EP1364867A1 - Freins mécaniques à patins pour bicyclettes - Google Patents
Freins mécaniques à patins pour bicyclettes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1364867A1 EP1364867A1 EP03291206A EP03291206A EP1364867A1 EP 1364867 A1 EP1364867 A1 EP 1364867A1 EP 03291206 A EP03291206 A EP 03291206A EP 03291206 A EP03291206 A EP 03291206A EP 1364867 A1 EP1364867 A1 EP 1364867A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- brake
- cam
- arms
- arm
- pins
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62L—BRAKES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CYCLES
- B62L1/00—Brakes; Arrangements thereof
- B62L1/02—Brakes; Arrangements thereof in which cycle wheels are engaged by brake elements
- B62L1/06—Brakes; Arrangements thereof in which cycle wheels are engaged by brake elements the wheel rim being engaged
- B62L1/10—Brakes; Arrangements thereof in which cycle wheels are engaged by brake elements the wheel rim being engaged by the elements moving substantially parallel to the wheel axis
- B62L1/14—Brakes; Arrangements thereof in which cycle wheels are engaged by brake elements the wheel rim being engaged by the elements moving substantially parallel to the wheel axis the elements being mounted on levers pivotable about different axes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T1/00—Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles
- B60T1/02—Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles acting by retarding wheels
- B60T1/06—Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles acting by retarding wheels acting otherwise than on tread, e.g. employing rim, drum, disc, or transmission or on double wheels
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T11/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator without power assistance or drive or where such assistance or drive is irrelevant
- B60T11/04—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator without power assistance or drive or where such assistance or drive is irrelevant transmitting mechanically
- B60T11/046—Using cables
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
- Y10T74/21—Elements
- Y10T74/2101—Cams
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of rim brake pads intended for be mounted on bicycles, particularly on mountain bikes.
- rim brake pads are driven by either hydraulic systems, either by mechanical systems. Hydraulic brakes often very effective in braking action have the inherent drawbacks to any hydraulic system: complexity of components, vulnerability of circuits, monitoring of the oil reserve and high price. They also lack progressiveness in braking. Mechanical brakes with pulling by cables and sheaths perpendicular to or transversely to the brake arms two independent symmetrical brake arms, focused on the pins attached to the bicycle, these arms are held and brought back to their initial positions by springs of torsion or bending, one end of which is housed in the pin. These springs are fragile and difficult to replace after disassembling the brake. The setting of brake pads compared to the rim is tricky.
- Some high-end brakes have parallel application systems for pads on the rims with fragile and bulky links. These brakes are sensitive to mud, cables and sheaths which join the brake arms passing very close to the tire. The brake cables are not always fitted according to the same direction, which causes friction and poor recall of skates in rest position. These brakes must be removed and handled with care, the springs and the adjustment rings being joined only by mounting on the trunnion. The parts of these brakes are different for each arm. If braking is effective these brakes lack progressiveness and by a stop effect of the pads against the rims prolonged braking tires the hands.
- the invention which will be described proposes to provide solutions to disadvantages cited. It relates for the first embodiment to a system of mechanical brake with pads comprising two identical and reversible brake arms, freely mounted in rotation on the trunnions, carrying for each arm at the top a hollow vee cam pierced in the middle, the angle of the dihedron being approximately 90 °, the bisecting edge is horizontal, the cam is open towards the outside, the closure of the brake being controlled by a movable hoop in a rotational movement whose the axis is parallel to the axis of rotation of the wheel from holes located in the sector top and center of the roll bar by the action of the brake cable or sheath connected to the brake handle, the movable rollbar being connected on the inside of the arm, so removable, by its ends to pins, whose longitudinal axes are horizontal when the brake is at rest, bearing cam fingers acting in rotational movements transmitted by the pins against the sides of the cams, the arms are held and returned to the rest position by compression springs
- the longitudinal axis of the movable roll bar forms a preferred angle of approximately 45 ° with the axes of the brake arms. This angle can be adjusted to the particularity of a frame when the pins and the movable arch are provided with fine pitch assembly teeth.
- the brake is retained in the middle of the arch by the cable and is stabilized by two springs identical lengths and forces which gives a positioning of the arms to a same spacing of the rim.
- the brake being mounted floating and without constraint, in braking action the pads rub in identical ways against the rim, which improves the behavior of the wheel in relation to the ground.
- the disassembled brake forms a whole compact without part which dissociates.
