EP1428294B1 - Reactive coupling antenna comprising two radiating elements - Google Patents

Reactive coupling antenna comprising two radiating elements Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1428294B1
EP1428294B1 EP02784863A EP02784863A EP1428294B1 EP 1428294 B1 EP1428294 B1 EP 1428294B1 EP 02784863 A EP02784863 A EP 02784863A EP 02784863 A EP02784863 A EP 02784863A EP 1428294 B1 EP1428294 B1 EP 1428294B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
antenna
antennas
port
branches
radiating elements
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1428294A1 (en
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Patrice Brachat
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Orange SA
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France Telecom SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0414—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna in a stacked or folded configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support

Definitions

  • the invention relates to printed antennas with a small footprint, in particular printed elementary antennas in plated technology for reception and / or transmission networks, for example for boarding purposes in a machine.
  • Future satellite multimedia services will require simultaneous access to multiple services and multiple satellites, which requires detachable and forward-looking reception antennas incorporating intelligence.
  • Current parabolic ground technologies and mechanical solutions will quickly be limiting for mass access to these services for reasons of space and aesthetics.
  • the problem of losses generated in dielectric substrates or on the conductive circuits is particularly crucial at reception because of the reduced noise temperature and a critical G / T ratio.
  • This antenna comprises a plurality of planar-shaped radiating elements substantially superimposed and fed by a supply network through an opening in a ground plane.
  • a first technology consists in the use of orthogonal modes on an asymmetrical patch. This solution makes it possible to have two separate accesses for each band but it locks the bipolarization operation (one has only one polarization per frequency).
  • a second technology consists in the use of multiple patches: different patches functioning as resonators at different frequencies and can be stacked in height or distributed on the surface.
  • the latter solution is very restrictive in terms of congestion when it comes to integrate the element in a network.
  • a third technology is the use of small patches or patches responsively charged.
  • the load can be constituted by stubs (feedback) in line loaded by microstrips or coaxials, by "pions" vertical short-circuits or by the incorporation of slots, openings or notches on the patches themselves. same.
  • the solution of the document [2] presents two levels of patches: a first level for the high band powered by coupling slot, which rejects the feed lines behind a ground plane.
  • a second level patch is used by the low band with a large base element that has been perforated so as to "pass" the radiation of the lower patches.
  • This higher level is powered by a proximity coupling, which offers the advantage of being able to decouple the circuits power supply connected to the two frequency bands (transmit / receive) on two different surfaces thus offering a natural isolation between the circuits.
  • this solution is practically feasible only for band ratios higher than 4: 1, and not for applications targeting for example a band ratio of the order of 1.25: 1 at 2: 1.
  • small plates are adopted for a first band and a large plate for a second band.
  • the small plates are coupled with two feed lines and two slots, and the large plate is coupled with two other feed lines, which are placed in the direct vicinity of this wide plate.
  • the large plate has an area of about 32 times the area of each of the small plates.
  • Such an antenna is according to the invention defined by claim 1.
  • the two operating bands due respectively to the first and second excitation arrangements are clearly distinguishable from each other although they are close, because at least the coupling with the arrangement comprising the slot is a double coupling.
  • Figures 1 to 3 a unit antenna according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • This unit antenna consists of four substrate layers 10, 20, 30 and 40, insulating between them five metallization layers 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45.
  • the increasing direction of these numberings corresponds to a direction of travel going from bottom to top on the vertical section of the figure 1 .
  • the metallization layers comprise two layers 5 and 45 arranged respectively on the lower face and on the upper face of the the antenna, and three layers 15, 25 and 35 which are each disposed between two substrate layers.
  • Two metallizations 25 and 45 each form a radiating element, and the other three metallizations 5, 15 and 35 form part of two reactive coupling arrangements, ie of excitation of the radiating elements 25 and 45.
  • the radiating elements may themselves incorporate various openings, that they may be etched on layers provided or not with a uniplanar mass plane 25bis, 45bis (cf. fig.2b and 2c ).
  • the radiating element 25, 45 is isolated by a slot which follows its contour (cf. 2C ).
  • a first of these two reactive coupling arrangements includes the lower metallization 5 and the immediately higher metallization 15.
  • the lower metallization 5 forms two feed lines 6 and 7, which here are microstrips, which could be triplicates. These supply lines 6 and 7 are fed at a first frequency, which is a low frequency.
  • the immediately higher metallization 15 is a perforated mass plane of two coupling slots 16 and 17 each placed vertically and perpendicularly to a respective one of the lines 6 and 7.
  • the coupling slots 16 and 17 here are U-shaped to save space. They can be straight or shaped like "dog bone” for optimal efficiency.
  • the supply lines 6 and 7 extend beyond the coupling slots 16 and 17 forming adaptation returns 6a and 9a (adaptation stubs in English).
  • the second reactive coupling arrangement comprises the metallization 35, which is located between the radiating elements 25 and 45 or enters the lower radiating element 25 and the ground plane 15.
  • This metallization 35 forms two feed lines 36 and 37 made of microstrips etched on the substrate layer 30, fed at a second frequency, which is here a high frequency.
  • feed line The portion of a conductive link extending in the antenna in the selected radiation direction. This is, in other words, the part that is mainly electromagnetically active in a conductive line.
  • reception band the frequency band associated with the excitation by the slots 16 and 17, and call “transmit band” the frequency band associated with the excitation by lines 36 and 37 located above the ground plane 15.
  • the operation of the antenna in the band called "reception” is based on the simultaneous reactive coupling of the two radiating elements 25 and 45, or double coupling.
  • This double coupling is obtained by the fact that the radiating elements 25 and 45 are provided with surfaces close to one another, that is to say areas with a relative difference of less than about 20%.
  • the difference in area divided by the average surface area of the two surfaces is called the relative area difference.
  • Each of the two elements 25 and 45 radiates in the reception band.
  • each element 25 and 45 being excited by two perpendicular supply lines 6 and 7, each radiates two polarized fields in two directions perpendicular to each other.
  • the supply lines 36 and 37 generate a proximity reactive coupling on the upper radiating element 45.
  • the excitation generated by the excitation arrangement 36, 37 may however, alternatively, also consist of a simultaneous reactive coupling on the two radiating elements 25 and 45 (double coupling).
  • the supply lines 36 and 37 correspond to respective radiations in two perpendicular directions.
  • supply lines 6, 7, 36, 37 are separated at most from each other.
  • a ground plane is interposed between lines 6, 7 and lines 36, 37 in order to increase their insulation.
  • two polarizations have been provided on each of the layers 5 and 35 (thus a total of four accesses) while having instead frequency bands Tx or Rx specific to each layer.
  • the two feed lines 36 and 37 are preferably placed closer to the radiating element 25 than to the radiating element 45.
  • the proximity coupling generated by the lines 36 and 37 is here a capacitive coupling, but can also be inductive (inductive).
  • the proximity coupling is optimized by the fact that the supply lines 36 and 37 are provided at their end which is internal to the capacitive termination antenna 38 and 39, here in the form of rectangular plates.
  • the plate-shaped terminations may be replaced by terminations consisting of slots provided inside the antenna in the radiating element 25, in particular in a variant where the substrate layer 30 is suppressed and where the lines of FIG. food 36 and 37 open directly onto the radiating element 25 and perforated, or when the layers 30 and 35 are located beneath the layer 25.
  • Such slots turn out to behave themselves as power lines, and generate an inductive or capacitive coupling according to their length.
  • Terminations which are internal to the antenna are advantageously adopted, because they do not generate any space outside the unit antenna, which is particularly important in the planar networks of such antennas, which must be small.
  • the radiating elements 25 and 45 are 10 mm wide squares, and the antenna has a total thickness of the order of 2 mm.
  • dielectric properties usually noted ⁇ , ⁇ , of the different substrate layers, may be chosen different according to the layers.
  • Each of the supply lines 6, 7, 36, 37 is fed through a local link, called access.
  • Each of the four lines of a given antenna is powered by an independent signal, coming from a different access among four accesses connected to the antenna.
  • the antenna described here which is bipolarized and bi-band, is therefore a four-port antenna.
  • the accesses as well as the supply circuits associated with the reception band are entirely etched on the substrate layer 10 located under the ground plane 15 of the antenna. This arrangement provides a natural spatial isolation with respect to the substrate layer 30 located above the ground plane 5 which carries the feed circuits of the emission layer. This architecture provides typical isolation between broadcast and receive access in the range of -30 to -40 dB.
  • polarizing gates can replace the solid metallizations which here constitute the radiating elements.
  • Cross-shaped shapes have been chosen for the radiating elements 25 and 45, which optimize the radiation, but square, rectangular or circular shapes may also be adopted, which may incorporate slots or openings.
  • the antenna has a reception band which is particularly wide and which is particularly well decoupled from the emission band.
  • This reception band has a spread of at least 15%, preferably at least 20%, and here 18%, figures obtained through the double coupling of the radiating elements in this band.
  • the ratio between the width of the band and the center frequency of the band is called spreading or bandwidth.
  • the reception band is here 10.75 - 12.75 GHz for a ROS (Stationary Wave Ratio) less than 1.8.
  • the Figures 4a and 4b present the evolutions of reflection coefficients S11 and S22, and the figure 5 is a representation of Smith for parameter S11. These figures highlight a bandwidth of significant width (here of the order of 20%). As can be seen the isolation between the accesses represented by the evolution of the parameters of the figure 4c (S12 or S21 settings) is better than 20dB.
  • the preferred antenna described here is therefore bi-polarization and dual-band (thus 4 access), with the advantages of traditional printed antennas (bulk, weight) with increased performances in terms of bands and in terms of isolation between the two. bands.
  • the antenna which has just been described will advantageously constitute the unitary element of a network including several antennas such as this one, for example several thousand such antennas.
  • the preferred power arrangement is formed of two circuits and is based on a series of pairs of antennas similar to the pair of the figure 6 .
  • Each antenna has at least two perpendicular supply lines.
  • the supply lines of the figure 6 are those of the called receive band, but the provisions described are also adopted for the power supply of the emission band.
  • Each antenna of the figure 6 has two perpendicular radiation directions, hereinafter H (horizontal) and V (vertical) directions.
  • the feed arrangement described below aims that currents conveyed by an access corresponding to a direction of supply, does not result in a parasitic current in an access corresponding to the other direction of supply, current parasite that would be due to a coupling within each antenna between directions H and V.
  • each access separates each to the two antennas into two branches, branches which are arranged to eliminate parasitic currents.
  • the two branches from the access 110 have end, when they run from the access to the end of the branch considered, each time the same direction to the outside of the antenna.
  • these branches present at the end, in their portion having the direction H, that is to say at their part called "feed line", a meaning which is outgoing to the outside of the antenna for one of the branches, and a direction returning to the inside of the antenna for the other branch.
  • a first port splits into branches of the same supply direction V and the same outgoing direction
  • the second port splits into branches of the same supply direction H but in the opposite direction among the incoming and outgoing directions.
  • the current i1 By giving, by convention, a current i1 arriving on the access 110 (access V) in the direction of the antennas, the current i1 separates into two currents (divider of currents) substantially equal i1 / 2 in the two branches coming from the access, i1 / 2 current flowing at the direction supply lines V in the antennas, in two outgoing directions for the two antennas. Each of the elements in polar V is then fed in equiamplitude and equiphase.
  • the branches issuing from the access H have two different meanings when they have traveled from the access, one entering and the other leaving the antenna considered.
  • the currents generated in these two branches the presence of the currents i1 / 2 in the branches V, are currents which are inverse.
  • a current i2 / 2 directed towards the access is generated, while in the second branch, a current i2 / 2 moving away from the access is generated.
  • the two currents i2 / 2 having an access / antenna direction for one and an antenna / access direction for the other, only a difference between the modules of these two currents could enter the access 210 (access H).
  • the two antennas have the same structure and the two branches of each access are similar.
  • the current i1 separates well into two equal currents.
  • the coupling is very similar in both antennas.
  • a parasitic coupling is created, identical in module for reasons of symmetry.
  • the parasitic currents i2 / 2 in the two branches of the access 210 (access H) therefore have similar magnitudes and the subtraction of these two currents indeed gives a parasitic current substantially zero in the access 210 (access H).
  • This topology based on double elements is particularly suitable for the realization of large networks. As illustrated in figure 9 , where it is advantageous to multiply pairs of antennas powered in this way.
  • the feed lines H of the antennas are fed by a first circuit, and the supply lines V are fed by a second circuit.
  • Each of these two circuits is a tree structure consisting of cascading doublings, to terminal branches connected in pairs to two antennas according to a power scheme similar to that of the figure 6 .
  • the antenna network of the figure 9 thus presents two accesses which each form a root of the tree concerned.
  • the terminal branches are preferably located at the same tree level with respect to their respective roots so that the symmetries are well respected.
  • the terminal ports 110 are connected to upper ports 115 in such a way that any residual parasitic currents in the terminal ports 110 are again withdrawn at the level of the upper ports 115.
  • these accesses 115 of next higher level group terminal access couples which extend, each time, for one in incoming branches and for the other in outgoing branches.
  • a technology of the CMS type allows a transfer of active elements, very advantageous in terms of costs, which can be applied here separately on each of the emission and reception layers, allowing to naturally maintain a good insulation between the different circuits and by facilitating the control of the ohmic losses if, for example, an active circuit is implanted by column of unitary antennas.

