EP1702487A1

EP1702487A1 - Method and system for controlling access bearer in a real-time data service

Info

Publication number: EP1702487A1
Application number: EP04805196A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Terhi Tuulikki Virtanen; Pekka Marjelund; Petri J. Vuorinen; Jukka K. Jaakkola
Original assignee: Nokia Oyj
Current assignee: Nokia Oyj
Priority date: 2003-12-29
Filing date: 2004-12-27
Publication date: 2006-09-20
Also published as: WO2005064977A1

Abstract

A radio access network (RNC) assigns for a real-time media session a real-time access bearer that can be shifted between a dedicated channel state and a common channel state. The assignment is made in response to receiving an access bearer assignment message indicating that the real-time media session requires a real-time access bearer of that type. The media activity of the real-time access bearer is then monitored, and the access bearer shifts to the common channel state upon detecting media inactivity during the dedicated channel state, and shifts to the dedicated channel state upon detecting media activity during the common channel state.

Description

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING ACCESS BEARER IN A REAL¬

TIME DATA SERVICE

Field of the Invention

[0001] The present invention relates to real-time communications services in com¬

munication systems.

Background of the Invention

[0002] Particularly in the third generation (3G) mobile communications systems, a

public land mobile network (PLMN) infrastructure may be logically divided into a

core network (CN) and an access network (AN) infrastructures, as illustrated in Figure

1. The access network AN may be called a base station subsystem (BSS) for GSM

and a radio network subsystem (RNS) or a radio access network (RAN) for UMTS. In

the technical specifications of a third generation partnership project (3 GPP), the core

network CN is logically divided into a circuit switched (CS) domain, a packet

switched (PS) domain and an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS). The CS domain refers

to a set of all the CN entities offering "CS type of connection" for user traffic as well

as to all the entities supporting the related signaling. A "CS type of connection" is a

connection for which dedicated network resources are allocated at the connection es¬

tablishment and released at the connection release. A "PS type of connection" trans¬

ports the user information using packets so that each packet can be routed independ¬

ently of the previous one. An example of the PS domain is the GPRS (General Packet

Radio Service), and the typical entities may include a serving GPRS support node

(SGSN) and a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN). The IP multimedia subsystem

comprises all CN elements for provision of multimedia services. The IP multimedia subsystem IMS utilizes the PS domain to transport multimedia signaling and bearer

traffic.

[0003] Push-to-talk over Cellular (PoC) is an overlay speech service in a mobile cel¬

lular network where a connection between two or more parties is established (typi¬

cally) for a long period but the actual radio channels in the air interface are activated

only when somebody is talking. This corresponds to the usage of the traditional radio¬

telephones where the radio frequency used is agreed on between the parties (e.g. mili¬

tary/police radios, LA radios) or permanently set (walkie-talkie type of radios), and

whenever someone wishes to talk, s/he presses the tangent which activates the radio

transmission in the selected channel. The traditional radiotelephone services are sim¬

plex by nature so that only one party (the one who is pressing the tangent) can talk at a

time. More specifically, in a voice communication with a "push-to-talk, release-to-

listen" feature, a call is based on the use of a pressel (PTT, push-to-talk switch) in a

telephone as a switch: by pressing a PTT the user indicates his desire to speak, and the

user equipment sends a service request to the network. Alternatively, a voice activity

detector (VAD) or any suitable means can be used instead of the manual switch. The

network either rejects the request or allocates the requested resources on the basis of

predetermined criteria, such as the availability of resources, priority of the requesting

user, etc. At the same time, a connection is established also to a receiving user, or

users in the case of group communication. After the voice connection has been estab¬

lished, the requesting user may talk and the other users may listen. When the user re¬

leases the PTT, the event is detected in the network, and the resources are released

and/or a speech item is granted to another user. Thus, the resources are reserved only for the actual speech transaction or speech item, instead of reserving the resources for

a "call".

[0004] Modern cellular networks, especially in the GSM/GPRS/UMTS network evo¬

lution, include new packet-mode (e.g. IP) voice and data services. A Push-to-talk

over Cellular (PoC) service can be provided as a packet-based user or application

level service so that the underlying communications system only provides the basic

connections (i.e. IP connections) between the group communications applications in

the user terminals and the group communication service. The PoC communication

service can be provided by a communication server system while the client applica¬

tions reside in the user equipment or terminals. Examples of this approach are dis¬

closed in co-pending U.S. patent applications 09/835,867; 09/903,871; and

10/160,272; and in WO 02/085051.

[0005] With the PoC service, first the connection(s) between the parties is established

typically via the packet switched (PS) mobile network, e.g. a packet switched (PS)

core network. In practice, this means that a Voice over IP (VoIP; group or one-to-one)

call is set up between the parties. However, as described above, the difference from a

conventional phone call is that the radio channel of the subscribers is activated only

when someone needs to talk and released when no one is talking.

[0006] The PoC service is a practical solution for cases wherein the parties need to

talk relatively rarely but whenever someone needs to talk, the connection has to be

activated fast and easily (e.g. when giving instructions to the members of a hunting

team in the forest or to a crane driver on a construction site). Because in this type of

applications the calls are typically long but the voice activity is low, it is essential to release the bearer (e.g. radio channels) while no one is talking in order to save the ra¬

dio and network capacity and terminal batteries. On the other hand, the bearer re¬

sources should be available with as small a delay as possible when the voice activity

starts again.

Disclosure of the Invention

[0007] An object of the invention is to provide a method for controlling access bearer

resources in a real-time media communication with inactive and active periods.

[0008] The object is achieved by the invention defined in the attached independent

claims. Preferred embodiments of the invention are defined in the sub claims.

