EP1632985B1 - Lampe à decharge haute pression - Google Patents

Lampe à decharge haute pression Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1632985B1
EP1632985B1 EP05017122.2A EP05017122A EP1632985B1 EP 1632985 B1 EP1632985 B1 EP 1632985B1 EP 05017122 A EP05017122 A EP 05017122A EP 1632985 B1 EP1632985 B1 EP 1632985B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coating
discharge
discharge vessel
pressure discharge
discharge lamp
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP05017122.2A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1632985A1 (fr
Inventor
Florian Bedynek
Michael Bönigk
Dirk Grundmann
Thomas Dr. Reiners
Conrad Schimke
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Osram GmbH
Original Assignee
Osram GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE200410043636 external-priority patent/DE102004043636A1/de
Priority claimed from DE200410050303 external-priority patent/DE102004050303A1/de
Priority claimed from DE200410053011 external-priority patent/DE102004053011A1/de
Priority claimed from DE200410057852 external-priority patent/DE102004057852A1/de
Application filed by Osram GmbH filed Critical Osram GmbH
Publication of EP1632985A1 publication Critical patent/EP1632985A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1632985B1 publication Critical patent/EP1632985B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
    • H01J61/06—Main electrodes
    • H01J61/073—Main electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/54—Igniting arrangements, e.g. promoting ionisation for starting
    • H01J61/547—Igniting arrangements, e.g. promoting ionisation for starting using an auxiliary electrode outside the vessel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/30—Vessels; Containers
    • H01J61/35—Vessels; Containers provided with coatings on the walls thereof; Selection of materials for the coatings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a high-pressure discharge lamp according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
  • Such a high-pressure discharge lamp is for example in the European patent specification EP 0 991 107 B1 disclosed.
  • EP 0 991 107 B1 disclosed.
  • a unilaterally capped high-pressure discharge lamp for a motor vehicle headlight which has a surrounded by a glass outer bulb discharge vessel, wherein the outer bulb is provided with a transparent, electrically conductive layer, which extends over the entire discharge space of the lamp.
  • This layer is connected to the circuit-internal ground reference potential of the operating device of the high-pressure discharge lamp in order to improve the electromagnetic compatibility of the lamp.
  • the US 6,456,005 describes a high-pressure discharge lamp with a Zündinsbe slaughterung on the discharge vessel.
  • the JP 06-060851 discloses a high pressure discharge lamp having a heat reflective coating at the ends of the discharge vessel.
  • the US 6,445,129 describes a high pressure discharge lamp with a metallic coating.
  • the high-pressure discharge lamp according to the invention has a light-permeable discharge vessel, an ionizable filling arranged in the discharge space of the discharge vessel and extending into the discharge space of the discharge vessel Electrodes for generating a gas discharge, as well as led out of the discharge vessel power supply for supplying energy to the electrodes, wherein the surface of the discharge vessel is at least partially provided with a translucent, electrically conductive coating, so that between the coating and at least one electrode and / or power supply, a capacitive coupling consists.
  • the abovementioned coating, together with the at least one electrode and optionally with the associated power supply, forms a capacitor, the quartz glass of the discharge vessel and the filling gas in the discharge space forming the dielectric of this capacitor.
  • a dielectrically impeded discharge is generated in the discharge space between the at least one electrode and the coating.
  • This dielectrically impeded discharge generates a sufficient number of free charge carriers in the discharge space in order to enable the electrical breakdown between the two electrodes of the high-pressure discharge lamp or to significantly reduce the ignition voltage required for this purpose.
  • the invention is therefore particularly suitable for mercury-free metal halide high-pressure discharge lamps, which have an increased ignition voltage due to the lack of mercury.
  • FIG. 5 is for several, in FIG. 3 schematically illustrated, mercury-free metal halide high-pressure discharge lamps with a rated power of 35 watts, which were provided with a different thickness partial coating, depicting the dependence of the breakdown voltage of the discharge path of the resistance of the partial coating according to the invention.
  • the resistance of the coating in the unit ohms / cm is plotted on a logarithmic scale and on the vertical axis the breakdown voltage of the discharge path of the lamp in kilovolts. The resistance was measured between two points of the coating, which were arranged at a distance of 1 cm.
  • the breakdown voltage for lamps of this type whose partial coating has a resistance per unit length of less than or equal to 10 5 ohm / cm, the discharge path has a significantly reduced breakdown voltage.
  • the thickness of the partial according to the invention Coating is therefore chosen so that its resistance per unit length is in the order of magnitude of 10 3 ohms / cm to 10 5 ohms / cm. With a resistance per unit length below 10 3 ohm / cm, the layer thickness is so large that it can adversely affect the optical properties of the headlamp system due to light reflection.