- the screws holding the brake on the trunnions are manual tightening screws or quarter turn screws to be able to change quickly a wheel without being bothered by the brake pads.
- the paths of brake cables and casings are always made according to the median plane of the bicycle.
- the mobile control bar is in three parts: two bent branches in metal rod and a branch assembly sleeve, in light metal or plastic material.
- This sleeve allows the spacing of the brake arms to be adjusted by relation to the rim and the passage, orientation and immobilization of the cable brake control.
- the movable roll bar is adjustable in height by integral screws some pins.
- the brake pads are mounted on cylindrical pad holders allowing their automatic orientation parallel to the rim and they are adjustable in height with respect to the rim by screws secured to the brake arms, these three special features: spacing adjustment by sleeve, height adjustment by screws and automatic skate orientation eliminates the need for rings and adjustment cups that are mounted on traditional pad holders and gain time adjusting the brakes.
- the pins have buttonholes for the mounting of the cam fingers, which avoids screws, allows an orientation of the cam finger cam relative to the sides of the cam during the braking phase and can be a means, by removing it, of rapid separation of the brake pads for the passage of a wheel.
- the general principle of brake operation is the same as that of the second embodiment.
- the edge of the cam dihedral carried by the arm is vertical.
- the cam finger is the extension of the three-part movable roll bar which presents itself vertically when the brake is at rest.
- the assembly sleeve has a flat part offset by relative to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve, allowing the brake cable being connected to this offset part, a continuous adjustment of the angle of attack of the movable roll bar with respect to the vertical axis of the arms.
- the arm return springs are in elastomer.
- the general principle of operation, moving bar and cam control is the same, arms and skates are different.
- Identical and reversible brake arms are joined at their top by a fixed arch which can deform in the width direction, which can be made of metal rod or plastic material.
- the height adjustment of the arms is provided by threaded cleats mounted on the pins.
- Cams open to approximately 90 ° are located inside the arms at the level of the brake pads.
- the spindles controlled by the movable roll bar carry the pads.
- skates can be present in two aspects: either cylindrical, the connections between the cam fingers which are the ends of the roll bar and the pins are made at the edges of the camholes, that is to say normal with guided rectilinear displacement, the fingers cam are independent parts and the connections between the pins and the hoop mobile are done on the outside of the arms.
- the mobile roll bar has a roller brake cable, this is stopped by a movable connecting piece at the top and in its middle of the fixed arch.
- the mobile rollbar is prestressed in spacing, it is he who ensures by its elasticity the holding in place and the recall of the pads, in the action of braking it tightens in width.
- This embodiment can be adapted to a disc brake.
- Figures 1 to 4, 13, 14, 16, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29 describe the mechanical brake at skates of the first embodiment.
- the mobile control bar 1 made of plastic, of sections calculated for ability to deform by opening if pressure between rim and brake pads 27 is too large, is drilled in each fallout 3 with a transverse hole 2 of octagonal section, fig 23.
- Two holes 4 and 5 calibrated to the diameter of the brake cables cross the upper part in the middle of the arch 1.
- a tapped hole 6 perpendicular to 4 and 5 receives a locking screw 7 of the brake cable 8.
- a pin 9 which carries a cam finger 21.
- This pin 9 issue of a cylinder is cut at one end of the same octagon 10 as 2, which allows to be able to position the longitudinal axis of the arch 1 relative to those of the arms 17 differently depending on the desired mounting, the angle ⁇ 1 can measure - 45 °, 0 °, + 45 °; the other end of the pin 9 is cut in the shape of a half-ball 11, fig 27.
- a hole 12 is drilled along the axis of 11, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pin 9, it is intended to receive a cam finger 21, either in one piece, fig 14, or equipped with rollers 154 stopped by circlips 155, fig 13, making it possible to reduce the friction.
- a smooth hole 13 opens into 12, it receives a rod 14 calibrated in length which stops the cam finger in translation; a tapped hole 30 receives a locking screw 16 whose head rests against a washer 15, fig 3.
- the left and right brake arms 17 are identical and reversible. Each arm is crossed at its lower part by a smooth hole 18 through which it is mounted rotating freely on the pin 19 when the screw 20 is blocked.
- An obviously 22 is hollowed out in a known manner to receive the shoe-carrying screw 28 which holds the shoe 27 as well as the thickness and orientation washers 29.
- a cam 23 At the upper part of the arm is located a cam 23, the sides 40 and 41 of which form an angle of approximately 90 °, the edge bisector of the dihedral is horizontal, the cam is turned towards the outside of the arm.