[0009] According to a first aspect of the present invention, an access network assigns

for a real-time media session a real-time access bearer that can shift between a dedi¬

cated channel state and a common channel state. The assignment is preferably carried

out in response to receiving an access bearer assignment message indicating that the

real-time media session requires a real-time access bearer of that type. The media ac¬

tivity of the real-time access bearer is then monitored, and the access bearer is shifted

to the common channel state upon detecting media inactivity during the dedicated

channel state, and shifted to the dedicated channel state upon detecting media activity

during the common channel state.

[0010] Some of the advantages of the present invention are illustrated by means of an

example wherein the invention is applied to packet-mode communication of push-to-

talk type, such as the PoC in a WCDMA environment. In accordance with the basic

principles of the invention, the user equipment can be kept in a connected mode (the

real-time bearer assigned) during a PoC call but is shifted to a common channel (such as CELL_FACH, CELLJPCH or URA_PCH) state during voice inactivity. When

someone starts to talk, s/he presses a push-to-talk tangent and her/his user equipment

starts the transmission. As a consequence, e.g. via normal packet call reservation

mechanisms, the user equipment is shifted to the dedicated channel state (e.g.

CELL DCH state) with a dedicated channel for speech transmission so that commu¬

nication between the parties is possible. When the talking stops (none of the parties is

transmitting any more), the dedicated channel is released and the user equipment is

shifted back to a common channel state. When the user equipment is in the common

channel state during the voice inactivity, the radio, base station radio or transmission

capacity is not consumed. Also, the terminal battery is saved because nothing is

transmitted or received. A state transition from a common channel state to a dedicated

channel state may take a few hundred milliseconds, which is expected to be fast

enough for smooth operation of the PoC service. Thus, a fast activation time of the

radio connections after pushing the tangent button is achieved, which improves the

total QoS of the PoC service. The activation of the radio connections only requires

radio resource control (RRC) signaling between the terminal and the access network.

No signaling between the terminal and the core network is needed. Only small modi¬

fications to the existing functionality of 3G terminals and network are needed due to

the invention. Some memory capacity in the network is consumed, however, due to

preserving the RRC connection in the radio access network and the packet data proto¬

col context in the core network during the inactive periods.

[0011] The assignment of the new type of real-time access bearer is preferably made

in response to receiving an access bearer assignment message indicating that the real- time media session requires a real-time access bearer of that type. Otherwise, the ra¬

dio access network could not know which Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is used for the

PoC service so that it could utilize the state transitions between dedicated channel and

common channel states. During active speech sessions, the PoC requires a real-time

connection having the characteristics of the streaming or conversational traffic class

RAB. On the other hand, during voice inactivity the real-time connection has to be

freed and the transition time from voice inactivity to voice activity does not need to

fulfill the strict delay requirements of the real-time data transmission, which is not a

preferred operation of the conventional real-time services. The new indication accord¬

ing to the invention enables the access network to distinguish between the conven¬

tional real-time access bearers and the novel real-time access bearers.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0012] The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention

will become more apparent in the light of the following detailed description in con¬

junction with the drawings, in which

[0013] Figure 1 illustrates a communication system having a radio access network

RAN, CS and PS core networks, and a PoC server,

[0014] Figure 2 illustrates various states of user equipment UE,

[0015] Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating basic blocks of user equipment accord¬

ing to an exemplary embodiment of the invention,

[0016] Figure 4 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example of service establish¬

ment towards a PS core network in accordance with the present invention, [0017] Figure 5 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example of an initial state tran¬

sition from a dedicated channel state to a common channel state when no dedicated

channel has yet been allocated to a real-time service,

[0018] Figure 6 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example of a state transition

from a common channel state to a dedicated channel state, and

[0019] Figure 7 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example of a state transition

from a dedicated channel state to a common channel state after inactivity detection.

Detailed description

[0020] The present invention is applicable to communications systems enabling real¬

time media sessions between end users. Real-time data may include real-time audio

(e.g. speech), real-time video, or any other real-time data, or combination thereof, i.e.

real-time multimedia.

[0021] The present invention is especially applicable to a communications system

allowing packet-mode real-time data communication, such as IP packet communica¬

tion between end users. Thus, real-time data communication may be carried out be¬

tween end user terminals over the Internet, for example.

[0022] The present invention provides a significant improvement for packet-mode

speech communications. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) enables a speech com¬

munication over an IP connection. In some embodiments of the invention, the IP

voice communication method employed is the Voice over IP (VoIP), but the invention

is not limited to this particular method.

[0023] An example of a system environment to which the principles of the present

invention may be applied will be described with reference to Figure 1. In Figure 1, a Push-to-talk over Cellular (PoC) server system is provided on top of a Packet

Switched (PS) core network in order to provide packet mode (e.g. IP) voice, data

and/or multimedia communication services to User Equipment (UE). UE accessing

the PS CN, and the PS core network itself, utilize the services provided by a Radio

access network (RAN) to provide packet-mode communication between the UE and

the PS CN subsystem. The multiple access method employed in the air interface in

the RAN may be Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Mul¬

tiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), or a combination

thereof. In the 3^rd and higher generation mobile communications systems, the access

method is primarily based on the CDMA. Further, because the traffic channels may

have a wide bandwidth, corresponding to user data rates e.g. up to 2 Mbits/s, such ac¬

cess may also be referred to as a Wideband CDMA (WCDMA).