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Abstract

The invention relates to a printed antenna comprising two planar radiating elements ( 25, 45 ) which are more or less stacked on top of each other. A first reactive coupling ( 5, 15 ) layout can excite one of the radiating elements ( 25, 45 ), said first reactive coupling layout comprising at least one feed line ( 6, 7 ) and a conductive ground plane ( 15 ) which is equipped with at least one coupling slot ( 16, 17 ). Moreover, the antenna comprises a second reactive coupling ( 25, 35 ) layout which can excite the other radiating element. The invention is characterised in that the radiating elements ( 25, 45 ) are provided with surface areas that are sufficiently similar so that the first reactive coupling layout produces a simultaneous coupling of the two radiating elements ( 25, 45 ).

Description

L'invention concerne les antennes imprimées présentant un faible encombrement, notamment les antennes imprimées élémentaires en technologie plaquée pour réseaux de réception et/ou d'émission, par exemple à des fins d'embarquement dans un engin.The invention relates to printed antennas with a small footprint, in particular printed elementary antennas in plated technology for reception and / or transmission networks, for example for boarding purposes in a machine.

Les prochains services multimédia par satellite vont demander un accès simultané à plusieurs services et à plusieurs satellites, ce qui nécessite des antennes de réception dépointables et à terme incorporant de l'intelligence. Les technologies sol actuelles à base de parabole et de solutions mécaniques seront rapidement limitatives pour un accès de masse à ces services pour des raisons d'encombrement et d'esthétique.Future satellite multimedia services will require simultaneous access to multiple services and multiple satellites, which requires detachable and forward-looking reception antennas incorporating intelligence. Current parabolic ground technologies and mechanical solutions will quickly be limiting for mass access to these services for reasons of space and aesthetics.

La solution qui s'imposera à terme sera l'antenne plate multi-satellite de type réseau actif et à dépointage électronique. Dans les bandes de fréquence envisagées (Ku et au delà), de telles antennes n'existent pas encore essentiellement pour des raisons de coûts et de technologies.The solution that will eventually be required will be the multi-satellite flat antenna active network type and electronic misalignment. In the frequency bands envisaged (Ku and beyond), such antennas do not yet exist essentially for reasons of costs and technologies.

En ce qui concerne la technologie imprimée, en bande Ku par exemple (réception 10,75-12,75 GHz) il n'existe pas actuellement d'élément rayonnant large bande (plus de 30%) ou bibande (18% à la réception et 4% à l'émission) à cause de la nature faible bande des éléments imprimés. En outre, la présence sur la même structure de composants actifs d'émissions (amplis SSPA...) et de composants actifs de réception (récepteurs faible bruit LNA) pose un problème crucial d'isolation entre les accès émission/réception de manière à éviter la saturation des étages de réception.With regard to printed technology, in Ku-band for example (receiving 10.75-12.75 GHz) there is currently no broadband radiating element (more than 30%) or dual band (18% at the reception and 4% on emission) because of the low-band nature of the printed elements. In addition, the presence on the same structure of active components of emissions (SSPA amplifiers, etc.) and of active reception components (LNA low noise receivers) poses a crucial problem of isolation between the transmission / reception accesses in order to avoid saturation of the reception stages.

De même le problème des pertes générées dans les substrats diélectriques ou sur les circuits conducteurs est particulièrement crucial à la réception à cause de la température de bruit ramenée et un rapport G/T critique.Similarly, the problem of losses generated in dielectric substrates or on the conductive circuits is particularly crucial at reception because of the reduced noise temperature and a critical G / T ratio.

Enfin, les coûts actuels de l'intégration des éléments actifs est actuellement rédhibitoire pour une application grand public.Finally, the current costs of integrating active elements is currently prohibitive for a general public application.

