EP1559847B1 - Tensioning element for the manufacturing of an anchoring - Google Patents

Tensioning element for the manufacturing of an anchoring Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1559847B1
EP1559847B1 EP05102789.4A EP05102789A EP1559847B1 EP 1559847 B1 EP1559847 B1 EP 1559847B1 EP 05102789 A EP05102789 A EP 05102789A EP 1559847 B1 EP1559847 B1 EP 1559847B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cavity
anchoring
end portion
cross
tension element
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP05102789.4A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1559847A1 (en
Inventor
Herve Belbeoc'h
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VSL International Ltd
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VSL International Ltd
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Publication date
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Priority to EP05102789.4A priority Critical patent/EP1559847B1/en
Publication of EP1559847A1 publication Critical patent/EP1559847A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Publication of EP1559847B1 publication Critical patent/EP1559847B1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • E04C5/12—Anchoring devices
    • E04C5/127—The tensile members being made of fiber reinforced plastics
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • E04C5/12—Anchoring devices
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • E04C5/12—Anchoring devices
    • E04C5/125—Anchoring devices the tensile members are profiled to ensure the anchorage, e.g. when provided with screw-thread, bulges, corrugations
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/12—Mounting of reinforcing inserts; Prestressing
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/58—Prestressed concrete piles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of anchors in civil engineering, in particular blind anchors which are accessible only from one side.
  • the patent EP-0.351.582 shows an anchor accessible from one side only; the drawback of the device described here being that each tension element, respectively the tube into which they are introduced, is held only by longitudinal adhesion, which greatly limits the tensile force that can be supported by such an anchoring and leads to a length very important anchoring to obtain a sufficient grip surface.
  • the patent US-4,043,133 provides a sheathing tube for the tension elements maintained only by longitudinal adhesion in the surrounding soil. The tension elements protrude from the lower end of the tube and are all attached to an anchor plate, without the manner in which the latter plate is introduced into the cavity as well as the manner in which the tension elements are fixed to said plate are described. In the case where this embodiment would be feasible, the transmission of the anchoring force of the end of the tension elements in the surrounding soil through the sheathing tube injected is carried out only by longitudinal adhesion, without benefiting from the wedge effect as described in the invention below.
  • the document DE-A- 44 37 104 relates to the realization of an anchoring of more than one tension element, said anchoring being accessible only from one side.
  • the document CH 300 486 relates to a tension element intended for making an anchor in concrete.
  • This tension element consists of a pull rod, one end of which is intended to be anchored in concrete, is provided with an end portion, the cross section of which is, in two spaced locations, greater than the cross section of the rod traction.
  • tension element is not suitable for making an anchor in a cavity accessible from one side only by an elongated conduit.
  • the irregular shape of the end portion can cause untimely blockages during the successive introduction of the tensioning elements.
  • a first object of the invention is to propose a tension element which overcomes this drawback.
  • an anchoring cavity of determined shape is essentially oblong, tapered, with a first open end, on the accessible side of the anchoring and a second closed end, on the non-accessible side of the anchoring.
  • the cross section of the first end of the anchor must be less than another cross section of the cavity, whether this section corresponds to that of the second end or to an intermediate section of the cavity.
  • a first means consists in using an anchoring part, comprising a prefabricated internal cavity having the desired shape of the anchoring cavity.
  • a preferred embodiment of such an anchor is shown in the figure 1 .
  • the anchoring part 1 essentially consists of a wall 10, preferably thin, limiting an internal cavity 11.
  • a first end of the anchoring part 1, ie the upper end of the part in the figure, has an opening 12, as well as means 13 for fixing a tubular protective sheath of the tension elements, the usefulness of which will be described below.
  • the other end of the anchoring part 1 is closed by a bottom wall 14.
  • the external shape of the anchoring part 1, respectively of the internal cavity 11 is essentially tapered, for example in the form of a truncated cone or pyramid , with the smallest cross section close to the opening 12 and the strongest cross section close to the bottom wall 14.
  • An inlet orifice 15 is arranged near the bottom wall 14, a tube injection 16 being fixed or capable of being fixed to said intake orifice.
  • an evacuation orifice 17 is arranged near the opening 12, an evacuation tube 18 being fixed or capable of being fixed to said evacuation orifice.
  • the tapered outer surface, respectively in truncated cone or pyramid, of the anchoring piece 1 comprises one or more anchoring rings 19 arranged on the periphery of said surface, the aim of which is to improve the transmission and the distribution of the anchoring force in the surrounding structure.
  • the embodiment shown in the figure comprises two such rings 19.
  • the anchoring part 1 can be made of synthetic material, metal or concrete, its dimensions essentially depending on the size of the anchoring considered.
  • the figure 2A shows the first step in the manufacturing process of an anchor according to the invention using such an anchor. While the surrounding concrete structure is not yet made, an anchor piece 1 is placed at the exact location where the anchor is to be made, the opening 12 being directed towards the future tension elements.
  • the anchoring piece 1 is held in place by temporary scaffolding or preferably by irons 20 of the concrete reinforcement.
  • the concrete structure 2 which has to support the anchoring has been concreted in a conventional manner around the anchoring part 1.
  • the anchoring part 1 is thus entirely surrounded and maintained in the concrete structure 2, with the exception its first end provided with the opening 12 which comes flush with the upper surface of the concrete structure 2 or which, as shown here, protrudes slightly above said upper surface of the concrete structure 2, as well as the ends of the injection 16 and evacuation 18 tubes which remain accessible outside the concrete structure 2.
  • a cavity 11, of determined shape was obtained inside a concrete structure 2.
  • this cavity 11 was obtained by using a part anchor 1 provided with a prefabricated cavity.
  • the same cavity 11 in a concrete structure 2 can also be obtained in other ways, for example by making it on site.
  • the formwork is dismantled by acting from the opening 12 and is extracted from the cavity 11 by the same opening.
  • the cavity 11 can be obtained by drilling a cavity 11 of the desired shape in an existing structure 2. This latter way of drilling is rather reserved for cases of anchoring directly in the ground or for installing a new anchoring on an existing structure 2.
  • the cavity 11, obtained in any of the ways described, has two important dimensions, a passage surface of the opening 12 called S12 and a maximum cross-sectional area called S11 (see figure 1 ).
  • the structural element to be prestressed 3 is laid or concreted, in a known manner, over the concrete structure 2, said structural element 3 preferably comprising a duct or a sheathing tube 30, one end of which faces the opening 12 to be fixed on the fixing means 13 adjoining said opening.
  • the cross section of the cladding tube 30 or of the duct arranged in the structural element 3 for the tensioning elements essentially corresponds to the section of the opening 12 of the cavity 11.
  • the cladding tube 30 or the corresponding duct arranged in the structural element 3 comprises at least one injection orifice 31, connected to an injection tube 32, at least one of said orifices 31 being preferably arranged near the end of the tube 30 close to the opening 12 , as well as at least one discharge orifice connected to a discharge tube, at least one of said discharge orifices being disposed near the other end (not visible in the figure) of the tube 30, respectively of structural element 3.
  • the fourth stage, shown at 2D figure consists in introducing the tension elements.
  • the tension element 4 essentially consists of a pull rod 40 and an end portion 41.
  • the end portion 41 on the pull rod 40 is designed such that said end portion 41 has a cross-sectional area S41 larger than the cross-sectional area S40 of the pull rod 40, for the reasons which will be explained below.
  • the other end of the pull rod 40 has no end portion of this type and is formed for normal anchoring, known in the art.
  • the traction rod 40 can be of any known type, consisting either of a unitary strand, or of a plurality of strands assembled helically to form a traction cable.
  • the unitary strand or strands assembled to form the draw rod 40 may be of steel, of preferably a high tensile strength steel or synthetic material, for example based on carbon fibers or Kevlar.
  • the end portion 41 may consist of an end piece 41, metallic or made of synthetic material which is firmly fixed to the end of the pull rod 40.
  • the choice of the material of the end piece 41 thus that its method of attachment to the pull rod 40 depends essentially on the material as well as on the way in which the pull rod 40 is made up.
  • the end piece 41 essentially comprises a central body 42, limited by an upper portion 43 and a lower portion 44.
  • the central body may have a straight cylindrical shape, with a circular cross section as in the figure 3A or polygonal or a tapered form of a truncated cone or pyramid, with a circular cross section, or polygonal as on the figure 3B .
  • the portion of smaller section is that adjacent to the upper portion 43.
  • the two portions 43 and 44 are preferably curved or formed from inclined planes, so as to facilitate the sliding of a portion d end being installed on another end portion already installed, as will be seen below.
  • the end portion 41 can be formed by deformation or machining directly on the end of the pull rod 40.
  • the Figures 3C and 3D show examples of such end portions.
  • the pull rod 40 is made up of a unitary strand and the end portion 41 is obtained by deformation, for example by forging, stamping or stamping, of the end of the pull rod 40.
  • the 3D figure shows an example of end portion 41 obtained on a pull rod 40 made up of assembled strands. In this example, the end of each strand has been moved from its normal position, a ring or a ligature may be provided just before this separation in order to prevent untwisting of the rest of the traction cable.
  • the separated ends of the strands can be held in position by a complementary retaining piece 45, for example a circular disc welded or fixed in any way under the separated strands or else can be left free.
  • the part for holding the strands apart may be constituted by an element having the form of two conical portions joined together by their base, a first conical portion being introduced between the strands to separate them, while the second conical portion has the same use as the lower portion 44 described above.
  • the end portion 41 it can also have a circular or polygonal shape and include the upper and lower portions 43 and 44 as described above.
  • the figure 2E shows the usefulness of the curved or inclined shape which can be provided on the upper 43 and lower 44 portions of the end piece 41.
  • a tension element 4 When a tension element 4 is being installed, it is very possible that its end piece 41 abuts against another end piece of an already installed tension element. Due to the curved or inclined shape of said portions, the second end piece does not get stuck against the first but is moved away from it and slides against it until it finds its final position next to the latter.
  • the figure 2F shows that after a certain number of tension elements have been installed, a new end piece to be installed may not find its place at the bottom of the cavity 11; in this case, it is sufficient, for the tension element in question to fully fulfill its role subsequently, for the end piece to be pushed as low as possible into the cavity, until it comes into abutment against one or more parts already installed or against the side wall of the cavity.
  • the cavity 11 is filled until the liquid mass introduced reaches the level of the discharge orifice 17.
  • the material contained in the cavity 11 then hardens in order to form a rigid block of high mechanical resistance 5 in which the end pieces 41 as well as the ends of the pull rods 40 are embedded.
  • the tension elements 4 are each subjected to traction until the prescribed prestress tension value is reached.
  • This tensioning is carried out in a conventional manner, by acting on the other end of each tension element 4, respectively of each tension rod 40, the tension elements being pretensioned simultaneously or sequentially.
  • the tapered, frustoconical or pyramidal shape of the cavity 11, respectively of the hardened mass in which the end pieces 41 and the ends of the rods 40 of the tensioning elements 4 are embedded allows a effective wedge anchoring in the surrounding concrete structure 2.
  • this wedge shape prevents any axial displacement of the hardened mass 5 and causes transmission of the anchoring forces in the surrounding structure 2 by axial compression and not by simple adhesion.
  • the length of this anchoring is therefore favorably reduced.
  • (N x S41) * generally represents the area generated by the envelope of the bundle of N pieces of assembled ends, each having a cross-sectional area S41.
  • the individual sections S41 and the passage section S12 must be dimensioned for blocking the end pieces 41 when the tensile force is exerted simultaneously on all the tension elements 4.
  • the empty space inside the sheathing tube 30, respectively inside the duct arranged in the structural element 3 can be filled with another sealing material 60 by the injection tube or tubes 32 and the injection port (s) 31 in order to preserve the tightness of the pretended system and to prevent corrosion of the pretension elements.
  • This last step is also optional, depending on whether such protection 6 is required or necessary.
  • This type of anchoring lends itself particularly well to a pre-stressed anchoring of a pre-stressed structural element 3. It can also lend itself to an anchoring of non-pre-stressed tension elements, such as for example shrouds for retaining a mast or of a pylon, the shrouds then being able not to be protected by a protective tube 30.
  • non-pre-stressed tension elements such as for example shrouds for retaining a mast or of a pylon, the shrouds then being able not to be protected by a protective tube 30.
  • the cavity 11 is arranged in a surrounding concrete structure, a drilling in the ground or in rock allowing provision can also be made for obtaining a required cavity. The description has been made for a cavity whose longitudinal axis is essentially vertical, with its opening 12 upwards. Other geometrical arrangements are also possible, the dimensions of the cavity 11 being to be adapted in order to obtain sufficient filling of the cavity 11 with the sealing liquid 50.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
  • Dowels (AREA)