  • the layer thickness is selected such that its resistance per unit length is in the order of 10 4 ohms / cm.
  • the breakdown voltage of the discharge gap has been reduced in this case from 20 kV in uncoated lamps to about 17.5 kV.
  • the coating according to the invention therefore correspondingly reduces the required ignition voltage.
  • the translucent, electrically conductive coating is advantageously applied to the outer surface of the discharge vessel, since it is not exposed to the chemical attack of the metal halides and the discharge plasma there.
  • the abovementioned coating is arranged at least in the region of the discharge space and extends over a part of the circumference of the discharge space in order to ensure a good capacitive coupling of the coating to at least one electrode and preferably even to both electrodes by the planar expansion of the coating.
  • the light-transmitting, electrically conductive partial coating is formed such that it extends as far as the at least one molybdenum foil and one of the two sides the molybdenum foil faces the coating.
  • the molybdenum foil and the coating form a type of plate capacitor, wherein the material of the discharge vessel, preferably quartz glass, arranged therebetween forms the dielectric of this capacitor.
  • the light-transmitting, electrically conductive coating is advantageously on one Restricted below the electrodes arranged surface region of the discharge vessel.
  • the coating reflects a portion of the infrared radiation generated by the discharge back into the discharge space and thus provides for selective heating of the colder, lying below the electrodes areas of the discharge vessel in which collect the metal halides used for the light generation.
  • the efficiency of the lamp can be increased without also heating the hot regions of the discharge vessel lying above the electrodes.
  • the application of the coating only on the colder underside of the discharge vessel reduces the thermal load of the coating, so that correspondingly lower demands can be placed on the thermal resistance of the coating materials.
  • FIG. 6 is the luminous flux, measured in units of lumens, for two production batches of uncoated, mercury-free, horizontally operated high pressure metal halide high pressure discharge lamps with a rated power of 35 watts (Group 1 and Group 2) compared to two production batches of the invention
  • the above coating provided, operated in a horizontal operating position mercury-free metal halide high-pressure discharge lamps with a rated power of 35 watts (Group 3 and Group 4).
  • the lamps of groups 3 and 4 were aligned horizontally during operation in such a way that the coating according to the invention was arranged below the electrode connection axis. These lamps have the in FIG. 3 schematically illustrated construction. Their coating had a resistance per unit length of the order of 10 4 ohms / cm. From the FIG. 6 It can be seen that the lamps according to the invention of groups 3 and 4 have a higher luminous flux and thus a higher luminous efficacy than the uncoated lamps of groups 1 and 2.
  • the lamps according to the invention of groups 3 and 4 have a further advantage over the uncoated lamps of groups 1 and 2. As shown in FIG. 7 It can be seen that the lamps according to the invention of groups 3 and 4 have a higher burning voltage than the uncoated lamps of the groups 1 and 2. Thus, a correspondingly lower lamp current is required in the lamps according to the invention during lamp operation to achieve the desired rated power of 35 watts. Accordingly, the operating devices can be dimensioned for lower currents.
  • the high-pressure discharge lamp is designed as a single-ended high-pressure discharge lamp whose discharge vessel has a socket-sealed end and a socket-sealed end from each of which a lead-out led out for the electrodes, wherein led out of the sockelfemen end power supply with a connected to the socket recycled current return.
  • the translucent, electrically conductive coating on the basis of the above explanations and because this lamp is operated in a horizontal position with current recirculation running below the electrodes, is arranged on a surface region of the discharge vessel facing the current return.
  • the abovementioned coating is limited to a surface region of the discharge vessel which is arranged between the current return and the connection axis of the electrodes and extends in the longitudinal direction of the lamp over at least part of the discharge space and a part of one of the two ends of the discharge vessel.
  • the surface region of the discharge vessel facing the current return plays only a minor role in the use of the high-pressure discharge lamp in a vehicle headlight for generating the desired light distribution. Therefore, even a slight absorption of light caused by the coating is meaningless.
  • the high-pressure discharge lamp according to the invention is advantageously provided with a light-permeable outer bulb which encloses at least the discharge space of the discharge vessel.
  • the glass of the outer envelope is doped with ultraviolet radiation absorbing agents to absorb the UV radiation emitted by the gas discharge.
  • the space between the outer bulb and the discharge vessel is advantageously provided with a gas filling having a cold filling pressure in the range of 5 kPa to 150 kPa.
  • Cold filling pressure here means the filling pressure measured at a gas filling temperature of 22 degrees Celsius.