[0024] As to the PoC type services, examples of this concept are disclosed in co-

pending U.S. patent applications 09/835,867; 09/903,871; 10/160,272; and in WO

02/085051. Conceptually, a packet based media communication system is provided

on top of the mobile network in order to provide media communication services to the

user equipment UE through the communication system. The media communication

system may be embodied as a server system, and it is generally referred to as a media

communication server herein. The media communication server may comprise con¬

trol-plane functions CPF and user-plane functions providing packet mode server ap¬

plications that communicate with the communication client application(s) in the user

equipment UE over the IP connections provided by the communication system. This

communication includes signaling packets and voice or data communication packets. The CPF function is responsible for control-plane management of the group commu¬

nication. This may include, for example, managing the user activity and creation and

deletion of logical user-plane connections with an appropriate control protocol, such

as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). The user-plane function(s) UPF is/are responsible

for distributing the data or speech packets to the user terminals according to their

group memberships and other settings. The UPF forwards traffic only between valid

connections programmed by the CPF. In the case of speech communication, it may be

based on a voice over IP (VoIP) protocol, and/or Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).

It should be appreciated that the user-plane operation relating to the data or speech

traffic is irrelevant to the present invention. However, the basic operation typically

includes that all the data or speech packet traffic from a sending user is routed to the

UPF, which then delivers the packet traffic to the receiving user(s).

[0025] The User equipment UE may be a wireless device, such as mobile user

equipment, or it may be a device connected by a fixed connection, such as a dis¬

patcher station. Herein, the term 'user equipment' and the corresponding acronym 'UE'

are used for referring to any device or user equipment allowing the user to access net¬

work services.

[0026] As an exemplary embodiment, the user equipment UE, such as a Mobile Sta¬

tion MS, may have a PoC application on a user layer on top of the standard protocol

stack used in the specific mobile communications system. An appropriate session

control protocol, such as a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), may be used for the PoC

control-plane signaling. The voice communication may be based on IP communica¬

tion (such as voice over IP, VoIP), and RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol, defined in RFC1889) may be employed to handle the voice packet (VoIP) delivery in the user

plane. The SIP and RTP protocols employ the underlying Transmission Control Pro¬

tocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and IP protocols that further employ the

physical layer resources, such as the radio resources. For example, the underlying

connection in a mobile communication network may be based on a GPRS connection.

[0027] An example of a possible implementation of user equipment is illustrated in a

simplified block diagram shown in Figure 3. An RF part 304 represents any radio

frequency function and hardware required by a specific air interface employed. The

actual implementation of the RF part 304 is irrelevant to the present invention. Base¬

band signal processing 309 represents any baseband signal processing required in any

specific implementation, such as an analog-digital (A/D) conversion of the analogue

speech signal from a microphone 310, vo-encoding, IP packet building, frame build¬

ing, deframing, IP packet debuilding, vo-decoding, a digital-analog (D/A) conversion

of the received digital speech signal into an analog signal applied to a loudspeaker

311. A controller 305 controls the operation of the RF unit 304 and the baseband sig¬

nal processing unit 309. The controller 305 controls the signaling, both outband (SIP)

and embedded, as well as IP packet building and debuilding. The start and stop of the

speech items are set by a PTT switch 306, which can be replaced by any user-operated

device, e.g. a voice activity detector (VAD). Such alternative mechanisms for starting

and ending a speech item instead of the PTT are obvious to a person skilled in the art.

A user interface may include a display 307 and a keyboard 308. It should be appreci¬

ated that the blocks illustrated in Figure 3 are functional blocks that can be imple¬

mented in a variety of different circuit configurations. For example, the baseband processing and the controller may be implemented in a single programmable unit (e.g.

a CPU or a signal processor) or in a plurality of units. The operation according to the

present invention is primarily related to the controller part of the MS, and the basic

invention may be implemented as program modifications in the control program of the

MS, for example. It should also be appreciated that the present invention is not in¬

tended to be restricted to mobile stations and mobile systems but the terminal can be

any terminal having a speech communication capability. For example, the user termi¬

nal may be a terminal (such as a personal computer PC) having Internet access and a

VoIP capability for voice communication over the Internet.

[0028] In the embodiment of Figure 3, the controller 305 comprises a media commu¬

nication client application 301 (e.g. PoC client). The media communication client

application 301 (e.g. PoC client) provides the respective communication service. For

example, in the case of PoC group communication, the client application 301 may

maintain group information, such as group identification information and group mem¬

bership information. The communication client 301 may also provide tools for group

creation, for attaching to ( oining) a group and for detaching from (leaving) the group,

starting and ending the speech items, etc.

[0029] In PS core networks based on the GPRS or the like, the UE a) performs a

GPRS attach procedure, and b) establishes a PDP context (i.e. a bearer) used for SIP

signaling. This PDP context remains active throughout the period the UE is connected

to the PS CN, i.e. from the initial registration and at least until deregistration. As a

result, the PDP context provides the UE with information that makes the UE capable

of constructing an IP address. During the establishment of a session, the UE estab- lishes data stream(s) for media related to the session. Such a data stream(s) may result

in activation of an additional PDP context(s), i.e. bearers. Such an additional PDP

context(s) is/are established as secondary PDP contexts associated to the PDP context

used for signaling. In other core network environments, other type of bearers may be

used. It should be appreciated that the basic invention is basically independent of the

type of the core network.

[0030] It should be appreciated that there are many applications of the Internet world

that require the creation and management of a session, where a session is considered

as an exchange of data between an association of participants. The implementation of

these applications is complicated by the practices of the participants: users may move

between endpoints, they may be addressable by multiple names, and they may com¬

municate in several different media - sometimes simultaneously. Therefore, the pre¬

sent invention is not restricted to PoC services but can be applied to media flow man¬

agement of such other applications as well.