Description

La présente invention concerne le domaine des ancrages en génie civil, notamment les ancrages borgnes qui ne sont accessibles que d'un seul côté.The present invention relates to the field of anchors in civil engineering, in particular blind anchors which are accessible only from one side.

Le présent texte a été présenté en tant que demande divisionnaire constituée sur la base de la demande de brevet européen EP98810096.2 , notamment relative à un procédé de confection d'un ancrage.This text has been submitted as a divisional application constituted on the basis of the European patent application EP98810096.2 , in particular relating to a method of making an anchor.

Pour certains ancrages, d'une tête d'ancrage d'un élément de tension précontraint ou non, il n'est pas possible d'accéder à l'ancrage par l'arrière. On rencontre ce cas notamment dans le cas d'un ancrage enterré, l'accès à l'ancrage étant seulement possible depuis la surface du sol, ou dans le cas où une étanchéité ou une protection anticorrosion doit être spécialement soignée faisant que le côté arrière de l'ancrage doit être fermé. Cette contrainte empêche l'utilisation d'une plaque d'ancrage traditionnelle où la fixation de l'élément de tension à la plaque, à l'aide par exemple de cônes d'ancrage, nécessite le développement de nouveaux types d'ancrage.For some anchorages, from an anchor head of a tension element, whether prestressed or not, it is not possible to access the anchorage from the rear. This case is encountered in particular in the case of a buried anchor, access to the anchor being only possible from the surface of the ground, or in the case where a waterproofing or anticorrosion protection must be specially treated making that the rear side of the anchor must be closed. This constraint prevents the use of a traditional anchoring plate where the fixing of the tension element to the plate, using for example anchoring cones, requires the development of new types of anchoring.