- the angle of the flank 41 is more open by about 2 ° so that the finger 21 bears on the two cam flanks during the movement, this if the pin 9 is mounted with a monobloc cam finger fig 14 or with roller fig 13, if the spindle 9 receives an articulated cam finger 158, fig 29 this asymmetry is not necessary.
- An oblong hole 24 whose axis is located in the plane of symmetry of the arm 17 and symmetrical about the dihedral edge crosses the thickness of the cam perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the arm to lead into a cylindrical counterbore 25 located on the inside of the arm.
- a compression spring 26, part of which is housed inside 25 is mounted around pin 9, it takes support against the bottom of 25 and against the outside of the fallout 3 of 1.
- the springs 26 establish an interaction between the roll bar 1 and the arms 17 via the cams 23 and fingers 21 of pins 9, they maintain the spacing of the arms at rest and bring back the arms and the movable roll bar after a braking action.
- the angle ⁇ 1 is approximately + 45 °, which can thanks to octagons 2 and 10 make - 45 ° or 0 °, it is possible that 2 and 10 are with toothed profiles, with an angle of 20 ° between two teeth so that set the angle ⁇ 1 in 20 ° steps.
- two cable and sheath assemblies are possible, illustrated by FIG.
- the brake considered being mounted on the fork either the cable brake 31 starting from the brake handle 32 passes freely through hole 4 or 5 of the arch 1, the locking screw 7 is loosened, then through the hole 33, located in the part rounded of the fork head, at the outlet of which it is stopped by a cable clamp 34, and it is the brake sheath 35 which bears against the arch 1, pushes it towards rear and puts the brake in braking action, on bikes with forks telescopic the brake cable goes through the hole which is located in the upper part of the reinforcement arch of the fork arms; either the cable 36, shown in dotted lines, starting from the handle 32 passes through the hole 33, then is stopped in a hole 4 or 5 of the arch 1 by the screw 7, the sheath 37 shown in dotted lines makes a double bend and leans against the back of the fork head.
- the rear brake can accommodate these two types of mounting using the hole in the middle of the shroud strip. In depending on the stroke given by the brake handle, choose hole 4 or 5 the roll bar, hole 5 will be preferred if the stroke is large. At rest arms 17 must be as close as possible to the vertical. The screws 20 are manual tightening or quarter turn screwing to be able to disassemble the brake quickly.
- the brake cable 8 passes through the median plane in the width direction of the movable hoop 1 and by the median plane of the bicycle, the springs 26 also separate the arm 17 of fallout 3 of 1, the brake while remaining elastically floating is thus stabilized in the median plane of the bicycle, without constraint.
- the roll bar 1 pivots by the tension given to the cable or to the sheath, the cam fingers 21 rotated by the pins 9 bear against the sides 40 and 41 of the cams 23 and force the arm 17 inwards, the pads 27 rub against the rim, the springs 26 are angle, the angle ⁇ 1 is reduced to ⁇ 2. Thanks to the elongated shape of the holes 24 the arms 17 are not hampered in their movements by pins 9.
- FIGS 5 to 8, 14A and 16 describe the second embodiment of the invention.
- the brake arm 42 has a configuration close to that of arm 17.
- a stepped hole 43 opening and vertical is located in the plane of symmetry of the arm seen from side, fig 6, and in the vertical plane of symmetry of the hole 45, fig 5.
- the arm is mounted on the pin through the hole 45, freely rotating without constraint.
- the recess 44, without wall, is calibrated in width on its two sides 46.
- the pad holder system includes: a rectangular nut 47 guided in translation by the sides 46, bearing inner side in the middle a threaded rod 48 with rounded end; a screw 53 comprising three decreasing diameters, the ends housed in the hole 43 are smooth, the upper part has an imprint 54 for a hexagonal key; a washer in elastomer 52 intended to brake the screw nut system and to make up for play; a nut blocking 51; a cylindrical shoe holder 49 provided with a contact flat 56; a hollow shoe 50 notched 55 to allow tightening the nut 51, fig 12.
- the spindle 57 has a head 58 which is pierced with a hole 59 transversely on the longitudinal axis, in which is held by the screw 61 the bent arm 60 of the movable arch 67 which allows it to be adjustable in height.