[0031] Numerous protocols have been authored that carry various forms of real-time

multimedia session data, such as voice, video, or text messages. The Session Initia¬

tion Protocol (SIP, RFC 3261) is a general-purpose tool for creating, modifying, and

terminating sessions that works independently of underlying transport protocols and

without dependency on the type of session being established. SIP can be used with

other IETF protocols to build up a complete multimedia architecture. Typically, these

architectures include protocols such as a Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) (RFC

1889) for transporting real-time data and providing QoS feedback, a Real-Time

streaming protocol (RTSP) (RFC 2326) for controlling delivery of streaming media, a Media Gateway Control Protocol (MEGACO) (RFC 3015) for controlling gateways to

a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), and a Session Description Protocol

(SDP) (RFC 2327) for describing multimedia sessions.

[0032] It should be appreciated that VoIP or PoC are only examples of real-time me¬

dia to which the present invention can be applied. It should also be appreciated that

the type of media session set up on the application level or the protocols used for con¬

trolling the media session on that level are irrelevant to the basic invention. The pre¬

sent invention primarily relates to controlling access bearers on the access network

level, e.g. radio access bearers in the RAN.

[0033] In the following, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be de¬

scribed using 3 GPP RAN as an example of the access network.

[0034] In the 3 GPP radio access environment, the user equipment may adopt various

protocol states. Figure 2 summarizes the mapping of UE states, including states in

GSM, to the appropriate 3 GPP and GSM specifications that specify the UE behavior.

These specifications are incorporated herein by reference. However, only UE con¬

nected, CELL_DCH, and CELL_FACH are of interest in the following exemplary

embodiments of the invention.

[0035] After being switched on, the UE stays in Idle Mode until it transmits a request

to establish an RRC (Radio Resource Control) Connection. In Idle Mode the connec¬

tion of the UE is closed on all layers of the access stratum. In Idle Mode the UE is

identified by non-access stratum identities, such as an International mobile subscriber

identity (IMSI), Temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI) and Packet TMSI (P-

TMSI). In addition, the RAN has no information of its own about the individual Idle Mode UEs, and it can only address e.g. all UEs in a cell or all UEs monitoring a pag¬

ing occasion.

[0036] The RRC Connected Mode is entered when the RRC Connection is estab¬

lished. The UE is assigned a radio network temporary identity (RNTI) to be used as a

UE identity on common transport channels. The transition to the RRC Connected

Mode from the Idle Mode can only be initiated by the UE by transmitting a request for

an RRC Connection. The event is triggered either by a paging request from the net¬

work or by a request from upper layers in the UE.

[0037] When the UE receives a message from the network that confirms the RRC

connection establishment, the UE enters the CELL_FACH or CELL_DCH state of

RRC Connected Mode. The RRC states within RRC Connected Mode reflect the

level of UE connection and the transport channels that can be used by the UE.

[0038] In the CELL_DCH state, a dedicated physical channel is allocated to the UE

on the uplink and downlink, the location of the UE being known on a cell level ac¬

cording to its current active set, and dedicated transport channels, shared transport

channels, and a combination of these transport channels may be used by the UE.

[0039] The CELL_DCH-state is entered from the Idle Mode through the setup of an

RRC connection, or by establishing a dedicated physical channel from the

CELLJFACH state. A transition to CELLJFACH state occurs when all dedicated

channels have been released via explicit signaling (e.g. Radio Bearer Reconfiguration,

Radio Bearer Release, Radio Bearer Setup, Transport Channel Reconfiguration, etc.).

[0040] In the CELLJFACH state, no dedicated physical channel is allocated to the

UE and the UE continuously monitors a FACH on the downlink. The RAN may know the position of the UE on a cell level, i.e. according to the cell where the UE last

made a cell update.

[0041] A transition from CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH state occurs when a dedicated

physical channel is established via explicit signaling (e.g. RADIO BEARER RE¬

CONFIGURATION, RADIO BEARER RELEASE, RADIO BEARER SETUP,

TRANSPORT CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION, etc.).

[0042] Push-to-talk over Cellular (PoC) is a speech service in a mobile network

where a connection between two or more parties is established (typically) for a long

period but the actual radio channels in the air interface are activated only when

someone is talking. With the PoC service, the connections between the parties are

typically established via a packet switched mobile network. In practice this means

that a Voice over IP (VoIP) (group) call is set up between the parties. However, the

difference from a conventional phone call is that the radio channel of the subscribers

is activated only when someone needs to talk, and released when no one is talking. In

more general terms, there is a streaming type real-time media signal having a session

of long duration but requiring access bearer resources only occasionally with fast set

up times. There is a need for a method and means for controlling the activating and

releasing the access beares so that fast set up time is achieved.

[0043] Figure 4 shows a signaling diagram illustrating an example of establishing a

real-time media service (e.g. a streaming signal, PoC, etc.) towards a packet switched

core network (PS-CN) according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0044] Initially, a mobile station (MS) or user equipment (UE) is in Idle Mode and

then transmits a request to establish an RRC (Radio Resource Control) Connection to the RAN. The event is triggered either by a paging request from the network or by a

request from upper layers in the UE, e.g. a PoC client application.

[0045] Upon receiving an RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message, a controlling

entity, e.g. a radio network controller (RNC), in the RAN may either reject the request

or accept the request. In the latter case, the RNC commands a serving BTS to set up a

radio link. The RNC then orders the UE from the Idle Mode to CELLJDCH state in

RRC Connected Mode by means of an RRC CONNECTION SETUP message. Alter¬

natively, the RNC may order the UE to the cell_FACH state, in which case a radio

link between the UE and BTS is not necessary.