Le brevet EP-0.351.582 montre un ancrage accessible depuis un seul côté; l'inconvénient du dispositif décrit ici étant que chaque élément de tension, respectivement le tube dans lequel ils sont introduits, est maintenu uniquement par adhérence longitudinale, ce qui limite fortement l'effort de traction que peut supporter un tel ancrage et conduit à une longueur d'ancrage très importante pour obtenir une surface d'adhérence suffisante. De même le brevet US-4.043.133 prévoit un tube de gainage des éléments de tension maintenu uniquement par adhérence longitudinale dans le sol environnant. Les éléments de tension dépassent de l'extrémité inférieure du tube et sont tous attachés à une plaque d'ancrage, sans que la manière dont cette dernière plaque est introduite dans la cavité ainsi que la manière dont les éléments de tension sont fixés à ladite plaque ne soient décrites. Dans le cas où cette forme d'exécution serait réalisable, la transmission de l'effort d'ancrage de l'extrémité des éléments de tension dans le sol environnant au travers du tube de gainage injecté est réalisée uniquement par adhérence longitudinale, sans bénéficier de l'effet de coin tel que décrit dans l'invention ci-après.The patent EP-0.351.582 shows an anchor accessible from one side only; the drawback of the device described here being that each tension element, respectively the tube into which they are introduced, is held only by longitudinal adhesion, which greatly limits the tensile force that can be supported by such an anchoring and leads to a length very important anchoring to obtain a sufficient grip surface. Likewise the patent US-4,043,133 provides a sheathing tube for the tension elements maintained only by longitudinal adhesion in the surrounding soil. The tension elements protrude from the lower end of the tube and are all attached to an anchor plate, without the manner in which the latter plate is introduced into the cavity as well as the manner in which the tension elements are fixed to said plate are described. In the case where this embodiment would be feasible, the transmission of the anchoring force of the end of the tension elements in the surrounding soil through the sheathing tube injected is carried out only by longitudinal adhesion, without benefiting from the wedge effect as described in the invention below.

Dans le document CH 372 820 , il est également question d'un ancrage d'une extrémité d'un faisceau d'éléments de tension au moyen d'une plaque d'ancrage. Une extrémité de chaque élément de tension est pourvue d'une tête qui est prévue pour venir en butée contre une face de la plaque d'ancrage afin d'être retenue par celle-ci.In the document CH 372 820 , it is also a question of anchoring one end of a bundle of tension elements by means of an anchoring plate. One end of each tension element is provided with a head which is intended to abut against a face of the anchoring plate in order to be retained by the latter.

Le document DE-A- 44 37 104 est relatif à la réalisation d'un ancrage de plus d'un élément de tension, ledit ancrage n'étant accessible que par un seul côté.The document DE-A- 44 37 104 relates to the realization of an anchoring of more than one tension element, said anchoring being accessible only from one side.

La réalisation d'un ancrage décrit dans ce document comprend:

  • la confection d'une cavité dans une structure environnante, ladite cavité ayant une forme essentiellement oblongue et possédant deux extrémités, la surface de la section droite de l'extrémité disposée du côté accessible de l'ancrage étant inférieure à la surface de la section droite d'une autre portion de la cavité, la cavité comportant une ouverture du côté accessible de l'ancrage,
  • l'insertion successive par l'ouverture d'une extrémité de chacun des éléments de tension, chacun desdits éléments de tension étant constitué d'une tige de traction ayant une première surface de section droite et d'une portion d'extrémité ayant une deuxième surface de section droite plus grande que ladite première surface de section droite, et
  • remplissage de la cavité d'un matériau de scellement.
The realization of an anchoring described in this document includes:
  • making a cavity in a surrounding structure, said cavity having an essentially oblong shape and having two ends, the surface of the straight section of the end disposed on the accessible side of the anchor being less than the surface of the straight section another portion of the cavity, the cavity comprising an opening on the accessible side of the anchor,
  • successive insertion by the opening of one end of each of the tension elements, each of said tension elements consisting of a pull rod having a first cross-sectional surface and of an end portion having a second larger cross-sectional area than said first cross-sectional area, and
  • filling the cavity with a sealing material.

Cette technique a ses avantages, mais la rétention des éléments de tension dans la cavité n'est assurée que par le matériau de scellement.This technique has its advantages, but the retention of the tension elements in the cavity is only ensured by the sealing material.

Le document CH 300 486 est relatif à un élément de tension destiné à la confection d'un ancrage dans du béton.The document CH 300 486 relates to a tension element intended for making an anchor in concrete.

Cet élément de tension est constitué d'une tige de traction dont une extrémité destinée à être ancrée dans du béton est munie d'une portion d'extrémité dont la section droite est, en deux endroits espacés, supérieure à la section droite de la tige de traction.This tension element consists of a pull rod, one end of which is intended to be anchored in concrete, is provided with an end portion, the cross section of which is, in two spaced locations, greater than the cross section of the rod traction.

Le type d'élément de tension ne convient pas pour la confection d'un ancrage dans une cavité accessible d'un seul côté par un conduit allongé.The type of tension element is not suitable for making an anchor in a cavity accessible from one side only by an elongated conduit.

En effet, la forme irrégulière de la portion d'extrémitié peut engendrer des blocages intempestifs lors de l'introduction successive des éléments de tension.In fact, the irregular shape of the end portion can cause untimely blockages during the successive introduction of the tensioning elements.

Un premier but de l'invention est de proposer un élément de tension qui remédie à cet inconvénient.A first object of the invention is to propose a tension element which overcomes this drawback.

L'invention est décrite plus en détail ci-dessous, cette description étant à considérer en regard du dessin annexé comportant les figures où:

  • la figure 1 est une vue en coupe d'une forme d'exécution préférentielle d'une pièce d'ancrage selon l'invention ,
  • les figures 2A à 2L représentent chacune une étape particulière d'un procédé de réalisation d'un ancrage selon l'invention, et
  • les figures 3A, 3B, 3C et 3D représentent quatre formes d'exécution particulières d'un élément de tension, les formes d'exécution selon les figures 3C et 3D n'étant pas couvertes par les revendications.
The invention is described in more detail below, this description being to be considered with regard to the appended drawing comprising the figures where:
  • the figure 1 is a sectional view of a preferred embodiment of an anchoring piece according to the invention,
  • the Figures 2A to 2L each represents a particular step in a method of producing an anchor according to the invention, and
  • the Figures 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D represent four particular embodiments of a tension element, the embodiments according to the Figures 3C and 3D not being covered by the claims.

