EP1444266A1 - Use of abalone processing waste - Google Patents
Use of abalone processing wasteInfo
- Publication number
- EP1444266A1 EP1444266A1 EP02726020A EP02726020A EP1444266A1 EP 1444266 A1 EP1444266 A1 EP 1444266A1 EP 02726020 A EP02726020 A EP 02726020A EP 02726020 A EP02726020 A EP 02726020A EP 1444266 A1 EP1444266 A1 EP 1444266A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- abalone
- collagen
- blood
- haliotis
- lip
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
- A23J1/001—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from waste materials, e.g. kitchen waste
- A23J1/002—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from waste materials, e.g. kitchen waste from animal waste materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
- A23J1/04—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from fish or other sea animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
- A23J1/06—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from blood
Definitions
- the present invention is concerned with the use of waste from the processing of abalone as a source for natural products, particularly proteins.
- Oceanic organisms are of enormous scientific interest, for two major reasons. First, they constitute a major share of the Earth's biological resources. Second, marine organisms often possess unique structures, metabolic pathways, reproductive systems, and sensory and defense mechanisms because they are adapted to extreme environments ranging from the cold polar seas at -20°C to the great pressures of the ocean floor.
- Bioprocessing enables the translation of research discoveries into commercial products with unique and highly desirable characteristics and offers new production opportunities for a wide range of items:
- Bioprocessing offers a level of specificity, predictability and productivity that otherwise would not exist in the manufacture of these products. Moreover, when the raw material contains certain molecules with complex structures, bioprocessing enables the isolation of products that cannot be made by any other means. Combined, these capabilities provide for new process designs that are cost effective, energy efficient, and product specific . Thus bioprocessing requires an understanding of the biological system employed (such as the marine organism) , isolation and purification of a product, and translation of the product into a stable, efficacious, and convenient form.
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow)
- BSE BSE
- beef products are collagen and gelatin, the spongy substances derived from beef skin or bones, used as an additive in foods, as a cosmetic ingredient and in medical applications.
- the variety of drugs derived from cattle parts is diverse and includes : • Growth hormones from the cattle pituitary glands
- Thromboplastin a blood coagulant used in surgery, from the brain • Drugs for the treatment of stomach ulcers
- Spongiform encephalopathies occur also in land animals other than cattle.
- TAE Transmissible mink encephalopathy
- C D Chronic wasting disease
- Spongiform encephalopathy About 55 cases of Spongiform encephalopathy have been diagnosed in domestic cats in the United Kingdom since 1990. It is possible that these originated from BSE-contaminated meat meal incorporated in commercial cat food. In early 1992, spongiform encephalopathy was diagnosed in an adult cheetah in a zoological park in Western Australia. The animal had shown characteristic signs of a slowly progressive neurological disease.
- Abalone are marine snails belonging to the class Gastropoda of the phylum Mollusca and assigned to the family Haliotidae and genus Haliotis. Molluscs form the second largest phylum in the world, and there are over 100 species in the genus, Haliotis of which 10% are commercially important. Abalone are slow-growing herbivores which move by means of a broad muscular foot. In Australia abalone are usually named for the colour of the foot, thus Haliotis ruber is called 'black-lip', Haliotis conicopora is called *brown-lip' and Haliotis la ⁇ vigata is *green-lip' . The abalone is one of the most primitive gastropods in form and structure (Cox 1960) .
- abalone In temperate and cool regions abalone are found on rocky reefs around headlands or offshore, to the depth limit of marine plants (approximately 80 to 100 m) . In the southern parts of Australia the abalone survives well on untouched natural reef . Adult abalone feed on seaweed .
- H. ruber black-lip abalone or red-ear shell
- H. ruber black-lip abalone or red-ear shell
- Individuals are usually 12 to 14 cm in length but some grow to 20 cm.
- Black-lip abalone are generally found in 1 to 10 metres of seawater.
- Large animals will generally produce 500 grams of edible meat (Harrison 1969) .
- This species are found on the southern and eastern coasts of the Australian mainland and Kenya. In Kenya the black-lip constitutes 90% of the annual catch and is found from tidal areas to depths in excess of 30 metres on all coasts south of about 41 degrees south.
- the abalone waste items may be their gonads, oseophagus, stomach, anus, mouth tissue, gills, gut, shell, head, frills, blood or meat or muscle tissue pieces, and the term "process waste" is intended to encompass all of these.
- Abalone muscle tissue which is the portion usually consumed, is also a source of such products.
- Intact muscle may be processed, for example, to isolate collagen and/or gelatin, but fragments of meat or muscle also occur as waste (eg when the abalone breaks up during processing) and are proposed to be used in the present invention in view of the very high market value of intact muscle.
- the species used are the green-lip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) , the brown-lip abalone (Haliotis conicopora) , Roe's abalone (Haliotis roei ) and the black-lip abalone (Haliotis ruber) , most preferably the black-lip.
- Green-lip abalone Haliotis laevigata
- the brown-lip abalone Haliotis conicopora
- Roe's abalone Haliotis roei
- the black-lip abalone Haliotis ruber
- the protein products from abalone process waste may be used as a substitute for existing products isolated from land animals, such as collagen and gelatin, or maybe novel proteins. Indeed, the substitutes for existing proteinaceous products may be different in structure from the corresponding product isolated from a land animal.