  • the gas filling removes gaseous contaminants such as water vapor and carbon dioxide and combustion gases formed during the lamp vessel sealing, and reduces the temperature gradient along the discharge vessel.
  • the aforementioned gas filling advantageously contains inert gases which do not undergo any chemical reaction with the material of the coating according to the invention on the discharge vessel.
  • the gas filling therefore preferably contains nitrogen or at least one noble gas.
  • the gas filling advantageously contains small amounts of oxygen in order to counteract a diffusion of oxygen from the coating, which is preferably in the form of a doped tin oxide layer or ITO layer, on the discharge vessel.
  • FIG. 3 schematically illustrated preferred embodiment of the invention is a mercury-free metal halide high pressure discharge lamp with an electrical power consumption of about 35 watts.
  • This lamp is intended for use in a vehicle headlight. It has a two-sided sealed discharge vessel 30 made of quartz glass with a volume of 24 mm 3 , in which an ionizable filling, consisting of xenon and halides of the metals sodium, scandium, zinc and indium, gas-tight enclosed.
  • the inner contour of the discharge vessel 10 is circular-cylindrical and its outer contour is ellipsoidal.
  • the inner diameter of the discharge space 106 is 2.6 mm and its outer diameter is 6.3 mm.
  • the two ends 101, 102 of the discharge vessel 10 are each sealed by means of a molybdenum foil sealing 103, 104.
  • the electrodes 11, 12 are made of tungsten. Their thickness or their diameter is 0.30 mm. The distance between the electrodes 11, 12 is 4.2 mm.
  • the electrodes 11, 12 are in each case electrically conductively connected to one of the molybdenum foil melts 103, 104 and via the base-remote power supply wire 13 and the current return 17 or via the socket-side power supply wire 14 to an electrical connection of the lamp base 15, which consists essentially of plastic.
  • the discharge vessel 10 is enveloped by a glass outer bulb 16.
  • the outer bulb 16 has an extension 161 anchored in the base 15.
  • the discharge vessel 10 has a tubular extension 105 made of quartz glass on the base side, in which the socket-side power supply 14 extends:
  • the surface region of the discharge vessel 10 facing the current return 17 is provided with a transparent, electrically conductive coating 107.
  • This coating 107 extends in the longitudinal direction of the lamp over the entire length of the discharge space 106 and over a part, about 50 percent, of the length of the sealed ends 101, 102 of the discharge vessel 10.
  • the coating 107 is mounted on the outside of the discharge vessel 10 and extends over about 5 percent to 10 percent of the circumference of the discharge vessel 10.
  • the coating 107 covers both ends 101, 102 of the discharge vessel 10 in a symmetrical manner.
  • the coating 107 consists of doped tin oxide, for example of tin oxide doped with fluorine or antimony or, for example, boron and / or lithium-doped tin oxide.
  • This high-pressure discharge lamp is operated in a horizontal position, that is, with arranged in a horizontal plane electrodes 11, 12, wherein the lamp is oriented such that the current return path 17 extends below the discharge vessel 30 and the outer bulb 16.
  • the space between the outer bulb 16 and the discharge vessel 10 is filled with an inert gas having a cold filling pressure in the range of 5 kPa to 150 kPa.
  • the inert gas is mixed with small amounts of oxygen.
  • the amount of oxygen is adjusted so that, on the one hand, diffusion of oxygen from the tin oxide layer 107 is prevented and, on the other hand, no oxidation of the dopants in the tin oxide coating 107 is caused.
  • the inert gas is preferably nitrogen or a noble gas or a noble gas mixture or a nitrogen-noble gas mixture.
  • FIG. 4 shows the discharge vessel 10 of in FIG. 3 pictured high-pressure discharge lamp with an alternative coating 107 '.
  • the coating 107 ' differs from the above-described coating 107 only in that the coating 107' extends in the longitudinal direction of the lamp only over the length of the discharge space 106 and about 50 percent of the length of the socket-proximal end 101 of the discharge vessel 10.
  • the coating 107 can also consist of another light-transmitting, electrically conductive material.
  • it may be formed as a so-called ITO layer, that is, an indium tin oxide layer.
  • the ITO layer may comprise, for example, 90 weight percent indium oxide and 10 weight percent tin oxide.
  • the coating 107 or 107 ' can be electrically coupled, for example by suitable means, to an ignition device in order to apply to the high-pressure discharge lamp via the coating 107, 107' voltage pulses for igniting the gas discharge in the discharge space 106.
  • the coating 107 or 107 ' may extend over the entire surface of the discharge vessel 10. But it is also possible that the coating 107 or 107 'extends in the region of the discharge space 106, for example, only over half or a third of the circumference of the discharge vessel 10. In the region of the ends 101, 102 of the discharge vessel 10, the coating 107 or 107 'may extend, for example, over the entire circumference of the discharge vessel 10 or even over a third, half or other fraction of the discharge vessel circumference.
  • the coating 107 or 107 ' is designed such that it serves as a starting aid and for heating the coldest point of the discharge vessel, the so-called cold spot.
  • the electrical resistance of the translucent coating 107 or 107 ' is in the range of 40,000 ohms to 200,000 ohms.

