer GmbH, Leobendorf, A) in einer Endkonzentration von 0,5% (m/v) ersetzt.Permeation studies under the influence of a polythiol compound were carried out as described in Example 1. However, the efflux pump inhibitor glutathione was replaced by the polythiol compound poly (D-glucosamine) cysteine (MucoBiomer GmbH, Leobendorf, A) in a final concentration of 0.5% (m / v).
In Figur 2 wird der Transport von Rhodamin 123 durch die Schleimhaut in die absorptive Richtung (apikal nach basolate¬ ral; schwarze Symbole) sowie in die sekretorische Richtung (basolateral nach apikal; weiße Symbole) in der Abwesenheit (■,O) oder Anwesenheit (+,A) von PoIy(D-Glukosamin) -Cystein in einer Konzentration von 0,5% (m/v) veranschaulicht. Die ge¬ zeigten Werte beziehen sich auf den Prozentanteil an einge- setztem Rhodamin (0,001%; m/v), der die Schleimhaut permeieren kann. Die Werte sind die Mittelwerte ± Stan¬ dardabweichung aus mindestens 3 Versuchswiederholungen. Die Studien zeigen einen statistisch signifikanten (p<0,05) Hemme¬ ffekt der Polythiolverbindung auf Efflux-Pumpen, da der Durch¬ tritt von Rhodamin in die absorptive Richtung in Anwesenheit von der Polythiolverbindung deutlich verbessert wird, hingegen in die sekretorische Richtung in Anwesenheit von der Poly¬ thiolverbindung deutlich verschlechtert wird.2, the transport of rhodamine 123 through the mucous membrane in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral, black symbols) and in the secretory direction (basolateral to apical, white symbols) in the absence (■, O) or presence ( +, A) of poly (D-glucosamine) cysteine at a concentration of 0.5% (m / v). The values shown relate to the percentage of used rhodamine (0.001%, m / v), which can permeate the mucous membrane. The values are the mean values ± standard deviation from at least 3 test repetitions. The studies show a statistically significant (p <0.05) inhibitory effect of the polythiol compound on efflux pumps, since the penetration of rhodamine into the absorptive direction is markedly improved in the presence of the polythiol compound, whereas in the secretory direction in the presence is significantly deteriorated by the polythiol compound.
Werden die bereits beschriebenen Experimente bei 40C durchgeführt, so ist der Effekt von der Polythiolverbindung wesentlich geringer, was auf die Hemmung der Efflux-Pumpen hindeutet.If the experiments already described at 4 0 C performed, the effect of the polythiol compound is much lower, indicating the inhibition of efflux pumps.
Beispiel 3:Example 3:
Hemmung von Efflux-Pumpen an der Schleimhaut durch den kom¬ binierten Einsatz von Glutathion mit einer PolythiolverbindungInhibition of efflux pumps on the mucous membrane by the combined use of glutathione with a polythiol compound
Permeationsstudien unter dem Einfluss von Glutathion und einer Polythiolverbindung wurden wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben durchgeführt. Neben dem Efflux-Pumpen-Hemmer Glutathion wurde jedoch auch die Polythiolverbindung PoIy(D-Glukosamin) -Cystein (MucoBiomer GmbH, Leobendorf, A) in einer Endkonzentration von 0,5% (m/v) zugesetzt.Permeation studies under the influence of glutathione and a polythiol compound were carried out as described in Example 1. However, in addition to the efflux pump inhibitor glutathione, the polythiol compound poly (D-glucosamine) -cysteine (MucoBiomer GmbH, Leobendorf, A) was also added at a final concentration of 0.5% (m / v).