Pour la mise en œuvre du procédé décrit dans la demande EP98810096.2 précitée, il s'agit tout d'abord d'obtenir une cavité d'ancrage de forme déterminée. La forme de cette cavité d'ancrage est essentiellement oblongue, effilée, avec une première extrémité ouverte, du côté accessible de l'ancrage et une deuxième extrémité fermée, du côté non accessible de l'ancrage. De plus, la section transversale de la première extrémité de l'ancrage doit être inférieure à une autre section transversale de la cavité, que cette section corresponde à celle de la deuxième extrémité ou à une section intermédiaire de la cavité.For the implementation of the process described in the request EP98810096.2 above, it is first of all to obtain an anchoring cavity of determined shape. The shape of this anchoring cavity is essentially oblong, tapered, with a first open end, on the accessible side of the anchoring and a second closed end, on the non-accessible side of the anchoring. In addition, the cross section of the first end of the anchor must be less than another cross section of the cavity, whether this section corresponds to that of the second end or to an intermediate section of the cavity.

Plusieurs moyens ou dispositifs permettent d'obtenir une telle cavité. Un premier moyen consiste à utiliser une pièce d'ancrage, comportant une cavité interne préfabriquée ayant la forme voulue de la cavité d'ancrage. Une forme d'exécution préférentielle d'une telle pièce d'ancrage est représentée à la figure 1. La pièce d'ancrage 1 est constituée essentiellement d'une paroi 10, de préférence mince, limitant une cavité interne 11. Une première extrémité de la pièce d'ancrage 1, soit l'extrémité supérieure de la pièce sur la figure comporte une ouverture 12, ainsi que des moyens de fixation 13 d'une gaine de protection tubulaire des éléments de tension dont l'utilité sera décrite plus loin. L'autre extrémité de la pièce d'ancrage 1 est fermée par une paroi de fond 14. La forme extérieure de la pièce d'ancrage 1, respectivement de la cavité interne 11 est essentiellement effilée, par exemple en tronc de cône ou de pyramide, avec la section droite la plus faible proche de l'ouverture 12 et la section droite la plus forte proche de la paroi de fond 14. Un orifice d'admission 15 est aménagé à proximité de la paroi de fond 14, un tube d'injection 16 étant fixé ou pouvant être fixé audit orifice d'admission. De manière semblable, un orifice d'évacuation 17 est aménagé à proximité de l'ouverture 12, un tube d'évacuation 18 étant fixé ou pouvant être fixé audit orifice d'évacuation. L'utilité de ces orifices et tubes sera décrite plus bas. De préférence la surface extérieure effilée, respectivement en tronc de cône ou de pyramide, de la pièce d'ancrage 1 comprend un ou plusieurs anneaux d'ancrage 19 disposés sur la périphérie de ladite surface, dont le but est d'améliorer la transmission et la répartition de l'effort d'ancrage dans la structure environnante. La forme d'exécution représentée sur la figure comprend deux tels anneaux 19. La pièce d'ancrage 1 peut être en matériau synthétique, en métal ou en béton, ses dimensions dépendant essentiellement de l'importance de l'ancrage considéré.Several means or devices make it possible to obtain such a cavity. A first means consists in using an anchoring part, comprising a prefabricated internal cavity having the desired shape of the anchoring cavity. A preferred embodiment of such an anchor is shown in the figure 1 . The anchoring part 1 essentially consists of a wall 10, preferably thin, limiting an internal cavity 11. A first end of the anchoring part 1, ie the upper end of the part in the figure, has an opening 12, as well as means 13 for fixing a tubular protective sheath of the tension elements, the usefulness of which will be described below. The other end of the anchoring part 1 is closed by a bottom wall 14. The external shape of the anchoring part 1, respectively of the internal cavity 11 is essentially tapered, for example in the form of a truncated cone or pyramid , with the smallest cross section close to the opening 12 and the strongest cross section close to the bottom wall 14. An inlet orifice 15 is arranged near the bottom wall 14, a tube injection 16 being fixed or capable of being fixed to said intake orifice. Similarly, an evacuation orifice 17 is arranged near the opening 12, an evacuation tube 18 being fixed or capable of being fixed to said evacuation orifice. The usefulness of these orifices and tubes will be described below. Preferably the tapered outer surface, respectively in truncated cone or pyramid, of the anchoring piece 1 comprises one or more anchoring rings 19 arranged on the periphery of said surface, the aim of which is to improve the transmission and the distribution of the anchoring force in the surrounding structure. The embodiment shown in the figure comprises two such rings 19. The anchoring part 1 can be made of synthetic material, metal or concrete, its dimensions essentially depending on the size of the anchoring considered.

La figure 2A montre la première étape du procédé de fabrication d'un ancrage selon l'invention utilisant une telle pièce d'ancrage. Alors que la structure bétonnée environnante n'est pas encore faite, une pièce d'ancrage 1 est placée à l'endroit exact où l'ancrage doit être réalisé, l'ouverture 12 étant dirigée en direction des futurs éléments de tension. La pièce d'ancrage 1 est maintenue en place par un échafaudage provisoire ou de préférence par des fers 20 du ferraillage du béton. De préférence, mais sans que cela soit indispensable à l'invention on dispose autour de la pièce d'ancrage 1 un ou plusieurs fers circulaires 21 formant une ou des frettes, afin d'améliorer la cohésion du béton en cet endroit.The figure 2A shows the first step in the manufacturing process of an anchor according to the invention using such an anchor. While the surrounding concrete structure is not yet made, an anchor piece 1 is placed at the exact location where the anchor is to be made, the opening 12 being directed towards the future tension elements. The anchoring piece 1 is held in place by temporary scaffolding or preferably by irons 20 of the concrete reinforcement. Preferably, but without this being essential to the invention, there are around the anchoring piece 1 one or more circular irons 21 forming one or more hoops, in order to improve the cohesion of the concrete at this location.

Sur la figure 2B, on voit que la structure bétonnée 2 devant supporter l'ancrage a été bétonnée de manière conventionnelle autour de la pièce d'ancrage 1. La pièce d'ancrage 1 est ainsi entièrement entourée et maintenue dans la structure bétonnée 2, à l'exception de sa première extrémité munie de l'ouverture 12 qui vient à fleur de la surface supérieure de la structure bétonnée 2 ou qui, comme représenté ici, fait légèrement saillie par-dessus ladite surface supérieure de la structure bétonnée 2, ainsi que des extrémités des tubes d'injection 16 et d'évacuation 18 qui restent accessibles hors de la structure bétonnée 2.On the figure 2B , it can be seen that the concrete structure 2 which has to support the anchoring has been concreted in a conventional manner around the anchoring part 1. The anchoring part 1 is thus entirely surrounded and maintained in the concrete structure 2, with the exception its first end provided with the opening 12 which comes flush with the upper surface of the concrete structure 2 or which, as shown here, protrudes slightly above said upper surface of the concrete structure 2, as well as the ends of the injection 16 and evacuation 18 tubes which remain accessible outside the concrete structure 2.

