EP1444752A1 - A cellular radio adaptive antenna array - Google Patents
A cellular radio adaptive antenna arrayInfo
- Publication number
- EP1444752A1 EP1444752A1 EP02802987A EP02802987A EP1444752A1 EP 1444752 A1 EP1444752 A1 EP 1444752A1 EP 02802987 A EP02802987 A EP 02802987A EP 02802987 A EP02802987 A EP 02802987A EP 1444752 A1 EP1444752 A1 EP 1444752A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- group
- antenna
- array
- elements
- arrays
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
- H01Q1/26—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with electric discharge tube
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
- H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
- H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
- H01Q1/246—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for base stations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/22—Antenna units of the array energised non-uniformly in amplitude or phase, e.g. tapered array or binomial array
Definitions
- This invention relates to cellular radio communication systems and in particular relates to an antenna configuration for future generation cellular radio systems.
- Cellular radio systems are currently in widespread use throughout the world providing telecommunications to mobile users.
- Cellular radio systems are so-called because they divide a geographic area into cells; at the centre of each cell there is a base station through which mobile stations communicate, each base station typically being equipped with antenna arrays arranged in sectors. The distance between cells is determined such that co-channel interference is maintained at a tolerable level.
- the way forward is believed to be in adaptive smart antennas. That is to say, by appropriate amplitude and phase weighting, the base station beams from several antenna elements are steered, whereby strong beams are formed in the direction of the wireless communications subscriber, with nulls being steered in the direction of sources of interference.
- the result can provide an increase in range and an increase in capacity.
- the present invention seeks to provide an improved antenna array.
- the present invention seeks to provide an antenna array with good diversity, gain and high directivity.
- an adaptive antenna array comprising a plurality of parallel spaced apart linear antenna arrays, wherein the parallel spaced apart linear antenna arrays are arranged in adjacent first and second groups, the spacing between the linear antenna arrays of each group differs between the groups, the separation between the elements of the first group being of the order of 0.5 wavelength long and the separation of the elements in the second group being in the range of
- the antennas can be dipoles, flat-plate or other types.
- a reflector is provided to improve directivity and, in a sectored array configuration, to reduce interference between adjacent planar arrays.
- the antenna array further comprises a third group of linear antenna arrays, the third group corresponding in spacing, between elements to the second array and being positioned adjacent the third group such that the array is symmetrical about a central axis.
- the spacing between the adjacent antenna arrays can be greater than said spacing between the linear antenna arrays of the first group.
- the antenna array aperture can correspond to ten to twenty wavelengths in width.
- the antenna array comprises eight linear arrays.
- the type of antenna elements can be selected from the group comprising, amongst others,, dipole antenna elements and flat-plate antenna elements.
- a reflector can be provided, as appropriate, whereby to improve directivity and to reduce interference between adjacent planar arrays.
- a method of operating an adaptive antenna array comprising a plurality of parallel spaced apart linear antenna arrays, wherein the parallel spaced apart linear antenna arrays are arranged in adjacent first and second groups, the spacing between the linear antenna arrays of each group differs between the groups, the separation between the elements of the first group being of the order of 0.5 wavelength long and the separation of the elements in the second group being in the range of 1 - 10 wavelengths long.
- the method comprising the steps, in a receive mode, of receiving positional data of the subscriber and employing this data in beamforming means to appropriately determine the phase and amplitude weights whereby to direct the transmit and receive signals.
- the present invention provides a novel array geometry for smart antennas having a large aperture which that provides good diversity gain, high directivity, good adaptive nulling of interference, good direction of arrival estimates an4 the ability to form a good sector beam for broadcast information. All these issues are desirable features of a cellular radio smart.
- the invention therefore provides good spatial diversity, which facilitates good resolution for space division multiple access systems.
- Figure 1 shows a prior art antenna
- Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a planar array made in accordance of invention
- Figure 3 shows a view of a first embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 4 is a graph showing comparative diversity gain figures for an antenna made in accordance with the invention.
- Figure 5 shows a further embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a prior art antenna configuration wherein a base station 100 has three sectors and accordingly has three sets of planar arrays 102, each planar array comprising of six linear array antennas 104, the linear array antennas 104 being spaced apart by approximately half a wavelength, the central vertical axes of the array 102 being separated from each other by a distance of about ten wavelengths.