In Figur 3 wird der Transport von Rhodamin 123 durch die Schleimhaut in die absorptive Richtung (apikal nach basolate- ral; schwarze Symbole) sowie in die sekretorische Richtung (basolateral nach apikal; weiße Symbole) in der Abwesenheit (■,O) oder Anwesenheit (♦vΔ) von PoIy(D-Glukosamin) -Cystein (0,5%; m/v) in Kombination mit Glutathion (0,5%; m/v) ver¬ anschaulicht. Die gezeigten Werte beziehen sich auf den Pro¬ zentanteil an eingesetztem Rhodamin (0,001%; m/v), der die Schleimhaut permeieren kann. Die Werte sind die Mittelwerte + Standardabweichung aus mindestens 3 Versuchswiederholungen. Die Studien zeigen einen statistisch signifikanten (p<0,05) Hemmeffekt von Glutathion in Kombination mit einer Polythiol¬ verbindung auf Efflux-Pumpen, da der Durchtritt von Rhodamin in die absorptive Richtung in Anwesenheit von der Glutathion/Polythiolverbindung Kombination deutlich verbessert wird, hingegen in die sekretorische Richtung in Anwesenheit von der Glutathion/Polythiolverbindung Kombination deutlich verschlechtert wird. Werden die bereits beschriebenen Experimente bei 40C durchgeführt, so ist der Effekt dieser Kombination wesentlich geringer, was auf die Hemmung der Efflux-Pumpen hindeutet.In Figure 3, the transport of rhodamine 123 through the mucosa is shown in the absorptive direction (apical to basolateral, black symbols) and in the secretory direction (basolateral to apical, white symbols) in the absence (■, O) or presence ( ♦ vΔ) of poly (D-glucosamine) cysteine (0.5% w / v) in combination with glutathione (0.5% w / v). The values shown relate to the percentage of rhodamine used (0.001%, w / v), which can permeate the mucous membrane. The values are the mean values + standard deviation from at least 3 test repetitions. The studies show a statistically significant (p <0.05) inhibitory effect of glutathione in combination with a compound Polythiol¬ efflux pumps, since the passage of rhodamine in the absorptive direction in the presence of the glutathione / polythiol compound combination is significantly improved, however, in the secretory direction in the presence of the glutathione / polythiol compound combination is markedly worsened. If the experiments already described at 4 0 C performed, the effect of this combination is much lower, indicating the inhibition of efflux pumps.
Beispiel 4:Example 4:
Vergleichsstudien mit bekannten Efflux-Pumpen-HemmernComparative studies with known efflux pump inhibitors
Um einen Vergleich des Hemmeffektes von Glutathion und/oder Polythiolverbindungen auf Efflux-Pumpen der gastro- intestinalen Schleimhaut zu haben, wurden diese mit bereits bekannten Inhibitoren verglichen. Die Studien wurden wie unter Beispiel 1 beschrieben durchgeführt. Die Temperatur der Stu¬ die, die Konzentration der jeweils getesteten Verbindung und der daraus resultierende Effekt auf die Schleimhaut sind in der folgenden Tabelle aufgelistet. Es wird ein Vergleich des absorptiven und des sekretorischen sich zeigenden Permeations- Koeffizienten (Papp) für Rhodamin 123 und die resultierenden Efflux-Raten in der Anwesenheit und Abwesenheit der aufgelis¬ teten Verbindungen gezeigt. Die gezeigten Werte sind die Mit¬ telwerte aus jeweils 3 Versuchswiederholungen.In order to compare the inhibitory effect of glutathione and / or polythiol compounds on efflux pumps of the gastrointestinal mucosa, these were compared with already known inhibitors. The studies were carried out as described under Example 1. The temperature of the stu¬, the concentration of each tested compound and the resulting effect on the mucosa are listed in the following table. A comparison of the absorptive and secretory permeation coefficients (P app ) for rhodamine 123 and the resulting efflux rates in the presence and absence of the listed compounds is shown. The values shown are the average values from in each case 3 trial repetitions.