- the abalone may be any of the one hundred or so species in the genus Haliotis, but is conveniently one of the commercial species, and the waste from processing the muscular foot for use as food is utilised.
- the protein products are haemocyanin from abalone blood and collagen and/or gelatin from waste or intact muscle tissue.
- Abalone collagen has unique properties, as discussed in International Application No. PCT/AU01/00708 entitled "Process for Obtaining Native Collagen", the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, and is likely to be useful as a substitute for collagen-based products derived from land animals such as cattle.
- Gelatin products may also be derived from abalone collagen by heating abalone collagen. Isolated collagen may be boiled, but heating to temperatures as low as 40°C can effect degradation of the collagen chains to gelatin.
- the collagen isolated from abalone is Type I collagen, and may be isolated by the process described in the International Patent Application No. PCT/AU01/00708.
- Gelatin may also be prepared without first isolating abalone collagen, as described in the above-mentioned co-pending patent application.
- the protein may also be haemocyanin (He), and this is a novel protein.
- He haemocyanin
- the protein is described in International Patent Application No. PCT/AU01/00710 entitled “Novel Haemocyanin", in which the process of isolation from abalone blood is also described, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
- novel proteins and replacements for existing land animal proteins may be isolated from other waste material such as the frill, mouth tissue and gills, and there is an expectation that novel amino acids and polysaccharides may also be derived from these sources .
- Abalone gut and gonads may be a source of enzymes, proteins and lipids, and the abalone shell is a source of novel proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and proteoglycans .
- Fig 1 is a chromatogram showing separation of He from East Coast Abalone on Phenyl HIC;
- Fig 2 is the absorbance spectrum of East Coast
- Fig 3 is a chromatogram showing separation on Phenyl HIC for batch 1 in Example 3;
- Fig 4 is a chromatogram showing separation on Phenyl HIC for batch 2 in Example 3;
- Fig 5 is an SDS-PAGE gel of the diafiltration retentates of batches 1 and 2 of Example 3 and resuspensions of batches 1 and 2 of Example 6 in which the lanes are as follows: Lane 1 - molecular weight marker
- Fig 6 is a chromatogram showing chromatographic separation of He on Phenyl HIC after freezing and then thawing
- Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of the abalone muscle showing
- FIG. 8 is an SDS-PAGE gel of the various native abalone collagen fibrils (Parts A, B, C, D, D* and E) ; which are located in the following lanes:
- Figures 9A and 9B are SDS-PAGE gels showing abalone collagen and calf skin collagen in which Figure 9A has the following lanes:
- Figure 9B has the following lanes: Lane 1 - molecular weight standard 2 - calf skin collagen
- Figure 10 is an SDS-PAGE gel of abalone gelatin in which lane 1 is a molecular weight standard, lane 2 is the gelatin and lane 3 is collagen 1 st extract.
- Haemocyanin is the blue, copper-containing respiratory protein of many molluscs and arthropods. Haemocyanins are always found freely dissolved in the blood (or hemolymph) .
- the molluscan haemocyanins have an entirely different structure and arrangement of subunits compared to arthropod haemocyanins. Aerobic metabolism of abalone is supported by gas exchange through gills found in the respiratory cavity.
- the blood pumped through the gills, via a low-pressure open circulatory system contains haemocyanin which transports oxygen to respiratory tissues. In open systems blood flows from arteries into the tissue spaces and finally into venous sinuses before being collected in veins and returned to the heart .
- Oxygenated blood ranges from pale to strong blue depending on the degree on oxygenation, haemocyanin concentration and species of animal. Dimeric copper pairs in the haemocyanin provide reversible sites for the binding of one oxygen molecule. Haemocyanin is also a source of copper that may lead to inorganic and organic blueing reactions in abalone food processing.
- Haemocyanins are arranged into multi-subunit proteins which carry as few as six or as many as several hundred oxygen molecules.
- Molluscan haemocyanins are extremely large macromolecules having molecular masses of around 4 million dalton (Da) .
- Molluscan haemocyanins have subunits containing seven or eight oxygen binding functional units. Each globular functional unit is of about 50 kDa and they are arranged like a string of beads. Ten such subunits assemble to form cylindrical decameric whole molecules and in gastropods multiples of two or more decamers may be found.
- the wall of the decamer has sixty oxygen binding units, and the remaining units form the so-called collar which lies in the centre of the cylinder and, in the case of gastropod haemocyanin, offset to one end.
- the association of haemocyanin subunits requires divalent cations, either Mg 2+ or Ca 2+ , as well as competent monomers (Mangum, 1983) .
- the copper content of molluscan haemocyanins averages around 0.25%, corresponding to 1 gram atom per 25000 daltons of protein.
- Haemocyanins are potent immunogens which induce the synthesis of large amounts of specific antibodies.
- the He may exist in associated or dissociated forms (Bartell and Campbell, 1959) .
- various preparations may contain a number of other immunologically distinct proteins.
- the hemolymph of the crab may contain at least 5 distinct proteins as well as two electrophoretically distinct He (Horn and Kerr, 1969) .
- abalone are cut at least 12% of the time when pried off a rock. Since abalone have no blood clotting agent they will usually bleed to death.