On constate donc, qu'à cette deuxième étape du procédé on a obtenu une cavité 11, de forme déterminée, à l'intérieur d'une structure bétonnée 2. Comme décrit jusqu'à présent cette cavité 11 a été obtenue en utilisant une pièce d'ancrage 1 munie d'une cavité préfabriquée. Une même cavité 11 dans une structure bétonnée 2 peut aussi être obtenue d'autres manières, par exemple en la confectionnant sur place. Par exemple, on peut prévoir un coffrage démontable, en bois ou en autre matériau, ayant une forme extérieure conforme à la forme désirée de la cavité 11, placé à l'endroit voulu et autour duquel la structure bétonnée 2 est ensuite coulée. Dès le durcissement du béton, le coffrage est démonté en agissant depuis l'ouverture 12 et est extrait de la cavité 11 par la même ouverture. Selon une manière assez semblable, on peut disposer d'une pièce souple et gonflable ayant, après gonflage, la forme désirée de la cavité 11 et qui est placée à l'endroit désiré. Après bétonnage de la structure bétonnée 2, la pièce gonflable est dégonflée, laissant une cavité 11 de forme voulue dans la structure bétonnée 2. Selon encore une autre manière, la cavité 11 peut être obtenue par forage d'une cavité 11 de la forme voulue dans une structure 2 existante. Cette dernière manière de faire par forage est plutôt réservée aux cas d'un ancrage directement en terre ou alors pour l'installation d'un nouvel ancrage sur une structure 2 existante. La cavité 11, obtenue de n'importe laquelle des manières décrites possède deux dimensions importantes, une surface de passage de l'ouverture 12 appelée S12 et une surface de section droite maximum appelée S11 (voir figure 1).It can therefore be seen that at this second stage of the process, a cavity 11, of determined shape, was obtained inside a concrete structure 2. As described so far, this cavity 11 was obtained by using a part anchor 1 provided with a prefabricated cavity. The same cavity 11 in a concrete structure 2 can also be obtained in other ways, for example by making it on site. For example, one can provide a removable formwork, made of wood or other material, having an external shape conforming to the desired shape of the cavity 11, placed at the desired location and around which the concrete structure 2 is then poured. As soon as the concrete hardens, the formwork is dismantled by acting from the opening 12 and is extracted from the cavity 11 by the same opening. In a fairly similar manner, one can have a flexible and inflatable piece having, after inflation, the desired shape of the cavity 11 and which is placed in the desired location. After concreting of the concrete structure 2, the inflatable part is deflated, leaving a cavity 11 of desired shape in the concrete structure 2. According to yet another way, the cavity 11 can be obtained by drilling a cavity 11 of the desired shape in an existing structure 2. This latter way of drilling is rather reserved for cases of anchoring directly in the ground or for installing a new anchoring on an existing structure 2. The cavity 11, obtained in any of the ways described, has two important dimensions, a passage surface of the opening 12 called S12 and a maximum cross-sectional area called S11 (see figure 1 ).

Lors de la troisième étape du procédé, visible à la figure 2C, l'élément de structure à précontraindre 3 est posé ou bétonné, de manière connue, par-dessus la structure bétonnée 2, ledit élément de structure 3 comportant de préférence un conduit ou un tube de gainage 30 dont une extrémité vient en regard de l'ouverture 12 pour être fixée sur les moyens de fixation 13 attenants à ladite ouverture. La section transversale du tube de gainage 30 ou du conduit aménagé dans l'élément de structure 3 pour les éléments de tension correspond essentiellement à la section de l'ouverture 12 de la cavité 11. Le tube de gainage 30 ou le conduit correspondant aménagé dans l'élément de structure 3 comprend au moins un orifice d'injection 31, relié à un tube d'injection 32, un au moins desdits orifices 31 étant disposé de préférence à proximité de l'extrémité du tube 30 proche de l'ouverture 12, de même qu'au moins un orifice d'évacuation relié à un tube d'évacuation, au moins un desdits orifices d'évacuation étant disposé à proximité de l'autre extrémité (non visible sur la figure) du tube 30, respectivement de l'élément de structure 3.During the third step of the process, visible at the figure 2C , the structural element to be prestressed 3 is laid or concreted, in a known manner, over the concrete structure 2, said structural element 3 preferably comprising a duct or a sheathing tube 30, one end of which faces the opening 12 to be fixed on the fixing means 13 adjoining said opening. The cross section of the cladding tube 30 or of the duct arranged in the structural element 3 for the tensioning elements essentially corresponds to the section of the opening 12 of the cavity 11. The cladding tube 30 or the corresponding duct arranged in the structural element 3 comprises at least one injection orifice 31, connected to an injection tube 32, at least one of said orifices 31 being preferably arranged near the end of the tube 30 close to the opening 12 , as well as at least one discharge orifice connected to a discharge tube, at least one of said discharge orifices being disposed near the other end (not visible in the figure) of the tube 30, respectively of structural element 3.

La quatrième étape, montrée à la figure 2D consiste à introduire les éléments de tension.The fourth stage, shown at 2D figure consists in introducing the tension elements.

Pour ceci, on peut se reporter aux figures 3A, 3B, 3C et 3D qui montrent quatre formes d'exécution d'un tel élément de tension 4. L'élément de tension 4 est essentiellement constitué d'une tige de traction 40 et d'une portion d'extrémité 41. La portion d'extrémité 41 sur la tige de traction 40 est conçue de telle manière que ladite portion d'extrémité 41 possède une surface de section transversale S41 plus grande que la surface de section transversale S40 de la tige de traction 40, ceci pour les raisons qui seront expliquées plus bas. L'autre extrémité de la tige de traction 40 ne comporte pas de portion d'extrémité de ce type et est constituée pour un ancrage normal, connu de la technique.For this, we can refer to Figures 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D which show four embodiments of such a tension element 4. The tension element 4 essentially consists of a pull rod 40 and an end portion 41. The end portion 41 on the pull rod 40 is designed such that said end portion 41 has a cross-sectional area S41 larger than the cross-sectional area S40 of the pull rod 40, for the reasons which will be explained below. The other end of the pull rod 40 has no end portion of this type and is formed for normal anchoring, known in the art.

La tige de traction 40 peut être de n'importe quel type connu, étant constituée soit d'un brin unitaire, soit d'une pluralité de brins assemblés hélicoïdalement afin de constituer un câble de traction. Le brin unitaire ou les brins assemblés afin de former la tige de traction 40 peuvent être en acier, de préférence un acier à haute résistance à la traction ou en matériau synthétique, par exemple à base de fibres de carbone ou de Kevlar.The traction rod 40 can be of any known type, consisting either of a unitary strand, or of a plurality of strands assembled helically to form a traction cable. The unitary strand or strands assembled to form the draw rod 40 may be of steel, of preferably a high tensile strength steel or synthetic material, for example based on carbon fibers or Kevlar.