- a buttonhole from two intersecting holes 62 and 64 crosses the spindle opposite the head 58, the longitudinal axes of 62 and 64 form an angle ⁇ 3 about 60 ° with the longitudinal axis of hole 59, fig 6.
- a hole 65 is drilled perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of 62 and 64, against the head 58, it is used for passage of the screw adjustment key 53.
- a cam finger 63, fig 14A is placed in the buttonhole, this mounting allows the finger an angular freedom relative to the longitudinal axis of spindle 57 and allows it by a slight tilting in the buttonhole if it is necessary to also press against the sides of the cam during the tilting movement of the arm, without asymmetry of the angles of the sides of the cams as explained in the first embodiment.
- the position of the cam on the arm, the oblong hole, the cylindrical counterbore and the spring are identical to those described in the first embodiment.
- the movable roll bar 67 for controlling the brake is in three parts: two bent branches 60 in metal rod and a sleeve adjustment 68.
- This sleeve 68 has in its middle a transverse hole 72 at the dimension of the brake cable 71, a screw 70 can be used to immobilize the cable on the sleeve.
- Two screws 69 located transversely at each end of the sleeve serve to immobilize the branches 60 on the sleeve 68.
- the general operation of the brake is that described in the first mode of production.
- the height adjustment of the movable arch 67 relative to the horizontal axis pins 57 is made using screws 61, it is useful to adapt to the stroke of the cable given by the brake handle.
- Adjusting the spacing of the pads 50 by relative to the rim and the orientation of the through hole 72 relative to the cable are carried out using the screws 69 of the sleeve 68.
- the height adjustment of the pads 50 relative to the rim is carried out using screws 53.
- the contact face of the pads 50 on the rim is always parallel to it thanks to the mounting of the pads 50 on the cylindrical pad holders 49. If the pressure of the pads 50 against the rim is too important the branches 60 open elastically to avoid locking of the wheels.
- Figures 7 and 8 show the brake in braking action.
- FIGS 9 to 12 and 16 describe the third embodiment of the invention.
- the brake arms 75 are identical and reversible. Each arm 75 is mounted on the journal 81 freely rotating without constraint, it is held by the clamping screw manual 82.
- a blind storied hole 77 is drilled along the longitudinal axis of the part lower arm.
- the shoe height adjustment screw 78 has two parts cylindrical smooth at the ends which are housed in the stepped hole 77, opposite the arm opening 76 tee 75 part of the screw carries a hexagon 79 of screw operation.
- the opening 76 at the tee located on either side of the plane of symmetry of the arm in side view, fig 10, has its sides 74 calibrated in width.
- the adjusting nut 80 in height of the pads which cooperates with the screw 78 can be presented in two achievements.
- the nut 80 has a rear portion 84 which projects outside the arm 75, the sides 85 of 80 are chamfered to allow, thanks to the screws 100 carried by 84 which lean against the back of the arms 75 a permanent adjustment of approximately 5 ° the longitudinal axis of the shoe 89 relative to the plane of the rim; the washer of elastomer 86, the locking nut 87, the shoe holder 88 and the shoe 89 are identical to those described in the second embodiment.
- the sides 91 of the nut 90 are chamfered to allow about 5 ° elastic travel of the axis longitudinal of the shoe relative to the plane of the rim, the elastomer washer makes spring return office.
- the system carried by the left arm is an adjustment of permanent angle, that carried by the right arm is an automatic alignment of the contact plane of the skate with that of the rim.
- the cam 92 placed at the top is turned towards the outside of the arm, the bisecting edge of the dihedral is vertical, the angle plan is approximately 90 °, fig 11.
- the movable roll bar 93 is in three parts: two angled arms 94 in round metal rod, ending in cam fingers 96 and pass through pins 101 outside the arms, and an assembly sleeve 95. So that the cam finger 96 bears well against the wings of the cam 92 in progress braking action and to compensate for the inclination taken by the dihedral edge when the brake arm 75 pivots inwards, the dihedral opening angle is greater about 4 ° in the lower part 97 of the cam than in the upper part 98, this angle being about 90 ° in this part, to avoid a tailgating of the cam finger against edge 108 it is slightly curved.
- An oblong hole 99 crosses the rear of the cam perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the arm, it opens into a cylindrical counterbore 107.
- the spindle 101 is traversed perpendicularly by a hole 102 which receives the cam finger 96 and axially through a threaded hole 103.