Un exemple d'antenne imprimée bi-bande est décrit dans le document US-A-6054953 . Cette antenne comprend une pluralité d'éléments rayonnants de forme planaire sensiblement superposés et alimentés par un réseau d'alimentation à travers une ouverture dans un plan de masse.An example of a dual-band printed antenna is described in the document US Patent 6054953 . This antenna comprises a plurality of planar-shaped radiating elements substantially superimposed and fed by a supply network through an opening in a ground plane.

De manière classique, les antennes imprimées bi-bande (2 accès) sont réalisées suivant trois technologies.Conventionally, printed antennas bi-band (2 access) are made according to three technologies.

Une première technologie consiste en l'utilisation de modes orthogonaux sur un patch asymétrique. Cette solution permet d'avoir deux accès séparés pour chaque bande mais elle verrouille le fonctionnement bipolarisation (on n'a qu'une seule polarisation par fréquence).A first technology consists in the use of orthogonal modes on an asymmetrical patch. This solution makes it possible to have two separate accesses for each band but it locks the bipolarization operation (one has only one polarization per frequency).

Une seconde technologie consiste en l'utilisation de patchs multiples : différents patchs fonctionnant comme autant de résonateurs à des fréquences différentes et pouvant être empilés en hauteur ou répartis en surface. Cette dernière solution étant très restrictive en terme d'encombrement lorsqu'il s'agit d'intégrer l'élément dans un réseau.A second technology consists in the use of multiple patches: different patches functioning as resonators at different frequencies and can be stacked in height or distributed on the surface. The latter solution is very restrictive in terms of congestion when it comes to integrate the element in a network.

Une troisième technologie consiste en l'utilisation de petites plaques ou patchs chargées réactivement. La charge peut être constituée par des stubs (retour d'adaptation) en ligne chargée par des microrubans ou des coaxiaux, par des « pions » courts-circuits verticaux ou encore par l'incorporation de fentes, ouvertures ou encoches sur les patchs eux-mêmes.A third technology is the use of small patches or patches responsively charged. The load can be constituted by stubs (feedback) in line loaded by microstrips or coaxials, by "pions" vertical short-circuits or by the incorporation of slots, openings or notches on the patches themselves. same.

La mise au point d'éléments à la fois bibande et bipolarisation (4 accès : deux polarisations dans chaque bande) est beaucoup plus délicate (structure multicouche et incorporation de charges réactives par l'intermédiaire de stubs, fentes ou pions courts circuits).The development of both dual band and bipolarization elements (4 accesses: two polarizations in each band) is much more delicate (multilayer structure and incorporation of reactive charges via stubs, slots or short circuit pions).

La solution proposée dans le document [3] utilise des lignes coaxiales pour alimenter l'élément associé à une des deux bandes. Ce type de solution à pions coaxiaux verticaux présente des coûts de montage très importants lors de l'élaboration d'une antenne réseau.The solution proposed in document [3] uses coaxial lines to supply the element associated with one of the two bands. This type of solution with vertical coaxial pins has very high mounting costs when developing a network antenna.

La solution du document [2] présente deux niveaux de patchs : un premier niveau pour la bande haute alimenté par fente de couplage, qui rejette les lignes d'alimentation derrière un plan de sol. Un deuxième niveau de patch est utilisé par la bande basse avec un élément de base de grandes dimensions qui a été perforé de manière à laisser « passer » le rayonnement des patchs inférieurs. Ce niveau supérieur est alimenté par un couplage de proximité, ce qui offre l'avantage de pouvoir découpler les circuits d'alimentation liés aux deux bandes de fréquence (émission/réception) sur deux surfaces différentes en offrant ainsi une isolation naturelle entre les circuits. Toutefois, pour avoir un fonctionnement bi-bande, cette solution n'est en pratique faisable que pour des rapports de bande supérieurs à 4 :1, et pas pour des applications ciblant par exemple un rapport de bande de l'ordre de 1.25 :1 à 2 :1.The solution of the document [2] presents two levels of patches: a first level for the high band powered by coupling slot, which rejects the feed lines behind a ground plane. A second level patch is used by the low band with a large base element that has been perforated so as to "pass" the radiation of the lower patches. This higher level is powered by a proximity coupling, which offers the advantage of being able to decouple the circuits power supply connected to the two frequency bands (transmit / receive) on two different surfaces thus offering a natural isolation between the circuits. However, to have dual-band operation, this solution is practically feasible only for band ratios higher than 4: 1, and not for applications targeting for example a band ratio of the order of 1.25: 1 at 2: 1.

Pour résumer, dans les antennes bi-bandes, on a recherché dans l'art antérieur un bon découplage entre les deux bandes, et pour cela, on a proposé d'adopter, comme dans le document [2], deux éléments rayonnants associés à deux aménagements de couplage réactif correspondants.To summarize, in the dual-band antennas, it was sought in the prior art a good decoupling between the two bands, and for this, it has been proposed to adopt, as in document [2], two radiating elements associated with two corresponding reactive coupling arrangements.

Pour découpler au mieux les deux bandes de fréquence, on a adopté des dimensions clairement distinctes pour les deux éléments rayonnants.To decouple the two frequency bands as best as possible, clearly distinct dimensions have been adopted for the two radiating elements.

Ainsi, dans le document [2], on adopte des plaques de petite taille pour une première bande et une large plaque pour une seconde bande. Les petites plaques sont couplées avec deux lignes d'alimentation et deux fentes, et la large plaque est couplée à deux autres lignes d'alimentation, qui sont placées au voisinage direct de cette large plaque. La grande plaque présente une surface d'environ 32 fois la surface de chacune des petites plaques.Thus, in document [2], small plates are adopted for a first band and a large plate for a second band. The small plates are coupled with two feed lines and two slots, and the large plate is coupled with two other feed lines, which are placed in the direct vicinity of this wide plate. The large plate has an area of about 32 times the area of each of the small plates.

En différenciant fortement les dimensions des éléments rayonnants, on a obtenu une bonne décorrélation entre les bandes, mais dans ce cas, ces bandes s'avèrent lointaines l'une de l'autre et étroites. Dans d'autres cas il est souhaitable, au contraire, d'obtenir des bandes qui soient plus larges et plus proches l'une de l'autre, bien que fortement découplées.By strongly differentiating the dimensions of the radiating elements, good decorrelation has been obtained between the bands, but in this case, these bands are far from one another and narrow. In other cases it is desirable, on the contrary, to obtain bands which are wider and closer to each other, although strongly decoupled.

C'est le but essentiel de l'invention que de proposer une antenne ayant ces avantages, c'est à dire une antenne de faible volume, à deux bandes bien découplées, dont les deux bandes peuvent être proches l'une de l'autre, et dont au moins une des bandes peut présenter une grande largeur.It is the essential object of the invention to propose an antenna having these advantages, ie a low-volume antenna with two well-decoupled bands, the two bands of which can be close to one another. , and at least one of the strips may have a large width.

Une telle antenne est selon l'invention definie par la revendication 1.Such an antenna is according to the invention defined by claim 1.

Au delà d'un certain seuil de similarité entre les deux éléments rayonnants, les deux bandes de fonctionnement dues respectivement aux premier et deuxième aménagement d'excitation se distinguent clairement l'une de l'autre bien qu'étant proches, du fait qu'au moins le couplage avec l'aménagement comprenant la fente est un double couplage.Beyond a certain threshold of similarity between the two radiating elements, the two operating bands due respectively to the first and second excitation arrangements are clearly distinguishable from each other although they are close, because at least the coupling with the arrangement comprising the slot is a double coupling.

Ainsi, l'adoption pour une bande de fréquence d'un double couplage avec la fente (mis en place en rapprochant, et non en différenciant, les dimensions des deux éléments rayonnants) associé pour l'autre bande à un couplage avec un élément simple s'avère produire un découplage particulièrement efficace. La possibilité de disposer sur des couches séparées les circuits d'alimentation associés aux deux bandes de fréquences permet d'améliorer encore l'isolation entre bandes et facilite l'implantation topologique de ces circuits.Thus, the adoption for a frequency band of a double coupling with the slot (set up by bringing together, and not by differentiating, the dimensions of the two radiating elements) associated for the other band with a coupling with a single element proves to produce a particularly efficient decoupling. The possibility of arranging on separate layers the supply circuits associated with the two frequency bands makes it possible to further improve the isolation between bands and facilitates the topological implantation of these circuits.