La portion d'extrémité 41 peut être constituée d'une pièce d'extrémité 41, métallique ou en matériau synthétique qui est solidement fixée à l'extrémité de la tige de traction 40. Le choix du matériau de la pièce d'extrémité 41 ainsi que son mode de fixation à la tige de traction 40 dépendent essentiellement du matériau ainsi que de la manière dont est constituée la tige de traction 40. La pièce d'extrémité 41 comprend essentiellement un corps central 42, limité par une portion supérieure 43 et une portion inférieure 44. Le corps central peut avoir une forme cylindrique droite, avec une section droite circulaire comme sur la figure 3A ou polygonale ou alors une forme effilée en tronc de cône ou de pyramide, avec une section droite circulaire, ou polygonale comme sur la figure 3B. Dans le cas d'une forme effilée la partie de plus faible section est celle adjacente à la portion supérieure 43. Les deux portions 43 et 44 sont de préférence bombées ou formées de plans inclinés, de manière à faciliter le glissement d'une portion d'extrémité en cours d'installation sur une autre portion d'extrémité déjà installée, comme on le verra plus bas.The end portion 41 may consist of an end piece 41, metallic or made of synthetic material which is firmly fixed to the end of the pull rod 40. The choice of the material of the end piece 41 thus that its method of attachment to the pull rod 40 depends essentially on the material as well as on the way in which the pull rod 40 is made up. The end piece 41 essentially comprises a central body 42, limited by an upper portion 43 and a lower portion 44. The central body may have a straight cylindrical shape, with a circular cross section as in the figure 3A or polygonal or a tapered form of a truncated cone or pyramid, with a circular cross section, or polygonal as on the figure 3B . In the case of a tapered shape, the portion of smaller section is that adjacent to the upper portion 43. The two portions 43 and 44 are preferably curved or formed from inclined planes, so as to facilitate the sliding of a portion d end being installed on another end portion already installed, as will be seen below.

La portion d'extrémité 41 peut être formée par déformation ou usinage directement sur l'extrémité de la tige de traction 40. Les figures 3C et 3D montrent des exemples de portions d'extrémités de ce type. Sur la figure 3C, la tige de traction 40 est constituée d'un brin unitaire et la portion d'extrémité 41 est obtenue par déformation, par exemple par forgeage, matriçage ou estampage, de l'extrémité de la tige de traction 40. La figure 3D montre un exemple de portion d'extrémité 41 obtenue sur une tige de traction 40 constituée de brins assemblés. Dans cet exemple, l'extrémité de chaque brin a été écartée de sa position normale, une bague ou une ligature pouvant être prévue juste avant cet écartement afin d'empêcher une détoronnage du reste du câble de traction. Les extrémités écartées des brins peuvent être maintenues en position par une pièce complémentaire de maintien 45, par exemple un disque circulaire soudé ou fixé de n'importe quelle manière sous les brins écartés ou alors peuvent être laissés libres. Selon une forme d'exécution non représentée, la pièce de maintien des brins écartés peut être constituée d'un élément ayant la forme de deux portions coniques accolées par leur base, une première portion conique étant introduite entre les brins pour les écarter, alors que la deuxième portion conique a le même usage que la portion inférieure 44 décrite plus haut. Ainsi, selon n'importe quelle forme d'exécution de la portion d'extrémité 41, celle-ci peut aussi avoir une forme circulaire ou polygonale et comprendre les portions supérieure et inférieure 43 et 44 comme décrit précédemment.The end portion 41 can be formed by deformation or machining directly on the end of the pull rod 40. The Figures 3C and 3D show examples of such end portions. On the figure 3C , the pull rod 40 is made up of a unitary strand and the end portion 41 is obtained by deformation, for example by forging, stamping or stamping, of the end of the pull rod 40. The 3D figure shows an example of end portion 41 obtained on a pull rod 40 made up of assembled strands. In this example, the end of each strand has been moved from its normal position, a ring or a ligature may be provided just before this separation in order to prevent untwisting of the rest of the traction cable. The separated ends of the strands can be held in position by a complementary retaining piece 45, for example a circular disc welded or fixed in any way under the separated strands or else can be left free. According to an embodiment not shown, the part for holding the strands apart may be constituted by an element having the form of two conical portions joined together by their base, a first conical portion being introduced between the strands to separate them, while the second conical portion has the same use as the lower portion 44 described above. Thus, according to any embodiment of the end portion 41, it can also have a circular or polygonal shape and include the upper and lower portions 43 and 44 as described above.

En revenant à la figure 2D, on voit qu'un premier élément de tension 4 a été poussé dans le tube de guidage 30 puis dans la cavité 11, jusqu'à ce que sa pièce d'extrémité 41 arrive au contact de la surface inférieure de ladite cavité. Un deuxième élément de tension 4 est en cours d'être installé de la même manière.Coming back to the 2D figure , it can be seen that a first tension element 4 has been pushed into the guide tube 30 and then into the cavity 11, until its end piece 41 comes into contact with the lower surface of said cavity. A second tension element 4 is being installed in the same way.

La figure 2E montre l'utilité de la forme bombée ou inclinée qui peut être prévue sur les portions supérieure 43 et inférieure 44 de la pièce d'extrémité 41. Lorsqu'un élément de tension 4 est en cours d'installation, il est fort possible que sa pièce d'extrémité 41 vienne buter contre une autre pièce d'extrémité d'un élément de tension déjà installé. De par la forme bombée ou inclinée desdites portions, la deuxième pièce d'extrémité ne se coince pas contre la première mais en est écartée et glisse contre elle jusqu'à trouver sa position finale à côté de celle-ci.The figure 2E shows the usefulness of the curved or inclined shape which can be provided on the upper 43 and lower 44 portions of the end piece 41. When a tension element 4 is being installed, it is very possible that its end piece 41 abuts against another end piece of an already installed tension element. Due to the curved or inclined shape of said portions, the second end piece does not get stuck against the first but is moved away from it and slides against it until it finds its final position next to the latter.

La figure 2F montre qu'après qu'un certain nombre d'éléments de tension aient été installés, une nouvelle pièce d'extrémité à installer peut ne pas trouver sa place au fond de la cavité 11; dans ce cas, il suffit, pour que l'élément de tension en question remplisse ultérieurement entièrement son rôle, que la pièce d'extrémité soit poussée le plus bas possible dans la cavité, jusqu'à ce qu'elle arrive en butée contre une ou plusieurs pièces déjà installée ou contre la paroi latérale de la cavité.The figure 2F shows that after a certain number of tension elements have been installed, a new end piece to be installed may not find its place at the bottom of the cavity 11; in this case, it is sufficient, for the tension element in question to fully fulfill its role subsequently, for the end piece to be pushed as low as possible into the cavity, until it comes into abutment against one or more parts already installed or against the side wall of the cavity.

Pour la réalisation de l'ancrage du haubanage ou de l'élément précontraint, il est nécessaire d'introduire un certain nombre "N" d'éléments de tension 4 dans la cavité 11. Sachant que la section droite de chaque tige de traction 40 a une surface S40 et que la surface maximum de la section droite de la pièce d'extrémité 41 vaut S41 (voir figures 3A, 3B, 3C et 3D) on doit avoir les relations suivantes:

  • pour permettre l'introduction du dernier élément de tension 4, respectivement pour permettre le passage de la dernière pièce d'extrémité 41 dans le tube de guidage 30, respectivement dans l'ouverture 12, on a: N − 1 × S 40 + S 41 < S 12 .
    Figure imgb0001
     S12 correspondant à la surface de la section droite de l'ouverture 12 (fig 1).
  • pour permettre une bonne disposition des pièces d'extrémité 41 sur le fond de la cavité 11, on a: N × S 41 < S 11 .
    Figure imgb0002
     S11 correspondant à la surface de la section droite de plus forte surface de la cavité 11 (fig 1).
To achieve the anchoring of the guying or of the prestressed element, it is necessary to introduce a certain number "N" of tension elements 4 in the cavity 11. Knowing that the cross section of each traction rod 40 has a surface S40 and that the maximum surface of the cross section of the end piece 41 is worth S41 (see Figures 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D ) we must have the following relationships:
  • to allow the introduction of the last tension element 4, respectively to allow the passage of the last end piece 41 in the guide tube 30, respectively in the opening 12, we have: NOT - 1 × S 40 + S 41 < S 12 .
    Figure imgb0001
     S12 corresponding to the surface of the cross section of the opening 12 ( fig 1 ).
  • to allow a good arrangement of the end pieces 41 on the bottom of the cavity 11, we have: NOT × S 41 < S 11 .
    Figure imgb0002
     S11 corresponding to the surface of the cross section with the largest surface of the cavity 11 ( fig 1 ).

