EP1451452A1 - Method and system for regenerating diesel particle filters - Google Patents
Method and system for regenerating diesel particle filtersInfo
- Publication number
- EP1451452A1 EP1451452A1 EP02776866A EP02776866A EP1451452A1 EP 1451452 A1 EP1451452 A1 EP 1451452A1 EP 02776866 A EP02776866 A EP 02776866A EP 02776866 A EP02776866 A EP 02776866A EP 1451452 A1 EP1451452 A1 EP 1451452A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust gas
- diesel particle
- particle filter
- diesel
- circulating air
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/031—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
- F01N3/32—Arrangements for supply of additional air using air pump
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S55/00—Gas separation
- Y10S55/10—Residue burned
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S55/00—Gas separation
- Y10S55/30—Exhaust treatment
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and an arrangement for the regeneration of diesel particle filters according to the preamble of patent claim 1 and the preamble of patent claim 8.
- DPF diesel particle filters
- the particles thus stored in the filter increase the exhaust gas back pressure, which is why the diesel particle filter must be regenerated at intervals between 200-500 km.
- the regeneration takes place by burning off (oxidation) of the stored particles.
- the particles typically have to be heated to about 600 ° C.
- the particles are expediently heated via convective heat input through the exhaust gas stream.
- the temperature of the exhaust gas stream optimized for consumption However, diesel engines (TDI, CDI) only exceed 300 ° C at a few operating points. The exhaust gas must therefore be reheated during regeneration.
- Diesel particle filter guided and electrically heated Such full flow systems dispense with switchable flaps and are relatively inexpensive and compact to manufacture.
- a disadvantage of such solutions is that the complete exhaust gas mass flow has to be heated above the ignition temperature of the diesel soot.
- the minimum heating power For one Heating this typically obtained mass flow by 400 K, the minimum heating power, neglecting losses, is 33 kW. Since a maximum of 2-2.5 kW of electrical heating power can be achieved with a 12-volt electrical system, partial current solutions are generally preferred.
- a conventional partial flow system is shown in FIG. 1.
- a flap 4 is introduced into the exhaust gas feed line 3 of these diesel particle filters, by means of which the exhaust gas in the feed line 3 can be selectively fed into the diesel particle filter 1 via a feed line 3a, or into the diesel particle filter via a feed line 3b 2 is insertable.
- the diesel particulate filters 1, 2 are each formed with electric heaters la, 2a.
- About a blower 5 is
- Fresh air can be introduced into the supply lines 3a, 3b. Exhaust gas escaping from the diesel particle filters 1, 2 is discharged via discharge lines 6a and 6b, which lead to a line 6.
- the diesel particulate filters are expediently subjected to regeneration individually.
- the remaining residual current is heated electrically, or else fossil, and heats the diesel particle filter 1 and the diesel soot stored therein. If the residual oxygen content of the exhaust gas flow is too low, fresh air can be supplied by the fan 5.
- the maximum pressure build-up of the blower typically up to 150 hPa, limits its use to relatively low overpressures in the exhaust system.
- the size of the partial stream can be set or dimensioned so that the diesel particulate filter 1 is brought to the maximum realizable electrical heating power over the flame temperature of the diesel soot in a short time.
- the diesel particle filter 2 can then be regenerated. It is also possible to provide phases between the regeneration of the individual diesel particulate filters in which both diesel particulate filters are uniformly subjected to exhaust gas in accordance with normal operation.
- the aim of the invention is to carry out a regeneration of diesel particle filters in the simplest and least possible manner.
- the measure according to the invention of carrying out the regeneration in an at least partially closed circulating air circuit enables regeneration essentially independent of the size of the exhaust gas flow, the residual oxygen content and the pressure level. Because the exhaust gas is passed through the diesel particle filter several times, the heating-up time is greatly shortened, as a result of which energy can be saved.
- An advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention and the device according to the invention are the subject of the dependent claims. It is expedient to provide ambient air for the circulating air circuit. Due to the small mass flow in the circulating air circuit that can be implemented according to the invention and such a limited fresh air metering, high temperatures in the diesel particle filter can be achieved very quickly despite the low electrical heating output. This makes it possible to effectively regenerate the diesel particle filter even without the addition of a diesel fuel, so that ash formation in the diesel particle filter due to inorganic additive residues can also be avoided.