- Step 1 Abalone Fishing, Storage and Transport Black-lip abalone (Haliotis ruber) were fished from Storm Bay on the east coast of Agriculture. These animals were shipped to Brisbane, Queensland without tank storage at the process plant in Georgia.
- the live animals On arrival, the live animals were transferred to a live holding tank. It measures 1430 mm long X 430 mm wide X 450 mm high, giving a volume of approximately 280 litres.
- a pump circulates the water through a filter and aeration system while a refrigeration unit controls the water temperature at 10°C.
- the tank is sited in a separate room for quarantine purposes and is protected from fluctuations in the external environment.
- the status and movements of the animals were closely monitored and feeding of seafood pellets was conducted once a week.
- the abalone have been kept in the live holding tank for over two months with zero mortality. Water filtration is quite efficient and so the tank requires little cleaning.
- Step 3 Shucking and Method of Blood Collection
- Each animal was washed under cold running water to remove slime and sand.
- the animal was turned upside down and shucked by sliding a broad spatula under the foot at the flat region of the shell until the attachment of the foot to the shell was cut. Care was taken not to rupture any internal organs .
- the spatula was then run gently around the inside edge of the shell to detach the internal organs .
- the whole animal was then able to be tipped out of the shell.
- the guts and other organs were carefully separated from the foot using a scalpel. Care was taken not to rupture any internal organs so as to prevent possible contamination of the blood. The internal organs were further dissected, bagged separately and stored at -20°C for other protein extraction. The mouth area was cut away from the front of the foot with a scalpel, bagged and stored at -20°C.
- the foot was rinsed with water and weighed. Several deep incisions were made in the front area of the foot with a scalpel and the foot suspended over a strainer to allow the blood to drain to a collection vessel. Care was taken to avoid bacterial contamination. This was done at 4°C with an initial collection after 1 hour and a further collection after 6 hours.
- the foot was either processed immediately or stored at -20°C for the extraction of collagen by the process described in Examples 6 to 9.
- the equilibration buffer contained 50mM potassium phosphate, 1M NaCl, lmM MgCl 2 , ImM CaCl 2 , at pH 6.0.
- the elution buffer contained 50mM potassium phosphate, ImM MgCl 2 # Im CaCl 2 # at pH 6.0.
- the cleaning in place solution was 0.5M NaOH.
- Step elution was with 100% elution buffer for 4 column volumes .
- the cleaning in place fractions were pooled and extensively dialysed against de-ionised water to remove traces of sodium hydroxide.
- Protein concentrations of the chromatography fractions were carried out using absorbance measurements at 340 nm.
- a Biorad Smart Spec 3000 spectrophotometer was used with a quartz UV grade cuvette.
- Step 1 Abalone Fishing, Storage and Transport A single green-lip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) was fished from King Island in Bass Strait and tanked at the process plant for 2 days. The time in the crate (from catch to tank storage) was around 8 hours. The maximum time out of water was 14-15 hours. The animal was air-freighted in April 2001 from
- Step 3 Shucking and Method of Blood Collection This is described in Example 1.
- the equilibration buffer contained 50mM potassium phosphate, 3M NaCl, ImM MgCl 2 , ImM CaCl 2 , at pH 7.0.
- the elution buffer contained 50mM potassium phosphate, ImM MgCl 2 , ImM CaCl 2 , at pH 7.0.
- the cleaning in place solution was 0.5M NaOH.
- the load sample was prepared immediately prior to the chromatography on the Biologic LP. 2. 2 ml of 6M NaCl was slowly added to 2 ml of centrifuged blood supernatant with constant mixing.
- Step elution was with 100% elution buffer for 5 column volumes . 6. Elution fractions were collected (4 ml per tube) .
- Protein concentrations of the chromatography fractions were carried out using absorbance measurements at 340 nm as described in Example 1.
- the percentage bound is calculated as 100 X (He elution + He CIP) / (He flow through + He elution + He CIP) .
- This table indicates good binding of green lip abalone haemocyanin to the resin under the conditions tested.
- the He purification for the green-lip abalone was similar to the east coast animals, with a similar % binding as seen in Table 5.
- the He purification process was scaled up to a development stage. Two litres of abalone blood was processed using a one litre column of Phenyl HIC resin.
- Black-lip abalone (Haliotis ruber) were fished from Storm Bay (April 2001) on the east coast of Kenya. These animals were shipped directly to the abalone process plant in Kenya and shucked immediately. A total of 140 abalone (weighing around 90 kg) produced around 4.5 litres of blood. This blood was collected as aseptically as possible in 1000 ml sterile containers. The blood was air-freighted to Brisbane in an esky and kept at 4°C. Upon arrival, the blood was immediately centrifuged at 12000 X g for 10 minutes at 4°C and the pooled supernatant aliquoted into sterile 500 ml containers. 2.3 litres were retained for purification of He and the remainder stored at -20°C for validation of long-term storage.
- the elution buffer contained 50mM potassium phosphate, ImM MgCl 2 , ImM CaCl 2 , at pH 7.0.
- the cleaning in place solution was 0.5M NaOH.
- the load sample was prepared immediately prior to the chromatography.
- Chroma tography 1 The resin was equilibrated with at least 5 column volumes of equilibration buffer until a pH between 6.9 and 7.1 is reached.
- Step elution was with 100% elution buffer for at least 5 column volumes until the absorbance of the fractions reached baseline.