Lorsque tous les éléments de tension 4 ont été poussés à travers le conduit ou le tube 30 de manière à ce que toutes leurs pièces d'extrémité 41 se soient logées dans la cavité 11 comme indiqué ci-dessus on peut passer à l'étape suivante du procédé comme on le voit à la figure 2G. Lors de cette étape, on introduit un matériau de scellement liquide 50 par le tube d'injection 16; ce matériau pénètre dans la cavité 11 par l'orifice d'injection 15 et remplit les espaces vides entre les pièces d'extrémité 41 et les extrémités des tiges de traction 40 dans la cavité 11, jusqu'à remplir au moins partiellement la cavité 11. Durant cette opération, l'orifice d'évacuation 17, respectivement le tube d'évacuation 18 sert à évacuer l'air contenu dans la cavité 11 durant son remplissage ainsi qu'à contrôler le niveau de remplissage de la cavité 11. De manière préférentielle, la cavité 11 est remplie jusqu'à ce que la masse liquide introduite atteigne le niveau de l'orifice d'évacuation 17. Le matériau contenu dans la cavité 11 se durcit ensuite afin de former un bloc rigide de haute résistance mécanique 5 dans lequel les pièces d'extrémité 41 ainsi que les extrémités des tiges de traction 40 sont encastrées.When all the tensioning elements 4 have been pushed through the conduit or the tube 30 so that all of their end pieces 41 have lodged in the cavity 11 as indicated above, we can proceed to the next step. of the process as seen in the figure 2G . During this step, a liquid sealing material 50 is introduced through the injection tube 16; this material enters the cavity 11 through the injection orifice 15 and fills the empty spaces between the end pieces 41 and the ends of the traction rods 40 in the cavity 11, until at least partially filling the cavity 11 . During this operation, the evacuation orifice 17, respectively the evacuation tube 18 is used to evacuate the air contained in the cavity 11 during its filling as well as to control the filling level of the cavity 11. Preferably , the cavity 11 is filled until the liquid mass introduced reaches the level of the discharge orifice 17. The material contained in the cavity 11 then hardens in order to form a rigid block of high mechanical resistance 5 in which the end pieces 41 as well as the ends of the pull rods 40 are embedded.

A l'étape suivante, représentée à la figure 2H, les éléments de tension 4 sont chacun soumis à une traction jusqu'à atteindre la valeur de tension de précontrainte prescrite. Cette mise en traction s'effectue de manière conventionnelle, en agissant sur l'autre extrémité de chaque élément de tension 4, respectivement de chaque tige de traction 40, les éléments de tension étant mis en prétension simultanément ou séquentiellement. Comme on peut le voir sur la figure, la forme effilée, tronconique ou pyramidale de la cavité 11, respectivement de la masse durcie dans laquelle les pièces d'extrémités 41 et les extrémités des tiges 40 des éléments de tension 4 sont encastrées, permet un ancrage efficace en coin dans la structure bétonnée environnante 2. Contrairement aux dispositifs connus de l'art antérieur mentionnés précédemment, cette forme en coin empêche tout éventuel déplacement axial de la masse durcie 5 et provoque une transmission des efforts d'ancrage dans la structure environnante 2 par compression axiale et non pas par simple adhérence. La longueur de cet ancrage est donc favorablement réduite.In the next step, shown in figure 2H , the tension elements 4 are each subjected to traction until the prescribed prestress tension value is reached. This tensioning is carried out in a conventional manner, by acting on the other end of each tension element 4, respectively of each tension rod 40, the tension elements being pretensioned simultaneously or sequentially. As can be seen in the figure, the tapered, frustoconical or pyramidal shape of the cavity 11, respectively of the hardened mass in which the end pieces 41 and the ends of the rods 40 of the tensioning elements 4 are embedded, allows a effective wedge anchoring in the surrounding concrete structure 2. Unlike the known devices of the prior art mentioned above, this wedge shape prevents any axial displacement of the hardened mass 5 and causes transmission of the anchoring forces in the surrounding structure 2 by axial compression and not by simple adhesion. The length of this anchoring is therefore favorably reduced.

Une sécurité d'ancrage supplémentaire est assurée par la disposition particulière des pièces d'extrémités 41 à l'intérieur de la cavité 11. En considérant que les pièces d'extrémité 41 sont disposées en faisceau dans la cavité 11, la surface de la section droite générée par l'enveloppe du faisceau des pièces d'extrémités 41 assemblées est supérieure à la surface de l'ouverture 12 de la cavité 11. Le faisceau de pièces d'extrémités 41 est donc bloqué dans la cavité 11.Additional anchoring security is provided by the particular arrangement of the end pieces 41 inside the cavity 11. Considering that the end pieces 41 are arranged in a bundle in the cavity 11, the surface of the section straight line generated by the envelope of the bundle of end pieces 41 assembled is greater than the surface of the opening 12 of the cavity 11. The bundle of end pieces 41 is therefore blocked in the cavity 11.

En reprenant les expressions mentionnées précédemment, on a la relation suivante:

  • pour permettre un blocage des éléments de tension 4 dans la cavité 11 en empêchant la sortie des pièces d'extrémités bloquées entre elles par l'ouverture 12, on doit avoir: N × S 41 * > S 12 .
    Figure imgb0003
Using the expressions mentioned above, we have the following relation:
  • to allow the tensioning elements 4 to be blocked in the cavity 11 while preventing the exit of the end pieces blocked between them by the opening 12, one must have: NOT × S 41 * > S 12 .
    Figure imgb0003

Dans l'expression ci-dessus, (N x S41)* représente de manière générale la surface générée par l'enveloppe du faisceau des N pièces d'extrémités assemblées, ayant chacune une surface de section droite S41. Afin de tenir compte du fait qu'éventuellement une ou deux pièces d'extrémités 41 peuvent ne pas avoir trouvé leur place, comme indiqué en regard de la figure 2H, les sections individuelles S41 et la section de passage S12 doivent être dimensionnées pour un blocage des pièces d'extrémités 41 lorsque l'effort de traction s'exerce simultanément sur tous les éléments de tension 4.In the above expression, (N x S41) * generally represents the area generated by the envelope of the bundle of N pieces of assembled ends, each having a cross-sectional area S41. In order to take account of the fact that possibly one or two end pieces 41 may not have found their place, as indicated opposite the figure 2H , the individual sections S41 and the passage section S12 must be dimensioned for blocking the end pieces 41 when the tensile force is exerted simultaneously on all the tension elements 4.