---
Papp (cm/s) x 1016 Efflux-RateP app (cm / s) x 10 16 efflux rate
Test-Be- (sekreto¬Test loading (sekreto¬
Transport Richtung dingungen rischer Papp/Transport direction conditions rischer P app /
Puffer (37 °C) 7.31 ± 0.77 20 .6 ± 1. .98 2.8Buffer (37 ° C) 7.31 ± 0.77 20 .6 ± 1. .98 2.8
Puffer (4° C) 1.35 ± 0.17 1. 32 ± 0. .13 1.0Buffer (4 ° C) 1.35 ± 0.17 1. 32 ± 0..13 1.0
Terfenadin 12.2 ± 0.08 14 .0 t 1. .94 1.1Terfenadin 12.2 ± 0.08 14 .0 t 1. .94 1.1
(50 μM; 370C) Verapamil 12.5 ± 2.29 12.5 ± 2.03 1.0(50 uM; 37 0 C) Verapamil 12.5 ± 29.2 12.5 ± 1.0 2:03
(100 μM; 37° C)(100 μM, 37 ° C)
Glutathion 12.8 ± 1.13 12.5 ± 1.09 1.0 (0,5%; 370C) PoIy(D-GlUkO- 15.9 ± 2.40 13.0 ± 1.77 0.8 samin) -Cy- stein (0,5%; 370C)Glutathione 12.8 ± 1.13 12.5 ± 1.09 1.0 (0.5%; 37 0 C) Poly (D-gluco ± 15.9 2:40 13.0 ± 1.77 0.8 samin) -Cy- stone (0.5%; 37 0 C)
PoIy(D-GlUkO- 21.9 ± 2.10 12.0 ± 1.84 0.5 samin) -Cy- stein/Gluta- thion (je¬ weils 0,5%; Poly (D-GlUkO-21.9 ± 2.10 12.0 ± 1.84 0.5 samin) -crystal / glutathione (0.5% each;
Beispiel 5:Example 5:
Herstellung von MatrixtablettenProduction of matrix tablets
1 g PoIy(D-Glukosamin) -Cystein (MucoBiomer GmbH, Leobendorf, A) wurde mit 0,5 g Glutathion (Sigma, Wien, A) und 0,5 g Taxol (Sigma, Wien, A) verrieben und direkt zu Tabletten von 8 mm Durchmesser und 4 mm Höhe verpresst. Disso- lutionsstudien aus diesen Tabletten mit einem Wasser/DMSO Ge¬ misch als Freisetzungsmedium zeigten, dass sowohl der Wirk¬ stoff als auch Glutathion aus diesem Wirkstoffabgabesystem kontrolliert freigegeben werden.1 g of poly (D-glucosamine) cysteine (MucoBiomer GmbH, Leobendorf, A) was triturated with 0.5 g of glutathione (Sigma, Wien, A) and 0.5 g of taxol (Sigma, Wien, A) and added directly to tablets of 8 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height. Dissolution studies from these tablets with a water / DMSO mixture as the release medium showed that both the active substance and glutathione are released in a controlled manner from this active substance delivery system.
Beispiel 6:Example 6:
Herstellung von MikropartikelnProduction of microparticles
0,3 g Cyclosporin wurde mit 1 g der Polythiolverbindung Carbomer-Cystein (MucoBiomer, Leobendorf, A) in demine- ralisiertem Wasser gequollen. Anschließend wurden 100 ml dieser Lösung in einem Liter Aceton gefällt und der Nieder¬ schlag mehrmals mit Aceton gewaschen. In der Folge wurde ly¬ ophilisiert und das Koagulat in der Reibschale fein vermählen. Die entsprechenden Mikropartikel wiesen eine Größe im mitt¬ leren μm-Bereich auf und zeigten eine gute Wirkstofffreigäbe.0.3 g of cyclosporin was swollen with 1 g of the polythiol compound carbomer cysteine (MucoBiomer, Leobendorf, A) in demineralized water. Subsequently, 100 ml of this solution were precipitated in one liter of acetone and the precipitate was washed several times with acetone. Subsequently, it was lyophilized and finely ground the coagulum in the mortar. The corresponding microparticles had a size in the middle micron range and showed good drug release.