- Protein concentrations of the chromatography fractions were carried out using absorbance measurements at 340nm as described in Example 1.
- the molecular weight and purity of abalone haemocyanin was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) .
- SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- a 4-20% Gradipore iGel precast Tris glycine gel was used.
- SDS-PAGE was performed according to the method of Laemmli (1970) .
- the haemocyanin standard was initially diluted
- the samples were then placed into a boiling water bath for 3 minutes then allowed to cool.
- the gel was assembled in a Biorad Mini-Protean 3 electrophoresis cell.
- the inner chamber was filled with SDS glycine running buffer and the samples loaded with an autopipettor and standard yellow tips.
- the total protein load per well was 2 ⁇ g.
- a molecular weight marker Biorad broad range prestained marker
- the outer chamber was filled with running buffer to the level of the wells.
- the running conditions were 150V constant voltage over 60 minutes with an approximate start current of 50 mA.
- the gel was then removed from the casing and rinsed with water for around 30 seconds. The gel was stained with around 50 ml of
- Permanent storage of gels was achieved by drying between cellophane sheets.
- the destained gels were soaked in a drying solution of 20% methanol and 2% glycerol with gentle shaking for 15 minutes.
- Two cellophane sheets per gel were wetted in the drying solution for around 30 seconds.
- the trimmed gel was clamped between the cellophane sheets in a drying frame and left to stand in an open container at room temperature for 2 days . The gel was then pressed for a number of days prior to display.
- a Millipore Prep Scale TFF cartridge was used for the initial concentration and diafiltration steps.
- a Vivascience Vivaflow 50 TFF cartridge was used for the final concentration step.
- the diafiltration buffer contained 83mM sodium phosphate, 150mM NaCl at pH 7.2.
- the pooled elution was concentrated from 3.6 litres down to approximately 400 ml using the Prep Scale TFF cartridge with a cross-flow rate of 1200 ml/min. 2. This was followed by 5 x volume diafiltration using Prep Scale TFF cartridge. The cartridge was drained and rinsed to retentate.
- the protein concentrations of retentate and permeate were checked. 4. The retentate was concentrated to approximately 50 mg/ml using the Vivaflow 50 cartridge. The cartridge was drained and rinsed to retentate. 5. The protein concentrations of retentate and permeate were rechecked.
- the retentate was sterile filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ m filter capsule into sterile container. The protein concentrations of retentate and permeate were checked. The filter was rinsed through with diafiltration buffer to give the required final volume for a He concentration of 30 mg/ml.
- the percentage yield is calculated as 100 X (He elution) / (He flow through + He elution + He CIP) . This table indicates good binding of He to the resin.
- Step 2 Live Holding Tank This is described in Example 1.
- Step 3 Shucking and Method of Blood Collection This is described in Example 1.
- a 5 ml Phenyl HIC column was run on a Biologic LP at a flowrate of 1.5 ml/min.
- the equilibration buffer contained 50mM potassium phosphate, 3M NaCl, ImM MgCl 2 , ImM CaCl 2 , at pH 7.0.
- the elution buffer contained 50mM potassium phosphate, ImM MgCl 2 , ImM CaCl 2 , at pH 7.0.
- the cleaning in place solution was 0.5M NaOH.
- the load sample was prepared immediately prior to the chromatography. 2. An aliquot of centrifuged blood supernatant was taken.
- Step elution was with 100% elution buffer for 4 column volumes.
- Protein concentrations of the chromatography fractions were carried out using absorbance measurements at 340 nm as described in Example 1.
- the percentage bound is calculated as 100 X (He elution + He CIP) / (He flow through + He elution + He CIP) .
- freeze dried samples were resuspended in de-ionised water to their original concentrations and analysed by BCA protein assay (as described in Example 1) and SDS-PAGE.
- Example 6 The freeze dried product showed a single band at 250 kDa in gel electrophoresis, and a purity of 99% ( Figure 5) . Unless otherwise stated, all steps in Examples 6 to 10 were carried out at 4° C or on ice. All solvents and water used were pre-chilled at 4°C. This minimizes bacterial growth, enhances the solubility of native collagen, and ensures the retention of native conformation on the part of the solubilised collagen.
- the abalone foot is covered by skin where the mucus-secreting glands are located.
- the skin also contains cells that give colour.
- the colour varies with species type.
- the black-lip has black pigmentation.
- abalone food processors have difficulty in the removal of pigment from abalone foot without breaking the meat up.
- the process used in the abalone food industry involves the forcing of a jet of warm water through a rumbler containing the abalone in order to remove the pigment, however this process is likely to convert collagen to gelatin thereby softening the meat and breaking it into pieces. This also changes the texture of the meat.
- a collagen molecule is transformed into gelatin by heat denaturation above body temperature.
- the native collagen product described above be white, with absence of any black pigment.
- a process to remove the pigmentation without any thermal denaturation to the collagen is described in detail below, by way of example only.
- Step 1 Abalone Fishing, Storage and Transport .
- Black-lip abalone (Haliotis ruber) was fished from Port Davey on the west coast of Kenya. The abalone were air-freighted in March 2001 from Georgia to Brisbane, Queensland. The abalone were transported from Jamaica to Queensland as a dry consignment. The abalone were placed in sealed, oxygen filled bags with wet foam to keep the humidity high. The animals were held vertically in a head down position by attachment to waxed cardboard sheets. This allows waste products to flow away from the animal. At all times during transport the animals were kept in an insulated container to maintain a constant temperature of 4°C.