- the controlled addition of fresh air or oxygen to the circulating air flow provides, in addition to the size of the circulating air flow, which can be regulated by a fan speed, and the electrical heating output, a further parameter for controlling the temperature of the
- the soot burn-off generated during the regeneration of the at least one diesel particle filter is measured via a differential oxygen measurement on the inlet or outlet side of the
- Diesel particulate filter This measuring method proves to be very reliable in practice.
- oxygen sensors that can be positioned in front of and behind the diesel particle filter are provided.
- Exhaust gas stream acting on the diesel particle filter is diverted such that a first diesel particle filter is subjected essentially to the complete exhaust gas flow and, at the same time, a closed circulating air circuit is generated with respect to the second diesel particle filter.
- a first diesel particle filter is subjected essentially to the complete exhaust gas flow and, at the same time, a closed circulating air circuit is generated with respect to the second diesel particle filter.
- portions between 80 and 100% of the total exhaust gas flow are referred to as essentially complete exhaust gas flows.
- FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of an arrangement according to the invention for the regeneration of two diesel particle filters
- FIG. 3 shows the block diagram according to FIG. 2, with a preferred embodiment of the invention being shown to illustrate a first phase Regeneration process the exhaust gas or Gas flows are shown, and
- FIG. 4 shows the block diagram according to FIG. 2, with a preferred embodiment of the invention being shown to illustrate a second phase
- FIG. 2 it can be seen that the preferred embodiment of the arrangement according to the invention shown has two diesel particle filters 21, 22, each with an associated electric heater 21a, 22a, analogous to the already described arrangement according to the prior art.
- Exhaust gas can be supplied to the diesel particle filters 21, 22 via an exhaust gas supply line 23.
- the line 23 can be connected via a flap 24 to a first exhaust gas supply line 23a, which is connected to the diesel particle filter 21, and to a second exhaust gas supply line 23b, which is connected to the diesel particle 22.
- a flap 24 By appropriate position of the flap 24, it is possible to distribute the exhaust gas flow flowing through the exhaust gas supply line 23 in any manner to the diesel particle filter 21 or 22.
- discharge lines 26a and 26b which lead out of the respective diesel particle filters, act on a flap 27.
- the flap 27 can ensure in a first position that the discharge lines 26a, 26b open into a common discharge line 26. In a second position, the flap 27 is adjustable such that gas (exhaust gas) flowing through the lines 26a or 26b via a line 30, a flap 28, a line 32, a blower 25 and the Flap 24 can be guided back into the respective diesel particle filter 21, 22.
- Fresh air can be introduced into the exhaust gas flow via the flap 28 by means of a supply line 29.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of the first phase of regeneration of the lower diesel particle filter 22.
- the flaps 24 and 27 are set such that the entire exhaust gas stream flowing in via the supply line 23 is directed onto the upper diesel particle filter 21 and from there into the discharge line 6. This stream is illustrated by the dashed arrows.
- This setting of the flaps 24 and 27 and an additional closed position of the flap 28 have the effect that a closed line system is simultaneously produced with respect to the lower diesel particle filter 22.
- the blower 25 only has to convey a relatively small mass flow, namely the mass flow which, at the time of the aforementioned setting of the flaps 24, 27 and 28, is located within the diesel particle filter 22 and the closed line system (lines 23b, 26b, 30, 32 and 31) located.
- the maximum mass flow to be delivered here is approximately 20 kg / h, as a result of which the pressure drop over the one filled with soot Diesel particle filter 22 is relatively small, typically a maximum of 50 hPa.
- the electric heater 22a which is expediently designed as an electric heating coil, heats the
- Diesel particle filter 22 via radiation coupling and convectively via the circulating air flow. Since no air initially emerges from the system, the heating takes place very quickly, as mentioned.
- the flap 28 opens and mixes fresh air into the circulating air circuit in a controlled manner.
- a maximum permissible temperature for the fan for example 300 ° C.
- the flap 28 opens and mixes fresh air into the circulating air circuit in a controlled manner.
- circulating air is simultaneously blown out of the closed circuit into the exhaust tract (discharge line 6), a balance being expediently established between the fresh air drawn in and the circulating air expelled.
- the position of the flap 28 is controlled in such a way that the maximum permissible temperature for the fan 25 is never exceeded. This state is shown in FIG. 4, the fresh air flow and the blow-out flow being illustrated by means of dotted arrows.