- a spring made of elastomer 104 arranged around the pin 101 performs three functions: it office for holding and restoring the arms after a braking action in pressing the cam finger 96 carried by the bent branch 94 against the cam, by its engagement in the counterbore 107 it positions the spindle 101 in the middle of the oblong 99 when the brake is at rest, and it brakes the locking screw 105 by allowing it to immobilize the finger 96 on the spindle while pressing the washer 106.
- the sleeve 95 is provided with a flat offset part 83 relative to its longitudinal axis so to have an adjustment of the angular positioning of the top of the movable arch in the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the wheel by varying the angle ⁇ 4 by the screw 109 for optimum mounting of the brake on the bicycle.
- Arms 75 are mounted freely rotating on the pins 81 so that the brake in place constitutes a floating assembly without constraint whose axis of symmetry according to the front view, fig 9, is held in the plane of the axis of symmetry in width of the wheel by the cable brake passing through a hole in the upper and central position of the movable roll bar 93 when the brake is at rest.
- Figures 17 to 21 describe a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- the brake comprises two identical and reversible arms 111 in which are screwed to the lower part two cleats 112 mounted freely rotating in rotation by the bores 113 on the trunnions.
- the brake arms 111 are interconnected in their plane by a hoop 110, held by gluing, crimping or by screws, in rod metal which can deform in width, the arms turning slightly on the trunnions, if one shoe touches the rim before the other and if too much pressure important between the pads and the rim to avoid blockage of the wheel, this hoop can also be made of plastic.
- Vee cams 114 are carried by the arms 111, the planar angle of the dihedral is approximately 90 °, the bisecting edge horizontal of the dihedral is located at the rim when the brake is fitted, they face the inside of the brake, each has a hole through it cylindrical 148 in which the spindle 115 slides in a straight line perpendicular to the arm.
- the spindle 115 composed of a smooth cylindrical part 116 and a threaded end 117, carries a transverse hole 118 which receives the cam pin 119 integral part of the movable roll bar 125 and a longitudinal threaded hole 120 which receives the immobilization screw 121.
- a cylindrical brake shoe 122 provided with a threaded insert 123 is screwed onto 117, it is immobilized by the locking nut 124.
- This shoe cylindrical suitable for children's bikes.
- the curved 125 roll bar is elastically prestressed in the width direction, it serves as a brake control, for holding in position and elastic return of the pads.
- a roller 126 is stopped in translation in the middle of 125.
- the brake cable 128 is secured to the arch 110 by a movable connecting piece 127, it is stopped thereon by the screw 149.
- the brooch 129 carries a cylindrical part 130 which projects outside the arm 111 and which is through a hole 131 in which is immobilized one end of the movable arch 132 outside the arm by the screw 133.
- a transverse hole 134 whose axis longitudinal makes an angle ⁇ 5 of approximately 75 ° with that of hole 131 receives a finger independent 135 cam, force-fitted.
- the shoe holder 136 has a part tapped 138 in the middle rear and two wings 137 which have a distance equal to the width of the arm 111 at the height of the cams 114 and which serve as guiding in translation the pad holder 136 so that it does not turn on itself in action of braking.
- the spacing of the pads is adjusted before mounting by screwing from 138 to 139.
- brake operation 139 turns in 138.
- the roll bar mobile 132 is elastically prestressed in width to maintain and elastic return of the pads by pressing the cam fingers 135 against the cams 114. During the braking action, the arches 125 and 132 tighten in width.
- Figures 30 to 32 describe the brake of the fourth adapted embodiment to a disc brake.
- the brake body 140 is split to let the disc pass, it carries the cams 141.
- a bore 142 receives the pins 143.
- the mobile roll bar of control 144 also serves as cam fingers, it is held on the pins by the screws 147, it is elastically prestressed in width to serve as a spring for pin recall, it is connected to the brake cable 146 by a moving part in rotation 145.
- Figures 22 and 23 describe a movable hoop 150 cut into a knife shape 151 intended for scraping the mud which sticks on the tire, it is intended to be mounted on the brake of the first embodiment.
- the brake arms described in the first three embodiments are in light metal, it is possible as these arms do not support any tapping nor rivet to make them of plastic material 152 provided with a metallic fur 153 to the location of the cams, fig 24, 25 and 26.
- Figure 13 shows in longitudinal section a cam finger provided with rollers 154, held by circlips 155, intended to reduce friction.
- the principle is suitable for the first two embodiments.
- cam fingers only bearing on part of the flanks during the action of braking it is possible in the event of wear of the cams to reverse the arms on the trunnions, for the first three embodiments and to return the brake for the fourth.