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  • Discharge Lamps And Accessories Thereof (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Lampe à décharge haute pression comprenant une enceinte de décharge (10) translucide, un remplissage ionisable contenu dans l'espace de décharge (106) de l'enceinte de décharge (10) et des électrodes (11, 12) s'étendant dans l'espace de décharge (106) de l'enceinte de décharge (10) pour produire une décharge de gaz, ainsi que des alimentations de courant (103, 13, 104, 14) sortant de l'enceinte de décharge (10) pour alimenter en énergie les électrodes (11, 12),
    - la lampe à décharge haute pression présentant une couche électroconductrice translucide (107) servant d'aide à l'allumage et qui est réalisée comme revêtement partiel de la surface de l'enceinte de décharge (10), permettant ainsi d'avoir un couplage capacitif entre le revêtement (107) et au moins une électrode (11) et/ou alimentation de courant (103, 13),
    - la lampe à décharge haute pression étant pourvue à une extrémité d'un culot (15) et l'enceinte de décharge (10) ayant une extrémité étanche proche du culot (102) et une extrémité étanche distante du culot (101) par lesquelles sort à chaque fois une des alimentations de courant (104, 14, 103, 13) pour les électrodes (12, 11), l'alimentation (103, 13) sortant de l'extrémité distante du culot (101) étant reliée à un retour de courant (17) vers le culot (15), et le revêtement (107) se limitant à une zone de surface de l'enceinte de décharge (10) située entre le retour de courant (17) et l'axe de liaison des électrodes (11, 12),
    - le revêtement (107) s'étendant, dans le sens longitudinal de la lampe, au moins sur toute la longueur de l'espace de décharge (106) et une partie d'une des deux extrémités (101) de l'enceinte de décharge (10), caractérisée en ce que
    la au moins une alimentation de courant (103, 13) comprend au moins une feuille de molybdène (103) incorporée dans le matériau de l'enceinte de décharge (10) et le revêtement (107) s'étend jusqu'à la au moins une feuille de molybdène (103), ladite au moins une feuille de molybdène (103) étant orientée de façon que l'une de ses deux faces soit tournée vers le revêtement (107), de telle manière que la feuille de molybdène (103) et le revêtement (107) forment une sorte de condensateur à lames.
  2. Lampe à décharge haute pression selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le revêtement (107) est placé sur la surface extérieure de l'enceinte de décharge (10).
  3. Lampe à décharge haute pression selon la revendication 1, laquelle est prévue pour fonctionner en position horizontale, avec des électrodes (11, 12) disposées dans un plan horizontal, caractérisée en ce que la zone de surface munie du revêtement (107) de l'enceinte de décharge (10) est située au-dessous des électrodes (11, 12).
  4. Lampe à décharge haute pression selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que le revêtement (7) est en oxyde d'étain dopé.
  5. Lampe à décharge haute pression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que la résistance par unité de longueur du revêtement (107), mesurée entre deux points placés à distance l'un de l'autre sur la couche, est située dans la plage comprise entre 103 ohm/cm et 105 ohm/cm.
  6. Lampe à décharge haute pression selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la lampe à décharge haute pression est pourvue d'une ampoule externe translucide (16) qui entoure au moins l'espace de décharge (106) de l'enceinte de décharge (10).
  7. Lampe à décharge haute pression selon la revendication 6, caractérisée en ce que l'espace séparant l'ampoule externe (16) et l'enceinte de décharge (10) est pourvu d'un remplissage de gaz ayant une pression de remplissage à froid de l'ordre de 5 kPa à 150 kPa.
  8. Lampe à décharge haute pression selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que le remplissage de gaz contient de l'azote ou au moins un gaz noble.
  9. Lampe à décharge haute pression selon la revendication 8, caractérisée en ce que le remplissage de gaz contient en outre de l'oxygène.
EP05017122.2A 2004-09-07 2005-08-05 Lampe à decharge haute pression Not-in-force EP1632985B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE200410043636 DE102004043636A1 (de) 2004-09-07 2004-09-07 Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE200410050303 DE102004050303A1 (de) 2004-10-14 2004-10-14 Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE200410053011 DE102004053011A1 (de) 2004-10-29 2004-10-29 Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE200410057852 DE102004057852A1 (de) 2004-11-30 2004-11-30 Hochdruckentladungslampe