D'autres caractéristiques, buts et avantages de l'invention apparaitront à la lecture de la description détaillée qui va suivre, faite en référence aux figures annexées sur lesquelles :

  • la figure 1 a est une coupe transversale d'une antenne unitaire selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention dans lequel une deuxième ligne d'alimentation 35 est située entre deux patchs rayonnants 25 et 45 ;
  • la figure 1b correspond à un autre mode de réalisation dans lequel la deuxième ligne d'alimentation 35 et située entre un patch rayonnant inférieur 25 et un plan de sol comportant des fentes de couplage 15 ;
  • la figure 2a est une vue de dessus de cette même antenne unitaire ;
  • les figures 2b et 2c représentent deux variantes d'un élément rayonnant, selon l'invention ;
  • la figure 3 est un schéma simplifié en vue de dessus d'un aménagement de couplage réactif de cette même antenne unitaire ;
  • les figures 4a à 4c présentent des résultats de mesures de coefficients de transmission et de réflexion obtenus avec l'antenne des figures 1 à 3 ;
  • la figure 5 est une représentation de Smith correspondant à l'antenne des figures 1 à 3 ;
  • la figure 6 est une vue de dessus d'un couple d'antennes unitaires alimentées selon un schéma électrique avantageux pour réduire des courants parasites de couplage ;
  • la figure 7 est une vue de dessus d'un ensemble comprenant deux couples d'antennes conformes à la figure 6, couples raccordés de manière avantageuse pour réduire des courants parasites de couplage ;
  • Les figures 8a et 8b représentent des diagrammes de rayonnement obtenus pour le réseau constitué de quatre antennes unitaires conforme à celui de la figure 7 ;
  • La figure 9 représente un réseau d'antenne unitaires alimentées selon une architecture d'alimentation avantageuse pour réduire des courants parasites de couplage.
Other features, objects and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the detailed description which follows, with reference to the appended figures in which:
  • the figure 1 a is a cross section of a unit antenna according to a first embodiment of the invention wherein a second feed line 35 is located between two radiating patches 25 and 45;
  • the figure 1b corresponds to another embodiment in which the second supply line 35 and located between a lower radiating patch 25 and a ground plane having coupling slots 15;
  • the figure 2a is a top view of this same unitary antenna;
  • the Figures 2b and 2c represent two variants of a radiating element, according to the invention;
  • the figure 3 is a simplified diagram in plan view of a reactive coupling arrangement of the same unit antenna;
  • the Figures 4a to 4c present results of measurements of transmission and reflection coefficients obtained with the antenna of the Figures 1 to 3 ;
  • the figure 5 is a representation of Smith corresponding to the antenna of Figures 1 to 3 ;
  • the figure 6 is a top view of a pair of unit antennas powered according to an advantageous electrical diagram for reducing parasitic coupling currents;
  • the figure 7 is a top view of an assembly comprising two pairs of antennas according to the figure 6 couples advantageously connected to reduce parasitic coupling currents;
  • The Figures 8a and 8b represent radiation patterns obtained for the network consisting of four unitary antennas conforming to that of the figure 7 ;
  • The figure 9 represents a unit antenna array powered according to an advantageous power architecture to reduce parasitic coupling currents.

On a représenté aux figures 1 à 3 une antenne unitaire selon un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention.Representatives Figures 1 to 3 a unit antenna according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.

Cette antenne unitaire est constituée de quatre couches de substrat 10, 20, 30 et 40, isolant entre elles cinq couches de métallisation 5, 15, 25, 35 et 45.This unit antenna consists of four substrate layers 10, 20, 30 and 40, insulating between them five metallization layers 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45.

Le sens croissant de ces numérotations correspond à un sens de parcours allant de bas en haut sur la coupe verticale de la figure 1.The increasing direction of these numberings corresponds to a direction of travel going from bottom to top on the vertical section of the figure 1 .

Les couches de métallisation comprennent deux couches 5 et 45 disposées respectivement en face inférieure et en face supérieure de l'antenne, et trois couches 15, 25 et 35 qui sont chacune disposée entre deux couches de substrat.The metallization layers comprise two layers 5 and 45 arranged respectively on the lower face and on the upper face of the the antenna, and three layers 15, 25 and 35 which are each disposed between two substrate layers.

Deux métallisations 25 et 45 forment chacune un élément rayonnant, et les trois autres métallisations 5, 15 et 35 entrent dans la constitution de deux aménagements de couplage réactif, c'est à dire d'excitation des éléments rayonnants 25 et 45.Two metallizations 25 and 45 each form a radiating element, and the other three metallizations 5, 15 and 35 form part of two reactive coupling arrangements, ie of excitation of the radiating elements 25 and 45.

On notera que les éléments rayonnants (par exemple en cuivre) peuvent eux-mêmes incorporer des ouvertures diverses, qu'ils peuvent être gravés sur des couches munies ou non de plan de masse uniplanaire 25bis, 45bis (cf. fig.2b et 2c). Lorsque la couche est munie d'un plan de sol, l'élément rayonnant 25, 45 en est isolé par une fente qui épouse son contour (cf. fig.2c).It will be noted that the radiating elements (for example made of copper) may themselves incorporate various openings, that they may be etched on layers provided or not with a uniplanar mass plane 25bis, 45bis (cf. fig.2b and 2c ). When the layer is provided with a ground plane, the radiating element 25, 45 is isolated by a slot which follows its contour (cf. 2C ).

Un premier de ces deux aménagements de couplage réactif inclut la métallisation inférieure 5 et la métallisation immédiatement supérieure 15. La métallisation inférieure 5 forme deux lignes d'alimentation 6 et 7, qui sont ici des microrubans, qui pourraient être des triplaques. Ces lignes d'alimentation 6 et 7 sont alimentés à une première fréquence, qui est une fréquence basse.A first of these two reactive coupling arrangements includes the lower metallization 5 and the immediately higher metallization 15. The lower metallization 5 forms two feed lines 6 and 7, which here are microstrips, which could be triplicates. These supply lines 6 and 7 are fed at a first frequency, which is a low frequency.

La métallisation immédiatement supérieure 15 est un plan de masse ajouré de deux fentes de couplage 16 et 17 placées chacune à l'aplomb et perpendiculairement à une ligne respective parmi les lignes 6 et 7.The immediately higher metallization 15 is a perforated mass plane of two coupling slots 16 and 17 each placed vertically and perpendicularly to a respective one of the lines 6 and 7.

Les fentes de couplage 16 et 17 sont ici en forme de U pour économiser de la place. Elles peuvent être droites ou en forme d' «os de chien » pour une efficacité optimale. Les lignes d'alimentation 6 et 7 s'étendent au delà des fentes de couplage 16 et 17 en formant des retours d'adaptation 6a et 9a (stubs d'adaptation en anglais).The coupling slots 16 and 17 here are U-shaped to save space. They can be straight or shaped like "dog bone" for optimal efficiency. The supply lines 6 and 7 extend beyond the coupling slots 16 and 17 forming adaptation returns 6a and 9a (adaptation stubs in English).

Le second aménagement de couplage réactif comprend la métallisation 35, qui est située entre les éléments rayonnants 25 et 45 ou bien rentre l'élément rayonnant inférieur 25 et le plan de sol 15. Cette métallisation 35 forme deux lignes d'alimentation 36 et 37 sous forme de microrubans gravés sur la couche de substrat 30, alimentés à une seconde fréquence, qui est ici une fréquence haute.The second reactive coupling arrangement comprises the metallization 35, which is located between the radiating elements 25 and 45 or enters the lower radiating element 25 and the ground plane 15. This metallization 35 forms two feed lines 36 and 37 made of microstrips etched on the substrate layer 30, fed at a second frequency, which is here a high frequency.

On appelle « ligne d'alimentation » la portion d'une liaison conductrice qui s'étend dans l'antenne selon la direction de rayonnement choisie. Il s'agit, en d'autres termes, de la partie qui est principalement active électromagnétiquement dans une ligne conductrice.The portion of a conductive link extending in the antenna in the selected radiation direction is referred to as a "feed line". This is, in other words, the part that is mainly electromagnetically active in a conductive line.

On se donnera ci-après pour convention d'appeler « bande de réception » la bande de fréquences associée à l'excitation par les fentes 16 et 17, et d'appeler « bande d'émission » la bande de fréquences associée à l'excitation par les lignes 36 et 37 situés au-dessus du plan de sol 15.Convention will be hereinafter conventionally called "reception band" the frequency band associated with the excitation by the slots 16 and 17, and call "transmit band" the frequency band associated with the excitation by lines 36 and 37 located above the ground plane 15.