- the industrial interest of the invention is the manufacture of an efficient brake having identical parts for both arms.
- the arms can be plastic material.
- the skate adjustments being simple this brake system is interesting for rental bikes. He can customize a brand of cycles, currently ATVs are mostly equipped with identical brakes from a single brand of components.
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Abstract
Description
- un arceau mobile en rotation dont l'axe du mouvement est parallèle à l'axe de rotation de la roue, arceau pouvant se déformer élastiquement dans le sens de la largeur, arceau activé à sa partie haute et centrale par l'action d'un câble ou d'une gaine reliés à la poignée de frein, arceau relié à chacune de ses extrémités de façon démontable à une broche recevant un doigt de came qui agit dans un mouvement de rotation transmis par la broche contre les flancs d'une came creuse percée d'un trou aménagé pour recevoir la broche, came creuse en vé dont l'angle plan du dièdre est d'environ 90°, commande dans son mouvement de rotation l'action des patins, le système de rappel élastique des patins étant situé au niveau des broches.
- chaque frein comporte deux bras identiques et réversibles montés tournant librement sur les tourillons, chacun des bras portant à sa partie haute une came creuse en vé percée perpendiculairement par rapport à l'axe longitudinal du bras d'un trou oblong et d'un lamage cylindrique, came qui est tournée vers l'extérieur du bras et dont l'arête bissectrice du dièdre est horizontale et l'angle plan d'environ 90°, la broche qui traverse la came par le trou oblong et le lamage cylindrique porte un doigt de came et est reliée à l'arceau mobile du côté intérieur du bras, les bras sont maintenus et ramenés en position de repos après une action de freinage par des ressorts de compression métalliques placés autour des broches, les bras sont montés tournant librement sur les tourillons de façon à ce que le frein en place constitue un ensemble flottant, sans contrainte, dont l'axe de symétrie suivant la vue de face est maintenue dans le plan de l'axe de symétrie en largeur de la roue par le câble de frein passant par un trou situé dans le secteur haut et central de l'arceau mobile quand le frein est au repos.
- chaque frein comporte deux bras identiques et réversibles montés tournant librement sur les tourillons, chacun des bras portant à sa partie haute une came creuse percée perpendiculairement par rapport à l'axe longitudinal du bras d'un trou oblong et d'un lamage cylindrique, came qui est tournée vers l'extéricur du bras et dont l'arête bissectrice du dièdre est verticale et l'angle plan d'environ 90°, la broche qui traverse la came porte côté extérieur au bras un doigt de came qui est une extrémité de la branche coudée de l'arceau mobile, les bras sont maintenus et ramenés en position de repos après une action de freinage par des ressorts en élastomère disposés autour des broches, logés en partie dans les lamages cylindriques, ces ressorts assurent également le positionnement des broches au milieu des trous oblongs dans le sens de la hauteur quand le frein est au repos par l'intermédiaire des lamages cylindriques , les bras sont montés tournant librement sur les tourillons de façon à ce que le frein en place constitue un ensemble flottant sans contrainte dont l'axe de symétrie suivant la vue de face est maintenu dans le plan de l'axe de symétrie en largeur de la roue par le câble de frein passant par un trou situé en position haute et centrale de l'arceau mobile quand le frein est au repos.
- les bras de freins identiques et réversibles sont montés sur les tourillons par des tasseaux réglables en hauteur, et sont reliés entre eux dans leur plan par un arceau en tige métallique ou en matière plastique, déformable élastiquement en largeur, chaque bras portant une came creuse en vé tournée vers l'intérieur du frein, l'arrête bissectrice du dièdre étant horizontale, l'angle plan étant d'environ 90°, came percée d'un trou perpendiculaire à l'axe longitudinal du bras dans lequel coulisse une broche de façon rectiligne, cette broche pouvant soit être munie à son extrémité filetée d'un patin cylindrique le doigt de came faisant partie de l'arceau mobile, soit être munie à son extrémité filetée d'un porte patin à déplacement rectiligne, le doigt de came étant indépendant, la commande du frein, le maintien en position et le rappel élastique des patins étant assuré par l'arceau mobile précontraint en largeur.