[0046] Upon receiving the RRC CONNECTION SETUP, the UE performs a physical

layer synchronisation procedure (Layer LI) and submits an RRC CONNECTION

SETUP COMPLETE message to the RNC. As a result, an RRC connection has been

established between the UE/MS and the RNC. The RNC may send a MEASURE¬

MENT CONTROL message to specify handover measurements to be carried out by

the UE.

[0047] The UE may then send an RRC INITIAL DIRECT TRANSFER message in

order to establish a signaling connection. Upon receiving the INITIAL DIRECT

TRANSFER message, the RNC routes a Non Access Stratum (NAS) message to the

relevant PS-CN. Thereafter, a NAS signaling connection is established between the

UE and the PS-CN. Signaling occurs, for example, during the establishment of a

GPRS mobility management (MM) context. The PS-CN may then send a RANAP

COMMON ID message to the RNC to inform the RNC about the permanent NAS UE

identity for a user. The PS-CN may then send a RANAP SECURITY MODE COM- MAND to the RNC to trigger the integrity and ciphering functions over the radio in¬

terface. The RNC may then send an RRC SECURITY MODE COMMAND message

to the UE to start or reconfigure ciphering and/or integrity protection parameters. An

RRC SECURITY MODE COMPLETE message is sent by the UE to confirm the re¬

configuration of ciphering and or integrity protection. The RNC then sends an

RANAP SECURITY MODE COMPLETE message as a successful response to the

RANAP SECURITY MODE COMMAND message.

[0048] The above operation in its entirety is basically in accordance with the 3 GPP

specifications.

[0049] There are various methods for activating and releasing access bearer resourses

(e.g. radio connections) during a real-time media session, e.g. the PoC service. As

will be described in more detail below, according to some embodiments of the

invention, in 3^r generation mobile communication networks (e.g. in WCDMA

networks) a potentially useful method is to keep the terminals in the RRC connected

mode during the PoC call but to shift them to a common channel (cell_FACH,

cellJPCH or URA_PCH) state during voice inactivity. When someone starts to talk,

s/he presses the tangent and her/his terminal starts the transmission. Via normal

packet call reservation mechanisms, this shifts the terminals to cell_DCH state with a

Dedicated Channel (DCH) for speech transmission so that duplex communication

between the parties is possible. When the talking stops (none of the terminals is

transmitting any more), the terminals release the DCHs and move back to a common

channel state. A state transition from a common channel state to cell DCH state takes a few hundred milliseconds, which is to be fast enough for smooth operation of the

PoC service.

[0050] However, this new bearer control approach is problematic to the radio access

network RAN, because the established call or session requires a real-time, i.e.

streaming or conversational, radio access bearer, which does not use or even tolerate

toggling between the CELLJDCH or CELLJFACH states in the prior art systems.

[0051] More particularly, the problem is that the RNC may not know which Radio

Access Bearer (RAB) is used for a real-time service, e.g. PoC service, that could

utilize the state transitions between cell_DCH and common channel states. During

active speech sessions, PoC requires a real-time connection having the characteristics

of the streaming or (preferably) conversational traffic class RAB. On the other hand,

during voice inactivity the real-time connection has to be freed and the transition time

from voice inactivity to voice activity does not need to fulfil the strict delay

requirements of the real-time data transmission, which is not a preferred operation of

the conventional real-time services.

[0052] In order to support real-time media services, such as the PoC, that have strict

delay requirements during active periods and less strict delay requirements during

inactive periods in wireless access networks, such as the WCDMA RAN access

network, the call setup signaling between the user terminal, e.g. the UE, and a mobile

network is extended so that a core network can recognize a packet connection (e.g.

PDP context) belonging to the PoC or corresponding real-time service, and the core

network assigns to the access network (e.g. the RAN) a real-time access bearer (e.g. a

radio access bearer RAB), which can be shifted to common channel states during voice inactivity. In an embodiment of the invention, distinguishing real-time access

bearers (e.g. RABs) that can and cannot be shifted to common channel states can be

made by adding a new information element to or extending the range of an existing

information element in the Access Bearer Assignment message transmitted from the

core network to the access network (e.g. the RAN).

[0053] Referring again to the example illustrated in Figure 4, the PS-CN submits an

RAB ASSIGNMENT REQUEST message to the RNC to request the establishment of

one or more RABs for the same UE. In accordance with one aspect of the invention,

in order to distinguish between real-time access bearers (e.g. RABs) those which can

and those which cannot be shifted to common channel states can be made by adding a

new information element to or extending the range of an existing information element

in this Radio Access Bearer Assignment message.

[0054] In an embodiment of the invention, one of the RAB parameters or other

parameters within the RAB parameters is employed for this purpose. A traffic class

parameter may indicate that the type of the RAB is conversational, streaming, etc.

The indication according to the invention may be made in the Source Statistics

Descriptor parameter that normally specifies characteristics of the source of submitted

data packets. One or more new IE types may be defined for this parameter, indicating

that the radio acces bearer is of an always-on speech call, e.g. PoC. The new types

may be named as always-on speech and always-on unknown so that the real-time

RAB according to the invention can be distinguished from the normal types named

speech, unknown, etc. [0055] As another example, the current delay parameters could be used to show

whether a DCH release is possible or not. If current parameters are used, indicated

transfer delay is applicable also to the state transitions, i.e. state transitions are not

violating RAB requirements if a transfer delay can be maintained also during a state

transition back to the DCH. In practise it would be impossible to always keep the

transfer delay for the RAB if also a state transition is required, thus a separate

parameter (such as the always-on speech type in the Source Statistics Descriptor

parameter) for the purpose of the invention is preferable.