- the guts and other organs were carefully separated from the foot using a scalpel. Care was taken not to rupture any internal organs so as to avoid contamination of the foot tissue. The internal organs were further dissected, bagged separately and stored at -20°C for other protein extraction. The mouth area was cut away from the front of the foot with a scalpel, bagged and stored at -20°C. The foot was rinsed with water and weighed.
- Step 3 The weight of the abalone muscle tissue was measured and found to be 100 gms.
- Step 4 The tissue was soaked in 0.2M acetic acid overnight with slight agitation. Step 5. The tissue was washed under running cold tap water which removed the pigmentation from the outer areas of the epipodoium, the hard part of the foot (pedal sole) and the upper part of the adductor (columellar) muscle
- the presence, quantity and quality of collagen from the different parts of the abalone muscle were determined.
- the abalone muscle was divided into foot (pedal sole) , the dorsal surface of foot (epipodium) , and adductor (columellar) muscle (see Figure 10) .
- the foot and adductor muscle were further separated into soft and hard parts, and upper and middle parts, respectively.
- Step 2 The tissue was further cut into smaller pieces using a scalpel.
- Step 3 0.5 M acetic acid solution (pH 3.0) was added to the tissue.
- Part A 50 ml
- Part D 200 ml
- Part E 200 ml
- Step 4 The individual suspensions (part A, B, C, and E) were stirred overnight.
- Part D was not stirred and allowed to stand overnight.
- the supernatant (D*) was retained for analysis to determine if collagen was extracted without any agitation to the tissue.
- a further 200 ml of 0.5 M acetic acid was added to the remaining part D tissue.
- Step 5 The suspensions were homogenised using a hand held blender.
- Step 6 The pH of the slurry was adjusted to 3.5 with a small volume of 1.0 N HCl .
- Step 7 The slurry was stirred overnight to extract collagen fibrils.
- Step 8 The stirrer was turned off and the solids were permitted to settle out. Step 9.
- the solution was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm, for 20 minutes to remove tissue particulates.
- Step 10 In order to precipitate the native collagen fibrils the supernatant was brought to 0.3M sodium chloride by gradually adding solid sodium chloride to the supernatant with constant stirring. Visible white collagen fibrils precipitated within 2 minutes.
- Step 11 The solution was allowed to stir overnight to further extract the native collagen fibrils.
- Step 12 The solution had a high viscosity indicating the presence of collagen.
- Step 13 The native collagen fibrils were collected by centrifugation at 5,000 rpm at 4° C for 30 minutes.
- Step 14 The native collagen fibrils from parts A, B, C, D, D* and E were each dissolved in a minimum quantity of de-ionised water.
- Step 15 The native collagen fibrils were extensively dialysed against de-ionised water to remove any salt.
- Step 16 The native collagen fibrils from parts A, B, C, D, D*, and E were transferred into separate freeze drying bottles and frozen in liquid nitrogen.
- Step 17 The samples were freeze dried for approximately
- Pierce BCA assay This method is based on the reduction in alkaline conditions of Cu 2+ to Cu 1+ by protein (biuret reaction) and the colourimetric detection of Cu 1+ using bicinchoninic acid (BCA) .
- An appropriate amount of working reagent was prepared by the mixture of 50 parts of reagent A and 1 part of reagent B. For each sample, 2 ml of working reagent was aliquoted into Johns 5 ml polystyrene tubes .
- C, D, D* and E) and calf skin collagen (Sigma Chemicals) were resuspended with de-ionised water to a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Then 0.1 ml of each sample was added to a tube and mixed by gentle inversion. A blank was prepared using 0.1 ml de-ionised water. The tubes were placed in a preheated water bath at 37°C for 30 minutes, then allowed to cool on the bench for 10 minutes.
- a standard curve was prepared by diluting a stock solution of BSA to a range of concentrations from 25-2000 ⁇ g/ml and assaying as described above.
- the samples were read on a Biorad Smart Spec 3000 spectrophotometer using the inbuilt BCA protein assay function. This allows the storage of standard curves and automatic calculation of sample concentration. Disposable UV grade PMMA cuvettes were used for absorbance measurement at 562 nm.
- the samples were then placed into a boiling water bath for 3 minutes, then allowed to cool.
- the gel was assembled in a Biorad Mini-Protean 3 electrophoresis cell.
- the inner chamber was filled with SDS glycine running buffer and the samples loaded with an autopipettor and standard yellow tips.
- the total protein load per well was 2 ⁇ g.
- a molecular weight marker (Biorad broad range prestained marker) was run with each gel.
- the outer chamber was filled with running buffer to the level of the wells.
- the running conditions were 150V constant voltage over 60 minutes with an approximate start current of 50 mA.
- the gel was then removed from the casing and rinsed with water for around 30 seconds.
- the gel was stained with around 50 ml of Gradipore Gradipure stain (based on colloidal G-250 Coomassie blue) overnight with gentle shaking.
- the gel was destained with frequent changes of water. Bands were generally visible after 5 minutes with about a day required for complete destaining.