Il est à remarquer que l'étape qui vient d'être décrite de prétension des éléments de tension 4 peut être réalisée différemment que décrite, notamment dans le cas d'un simple haubanage non prétendu.It should be noted that the step which has just been described of pretensioning of the tension elements 4 can be carried out differently than described, in particular in the case of a simple pretensioning guy line.

Lors d'une dernière étape du procédé, vue à la figure 2L, l'espace vide à l'intérieur du tube de gainage 30, respectivement à l'intérieur du conduit aménagé dans l'élément de structure 3 peut être rempli d'un autre matériau de scellement 60 par le ou les tubes d'injection 32 et le ou les orifices d'injection 31 afin de préserver l'étanchéité du système prétendu et d'empêcher la corrosion des éléments de prétension. Cette dernière étape est aussi facultative, dépendant si une telle protection 6 est requise ou nécessaire.During a last step of the process, seen at figure 2L , the empty space inside the sheathing tube 30, respectively inside the duct arranged in the structural element 3 can be filled with another sealing material 60 by the injection tube or tubes 32 and the injection port (s) 31 in order to preserve the tightness of the pretended system and to prevent corrosion of the pretension elements. This last step is also optional, depending on whether such protection 6 is required or necessary.

On constate donc que l'on obtient ainsi un ancrage très efficace, l'effort de traction longitudinal de chaque élément de tension 4 étant repris principalement par sa pièce ou sa portion d'extrémité 41 et reporté sur le bloc de scellement durci à haute résistance mécanique 5. Une transmission efficace de cet effort est possible grâce à la fixation ferme de la pièce d'extrémité 41 sur la tige de traction 40; cette fixation pouvant être réalisée en usine, sa résistance mécanique est très élevée. Cet effort est ensuite reporté par les parois obliques de la cavité 11 sur la structure environnante 2. En disposant un ou plusieurs anneaux d'ancrage 19 sur la pièce d'ancrage 1, il est encore possible d'améliorer l'effet d'ancrage mentionné dans la structure environnante 2. Comme mentionné, des frettes 21 peuvent être prévues afin d'améliorer encore la cohésion de la structure environnante 2 autour de la cavité 11. En plus de la résistance longitudinale mentionnée, chaque extrémité de tige de traction 40 étant maintenue dans le bloc de scellement 5, un maintien par compression radiale de chaque tige 40 est obtenu en supplément.It can therefore be seen that a very effective anchoring is thus obtained, the longitudinal tensile force of each tension element 4 being taken up mainly by its part or its end portion 41 and transferred to the hardened high strength sealing block. mechanical 5. Efficient transmission of this force is possible thanks to the firm fixing of the end piece 41 on the pull rod 40; this fixing can be performed in the factory, its mechanical resistance is very high. This force is then transferred by the oblique walls of the cavity 11 to the surrounding structure 2. By placing one or more anchoring rings 19 on the anchoring part 1, it is still possible to improve the anchoring effect mentioned in the surrounding structure 2. As mentioned, hoops 21 can be provided in order to further improve the cohesion of the surrounding structure 2 around the cavity 11. In addition to the longitudinal resistance mentioned, each end of the pull rod 40 being held in the sealing block 5, a hold by radial compression of each rod 40 is obtained in addition.

Ce type d'ancrage se prête particulièrement bien à un ancrage précontraint d'un élément de structure précontraint 3. Il peut aussi se prêter à un ancrage d'éléments de tension non précontraints, comme par exemple des haubans de retenu d'un mât ou d'un pylône, les haubans pouvant alors ne pas être protégés par un tube de protection 30. De même il n'est pas indispensable que la cavité 11 soit aménagée dans une structure environnante bétonnée, un forage en terre ou dans du rocher permettant d'obtenir une cavité requise peut aussi être prévu. La description a été faite pour une cavité dont l'axe longitudinal est essentiellement vertical, avec son ouverture 12 vers le haut. D'autres dispositions géométriques sont aussi possibles, les dimensions de la cavité 11 étant à adapter afin d'obtenir un remplissage suffisant de la cavité 11 par le liquide de scellement 50.This type of anchoring lends itself particularly well to a pre-stressed anchoring of a pre-stressed structural element 3. It can also lend itself to an anchoring of non-pre-stressed tension elements, such as for example shrouds for retaining a mast or of a pylon, the shrouds then being able not to be protected by a protective tube 30. Similarly, it is not essential that the cavity 11 is arranged in a surrounding concrete structure, a drilling in the ground or in rock allowing provision can also be made for obtaining a required cavity. The description has been made for a cavity whose longitudinal axis is essentially vertical, with its opening 12 upwards. Other geometrical arrangements are also possible, the dimensions of the cavity 11 being to be adapted in order to obtain sufficient filling of the cavity 11 with the sealing liquid 50.

Claims (2)

  1. Tension element (4) whose one end is intended to be introduced into an anchoring cavity (11) of an anchorage accessible from one side only, through a conduit (30), the said tension element being made up of a traction rod (40) equipped at its end intended to be introduced into the said cavity with an end portion (41) whose cross-sectional area (S41) is greater than the cross-sectional area (S40) of the said traction rod (40), the end portion or the end piece (41) having a lower end portion (44) of convex shape, this tension element being characterized in that the end portion or the end piece (41) has an upper end portion (43) and a central portion (42) of tapered shape, limited by the upper end portion (43) and the lower end portion (44), the cross-sectional area of smaller surface of the central portion (42) being adjacent to the upper end portion (43), while the cross-sectional area (S41) of larger surface of the central portion (42) is adjacent to the lower end portion (44).
  2. Tension element (4) whose one end is intended to be introduced into an anchoring cavity (11) of an anchorage accessible from one side only, through a conduit (30), the said tension element being made up of a traction rod (40) equipped at its end intended to be introduced into the said cavity with an end portion (41) whose cross-sectional area (S41) is greater than the cross-sectional area (S40) of the said traction rod (40), the end portion or the end piece (41) having a lower end portion (44) of convex shape, this tension element being characterized in that the end portion or the end piece (41) has a central portion (42) of straight cylindrical shape having a constant cross-sectional area (S41), limited by an upper end portion (43) and the lower end portion (44).
EP05102789.4A 1998-02-09 1998-02-09 Tensioning element for the manufacturing of an anchoring Expired - Lifetime EP1559847B1 (en)

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EP98810096A EP0935034B1 (en) 1998-02-09 1998-02-09 Method of manufacturing of an anchoring, anchoring piece and tensioning element for this purpose
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EP1559847A1 (en) 2005-08-03
ES2285752T3 (en) 2007-11-16
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KR100385237B1 (en) 2003-05-23
CN1152995C (en) 2004-06-09
AU1318499A (en) 1999-08-26
EP0935034A1 (en) 1999-08-11
KR19990072472A (en) 1999-09-27
NO990557D0 (en) 1999-02-05
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NO323179B1 (en) 2007-01-15
JP3215381B2 (en) 2001-10-02
AU748723B2 (en) 2002-06-13
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US20010007185A1 (en) 2001-07-12
HK1022007A1 (en) 2000-07-21
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JP2000064434A (en) 2000-02-29
US6216403B1 (en) 2001-04-17

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