[0056] A GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol) tunnel setup may occur between the RNC

and the PS-CN in a normal way. However, upon receiving the RAB ASSIGNMENT

REQUEST message indicating that the specific RAB can be switched to common

channel states, the RNC may not allocate a DCH for the RAB but only the radio

bearer is set up. To that end, the RNC sends a RADIO BEARER SETUP message to

the UE, and the UE acknowledges with a RADIO BEARER SETUP COMPLETE

message. The RNC sends an RAB ASSIGNMENT RESPONSE message to the PS-

CN.

[0057] The RNC may send a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message to specify traf¬

fic volume measurements, which can be used for assisting a dynamic radio bearer con¬

trol. Quantities that the UE may be configured to report can be triggered using two

different mechanisms, periodical and event triggered. The reporting criteria specified

in the measurement control message may include one or more of Buffer Occupancy,

Average of Buffer Occupancy, and Variance of Buffer Occupancy. The UE performs

measurements and transmits measurement reports according to the measurement con- tiol information. For the uplink data transmission, the UE reports the observed traffic

volume to the network in order for the network to re-evaluate the current allocation of

resources. This report contains e.g. the amount of data to be transmitted or the buffer

status in the UE.

[0058] The UE is now in the CELLJDCH state. The signaling radio bearer (SRB) has

a dedicated channel DCH but the real-time radio bearer (the "PoC Bearer") does not

have a DCH.

[0059] Referring to Figure 5, let us now consider a case where a transition from a

dedicated channel state to a common channel state, e.g. from the CELL_DCH state to

the CELLJFACH state, occurs while no DCH has been allocated to the PoC yet (the

situation at the bottom of Figure 4).

[0060] The traffic volume or the buffer status depends on the activity of higher layer

functions in the UE. For example, in the PoC service, the operation of a speech codec

in the UE may be such that when a voice activity detector (VAD) indicates silence

(and/or the user does not press the tangent), the speech codec does not provide any

data to the access network (e.g. to the RLC buffer) in the UE, not even silence indica¬

tor frames, which are generated during a conventional voice supporting the, discon¬

tinuous transmission (DTX).

[0061] Let us now assume that the inactivity detection function of the RAN (e.g. the

RNC) detects on the basis of traffic volume control, and/or by some other means (e.g.

traffic measurement, RLC buffers, timers, etc. at the RNC) that there is traffic inactiv¬

ity in the RLC layer in the uplink direction, or in a duplex communication, in both

directions. Because of the detected inactivity, the UE is shifted to a common channel state, typically first to the CELL_FACH state and further to the CELL_PCH state.

There may be further MEASUREMENT CONTROL messages sent to the UE. The

RNC commands the UE to the CELL_FACH state with the RADIO BEARER RE¬

CONFIGURATION message. The UE shifts to the CELLJFACH state and acknowl¬

edges with the BEARER RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE message.

[0062] Most of the time, both (all) terminals UE participating in a PoC call are in a

common channel state, CELL JFACH, CELL _PCH or URAJPCH because of the

silence of the respective subscribers.

[0063] Referring to Figure 6, let us now consider an example of a transition from a

common channel state to a dedicated channel state, e.g. from the CELLJFACH state

to the CELLJDCH state. The initial situation may be similar to that at the bottom of

Figure 5.

[0064] When the user of the UE wants to say something to the other participant(s) in

the PoC call, s/he presses the tangent in the UE. The tangent button activates a speech

codec regardless of the voice activity, and the speech codec starts to generate data into

the RLC buffer in the UE. Because the UE is in a common channel state

(CELL_FACH), it sends a capacity request (e.g. an RRC MEASUREMENT REPORT

message) to the RNC, which activates the transition to CELLJDCH state. Similarly,

the RNC may detect a capacity need in the downlink direction and activate the transi¬

tion to CELLJDCH state itself. The RNC allocates the required capacity (including a

DCH for the real-time RAB), detects a need to change the RLC parameters, carries out

the radio link setup procedure with the base station BS, and commands the UE to the

CELL_DCH state with the RADIO BEARER RECONFIGURATION message. The UE shifts into the CELL_DCH state and acknowledges with an RADIO BEARER

RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE message. As soon as the radio link has been

synchronized, the transmission is started from the UE (called subscriber A herein) to¬

wards the recipient(s) (called subscriber B herein).

[0065] Let us assume that also subscriber B is user equipment controlled by the same

(or another) RNC. The data from subscriber A first arrives at the subscriber B's RLC

buffer in the RNC. Because subscriber B is also in a common channel state, its RNC

first activates the transition to CELLJDCH state (the downlink activity detection de¬

scribed above). As soon as the radio link has been set up and synchronized (in a simi¬

lar manner to that described above for subscriber A), a full duplex real-time speech

connection between subscribers A and B exists. Because the two sequential state tran¬

sitions may take approximately 1 to 2 seconds, subscriber A's terminal may, in an

embodiment of the invention, give an indication (such as a beep tone) a couple of sec¬

onds after pressing the tangent button in order to indicate to subscriber A that s/he can

start talking because both subscribers have most probably shifted to CELLJDCH state

(even if subscriber A's terminal receives no explicit indication about the state transi¬

tion of subscriber B's terminal). Next the subscribers are capable of discussing in a

manner similar to a conventional speech call.

[0066] In the above example duplex communication has been set up. Conventionally,

a typical PoC service takes place in a semiduplex mode. Semiduplex communication

can be used also in association with the present invention. In the context of the above

examples, the semiduplex operation would refer to allocating unidirectional resources

in the RAN, i.e. allocating the uplink resources only when voice activity on the uplink is detected, achieved capacity savings in the radio interface are considered minor.