- Table 12 shows the total Weight of Freeze Dried Native Abalone Collagen Fibrils (Parts A, B, C, D, D* and E) and Their Appearance.
- Table 13 shows Native Abalone Collagen Fibril Extraction Yield.
- Table 14 shows Protein Content of Native Abalone Collagen Fibrils (Part A, B, C, D, D* and E) .
- Table 15 shows the Solubility of Native Abalone Collagen Fibrils (Parts A, B, C, D, D* and E)
- a large amount of collagen could be extracted from the different parts of the abalone tissue when treated with 0.5 M acetic acid.
- the collagen fibrils in a tissue are treated with 0.5 M acetic acid at pH 3.5 the hydrolysis of unstable cross-links releases into solution ⁇ acid-soluble' native collagen.
- abalone contains large amounts of collagen in the muscle, which vary depending on muscle parts.
- parts A, B, C, D* and E When examined by SDS-PAGE ( Figure 8) parts A, B, C, D* and E contained two major bands at 123.9 kD and 110.6 kD. These bands could be the ⁇ l and ⁇ 2 chains. Part D had just one single broad band at 105 kD. The molecular weight of native abalone collagen was significantly different from calf skin collagen which showed two main bands at 204 kD and at 138.5 kD.
- abalone native collagen is Type 1
- a pump circulates the water through a filter and aeration system while a refrigeration unit controls the water temperature at 10°C.
- the tank is sited in a separate room for quarantine purposes and is protected from fluctuations in the external environment.
- the status and movements of the animals were closely monitored and feeding of seafood pellets was conducted once a week.
- Abalone have been kept in the live holding tank for over a month with zero mortality. Water filtration is quite efficient and so the tank requires little cleaning. Step 3.
- One abalone was removed from the tank after one day of storage.
- Step 5 Shucking and Method of Tissue Preparation. The method is as described above for Example 6.
- Step 6 The weight of the abalone muscle tissue was measured (146 gm) .
- Step 7 The pigmentation from the foot area and adductor area was removed as described in Example 6.
- Step 8 The muscle tissue was re-weighed (127 gm) .
- Step 9 The whole muscle tissue was cut into smaller pieces using a scalpel.
- Step 10 1000 ml of 0.5 M acetic acid solution (pH 3.0) was added to the tissue.
- Step 11 The mixture was stirred for 2 hours.
- Step 12 The mixture was further homogenised using a hand held blender.
- Step 13 The pH of the slurry was adjusted to 3.5 with a small volume of 1.0 N HC1.
- Step 14 The slurry swelled and therefore another 500 ml of 0.5 M acetic acid solution (pH 3.0) was added.
- Step 15 The slurry was stirred overnight to extract native collagen fibrils. Step 16. The mixture was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm, for 20 minutes to remove tissue particulates. The pelleted tissue was retained for further extraction.
- Step 17 In order to precipitate the native collagen fibrils the supernatant was brought to 0.3M sodium chloride by gradually adding solid sodium chloride to the supernatant with constant stirring. Visible white collagen fibrils precipitated within 2 minutes.
- Step 18 The mixture was allowed to stir overnight to further extract native collagen fibrils.
- Step 19 The solution had a high viscosity indicating the presence of collagen.
- Step 20 The native collagen fibrils were collected by centrifuging at 5,000 rpm at 4° C for 30 minutes.
- Step 21 Solid sodium chloride was added to 1250 ml of supernatant (2 nd extraction) to give a final concentration of 0.3 M.
- Step 23 The solution was clear and not viscous.
- Step 24 The solution was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm to pelletise the native collagen fibrils. Very little pellet was present in the second extraction.
- Step 25 The collagen pellets obtained from Step 20 and Step 24 were pooled.
- Step 26 The native collagen fibrils were dissolved in a minimum quantity of de-ionised water.
- Step 27 The native collagen fibrils were extensively dialysed against de-ionised water to remove salt.
- Step 28 The native collagen fibrils were then dialysed against 0.1 M acetic acid.
- the dialysis medium was replaced frequently by fresh acid until the pH of the solution inside the dialysis bag reached 3.5.
- Step 29 The native collagen fibrils were transferred into freeze drying bottles and frozen in liquid nitrogen.
- Step 30 The sample was freeze dried for approximately 16 hours .
- Step 31 The freeze dried collagen samples were weighed.
- Step 1 The pellet (110 gm) obtained in Step 16 of Example 8A was re-extracted with 1500 ml of 0.5 M acetic acid.
- Step 2 The mixture was stirred overnight to extract native collagen fibrils.
- Step 3 The mixture was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm, at 4°C for 20 minutes to remove tissue particulates.
- Step 4 Solid sodium chloride was added gradually to the 1480 ml of the supernatant with constant stirring to give a final concentration of 0.3 M.
- Step 5 The solution was allowed to stir overnight to precipitate native collagen fibrils. Step 6. The solution did not have a high viscosity.
- Step 7 The solution was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm at 4° C for 30 minutes.
- Step 8 The native collagen fibrils were dissolved in a minimum quantity of de-ionised water.
- Step 9 The native collagen fibrils were extensively dialysed against de-ionised water to remove salt.
- Step 10 Then the native collagen fibrils were dialysed against 0.1 M acetic acid until the pH of the solution inside the dialysis bag reached pH 3.5.