Beispiel 7:Example 7:
Herstellung von AugentropfenPreparation of eye drops
0,3 g Erythromycin werden mit 0,1 g PoIy(D-Glukosamin) -Cy¬ stein (MucoBiomer GmbH, Leobendorf, A) und 0,5 g Glutathion (Sigma, Wien, A) in 100 ml Wasser zu Injektionszwecken gelöst. Im Anschluss wurde die Isotonie durch Zugabe von NaCl einge- stellt. Die Lösung wurde keimfiltriert und in je 10 ml Augen¬ tropfflaschen abgefüllt.0.3 g of erythromycin are dissolved with 0.1 g of poly (D-glucosamine) -crystal (MucoBiomer GmbH, Leobendorf, A) and 0.5 g of glutathione (Sigma, Vienna, A) in 100 ml of water for injection purposes. Following this, isotonicity was introduced by addition of NaCl. provides. The solution was germ-filtered and bottled in 10 ml eye dropper bottles.
Beispiel 8:Example 8:
Herstellung eines NasengelsProduction of a nasal gel
1 g der Thiolverbindung Carbomer-Cystein (MucoBiomer, Leobendorf, A) wird in 100 ml demineralisiertem und entgastem Wasser gequollen. Anschließend werden 0,01-0,5 g Leu-Enke- phalin und 5 g Glutathion zugegeben und der pH-Wert auf 5,4 eingestellt. Das Nasengel wird in 5 g Tuben abgefüllt und in¬ ert verpackt. 1 g of the thiol compound Carbomer cysteine (MucoBiomer, Leobendorf, A) is swollen in 100 ml of demineralized and degassed water. Subsequently, 0.01-0.5 g of leukephalin and 5 g of glutathione are added and the pH is adjusted to 5.4. The nasal gel is filled into 5 g tubes and packaged in inert.

Claims

Patentansprüche: claims:
1.: Verwendung von pharmazeutisch verträglichen Thiolgruppen- hältigen Verbindungen zur Inhibierung von Efflux-Pumpen zur Herstellung von Medikamenten, wobei die Medikamente Wirkstoffe enthalten, deren mukosale Aufnahme durch Efflux-Pumpen be¬ hindert ist, wenn die Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindungen fehlen.1 .: Use of pharmaceutically acceptable thiol group-containing compounds for the inhibition of efflux pumps for the production of medicaments, wherein the medicaments contain active substances whose mucosal uptake is prevented by efflux pumps when the thiol group-containing compounds are absent.
2.: Verwendung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindungen ein Molekulargewicht von mindestens 250 g/mol aufweisen.2 .: Use according to claim 1, characterized in that the thiol group-containing compounds have a molecular weight of at least 250 g / mol.
3.: Verwendung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindungen zumindest eine Thiolgruppe pro 1000 g/mol Molekulargewicht haben, insbesonde¬ re zumindest eine Thiolgruppe pro 500 g/mol Molekulargewicht.3 .: Use according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the thiol group-containing compounds have at least one thiol group per 1000 g / mol molecular weight, insbesonde¬ re at least one thiol group per 500 g / mol molecular weight.
4.: Verwendung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindungen in einer Konzentration < 100 μM die Efflux-Rate um mehr als 50% im Speziellen um mehr als 100% herabsetzen.4 .: Use according to claim 1, characterized in that the thiol group-containing compounds in a concentration <100 uM reduce the efflux rate by more than 50% in particular by more than 100%.
5.: Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch ge¬ kennzeichnet, dass die Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindungen zu¬ mindest 10 Thiolgruppen pro Molekül aufweisen.5 .: Use according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized ge indicates that the thiol group-containing compounds zu¬ have at least 10 thiol groups per molecule.