- l'arceau mobile de commande est en trois parties constituées de deux branches coudées en tige métallique reliées aux broches par des vis permettant un réglage en hauteur de l'arceau mobile par rapport à l'axe horizontal des broches et d'un manchon d'assemblage lié aux branches coudées par des vis solidaires du manchon perinettant un réglage en écartement des patins par rapport à la jante, un réglage de l'orientation du trou de passage du câble de frein et un réglage du positionnement angulaire du haut de l'arceau mobile dans le plan perpendiculaire à l'axe de rotation de la roue quand le manchon possède une partie plate déportée par rapport à son axe longitudinal, l'arceau mobile pouvant se déformer élastiquement si la pression entre les patins et la jante est trop importante.
- l'arceau mobile de commande est monobloc en matière plastique, de sections calculées pour pouvoir se déformer en s'ouvrant si la pression entre les patins et la jante devient trop importante, qu'il est muni dans chaque retombée d'un trou transversal de profil octogonal, pouvant être de profil denté, qui coopère avec la section octogonale ou dentée de la broche pour le positionnement de son axe longitudinal par rapport à ceux des bras selon le montage désiré, en ce qu'il possède deux trous pour le passage et l'immobilisation du câble dont le choix au montage du frein dépend de la course donnée par la poignée de frein, une vis de blocage étant prévue pour solidariser le câble à l'arceau mobile, celui-ci pouvant être taillé en forme de couteau destiné à racler la boue qui se colle sur le pneu.
- un patin creux monté sur un porte patin cylindrique permettant au patin une orientation automatique parallèlement à la jante, porte patin vissé à l'extrémité filetée arrondie d'une tige recevant une rondelle d'élastomère et un écrou de blocage, tige portée par un écrou rectangulaire guidé en translation par les côtés d'un évidemment du bras de frein est réglable en hauteur par rapport à la jante par une vis solidaire du bras de frein.
- l'écrou de chaque bras servant au réglage en hauteur du patin par rapport à la jante à l'aide de la vis a ses côtés en contact avec les côtés calibrés latéraux du bras chanfreinés et porte une partie arrière sortant à l'extérieur du bras, pourvue de vis de réglage afin d'obtenir un réglage permanent de l'axe longitudinal du patin d'environ 5° par rapport à la jante, ce réglage pouvant être automatique en cas de suppression de la partie.
- les doigts de cames peuvent être montés dans une boutonnière des broches, peuvent être articulés sur les broches, peuvent être munis de rouleaux.
- les bras de freins sont en matière plastique munis de fourrures métalliques portant les cames.
- le frein selon l'invention peut être adapté à un frein à disque.
- La figure 1 représente une vue de face en coupe partielle suivant la ligne AA de la figure 2 d'un frein mécanique à patins en position de repos selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention.
- La figure 2 représente une vue de côté de la figure 1.
- La figure 3 représente une vue de face en coupe partielle suivant la ligne BB de la figure 4 du frein de la figure 1 en position active de freinage.
- La figure 4 représente une vue de côté de la figure 3.
- La figure 5 représente une vue de face en coupe partielle suivant la ligne CC de la figure 6 d'un frein mécanique à patins en position de repos selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention.
- La figure 6 représente une vue de côté de la figure 5.
- La figure 7 représente une vue de face en coupe partielle suivant la ligne DD de la figure 8 du frein de la figure 5 en position active de freinage.
- La figure 8 représente une vue de côté de la figure 7.
- La figure 9 représente une vue de face en coupe partielle suivant la ligne EE de la figure 10 d'un frein mécanique à patins en position de repos selon un troisième mode de réalisation de l'invention.
- La figure 10 représente une vue de côté de la figure 9.
- La figure 11 représente une section suivant la ligne FF de la figure 10.
- La figure 12 représente une vue de dessus en coupe suivant la ligne GG de la figure 9.
- La figure 13 représente en coupe longitudinale un doigt de came muni de rouleaux.
- La figure 14 représente un doigt de came monobloc tenu par vis.
- La figure 14 A représente un doigt de came monobloc tenu par boutonnière.
- La figure 15 représente en vue de côté un écrou de blocage de patin mobile.
- La figure 16 représente une vue de côté d'un VTT montrant les positions de montages des freins et les cheminements des câbles et des gaines.
- La figure 17 représente une vue de face en coupe partielle suivant la ligne HH de la figure 18 d'un frein mécanique à patins en position de repos selon un quatrième mode de réalisation de l'invention.
- La figure 18 représente une vue de côté de la figure 17.
- La figure 19 représente une vue de face en coupe suivant la ligne JJ de la figure 21 d'un porte- patin à déplacement rectiligne pouvant être monté sur le frein du quatrième mode de réalisation.