- Step 11 The collagen sample was transferred into freeze drying bottles, frozen in liquid nitrogen and freeze dried for 16 hours.
- Step 12 The freeze dried collagen samples were weighed.
- the freeze dried abalone collagen samples (1 st and 2 nd extracts) and Sigma Calf Skin collagen were resuspended with de-ionised water to a concentration of 1 mg/ml .
- the molecular weight, purity and type composition of abalone collagen (1 st and 2 nd extracts) and calf skin were evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). 12% (1 st extract) and 8% (2 nd extract) Gradipore iGel precast Tris glycine gels were used. SDS-PAGE was performed according to the method of Laemmli (1970), as described in Example 6.
- de-ionised water was added to 1 mg/ml and swirled.
- the tubes were left on their side for gentle swirling on an orbital shaker, then stood upright and allowed to settle. The clarity of the solution was observed.
- Table 16 shows the Total Weight of Freeze Dried Native Abalone Collagen Fibrils (1 st Extract and 2 nd Extract) and Calf Skin Collagen and Their Appearance.
- Table 17 gives the Protein Content of Freeze Dried Native A Abbaalloonnee CCoollllaaggeenn FFiilbrils (I s Extract and 2 n Extract) and Calf Skin Collagen. Table 17
- Table 18 describes the Solubility of Native Abalone C Coollllaaggeenn Fibrils (1 st and 2 nd extracts) and Calf Skin Collagen
- Table 19 gives the Amino Acid Composition of Native A Abbaalloonnee CCoollllaagen Fibrils (1 st and 2 nd Extracts) and Calf Skin Collagen.
- Examples 8A to 8C show that native acid-soluble collagen fibrils are advantageously extracted with 0.5 M acetic acid and separated by sodium chloride precipitation from the supernatant. Extraction with 0.5 M acetic acid solubilised a large amount of the total collagen in contrast to vertebrate collagens which do not contain any acetic acid soluble collagen. Solubilising 1 kg of calf skin with pepsin only yields 0.025% collagen (Laurain et al 1980) . Most of the collagen was extracted in the first extraction (1 st extract, Table 16) .
- the SDS-PAGE gels exhibited two main bands at 123.9 and 110.6 kD ( Figures 9A & 9B) .
- the ratio of ⁇ l and ⁇ 2 chains of the 1 st and 2 nd extract were similar.
- Individual collagen chains were easily separated on the SDS-PAGE without column purification.
- Most type I collagens are composed of a heterotrimer of two ⁇ l(I) and ⁇ 2 (I) chains which corresponds to the upper and lower chain bands respectively.
- the electrophoresis experiments conducted on calf skin collagen showed a main band at 204 kD ( ⁇ chain) and bands at 138.5 and 132 kD, corresponding to ⁇ l and ⁇ 2 chains respectively (Figure 9A) .
- the imino acids, proline and hydroxyproline are both stabilising factors, so that the melting temperature of collagen from many animals is proportional to the imino acid content (Jose and Harrington, 1964) .
- the amino acid analysis of abalone native collagen fibrils is given in (Table 19) .
- the hydroxyproline content of abalone collagen was low and this could be related to the seasonal catch as the abalone analysed in our work were summer abalone.
- Glycosylation of hydroxylysine is related to extrusion of soluble collagen into the extracellular matrix. Large amounts of hydroxylysine residues may influence the structure of collagen fibrils (Blumenkrantz, et al 1969) .
- Collagen in the abalone meat may be important in energy storage and may have some effect on muscle metabolism before the spawning season, in order to make the gonads grow.
- An extraordinarily large growth of gonad index in abalone in spawning seasons has been reported (Webber 1970), thus abalone need much energy around spawning season.
- If abalone stored energy in muscle, storage of collagen might be reasonably expected because collagen is mainly composed of non-essential amino acids. Synthesis and decomposition of collagen might occur largely around spawning season. In summer such turnover might not be so active.
- Step 2 To the solution was added 0.1 gm of pepsin (Sigma) .
- Step 3 The pH of the solution was adjusted to 2.8 with a small amount of 1 N HCl.
- Step 4 The solution was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours then at 4°C overnight for further extraction.
- Step 5 The tissue was completely solubilised.
- Step 6 The pH of the solution was changed from 2.8 to 6.0 with a small of amount of 1 M sodium hydroxide to stop the enzymatic action of the pepsin.
- Step 7 The solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm at 4°C for 1 hour.
- Step 8 The collagen pellets were dissolved in a minimum quantity of de-ionised water and pooled.
- Step 9 The collagen samples were transferred into freeze drying bottles, frozen in liquid nitrogen and freeze dried for 16 hours.
- Step 10 The freeze dried collagen samples were weighed.
- the molecular weight, purity and type composition of pepsin-solubilised abalone collagen was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) . 8% Gradipore iGel precast Tris glycine gels was used. SDS-PAGE was performed according to the method of Laemmli (1970), as described in Example 10.
- Table 20 shows the Total Weight of Freeze Dried Pepsin- Solubilised Abalone Collagen and Its Appearance.