- the diesel particle filter 22 continues until the ignition temperature of the stored soot warmed.
- the "igniting" of the diesel soot can be carried out by measuring the oxygen consumption due to the oxidation within the diesel particle filter 22. For this purpose, it proves to be useful, on the input side and on the output side of the
- a corresponding temperature measuring device by means of which a steep temperature rise characterizing the "ignition" can be ascertained, is schematically designated by 42 in FIG.
- the temperature of the diesel particle filter 22 can be controlled by controlling the heating power of the electric heater 22a or the delivery volume of the blower 25. It can also be controlled
- Fresh air metering by actuating the flap 28), the oxygen content of the circulating air and thus the speed of the soot burn-up can be controlled. With these measures, overheating and damage to the diesel particle filter 22 can be effectively caused by the combustion of the
- Diesel soot released combustion enthalpy can be prevented.
- Diesel particle filter 21 only to be introduced at a later time. It is of course possible to provide lambda probes and / or a temperature measuring device for the diesel particle filter 21 analogous to the diesel particle filter 22, which are not shown in detail in FIG. 3 for reasons of clarity.
- the regeneration of the diesel particulate filter takes place in the at least partially closed circulating air circuit regardless of the level of the exhaust gas flow and the residual oxygen content and pressure level of the exhaust gas flow.
- An inserted fan only has to overcome the back pressure or the pressure drop of a diesel particle filter.
- the heating-up time for a diesel particulate filter can be shortened considerably, which saves energy. Due to the small mass flow in the circulating air circuit and the limited fresh air metering, high temperatures can be reached in the diesel particle filter despite the low electrical heating output. As a result, the diesel particulate filter can be regenerated effectively even without adding diesel fuel.
- the controlled fresh air or oxygen admixture to the circulating air flow provides, in addition to the size of the circulating air flow, which can be adjusted by the fan speed, and the electrical heating output, a further control element Temperature control of the diesel particulate filter during the "ignition" of the soot. This allows local and temporal temperature peaks in a diesel particulate filter to be avoided, which significantly extends its life expectancy.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10158569A DE10158569A1 (en) | 2001-11-29 | 2001-11-29 | Method and arrangement for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters |
DE10158569 | 2001-11-29 | ||
PCT/DE2002/004102 WO2003048535A1 (en) | 2001-11-29 | 2002-11-06 | Method and system for regenerating diesel particle filters |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1451452A1 true EP1451452A1 (en) | 2004-09-01 |
EP1451452B1 EP1451452B1 (en) | 2005-06-29 |
Family
ID=7707374
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02776866A Expired - Lifetime EP1451452B1 (en) | 2001-11-29 | 2002-11-06 | Method and system for regenerating diesel particle filters |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7160355B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1451452B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2005511944A (en) |
DE (2) | DE10158569A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003048535A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10350485A1 (en) | 2003-10-29 | 2005-06-02 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for operating an internal combustion engine |
FR2862547B1 (en) * | 2003-11-25 | 2006-12-01 | Renault Sas | DEVICE FOR THE HEAT TREATMENT OF A PARTICLE FILTER OR A NITROGEN OXIDE TRAP |
US7410529B2 (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2008-08-12 | Caterpillar Inc. | Filter service system and method |
US20060070360A1 (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2006-04-06 | Caterpillar Inc. | Filter service system and method |
US7384455B2 (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2008-06-10 | Caterpillar Inc. | Filter service system and method |
US7419532B2 (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2008-09-02 | Caterpillar Inc. | Deposition system and method |
US7462222B2 (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2008-12-09 | Caterpillar Inc. | Filter service system |
US7390338B2 (en) * | 2005-01-25 | 2008-06-24 | Pollution Control Products Co. | Method and apparatus for regenerating engine exhaust filters |