6.: Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch ge¬ kennzeichnet, dass die Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindungen aus nicht mehr als 10 unterschiedlichen Untereinheiten aufgebaut sind.6 .: Use according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized ge indicates that the thiol group-containing compounds are composed of not more than 10 different subunits.
7.: Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch ge¬ kennzeichnet, dass die Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindungen aus¬ gewählt sind aus thioliertem Carbomer, thiolierter Polymetha- crylsäure, thiolierter Zellulose, thiolierten Polyglukosa- minen, thiolierten Polylysinen, thiolisierten Polyargininen oder Glutathion. 7. Use according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the compounds containing thiol groups are selected from thiolated carbomer, thiolated polymethacrylic acid, thiolated cellulose, thiolated polyglucosamine, thiolated polylysines, thiolated polyarginines or glutathione.
8.: Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch ge¬ kennzeichnet, dass die Wirkstoffe ausgewählt sind aus Chemo¬ therapeutika, Antiarrhythmika, Antibiotika, Antiphlogistika, Lokalanästhetika, Hormonen, Antimykotika, Antikoagulantien, Antimalaria-Mitteln, Kalzium Kanal Blocker, Immunsupressiva sowie Fluoreszenzmarkern.8. Use according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the active substances are selected from chemotherapeutics, antiarrhythmics, antibiotics, antiphlogistics, local anesthetics, hormones, antimycotics, anticoagulants, antimalarial agents, calcium channel blockers, immunosuppressants as well as fluorescent markers.
9.: Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch ge¬ kennzeichnet, dass das Medikament als Nanopartikel, Mikro- partikel, Matrix-Tabletten, Emulsionen, Lösungen, Suspensionen, Augentropfen oder Kapseln vorliegt.9 .: Use according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized ge indicates that the drug is present as nanoparticles, microparticles, matrix tablets, emulsions, solutions, suspensions, eye drops or capsules.
10.: Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch ge¬ kennzeichnet, dass das Medikament in einer Darreichungsform zur oralen, nasalen, pulmonalen, vaginalen, bukkalen, rektalen sowie okularen Applikation vorliegt.10 .: Use according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized ge indicates that the drug is present in a dosage form for oral, nasal, pulmonary, vaginal, buccal, rectal and ocular application.
11.: Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4 und 6 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Medikament neben Glutathion keine weitere Thiolgruppen-hältige Verbindung enthält.11 .: Use according to one of claims 1 to 4 and 6 to 10, characterized in that the medicament contains no further thiol group-containing compound in addition to glutathione.
12.: Verwendung nach den Ansprüchen 5 bis 10, dadurch gekenn¬ zeichnet, dass das Medikament neben der Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindung mit zumindest 10 Thiolgruppen pro Molekül keine weitere Thiolgruppen-hältige Verbindung enthält.12 .: Use according to claims 5 to 10, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the medicament in addition to the thiol group-containing compound having at least 10 thiol groups per molecule contains no further thiol group-containing compound.
13.: Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch ge¬ kennzeichnet, dass das Medikament eine Kombination aus Gluta¬ thion und einer Thiolgruppen-hältigen Verbindung mit zumindest 10 Thiolgruppen pro Molekül enthält.13. Use according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the medicament contains a combination of glutathione and a thiol group-containing compound having at least 10 thiol groups per molecule.
14.: Kit, enthaltend eine Tholgruppen-hältige Verbindung, wie in einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, 9 oder 10 definiert, und einen Wirkstoff, dessen mukosale Aufnahme durch Efflux-Pumpen be¬ hindert ist, wie in einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 8 bis 10 de¬ finiert. 14: Kit containing a thol group-containing compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 7, 9 or 10, and an active ingredient whose mucosal absorption is prevented by efflux pumps, as in any of claims 1 or 8 to 10 de¬ defined.
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US20080200563A1 (en) 2008-08-21
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WO2006008270A1 (en) 2006-01-26
CN101035547A (en) 2007-09-12
AU2005263729B2 (en) 2011-01-06

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