- pepsin In contrast to the process of the invention, the use of pepsin to solubilise abalone muscle tissue produces a yellow coloured final product. It will not be cost- effective to use this process on an industrial scale as pepsin is an expensive agent and furthermore the final product does not retain the native structure of collagen. The poor solubility of the freeze dried sample could be due to prolonged freeze drying. Solubilisation of pepsin- digested collagen results from hydrolysis of peptide bonds within the telopeptides between the cross-linking sites and the triple helix. Nevertheless, abalone is a hitherto unexpected source of collagen.
- Step 1 The pigment from the abalone tissue was removed as described in Example 6 Steps 4-5.
- Step 2 The tissue (50 gms) was homogenised and to the slurry was added 200 ml 0.5 M acetic acid (pH 3.5) to extract the gelatin. The extraction was carried out in a water bath at 40°C.
- Step 3 The slurry was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 30 minutes, 25°C to remove tissue particles.
- Step 4. The gelatin solution was transferred into a freeze drying bottle, frozen in liquid nitrogen and freeze dried for 16 hours.
- Step 5 The freeze dried gelatin sample was weighed.
- the abalone gelatin sample was analysed as discussed in Example 6. A native abalone collagen sample was also included for comparison.
- Table 22 shows Total Weight of Freeze Dried Abalone Gelatin and Its Appearance
- the abalone gelatin had a molecular weight of 110 kD on SDS-PAGE ( Figure 10) and exhibited good solubility (Table 23).
- gelatin could be prepared from isolated collagen by heating, as would be well understood by the person skilled in the art .
- the invention is useful since the process waste from the processing of abalone for food is used as a source for novel compounds, rather than being treated as a disposal problem.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AUPR573601 | 2001-06-15 | ||
AUPR5736A AUPR573601A0 (en) | 2001-06-15 | 2001-06-15 | Novel process |
PCT/AU2002/000738 WO2002102851A1 (en) | 2001-06-15 | 2002-06-06 | Use of abalone processing waste |
Publications (2)
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EP1444266A1 true EP1444266A1 (en) | 2004-08-11 |
EP1444266A4 EP1444266A4 (en) | 2004-12-08 |
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EP02726020A Withdrawn EP1444266A4 (en) | 2001-06-15 | 2002-06-06 | Use of abalone processing waste |
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EP (1) | EP1444266A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AUPR573601A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002102851A1 (en) |
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AU2003901507A0 (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2003-04-17 | Norika Holdings | Process for isolating a pharmaceutical product |
AU2003902066A0 (en) * | 2003-05-01 | 2003-05-15 | Norika Holdings | Extraction process for a pharmaceutical product |
WO2017124149A1 (en) * | 2016-01-21 | 2017-07-27 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Blacklip abalone (haliotis rubra) extract |
WO2023023772A1 (en) * | 2021-08-26 | 2023-03-02 | Bio Consultancy Pty Ltd | Collagen biomaterial derived from abalone |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2713482A1 (en) * | 1993-12-10 | 1995-06-16 | Camprasse Georges | Injectable implant for the correction of wrinkles and dermal depressions. |
US5853791A (en) * | 1996-08-02 | 1998-12-29 | Protial, Societe Anonyme | Process for the production of a food ingredient constituted essentially of muscular protein fibers |
FR2801314A1 (en) * | 1999-05-19 | 2001-05-25 | Coletica | Product containing deodorized marine collagen, useful e.g. as hemostatic sponge or drug carrier, optionally crosslinked to improve mechanical properties |
WO2002102831A1 (en) * | 2001-06-14 | 2002-12-27 | Queensland Bioprocessing Technology Pty Ltd. | Process for extracting collagen from marine invertebrates |
-
2001
- 2001-06-15 AU AUPR5736A patent/AUPR573601A0/en not_active Abandoned
-
2002
- 2002-06-06 EP EP02726020A patent/EP1444266A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-06-06 WO PCT/AU2002/000738 patent/WO2002102851A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2713482A1 (en) * | 1993-12-10 | 1995-06-16 | Camprasse Georges | Injectable implant for the correction of wrinkles and dermal depressions. |
US5853791A (en) * | 1996-08-02 | 1998-12-29 | Protial, Societe Anonyme | Process for the production of a food ingredient constituted essentially of muscular protein fibers |
FR2801314A1 (en) * | 1999-05-19 | 2001-05-25 | Coletica | Product containing deodorized marine collagen, useful e.g. as hemostatic sponge or drug carrier, optionally crosslinked to improve mechanical properties |
WO2002102831A1 (en) * | 2001-06-14 | 2002-12-27 | Queensland Bioprocessing Technology Pty Ltd. | Process for extracting collagen from marine invertebrates |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
"Abalone"[Online] 5 April 2000 (2000-04-05), XP002296749 Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://www-seafood.ucdavis.edu/pubs/ab alone.htm> [retrieved on 2004-09-16] * |
KELLER H ET AL: "ABALONE (HALIOTIS TUBERCULATA) HEMOCYANIN TYPE 1 (HTH1) ORGANIZATION OF THE = 400KDA SUBUNIT, AND AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF ITS FUNCTIONAL UNITS F,G AND H" EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY, BERLIN, DE, vol. 264, no. 1, August 1999 (1999-08), pages 27-38, XP000952186 ISSN: 0014-2956 * |
See also references of WO02102851A1 * |
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EP1444266A4 (en) | 2004-12-08 |
WO2002102851A1 (en) | 2002-12-27 |
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