US7410521B2 (en) * | 2005-02-28 | 2008-08-12 | Caterpillar Inc. | Filter service system and method |
US20060191412A1 (en) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-08-31 | Caterpillar Inc. | Filter service system and method |
US8157897B2 (en) * | 2007-06-29 | 2012-04-17 | Caterpillar Inc. | Filter purge system utilizing impact wave generating device and vacuum source |
US8142552B2 (en) * | 2007-06-29 | 2012-03-27 | Caterpillar Inc. | Filter purge system utilizing a reactive propellant |
EP2179148B1 (en) * | 2007-08-20 | 2015-04-15 | Parker-Hannifin Corporation | Diesel dosing system for active diesel particulate filter regeneration |
US8635865B2 (en) * | 2007-09-18 | 2014-01-28 | Thermo King Corporation | Diesel particulate filter including a heat exchanger |
US8444729B2 (en) * | 2007-11-26 | 2013-05-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | Electrically regenerated exhaust particulate filter having non-axial regeneration flame propagation |
US20130227934A1 (en) * | 2010-07-26 | 2013-09-05 | International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc | Aftertreatment burner air supply system |
DE102010037650B4 (en) * | 2010-09-20 | 2016-02-11 | Denso Corporation | O2 control system for an internal combustion engine and method for controlling the O2 concentration |
US9273649B2 (en) | 2014-05-30 | 2016-03-01 | Cnh Industrial America Llc | System and method for controlling an electric aspirator of an air intake system for a work vehicle |
FI20145653A (en) * | 2014-07-07 | 2016-01-08 | Valmet Technologies Oy | Arrangement and method |
JP7021424B2 (en) | 2016-04-20 | 2022-02-17 | コブハム・ミッション・システムズ・ダベンポート・エルエスエス・インコーポレイテッド | In-flight inert gas generation air separation module recovery device and method |
CN105885957B (en) * | 2016-05-24 | 2020-03-31 | 河南龙成煤高效技术应用有限公司 | High-temperature dust removal filtering equipment, high-temperature dust removal filtering system and continuous dust removal filtering method |
CN111852619B (en) * | 2020-07-17 | 2023-11-07 | 浙江天地环保科技股份有限公司 | Energy-saving regeneration system and method for ship tail gas particulate matter trapping device |
Family Cites Families (11)
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US4217757A (en) * | 1978-10-10 | 1980-08-19 | Texaco Inc. | Exhaust gas recycling system |
US4558565A (en) * | 1982-03-16 | 1985-12-17 | Nippon Soken, Inc. | Exhaust gas cleaning device for internal combustion engine |
US4671059A (en) * | 1986-06-30 | 1987-06-09 | Ontario Research Foundation | Diesel particulate traps |
DE3722970A1 (en) * | 1986-08-06 | 1988-02-11 | Volkswagen Ag | Method and device for the cleaning of a particle filter, especially a soot filter |
DE3717140A1 (en) * | 1987-05-21 | 1988-12-08 | Webasto Ag Fahrzeugtechnik | Soot filter system in the exhaust tract of a diesel internal combustion engine |
US4867768A (en) * | 1987-08-21 | 1989-09-19 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Muffler apparatus with filter trap and method of use |
JPH01159029A (en) * | 1987-12-16 | 1989-06-22 | Toyota Motor Corp | Exhaust gas purification apparatus of diesel engines |
DE3832790C2 (en) * | 1988-09-27 | 1997-12-11 | Pattas Konstantin N | Method and device for regenerating a soot filter |
US5194078A (en) * | 1990-02-23 | 1993-03-16 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Exhaust filter element and exhaust gas-treating apparatus |
DE19807203A1 (en) * | 1998-02-20 | 1999-08-26 | Volkswagen Ag | Lean-burn engine exhaust gas NOx treatment especially for a lean-burn direct injection Otto engine |
US6675572B2 (en) * | 2000-09-14 | 2004-01-13 | Siemens Automotive Inc. | Valve including a recirculation chamber |
-
2001
- 2001-11-29 DE DE10158569A patent/DE10158569A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2002
- 2002-11-06 WO PCT/DE2002/004102 patent/WO2003048535A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-11-06 JP JP2003549701A patent/JP2005511944A/en active Pending
- 2002-11-06 DE DE50203531T patent/DE50203531D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-06 EP EP02776866A patent/EP1451452B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-06 US US10/470,114 patent/US7160355B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO03048535A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2003048535A1 (en) | 2003-06-12 |
EP1451452B1 (en) | 2005-06-29 |
DE10158569A1 (en) | 2003-06-12 |
DE50203531D1 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
US20040112218A1 (en) | 2004-06-17 |
JP2005511944A (en) | 2005-04-28 |
US7160355B2 (en) | 2007-01-09 |
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