Added complexity and signaling load in the RAN would be significant. In addition, if

duplex resources are not allocated, an allocation delay and possibility of lacking

resources at the time of allocation are applicable every time someone starts talking.

Thus, the potential enhancement in spectrum efficiency when trying to utilize the

semiduplex character of typical PoC communication would require some "ideal" (e.g.

very fast response times) behaviour in radio resource allocations. Taking into account

the realistic limitations of the WCDMA protocols, for example, the duplex approach

will be faster and more user-friendly, which makes this loss in spectrum efficiency

due to the duplex operation acceptable.

[0067] In the example described above, the state transitions to the CELLJDCH state

occur sequentially: first subscriber A is shifted to the CELLJDCH state, and after

completion of this transition the data received from subscriber A triggers the state

transition of subscriber B. In an embodiment of the invention, the total time needed

for both state transitions is shortened by configuring the RNC of subscriber A to send

a dummy data packet to subscriber B as soon as the RNC has received the capacity

request from subscriber A's terminal. In this case, the state transitions of both sub¬

scribers occur at the same time, which further shortens the time between pressing the

tangent and activating the speech connection.

[0068] Referring to Figure 7, let us now consider an example of a transition from a

dedicated channel state to a common channel state (e.g. from the CELLJDCH state to

the CELLJFACH state) after an inactivity detection when there is a DCH allocated for the real-time RAB (i.e. the PoC). The initial situation may be similar to that at the

bottom of Figure 6.

[0069] When subscribers A and B have stopped talking, the VAD of both terminals

UE indicates silence and no data is conveyed to their RLC buffers in the terminals.

Further, no data is conveyed to their RLC buffers in the RNC(s). For the smooth op¬

eration of the PoC service, it is preferable that there is a relatively long timer to indi¬

cate the inactivity in the VAD. For example, the speech codec may stop providing

data or silence indicator frames to the access network (e.g. to the RLC buffer) in the

UE only after a predetermined inactivity timer has expired. In addition or alternative

to the former timer, there may be a timer for controlling the time of sending an RRC

measurement report to the RNC after the RLC buffer has become empty. The timer(s)

enable(s) annoying breaks to be avoided in the background noise during the conversa¬

tion and state transitions to be prevented during pauses between sentences.

[0070] Upon detecting the inactivity in both directions, the RNC shifts both terminals

UE to a common channel state, typically first to CELLJFACH state and further to

CELL_PCH state. The input for the decision making in the RNC can be e.g. to meas¬

ure its RLC buffers or to receive a traffic volume measurement to indicate an empty

UE RLC buffer. It is also preferable that the RNC is provided with the transition

timer(s) controlling the transition from CELLJDCH to a common channel state. The

timer(s) in the RNC is/are set to be long enough to prevent too frequent state transi¬

tions.

[0071] The RNC observes that the RLC parameters have to be changed, and com¬

mands the UE to the CELL FACH state with an RADIO BEARER RECONFIGU- RATION message. The UE moves to the CELL_FACH state and acknowledges with

a RADIO BEARER RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE message. In the case the

UE chooses a cell different from that assigned by the RNC, an RRC cell update pro¬

cedure may be carried out before the transition. Upon receiving the RADIO BEARER

RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE message, the RNC releases the radio resources

(releases the DCH) and carries out a radio link deletion procedure with the BTS.

[0072] As an alternative to the above described concept, there are also other methods

for activating and releasing the radio connections during a real-time service, such as

the PoC service. The most straightforward way is to totally release the connection to

the network during media (e.g. voice) inactivity. The knowledge of the active real¬

time service (e.g. a PoC service) then only resides in the terminals of the calling par¬

ties. When someone needs to talk, s/he presses the tangent button and her/his terminal

places a call to all parties. The terminals of the other parties recognize the incoming

call as an activation of the existing real-time (e.g. a PoC) connection and activate the

call automatically without the need to press the answer key. The major drawback of

this alternative method is that it is all too slow for the smooth operation of the real¬

time services like the PoC.

[0073] Another alternative is to release the RRC connection in the Radio Access

Network (RAN) during the voice inactivity but maintain the connection in the core

network by leaving the PDP context active. This allows faster activation of the radio

connection than with the abovementioned method but because setting up the RRC

connection to RAN may still take several seconds, also this method is too slow for the

PoC service. [0074] Various embodiments of the invention have been described, but it will be ap¬

preciated by persons skilled in the art that these embodiments are merely illustrative

and that many other embodiments are possible. The intended scope of the invention is

set forth in the following claims rather than in the preceding description, and all varia¬

tions that fall within the scope and spirit of the claims are intended to be embraced

therein.

Claims

1. A method of controlling an access bearer during a real-time media

session, comprising: establishing a real-time media session between user equipment and a second

party via an access network and a packet switched core network; indicating to the access network that the real-time media session requires a

real-time access bearer that can be shifted between a dedicated channel state and a

common channel state; assigning to the real-time media session the real-time access bearer that can be

shifted between the dedicated channel state and the common channel state; monitoring media activity of the real-time access bearer; moving the real-time access bearer to the common channel state upon detecting

media inactivity during the dedicated channel state; and moving the real-time access bearer to the dedicated channel state upon

detecting media activity during the common channel state.

2. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: detecting at least one of the activity and the inactivity of the real-time access

bearer based on at least one of: a status of an uplink connection buffer in the user

equipment, a status of one of an uplink and a downlink connection buffer in the access

network, a status of one of an uplink and a downlink connection buffer of the second

party in the access network, traffic volume related signalling received from one of the

user equipment and the second partyand a capacity request from the user equipment.