Toutefois, les termes « émission » et « réception », ici utilisés pour la clarté de l'exposé, pourraient en pratique ne pas correspondre à une utilisation de la bande considérée pour une telle « émission » ou une telle « réception », toute interversion ou combinaison des fonctions d'émission et de réception dans les différentes bandes étant prévue dans le cadre de l'invention. Cette remarque est vraie pour toute la suite de la description, y compris pour la partie de l'exposé ci-après afférente à des dispositions de réseau.However, the terms "transmission" and "reception", used here for the sake of clarity, could in practice not correspond to a use of the band considered for such an "emission" or "reception", any inversion or a combination of transmitting and receiving functions in the different bands being provided within the scope of the invention. This remark is true for the rest of the description, including the part of the following discussion of network arrangements.

Le fonctionnement de l'antenne dans la bande baptisée « de réception » repose sur le couplage réactif simultané des deux éléments rayonnants 25 et 45, ou double couplage.The operation of the antenna in the band called "reception" is based on the simultaneous reactive coupling of the two radiating elements 25 and 45, or double coupling.

Ce double couplage est obtenu par le fait que les éléments rayonnants 25 et 45 sont prévus avec des surfaces proches l'une de l'autre, c'est-à-dire des superficies ayant un écart relatif inférieur à environ 20 %. On appelle écart relatif de superficie la différence de superficie divisée pour la superficie moyenne des deux surfaces.This double coupling is obtained by the fact that the radiating elements 25 and 45 are provided with surfaces close to one another, that is to say areas with a relative difference of less than about 20%. The difference in area divided by the average surface area of the two surfaces is called the relative area difference.

Chacun des deux éléments 25 et 45 rayonne dans la bande de réception. De plus, chaque élément 25 et 45 étant excité par deux lignes d'alimentation perpendiculaires 6 et 7, chacun rayonne deux champs polarisés selon deux directions perpendiculaires l'une à l'autre.Each of the two elements 25 and 45 radiates in the reception band. In addition, each element 25 and 45 being excited by two perpendicular supply lines 6 and 7, each radiates two polarized fields in two directions perpendicular to each other.

Dans la bande baptisée « d'émission », les lignes d'alimentation 36 et 37 génèrent un couplage réactif de proximité sur l'élément rayonnant supérieur 45.In the so-called "transmission" band, the supply lines 36 and 37 generate a proximity reactive coupling on the upper radiating element 45.

En effet, elles excitent principalement l'élément rayonnant supérieur 45, l'élément rayonnant inférieur 25 se comportant, lui, à la façon d'un plan de masse. L'excitation générée par l'aménagement d'excitation 36, 37 peut toutefois, selon une variante, consister également en un couplage réactif simultané sur les deux éléments rayonnants 25 et 45 (double couplage).Indeed, they mainly excite the upper radiating element 45, the lower radiating element 25 itself, in the manner of a ground plane. The excitation generated by the excitation arrangement 36, 37 may however, alternatively, also consist of a simultaneous reactive coupling on the two radiating elements 25 and 45 (double coupling).

Les lignes d'alimentation 36 et 37, correspondent à des rayonnements respectifs dans deux directions perpendiculaires.The supply lines 36 and 37 correspond to respective radiations in two perpendicular directions.

On notera que les lignes d'alimentation 6, 7, 36, 37, sont séparées au maximum les unes des autres. Notamment, on interpose un plan de masse entre les lignes 6, 7 et les lignes 36, 37 afin d'accroître leur isolation. De plus, avantageusement, on a ménagé deux polarisations sur chacune des couches 5 et 35 (donc au total quatre accès) tout en ayant par contre des bandes de fréquence Tx ou Rx spécifiques à chaque couche.It will be noted that the supply lines 6, 7, 36, 37 are separated at most from each other. In particular, a ground plane is interposed between lines 6, 7 and lines 36, 37 in order to increase their insulation. In addition, advantageously, two polarizations have been provided on each of the layers 5 and 35 (thus a total of four accesses) while having instead frequency bands Tx or Rx specific to each layer.

Dans le présent mode de réalisation préféré, on place de préférence les deux lignes d'alimentation 36 et 37 de manière plus rapprochée de l'élément rayonnant 25 que de l'élément rayonnant 45.In the present preferred embodiment, the two feed lines 36 and 37 are preferably placed closer to the radiating element 25 than to the radiating element 45.

Le couplage de proximité généré par les lignes 36 et 37 est ici un couplage capacitif, mais peut également être inductif (selfique).The proximity coupling generated by the lines 36 and 37 is here a capacitive coupling, but can also be inductive (inductive).

Le couplage de proximité est optimisé par le fait que les lignes d'alimentation 36 et 37 sont munies à leur extrémité qui est intérieure à l'antenne de terminaisons capacitives 38 et 39, ici en forme de plaques rectangulaires.The proximity coupling is optimized by the fact that the supply lines 36 and 37 are provided at their end which is internal to the capacitive termination antenna 38 and 39, here in the form of rectangular plates.

De telles terminaisons permettent, par le choix de leur taille, de prédéterminer la quantité de couplage.Such terminations allow, by the choice of their size, to predetermine the amount of coupling.

On pourra remplacer les terminaisons en forme de plaques par des terminaisons constituées par des fentes ménagées à l'intérieur de l'antenne dans l'élément rayonnant 25, notamment dans une variante où la couche de substrat 30 est supprimée et où les lignes d'alimentation 36 et 37 débouchent directement sur l'élément rayonnant 25 ainsi ajouré, ou bien lorsque les couches 30 et 35 sont situées sous la couche 25. De telles fentes s'avèrent se comporter elles mêmes comme des lignes d'alimentation, et génèrent une couplage inductif ou capacitif selon leur longueur.The plate-shaped terminations may be replaced by terminations consisting of slots provided inside the antenna in the radiating element 25, in particular in a variant where the substrate layer 30 is suppressed and where the lines of FIG. food 36 and 37 open directly onto the radiating element 25 and perforated, or when the layers 30 and 35 are located beneath the layer 25. Such slots turn out to behave themselves as power lines, and generate an inductive or capacitive coupling according to their length.

On adopte avantageusement des terminaisons qui sont intérieures à l'antenne, car ainsi elles ne génèrent aucun encombrement à l'extérieur de l'antenne unitaire, ce qui est particulièrement important dans les réseaux plans de telles antennes, qui doivent être peu volumineux.Terminations which are internal to the antenna are advantageously adopted, because they do not generate any space outside the unit antenna, which is particularly important in the planar networks of such antennas, which must be small.

Dans le présent mode de réalisation, les éléments rayonnants 25 et 45 sont des carrés de 10 mm de largeur, et l'antenne présente une épaisseur totale de l'ordre de 2 mm.In the present embodiment, the radiating elements 25 and 45 are 10 mm wide squares, and the antenna has a total thickness of the order of 2 mm.

On notera que les propriétés diélectriques, habituellement notées ε, µ, des différentes couches de substrat, peuvent être choisies différentes selon les couches.It will be noted that the dielectric properties, usually noted ε, μ, of the different substrate layers, may be chosen different according to the layers.

Chacune des lignes d'alimentation 6, 7, 36, 37 est alimentée par l'intermédiaire d'une liaison locale, appelée accès.Each of the supply lines 6, 7, 36, 37 is fed through a local link, called access.

Chacune des quatre lignes d'une antenne donnée est alimentée par un signal indépendant, provenant d'un accès différent parmi quatre accès reliés à l'antenne. L'antenne décrite ici, qui est bipolarisée et bi-bande, est donc bien une antenne à quatre accès.Each of the four lines of a given antenna is powered by an independent signal, coming from a different access among four accesses connected to the antenna. The antenna described here, which is bipolarized and bi-band, is therefore a four-port antenna.

Les accès ainsi que les circuits d'alimentation associés à la bande de réception sont gravés en totalité sur la couche de substrat 10 située sous le plan de sol 15 de l'antenne. Cette disposition fournit une isolation spatiale naturelle vis à vis de la couche de substrat 30 située au dessus du plan de sol 5 qui porte les circuits d'alimentation de la couche émission. Cette architecture fournit une isolation typique entre les accès émission et les accès réception de l'ordre de -30 à -40 dB.The accesses as well as the supply circuits associated with the reception band are entirely etched on the substrate layer 10 located under the ground plane 15 of the antenna. This arrangement provides a natural spatial isolation with respect to the substrate layer 30 located above the ground plane 5 which carries the feed circuits of the emission layer. This architecture provides typical isolation between broadcast and receive access in the range of -30 to -40 dB.