- planar arrays 102 will provide adequate antenna beams but achieve limited diversity gain. That is to say, in a direction normal to the planar arrays, there will be a large antenna gain with no diversity gain, whereas in directions between planar arrays there will be a small antenna gain but a large diversity gain.
- Variants include the spacing apart of two such antenna arrays or single linear array antennas, whereby the antennas can provide good spatial diversity: the spacing between the arrays is typically of the order of ten wavelengths. This array, however, provides poor beamforming. In directions normal to the two branches for each sector, there is provided a medium antenna gain with a large diversity gain; in the direction corresponding to the division of each sector, there is a small antenna gain but a large diversity gain. Other forms of diversity are possible such as polarisation diversity. On the downlink, the same beam can be used on each polarisation with transmission diversity (STTD or TxAA) applied between the polarisations. In a direction normal to each array there will be a medium antenna gain and a large diversity gain, and, as above, in the direction between sectors there is a small antenna gain and a large diversity gain.
- STTD transmission diversity
- FIG. 2 where there is shown an antenna arrangement 200 comprising an eight element antenna array 202.
- Each of the eight antenna elements 204 - 218 comprises a linear array 220 and the linear arrays are spaced in a parallel spaced apart fashion, as can best be seen from
- the antenna elements comprise co-linear dipole stacks.
- the array comprises three groups: a first, central group 230, comprising four antenna elements 208 - 214 which are approximately half a wavelength spaced apart to provide for a good sector coverage beam with phase only weighting; and second and third groups, 240, 250, comprising the remaining antenna elements are spread out from the centre, on either side. Symmetry about the centre provides for a mechanical centre of gravity at the centre. This can facilitate mounting of the antenna.
- the antenna array upon installation in the field, will be subject to extremes of weather: winds - which may be gale force - require the structure to be particularly stable.
- the second and third groups assist in providing good spatial diversity.
- a calibration network 222 is shown together with power amplifiers 224 and low noise amplifiers 228 mounted on the array.
- the first array group 230 may comprise an odd number of linear arrays, and may, for example, comprise a group of three.
- the second and third groups may comprise, equally spaced antennas with two, three, four or more antennas. The particular number is not limited to the examples shown, but the choice of configuration will be determined by an appropriate cost performance ratio.
- the array is asymmetrical and there is no third group of antennas. In such an embodiment, there exists on one side, a first group of closely spaced antennas and a second group of more widely spaced antennas.
- the diversity gain aspect of the proposed non-uniform is illustrated in Figure 4.
- the top curve represents the response where there is a single antenna element, i.e. there is no smart antenna.
- the middle curve represents the response of a conventional 8 element regular array of 0.5 wavelength spacing.
- the bottom curve represents the response of an 8 element non-uniform array and considerably lower bit error rates (BER) can be achieved for a given value of Eb No.
- BER bit error rates
- further transmit elements are provided, which could be of benefit for systems operating in a frequency division duplex mode such as UMTS WCDMA.
- the further transmit elements 502, 504 are mounted in the gaps of a basic array, between either the second and third group of antennas, although other positions would be possible.
- Two branch antenna diversity is enabled on the down link, as is required in accordance with the UMTS WCDMA standard.
- the two transmit arrays are electronically steered towards a user and then optimally combined whereby to provide optimal diversity.
- Four antenna elements are provided in each of the transmit arrays. As will be appreciated, the use of separate antenna elements for receive and transmit functions provides isolation and thus eases the design of the duplex filters.
- the smart base station is operable to receive positional data from subscriber stations where by to appropriately phase and amplitude weight transmitted signals and receive signals, as is known. All of the antenna elements are conveniently employed, but it may be appropriate to reduce signal power for subscribers in close proximity, to reduce radiated power and to reduce operating power of control circuitry within the base station. It will be appreciated that the wide aperture defined by the groups of antennas will improve spatial diversity reception in an economic fashion.
- the geometry provides the following advantages: a large aperture (widely spaced elements) for good spatial diversity; high directivity (high ratio between gain in wanted direction to integral of gain in all directions); good interference nulling (an irregular array does not cause grating lobes, interference in the sidelobes can be nulled without collapse of the main beam); good direction of arrival estimates without ambiguity; good resolution for SDMA (space division multiple access); and, good 120 degree sector coverage broadcast beam possible by phase only weighting of the centre 0.5 wavelength spaced apart four elements
- the antenna array 230, 240 connects to a bank of digital transceiver equipments 232.