3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the real-time media session

comprises a packet-mode voice call with a push-to-talk functionality, and the method

further comprising: providing data from a speech coder to the uplink connection buffer in the user

equipment when one of voice activity is detected and a push-to-talk switch is

activated; ceasing data from the speech coder to the uplink connection buffer in the user

equipment when one of voice inactivity is detected and the push-to-talk switch is

deactivated.

4. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising: sending dummy data from the radio access network towards the second party

upon initiating a transition of the real-time bearer from the common channel state to

the dedicated channel state and before receiving data from the user equipment, to

thereby advance a state transition of a connection leg of the second party.

5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the real¬

time access bearer comprises a real-time radio access bearer.

6. A method according to claim 5, further comprising indicating a type of the

required real-time radio access bearer by means of an information element in a radio

access assignment message transmitted from the core network to the access network.

7. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising

controlling at least one of the inactivity detection and the transition from the dedicated

channel state to the common channel state with at least one timer in one of the user

equipment and the access network.

8. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the real¬

time media service is one of a push-to-talk over a cellular and a corresponding packet

mode- voice communication service of a client-server type.

9. User equipment for a communication system, comprising: means for establishing a real-time media session between user equipment and a

second party via an access network and a packet switched core network; means for moving a real-time access bearer assigned to the real-time media

session between a dedicated channel state and a common channel state under control

of the access network; an uplink connection buffer; means for monitoring a status of the uplink connection buffer; means for indicating the status of the uplink connection buffer to the radio

access network at least during the dedicated channel state; and means for sending a capacity request to the radio access network when there is

data in the uplink communication buffer during the common channel state, to thereby

cause a transition to the dedicated channel state.

10. User equipment according to claim 9, further comprising: a voice activity detector; a push-to-talk switch; and a speech coder that provides data to the uplink connection buffer when the

push-to-talk switch is activated, and said speech coder ceasing to provide data to the uplink connection buffer when

the push-to-talk switch is activated and the voice activity detector detects a silent

period of at least a predetermined duration.

11. User equipment according to claim 10, comprising at least one timer

measuring the predetermined duration.

12. User equipment according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the real¬

time access bearer comprises at least one radio access bearer of one of a streaming and

a conversational type.

13. The user equipment according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the

real-time media service is one of a push-to-talk over a cellular and a corresponding

packet-mode voice communication service of a client-server type, and wherein the

user equipment comprises a packet-mode voice communication client.

14. The user equipment according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein the packet-mode voice communication client comprises a Push-to-Talk over Cellular

(PoC) client.

15. The user equipment according to any one of claims 9 to 14, wherein the

user equipment is configured for a radio access network of a wideband code division

multiple access type.

16. A network controller for an access network, wherein the network controller is configured to receive an access bearer assignment

message requesting to assign a radio access bearer for a real-time media session that is

being established between user equipment and a second party via the access network

and a packet switched core network, said message indicating that the real-time media

session requires a real-time access bearer that can be shifted between a dedicated

channel state and a common channel state, the network controller is configured to assign to the real-time media session a

common channel state, the network controller is configured to monitor media activity of the real-time

access bearer, the network controller is configured to shift the access bearer to the common

channel state upon detecting media inactivity during the dedicated channel state, and the network controller is configured to shift the access bearer to the dedicated

channel state upon detecting the media activity during the common channel state.

17. A network controller according to claim 16, wherein the network controller

is configured to detect at least one of the activity or the inactivity of the real-time

access bearer based on at least one of: a status of an uplink connection buffer in the

user equipment, a status of one of an uplink and a downlink connection buffer in the

access network, a status of one of an uplink and a downlink connection buffer of the

second party in the access network, traffic volume related signalling received from

one of the user equipment and the second partyand a capacity request from the user

equipment.

18. A network controller according to claim 17, wherein the network controller

is configured to send dummy data from the radio access network towards the second

party upon initiating a transition of the real-time bearer from the common channel

state to the dedicated channel state and before receiving data from the user equipment,

to thereby advance a state transition of a connection leg of the second party.

19. A network controller according to any one of claims 16 to 18, further

comprising at least one timer that controls one of the inactivity detection and the

transition from the dedicated channel state to the common channel state.

20. A network controller according to any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein said

access bearer assignment message is received from the core network and comprises an

information element indicating a type of the required real-time access bearer.

21. A network controller according to any one of claims 16 to 20, wherein the

access network comprises a radio access network, and the real-time access bearer

comprises a real-time radio access bearer.

22. A network controller according to any one of claims 16 to 21 , wherein the

packet mode-voice communication service of a client-server type.

23. A network controller according to claim 16, wherein the real-time access

bearer comprises at least one radio access bearer of one of a stieaming and a

conversational type.

24. A network controller according to any one of claims 16 to 23, wherein the

access network comprises a radio access network of a wideband code division

multiple access type.

25. A packet switched core network, wherein said core network is configured to establish a real-time media session with user

equipment via an access network and a packet switched core network, said core network is configured to send an access bearer assignment message to

said access network, said message requesting to assign an access bearer for the real¬

time media session, said message further indicating that the real-time media session requires a real-time access bearer that can be shifted between a dedicated channel state

and a common channel state.

26. A packet switched core network according to claim 25, wherein the real¬

mode-voice communication service of a client-server type.

27. A packet switched core network according to any one of claims 25 to 26,

wherein the real-time access bearer comprises at least one radio access bearer of one

of a streaming and a conversational type in a radio access network of a wideband code

division multiple access type.

28. A communication system embodying the method according to any one of

claims 1 to 8.

29. An access network comprising a network controller according to any one of

claims 15 to 24.

30. A communication system comprising user equipment according to any one

claims of 9 to 15, and a network controller according to any one of claims 16 to 24.