Afin d'améliorer la qualité de polarisation des champs rayonnés, des grilles polarisantes peuvent remplacer les métallisations pleines qui constituent ici les éléments rayonnants.In order to improve the polarization quality of the radiated fields, polarizing gates can replace the solid metallizations which here constitute the radiating elements.

On a choisi ici des formes en croix pour les éléments rayonnants 25 et 45, qui optimisent le rayonnement, mais des formes en carré, rectangulaires ou circulaires peuvent également être adoptées, qui incorporent éventuellement des fentes ou des ouvertures.Cross-shaped shapes have been chosen for the radiating elements 25 and 45, which optimize the radiation, but square, rectangular or circular shapes may also be adopted, which may incorporate slots or openings.

Ces éléments peuvent être gravés sur des couches munies ou non du plan de masse uniplanaire (cf. fig.2b et 2c). Dans ce dernier cas (fig.2c) l'élément rayonnant est isolé du plan de masse par une fente qui épouse son contour.These elements can be engraved on layers with or without the uniplanar mass plane (cf. fig.2b and 2c ). In this last case ( 2C ) the radiating element is isolated from the ground plane by a slot which follows its contour.

L'antenne présente une bande de réception qui est particulièrement large et qui est particulièrement bien découplée de la bande d'émission.The antenna has a reception band which is particularly wide and which is particularly well decoupled from the emission band.

Cette bande de réception présente un étalement d'au moins 15%, préférentiellement d'au moins 20%, et ici de 18%, chiffres obtenus grâce au double couplage des éléments rayonnants dans cette bande. On appelle étalement ou largeur de brande le rapport entre la largeur de la bande et la fréquence centrale de la bande.This reception band has a spread of at least 15%, preferably at least 20%, and here 18%, figures obtained through the double coupling of the radiating elements in this band. The ratio between the width of the band and the center frequency of the band is called spreading or bandwidth.

Plus précisément, la bande de réception est ici de 10,75 - 12,75 GHz pour un ROS (Rapport d'Ondes Stationnaires) inférieur à 1,8.More specifically, the reception band is here 10.75 - 12.75 GHz for a ROS (Stationary Wave Ratio) less than 1.8.

Les figures 4a et 4b présentent les évolutions de coefficients de réflexion S11 et S22, et la figure 5 est une représentation de Smith pour le paramètre S11. Ces figures mettent en évidence une bande passante de largeur importante (ici de l'ordre de 20%). Comme on peut le voir l'isolation entre les accès représentée par l'évolution des paramètres de la figure 4c (paramètres S12 ou S21) est meilleure que 20dB.The Figures 4a and 4b present the evolutions of reflection coefficients S11 and S22, and the figure 5 is a representation of Smith for parameter S11. These figures highlight a bandwidth of significant width (here of the order of 20%). As can be seen the isolation between the accesses represented by the evolution of the parameters of the figure 4c (S12 or S21 settings) is better than 20dB.

L'antenne préférée décrite ici est donc bi-polarisation et bi-bande (donc 4 accès), avec les avantages des antennes imprimées traditionnelles (encombrement, poids) avec des performances accrues en termes de bandes et en terme d'isolation entres les deux bandes.The preferred antenna described here is therefore bi-polarization and dual-band (thus 4 access), with the advantages of traditional printed antennas (bulk, weight) with increased performances in terms of bands and in terms of isolation between the two. bands.

L'antenne qui vient d'être décrite constituera avantageusement l'élément unitaire d'un réseau incluant plusieurs antennes telles que celle-ci, par exemple plusieurs milliers de telles antennes.The antenna which has just been described will advantageously constitute the unitary element of a network including several antennas such as this one, for example several thousand such antennas.

On décrira maintenant un aménagement d'alimentation d'un tel réseau, qui présente l'avantage de réduire les courants parasites dus à des couplages entre lignes d'alimentation perpendiculaires des antennes.We will now describe a power supply of such a network, which has the advantage of reducing parasitic currents due to couplings between perpendicular supply lines antennas.

Un tel aménagement, s'il produit une synergie avec les avantages des antennes unitaires précédemment décrites, s'avère conserver aussi son avantage en termes de suppression des courants parasites dans le cas d'autres réseaux d'antennes, notamment pour les antennes à deux polarisations.Such an arrangement, if it produces a synergy with the advantages of the unitary antennas previously described, is also found to retain its advantage in terms of parasitic current suppression in the case of other antenna arrays, in particular for antennas with two or more antennas. polarizations.

L'aménagement d'alimentation préférentiel, tel que décrit maintenant, est formé de deux circuits et se base sur une série de couples d'antennes similaires au couple de la figure 6.The preferred power arrangement, as described now, is formed of two circuits and is based on a series of pairs of antennas similar to the pair of the figure 6 .

Chaque antenne présente au moins deux lignes d'alimentation perpendiculaires.Each antenna has at least two perpendicular supply lines.

Les lignes d'alimentation de la figure 6 sont celles de la bande appelée de réception, mais les dispositions décrites sont aussi adoptées pour l'aménagement d'alimentation de la bande d'émission.The supply lines of the figure 6 are those of the called receive band, but the provisions described are also adopted for the power supply of the emission band.

Chaque antenne de la figure 6 présente deux directions de rayonnement perpendiculaires, appelées ci-après direction H (horizontale) et direction V (verticale).Each antenna of the figure 6 has two perpendicular radiation directions, hereinafter H (horizontal) and V (vertical) directions.

Une première liaison reliant le couple d'antennes au reste du réseau, appelée premier accès et référencée 110, alimente les deux lignes d'alimentation de direction V dans les deux antennes. Une seconde liaison, appelée accès 210, alimente les lignes d'alimentation H des deux antennes.A first link connecting the pair of antennas to the rest of the network, called first access and referenced 110, feeds the two power supply lines V in the two antennas. A second link, called access 210, feeds the supply lines H of the two antennas.

L'aménagement d'alimentation décrit ci-après vise à ce que les courants véhiculés par un accès correspondant à une direction d'alimentation, ne se traduise pas par un courant parasite dans un accès correspondant à l'autre direction d'alimentation, courant parasite qui serait dû à un couplage au sein de chaque antenne entre les directions H et V.The feed arrangement described below aims that currents conveyed by an access corresponding to a direction of supply, does not result in a parasitic current in an access corresponding to the other direction of supply, current parasite that would be due to a coupling within each antenna between directions H and V.

Dans ce but, chaque accès se sépare chacun vers les deux antennes en deux branches, branches qui sont disposées de manière à éliminer les courants parasites.For this purpose, each access separates each to the two antennas into two branches, branches which are arranged to eliminate parasitic currents.

Ainsi, sur la figure 6, les deux branches issues de l'accès 110 présentent en extrémité, lorsqu'on les parcourt en allant de l'accès vers l'extrémité de la branche considérée, à chaque fois un même sens vers l'extérieur de l'antenne.So, on the figure 6 , the two branches from the access 110 have end, when they run from the access to the end of the branch considered, each time the same direction to the outside of the antenna.

A contrario, en parcourant les deux branches issues de l'accès 210, ces branches présentent en extrémité, dans leur portion ayant la direction H, c'est à dire au niveau de leur partie appelée « ligne d'alimentation », un sens qui est sortant vers l'extérieur de l'antenne pour l'une des branches, et un sens rentrant vers l'intérieur de l'antenne pour l'autre branche.On the other hand, by traversing the two branches issuing from the access 210, these branches present at the end, in their portion having the direction H, that is to say at their part called "feed line", a meaning which is outgoing to the outside of the antenna for one of the branches, and a direction returning to the inside of the antenna for the other branch.

Ainsi, un premier accès se dédouble en branches de même direction d'alimentation V et de même sens sortant, et le second accès se dédouble en branches de même direction d'alimentation H mais de sens opposé parmi les sens entrant et sortant.Thus, a first port splits into branches of the same supply direction V and the same outgoing direction, and the second port splits into branches of the same supply direction H but in the opposite direction among the incoming and outgoing directions.

Par une telle disposition, un courant dans un des deux accès ne produit quasiment aucun courant parasite dans l'autre des deux accès, malgré les couplages entre lignes d'alimentation perpendiculaires dans chacune des deux antennes.By such an arrangement, a current in one of the two ports produces almost no parasitic current in the other of the two ports, despite the couplings between perpendicular supply lines in each of the two antennas.