- the subsequent multi channel coherent data from each antenna element is processed by digital signal processing such as to apply phase and amplitude weightings to the array elements. These weightings can be calculated to apply beam patterns in the direction of wanted signals whist providing pattern nulls in the directions of interference signals. In this way signal to interference plus noise ratio is maximised.
- weightings are computed that provide optimum ration combining of the signals from each antenna.
- direction of arrival estimates are computed from the complete eight element array.
- the irregular nature of the array provides for good angle estimation and good adaptive nulling of interference without problems from grating lobes.
- the wide aperture provides for good resolution and good spatial diversity.
- the centre four elements of closely spaced elements (of the order of 0.5 lamda) are employed on transmit to provide a good 120 degree sector coverage beam for broadcast traffic.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
- Radio Transmission System (AREA)
- Details Of Aerials (AREA)
- Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0127415 | 2001-11-15 | ||
GB0127415A GB2382229A (en) | 2001-11-15 | 2001-11-15 | Adaptive antenna array with improved spatial diversity |
PCT/EP2002/012281 WO2003043123A1 (en) | 2001-11-15 | 2002-10-31 | A cellular radio adaptive antenna array |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1444752A1 true EP1444752A1 (en) | 2004-08-11 |
EP1444752B1 EP1444752B1 (en) | 2005-03-02 |
Family
ID=9925820
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02802987A Expired - Lifetime EP1444752B1 (en) | 2001-11-15 | 2002-10-31 | A cellular radio adaptive antenna array |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1444752B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE290254T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60203136T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2238637T3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2382229A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003043123A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009140998A1 (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2009-11-26 | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ) | A method for obtaining an array antenna |
KR102232075B1 (en) | 2018-06-27 | 2021-03-25 | 주식회사 비트센싱 | Radar and antenna built in radar |
WO2020004942A1 (en) * | 2018-06-27 | 2020-01-02 | 주식회사 비트센싱 | Radar device and antenna device used for radar device |
US11579287B2 (en) * | 2019-01-23 | 2023-02-14 | The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Millimeter-wave radar for unmanned aerial vehicle swarming, tracking, and collision avoidance |
CN114361769A (en) * | 2022-01-04 | 2022-04-15 | 上海航天电子通讯设备研究所 | Array antenna with non-periodic arrangement |
US11774546B1 (en) * | 2023-05-12 | 2023-10-03 | Hubble Network Inc. | Antenna arrays for position determination |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4500883A (en) * | 1983-03-07 | 1985-02-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Adaptive multiple interference tracking and cancelling antenna |
GB9514659D0 (en) * | 1995-07-18 | 1995-09-13 | Northern Telecom Ltd | An antenna downlink beamsteering arrangement |
CA2255886C (en) * | 1997-06-02 | 2001-03-06 | Ntt Mobile Communications Network Inc. | Adaptive array antenna |
EP1367670B1 (en) * | 1998-07-13 | 2006-09-06 | NTT Mobile Communications Network Inc. | Calibration for an adaptive array antenna |
US6304214B1 (en) * | 1999-05-07 | 2001-10-16 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Antenna array system having coherent and noncoherent reception characteristics |
US6823174B1 (en) * | 1999-10-11 | 2004-11-23 | Ditrans Ip, Inc. | Digital modular adaptive antenna and method |
US6323823B1 (en) * | 2000-07-17 | 2001-11-27 | Metawave Communications Corporation | Base station clustered adaptive antenna array |
-
2001
- 2001-11-15 GB GB0127415A patent/GB2382229A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-10-31 EP EP02802987A patent/EP1444752B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-31 WO PCT/EP2002/012281 patent/WO2003043123A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-10-31 DE DE60203136T patent/DE60203136T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-31 AT AT02802987T patent/ATE290254T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-10-31 ES ES02802987T patent/ES2238637T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO03043123A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE60203136T2 (en) | 2005-07-21 |
WO2003043123A1 (en) | 2003-05-22 |
GB0127415D0 (en) | 2002-01-09 |
GB2382229A (en) | 2003-05-21 |
ATE290254T1 (en) | 2005-03-15 |
EP1444752B1 (en) | 2005-03-02 |
DE60203136D1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
ES2238637T3 (en) | 2005-09-01 |
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