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1632985A1 EP1632985A1 (fr) 2006-03-08
EP1632985B1 true EP1632985B1 (fr) 2014-06-25

Family

ID=35311524

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05017122.2A Not-in-force EP1632985B1 (fr) 2004-09-07 2005-08-05 Lampe à decharge haute pression

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US7705540B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1632985B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4956829B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR101216458B1 (fr)

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DE102006007218A1 (de) * 2006-02-15 2007-08-16 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Hochdruckentladungslampe
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EP2122662A1 (fr) 2007-03-12 2009-11-25 Philips Intellectual Property & Standards GmbH Lampe à décharge à faible énergie présentant une grande efficacité
DE102007018614A1 (de) 2007-04-19 2008-10-23 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Hochdruckentladungslampe und Fahrzeugscheinwerfer mit Hochdruckentladungslampe
JP2008293912A (ja) * 2007-05-28 2008-12-04 Phoenix Denki Kk 高圧放電灯およびこれを用いた光源装置
CN101689474A (zh) * 2007-06-21 2010-03-31 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 包括起动器触角的高压放电灯
DE102007043165A1 (de) 2007-09-11 2009-03-12 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Hochdruckentladungslampe und Fahrzeugscheinwerfer mit Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE102008009144A1 (de) 2008-02-14 2009-08-20 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Verfahren zum Zünden der Gasentladung in einer Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE102008014096A1 (de) 2008-03-05 2009-09-10 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Wolframelektrode für Hochdruckentladungslampen und Hochdruckentladungslampe mit einer Wolframelektrode
DE102008026521A1 (de) 2008-06-03 2009-12-10 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Thoriumfreie Hochdruckentladungslampe für Hochfrequenzbetrieb
DE102008057703A1 (de) 2008-11-17 2010-05-20 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Quecksilberfreie Entladungslampe
JP5493694B2 (ja) * 2009-06-25 2014-05-14 東芝ライテック株式会社 放電ランプ
DE102009052999A1 (de) 2009-11-12 2011-05-19 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE102010028156A1 (de) 2010-04-23 2011-10-27 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE102010028222A1 (de) * 2010-04-27 2011-10-27 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Gasentladungslampe und Gasentladungslampensystem
TWI417474B (zh) * 2010-05-31 2013-12-01 明志科技大學 可降低電磁輻射的燈泡與燈具
DE102010062193A1 (de) 2010-11-30 2012-05-31 Osram Ag Glasartikel
DE102010063755A1 (de) 2010-12-10 2012-06-14 Osram Ag Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE102011003141A1 (de) 2011-01-26 2012-07-26 Osram Ag Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE202011103862U1 (de) 2011-07-29 2011-10-24 Osram Ag Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE102013223708A1 (de) 2013-11-20 2015-05-21 Osram Gmbh Hochdruckentladungslampe für Kraftfahrzeugscheinwerfer
DE102014204932A1 (de) 2014-03-17 2015-09-17 Osram Gmbh Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE102015200162A1 (de) 2015-01-08 2016-07-14 Osram Gmbh Hochdruckentladungslampe
DE102015211915A1 (de) 2015-06-26 2016-12-29 Osram Gmbh Hochdruckentladungslampe für Kraftfahrzeugscheinwerfer

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KR20060051078A (ko) 2006-05-19
JP2006080078A (ja) 2006-03-23
JP4956829B2 (ja) 2012-06-20
EP1632985A1 (fr) 2006-03-08
US20060049764A1 (en) 2006-03-09
US7705540B2 (en) 2010-04-27
KR101216458B1 (ko) 2012-12-28

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