En se donnant, par convention, un courant i1 arrivant sur l'accès 110 (accès V) en direction des antennes, le courant i1 se sépare en deux courants (diviseur de courants) sensiblement égaux i1/2 dans les deux branches issues de l'accès, courant i1/2 qui circule au niveau des lignes d'alimentation de direction V dans les antennes, dans deux même sens sortants pour les deux antennes. Chacun des éléments en polar V est alors alimenté en équiamplitude et équiphase.By giving, by convention, a current i1 arriving on the access 110 (access V) in the direction of the antennas, the current i1 separates into two currents (divider of currents) substantially equal i1 / 2 in the two branches coming from the access, i1 / 2 current flowing at the direction supply lines V in the antennas, in two outgoing directions for the two antennas. Each of the elements in polar V is then fed in equiamplitude and equiphase.

Des courants prennent naissance dans les branches H par couplage, de par la présence de courants dans les branches V. Ces courants de couplage sont principalement dus au fait que l'antenne unitaire n'est pas parfaitement symétrique, à cause de la disposition des fentes.Currents arise in branches H by coupling, by the presence of currents in the branches V. These coupling currents are mainly due to the fact that the unit antenna is not perfectly symmetrical, because of the arrangement of the slots .

Les branches issues de l'accès H ont, elles, deux sens différents lorsque parcourues depuis l'accès, l'un rentrant et l'autre sortant de l'antenne considérée. De ce fait, les courants générés dans ces deux branches du fait de la présence des courants i1/2 dans les branches V, sont des courants qui sont inverses. Dans une première branche H, un courant i2/2 dirigé vers l'accès est généré, tandis que dans la seconde branche, un courant i2/2 s'éloignant de l'accès est généré.The branches issuing from the access H have two different meanings when they have traveled from the access, one entering and the other leaving the antenna considered. As a result, the currents generated in these two branches the presence of the currents i1 / 2 in the branches V, are currents which are inverse. In a first branch H, a current i2 / 2 directed towards the access is generated, while in the second branch, a current i2 / 2 moving away from the access is generated.

Les deux courants i2/2 ayant un sens accès/antenne pour l'un et un sens antenne/accès pour l'autre, seule une différence entre les modules de ces deux courants pourrait pénétrer dans l'accès 210 (accès H).The two currents i2 / 2 having an access / antenna direction for one and an antenna / access direction for the other, only a difference between the modules of these two currents could enter the access 210 (access H).

Ces courants arrivant en opposition de phase sur le diviseur formé par l'accès 210, seule une différence de module pourrait pénétrer dans l'accès. Ces courants i2/2 ne détériorent donc pas le découplage entre les polarisations H et V.These currents arriving in phase opposition on the divider formed by the access 210, only a module difference could penetrate the access. These currents i2 / 2 therefore do not deteriorate the decoupling between the polarizations H and V.

Dans le cas présent, les deux antennes ont une même structure et les deux branches de chaque accès sont similaires.In this case, the two antennas have the same structure and the two branches of each access are similar.

Ainsi, le courant i1 se sépare bien en deux courants égaux. Le couplage est bien similaire dans les deux antennes. En d'autres termes, un couplage parasité se créé, identique en module pour des raisons de symétrie. Les courants parasites i2/2 dans les deux branches de l'accès 210 (accès H) ont donc bien des grandeurs similaires et la soustraction de ces deux courants donne bien un courant parasite sensiblement nul dans l'accès 210 (accès H).Thus, the current i1 separates well into two equal currents. The coupling is very similar in both antennas. In other words, a parasitic coupling is created, identical in module for reasons of symmetry. The parasitic currents i2 / 2 in the two branches of the access 210 (access H) therefore have similar magnitudes and the subtraction of these two currents indeed gives a parasitic current substantially zero in the access 210 (access H).

Bien entendu, les couplages inverses, à savoir dus à un courant dans les branche H et générant des courants parasites dans les branches V, présentent de la même façon des effets atténués du fait d'une annulation entre courants parasites au niveau de l'accès V.Of course, the inverse couplings, ie due to a current in the branches H and generating parasitic currents in the branches V, likewise have attenuated effects due to a cancellation between stray currents at the access level. V.

La disposition de base de la figure 6 permet d'améliorer le découplage, qui était déjà de 20dB sur l'antenne unitaire seule. Dans la pratique, on a constaté une isolation entre les accès 110 et 210 de l'ordre de -40dB. Cette disposition entraîne aussi par conséquent une amélioration des performances en polarisation croisée comme on peut le constater sur les coupes en plan E et en plan H des diagrammes de polarisation présentés aux figures 8a et 8b, avec un maximum de polarisation croisée dans l'axe de l'ordre de -38 dB.The basic layout of the figure 6 improves decoupling, which was already 20dB on the unit antenna alone. In practice, there has been an isolation between access 110 and 210 of the order of -40 dB. This arrangement therefore also leads to an improvement in cross-polarization performance as can be seen in the E-plane and H-plane sections of the polarization diagrams presented. to the Figures 8a and 8b , with a maximum of cross polarization in the axis of the order of -38 dB.

Cette topologie à base d'éléments doubles est particulièrement adaptée à la réalisation de réseaux de grande taille. Comme illustré à la figure 9, où on multiplie avantageusement des couples d'antennes alimentés de cette façon.This topology based on double elements is particularly suitable for the realization of large networks. As illustrated in figure 9 , where it is advantageous to multiply pairs of antennas powered in this way.

Dans le réseau représenté, les lignes d'alimentation H des antennes sont alimentées par un premier circuit, et les lignes d'alimentation V sont alimentées par un second circuit.In the network shown, the feed lines H of the antennas are fed by a first circuit, and the supply lines V are fed by a second circuit.

Chacun de ces deux circuits est une arborescence constituée de dédoublements en cascade, jusqu'à des branches terminales reliées par paires à deux antennes selon un schéma d'alimentation similaire à celui de la figure 6.Each of these two circuits is a tree structure consisting of cascading doublings, to terminal branches connected in pairs to two antennas according to a power scheme similar to that of the figure 6 .

Le réseau d'antennes de la figure 9 présente ainsi deux accès qui forment chacune une racine de l'arborescence concernée. Les branches terminales sont de préférence situées à un même niveau d'arborescence par rapport à leur racine respective de sorte que les symétries sont bien respectées.The antenna network of the figure 9 thus presents two accesses which each form a root of the tree concerned. The terminal branches are preferably located at the same tree level with respect to their respective roots so that the symmetries are well respected.

Comme représenté à la figure 7, les accès terminaux 110 sont reliés à des accès supérieurs 115 d'une façon telle que les éventuels courants parasites résiduels dans les accès terminaux 110, se soustraient à nouveau au niveau des accès supérieurs 115.As represented in figure 7 the terminal ports 110 are connected to upper ports 115 in such a way that any residual parasitic currents in the terminal ports 110 are again withdrawn at the level of the upper ports 115.

Ainsi, pour l'arborescence d'alimentation de la polarisation V, ces accès 115 de niveau immédiatement supérieur regroupent des couples d'accès terminaux qui s'étendent, à chaque fois, pour l'un en branches entrantes et pour l'autre en branches sortantes.Thus, for the power supply tree of the polarization V, these accesses 115 of next higher level group terminal access couples which extend, each time, for one in incoming branches and for the other in outgoing branches.

Avec les dispositions décrites ci-avant, on obtient des circuits d'alimentation pour une colonne de paires d'antennes, colonnes qui se prêtent particulièrement bien à une intégration dans des espaces limités.With the arrangements described above, we obtain power supply circuits for a column of antenna pairs, columns that are particularly suitable for integration into limited spaces.

Ces circuits d'alimentation en arborescence décrits ici pour la couche de la bande de réception s'appliquent préférentiellement aussi à la couche de la bande d'émission.These tree feed circuits described here for the receiving band layer also preferentially apply to the transmission band layer.

Une technologie de type CMS (Composants Montés en Surface) permet un report d'éléments actifs, très avantageux en termes de coûts, qui peut être appliqué ici séparément sur chacune des couches émission et réception en permettant de conserver naturellement une bonne isolation entre les différents circuits et en facilitant la maitrise des pertes ohmiques si par exemple on implante un circuit actif par colonne d'antennes unitaires.A technology of the CMS type (Surface Mounted Components) allows a transfer of active elements, very advantageous in terms of costs, which can be applied here separately on each of the emission and reception layers, allowing to naturally maintain a good insulation between the different circuits and by facilitating the control of the ohmic losses if, for example, an active circuit is implanted by column of unitary antennas.

Pour l'homme de l'art, il sera aisé d'adapter l'ensemble de cette architecture pour obtenir un fonctionnement en polarisation circulaire grâce à l'adjonction, par exemple, d'un élément de type coupleur ou anneau hybride entre les accès polarisation horizontale (H) et polarisation verticale (V) du réseau précédemment décrit.For those skilled in the art, it will be easy to adapt all of this architecture to obtain circular polarization operation by adding, for example, a coupler-type element or hybrid ring between the accesses. horizontal polarization (H) and vertical polarization (V) of the previously described network.

L'antenne unitaire décrite en première partie de la description se prête d'ailleurs parfaitement à une intégration sur des substrats mousse faibles pertes et peut être associée, pour le report des éléments actifs, à la filière technologique CMS (Composants Montés en Surface), ce qui est très avantageux en termes de coût et constitue une synergie supplémentaire entre l'antenne unitaire proposée ci-avant et les circuits d'alimentation proposés ici.

  1. [1] MACI S., Biffi Gentili G. « Dual Frequency Patch Antennas » IEEE AP Magazine, vol39, n°6, Dec 1997, ppl3-19
  2. [2] Targonski, S.D., Pozar D.M. « Dual Band dual polarized printed antenna element » Electronic Letters, vol.34, n°23, nov 1998, pp2193-2194
  3. [3] Zurcher J.F. et al « A computer dual port, dual frequency, printed antenna with high decoupling » Microvave and optical technological letters, vol.19, n°2, oct.1998, pp131-137
  4. [4] P. Brachat, R.Béhé, G. Kossiavas, L. Habib, A. Papiernik Antennes microrubans polarisés par des grilles Annales des Télécommunications, tome 48, n 11-12, 1993, pp567-572
  5. [5] P. Brachat, R. Behe Antenne imprimée pour réseau à double polarisation Brevet N°9013563 - Octobre 1990
The unit antenna described in the first part of the description lends itself perfectly to integration on low loss foam substrates and may be associated, for the transfer of the active elements, to the technological CMS (Surface Mounted Components) technology. which is very advantageous in terms of cost and is an additional synergy between the unit antenna proposed above and the supply circuits proposed here.
  1. [1] MACI S., Biffi Gentili G. "Dual Frequency Patch Antennas" IEEE AP Magazine, Vol. 39, No. 6, Dec. 1997, ppl3-19
  2. [2] Targonski, SD, Pozar DM "Dual Band dual polarized printed antenna element" Electronic Letters, vol.34, No. 23, Nov 1998, pp2193-2194
  3. [3] Zurcher, JF et al, "A dual-frequency dual-mode computer, printed antenna with high decoupling." Microvave and Optical Voices, vol.19, No. 2, Oct. 1998, pp131-137
  4. [4] P. Brachat, R. Behe, G. Kossiavas, L. Habib, A. Papiernik Microstriped Antennas Polarized by Grids Annales of Telecommunications, Volume 48, No. 11-12, 1993, pp567-572
  5. [5] P. Brachat, R. Behe Printed antenna for double polarization network Patent No. 9013563 - October 1990

Claims (12)

  1. Dual-band printed antenna comprising two substantially stacked radiating elements (25, 45) of planar form, a first reactive coupling layout (5, 15) able to excite one of the radiating elements (25, 45), this first reactive coupling layout comprising at least one feed line (6, 7) fed at a first frequency and one conductive ground plane (15) furnished with at least one coupling slot (16, 17), the antenna furthermore comprising a second reactive coupling layout (25, 35) able to excite the other of the radiating elements, this second reactive coupling layout (35) including at least one feed line (36, 37), fed at a second frequency different from the first frequency, characterized in that the two radiating elements (25, 45) have surface areas exhibiting a relative discrepancy which is less than 20% so that the first reactive coupling layout produces a simultaneous coupling of the two radiating elements (25, 45).
  2. Printed antenna according to Claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the two radiating elements (25, 45) is etched on a layer comprising a uniplanar ground plane, this radiating element then being isolated from this ground plane by a slot hugging its contour.
  3. Antenna according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the antenna exhibits an operating frequency band corresponding to the dual coupling of the radiating elements (25, 45), which has a relative width of greater than 15%.
  4. Antenna according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the feed line(s) (36, 37) of the second reactive coupling layout (35) extends (extend) between the two radiating elements (45).
  5. Antenna according to the preceding claim, characterized in that it comprises, among the two radiating elements (25, 45), an element (25) closest to the ground plane (15), and in that the feed line (36, 37) of the second reactive coupling layout (25, 35) is closer to this radiating element (25) than to the other radiating element (45).
  6. Antenna according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it comprises, among the two radiating elements (25, 45), an element (25) closest to the ground plane (15) and in that the second reactive coupling layout (35) extends between the radiating element (25) closest to the ground plane (15) and the ground plane (15).
  7. Antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first reactive coupling layout (5, 15) comprises two feed lines (6, 7) extending in mutually perpendicular directions in the antenna, and in that the ground plane (15) comprises two slots (16, 17) extending in two mutually perpendicular principal directions, these two slots (16, 17) each being arranged plumb with a corresponding feed line (6, 7) of the first reactive coupling layout and perpendicular to this corresponding feed line (6, 7).
  8. Antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a reactive couplings layout (5, 15, 25, 35) of the antenna comprises two feed lines (6, 7, 36, 37) extending in the antenna in mutually different directions.
  9. Array comprising at least one pair of antennas each in accordance with Claim 8, and two electrical ports (110, 210) from which there extends on each occasion a pair of branches, each branch of a first port (110, 210) linking a first respective feed line in each of the two antennas, and each branch of a second port (110, 210) linking a second respective feed line in each of the two antennas, the branches of the first and of the second ports (110, 210) being arranged in such a way that a current (i2, i2) arriving at one of the ports in the direction of the antennas separates into currents in the branches of this port which by coupling produce two stray currents in the branches of the other port, which stray currents have senses among the antenna/port and port/antenna senses that are opposite according to the branches of this other port.
  10. Array according to Claim 9, characterized in that the branches of a first port (110) are arranged in such a way that a current arriving at this first port (110) toward the antennas separates into two currents that traverse the two corresponding feed lines on each occasion in one and the same sense from among a sense directed toward the inside or a sense directed toward the outside of the antenna, and the branches of the second port (210) are arranged in such a way that a current arriving at this second port (210) in the direction of the antennas separates into two currents that traverse the corresponding feed lines, one toward the inside of the antenna and the other toward the outside of the antenna.
  11. Array comprising at least two pairs of antennas, each pair of which forms an array in accordance with Claim 9 or Claim 10, and in which said first port (110) of a pair of antennas exhibits branches arranged in such a way that a current arriving from the port in a feed line exhibits one and the same sense in both feed lines, directed toward the inside of the antennas, and said first port (110) of the other pair of antennas exhibits branches arranged in such a way that a current arriving from the port in a feed line exhibits one and the same sense in both feed lines, directed toward the outside of the antennas, these two first ports (110), having reentrant feed lines in the case of one and having outgoing feed lines in the case of the other, being linked to one and the same upper port (115).
  12. Array of antennas comprising a series of antenna pairs, and comprising two circuits each forming a tree consisting of a series of separations having two branches in cascade, each tree terminating in terminal branches, and in which array each antenna pair forms, together with two pairs of terminal branches belonging to the two trees respectively, a subarray having two antennas in accordance with Claim 9 or with Claim 10.
EP02784863A 2001-07-11 2002-07-11 Reactive coupling antenna comprising two radiating elements Expired - Lifetime EP1428294B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0109208 2001-07-11
FR0109208A FR2827430A1 (en) 2001-07-11 2001-07-11 Satellite biband receiver/transmitter printed circuit antenna having planar shapes radiating elements and first/second reactive coupling with radiating surface areas coupled simultaneously
PCT/FR2002/002448 WO2003007423A1 (en) 2001-07-11 2002-07-11 Reactive coupling antenna comprising two radiating elements

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EP1428294A1 EP1428294A1 (en) 2004-06-16
EP1428294B1 true EP1428294B1 (en) 2011-10-05

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EP (1) EP1428294B1 (en)
JP (1) JP4034265B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE527721T1 (en)
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CN107732465B (en) * 2017-09-15 2020-04-21 北京空间飞行器总体设计部 Dual-band dual-polarization fast drop rectangular shaped array antenna

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WO2003007423A8 (en) 2003-03-20
FR2827430A1 (en) 2003-01-17
US20040239565A1 (en) 2004-12-02
ATE527721T1 (en) 2011-10-15
JP2004535131A (en) 2004-11-18
US7091907B2 (en) 2006-08-15
EP1428294A1 (en) 2004-06-16
WO2003007423A1 (en) 2003-01-23

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