- La figure 20 représente le porte-patin de la figure 21 en coupe suivant la ligne II.
- La figure 21 représente une vue de côté de la figure 19.
- La figure 22 représente en vue de face un arceau mobile du premier mode de réalisation muni d'un couteau contre la boue.
- La figure 23 représente une vue de côté de la figure 22 en coupe suivant la ligne KK.
- La figure 24 représente une vue de face d'un bras du troisième mode de réalisation réalisé en matière plastique, muni d'une fourrure métallique.
- La figure 25 représente une vue de dessus de la figure 24 en coupe suivant la ligne LL.
- La figure 26 représente une vue de côté de la figure 24.
- La figure 27 représente une broche porte doigt de came du premier mode de réalisation.
- La figure 28 représente une vue de côté de la figure 27.
- La figure 29 représente en coupe longitudinale une broche munie d'un doigt de came articulé sur la broche.
- La figure 30 représente une vue de face en coupe suivant la ligne MM de la figure 31 d'un frein à disque issu du quatrième mode de réalisation.
- La figure 31 représente une vue de côté de la figure 30.
- La figure 32 représente l'arceau mobile de commande du frein des figures 30 et 31.
Claims (11)
- Freins mécaniques à patins destinés à être montés sur des bicyclettes, de préférence sur des vélos tout terrain, agissant pour le freinage par le frottement de patins, caractérisés en ce qu'un arceau mobile en rotation ( 1, 67, 93, 125, 132, 144 ) dont l'axe du mouvement est parallèle à l'axe de rotation de la roue, arceau pouvant se déformer èlastiquement dans le sens de la largeur, arceau activé à sa partie haute et centrale par l'action d'un câble ( 8, 36, 71, 128, 146 ) ou d'une gaine ( 35 ) reliés à la poignée de frein ( 32 ), arceau relié à chacune de ses extrémités de façon démontable à une broche ( 9, 57, 101, 115, 129, 143 ) recevant un doigt de came (21, 63, 96, 119, 135 ) qui agit dans un mouvement de rotation transmis par la broche contre les flancs (40, 41, 97, 98) d'une came creuse ( 23, 114, 141) percée d'un trou aménagé ( 24, 99, 142, 148) pour recevoir la broche ( 9, 57, 101, 115, 129, 143 ), came creuse en vé dont l'angle plan du dièdre est d'environ 90°, commande dans son mouvement de rotation l'action des patins, le système de rappel élastique ( 26, 104, 125, 132, 144 ) des patins étant situé au niveau des broches ( 9, 57, 101, 115 ,129, 143).
- Freins mécaniques destinés à être montés sur des bicyclettes selon la revendication 1 caractérisés en ce que chaque frein comporte deux bras identiques et réversibles ( 17, 42) montés tournant librement sur les tourillons ( 19 ), chacun des bras portant à sa partie haute une came creuse en vé (23) percée perpendiculairement par rapport à l'axe longitudinal du bras d'un trou oblong (24) et d'un lamage cylindrique ( 25 ), came ( 23 ) qui est tournée vers l'extérieur du bras (17, 42) et dont l'arête bissectrice du dièdre est horizontale et l'angle plan d'environ 90°, la broche (9, 57 ) qui traverse la came ( 23 ) par le trou oblong ( 24) et le lamage cylindrique (25 ) porte un doigt de came ( 21, 63 ) et est reliée à l'arceau mobile ( 1, 67 ) du côté intérieur du bras, les bras ( 17, 42 ) sont maintenus et ramenés en position de repos (fig 1 et 2, fig 5 et 6 ) après une action de freinage ( fig 3 et 4, fig 7 et 8 ) par des ressorts de compression métalliques (26 ) placés autour des broches ( 9, 57 ), les bras (17, 42) sont montés tournant librement sur les tourillons de façon à ce que le frein en place constitue un ensemble flottant, sans contrainte, dont l'axe de symétrie suivant la vue de face ( fig 1, fig 5 ) est maintenue dans le plan de l'axe de symétrie en largeur de la roue par le câble de frein ( 8, 71 ) passant par un trou ( 4, 5, 72 ) situé dans le secteur haut et central de l'arceau mobile ( 1, 67 ), quand le frein est au repos ( fig 1, fig 5).
- Freins mécaniques destinés à être montés sur des bicyclettes selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que chaque frein comporte deux bras identiques et réversibles ( 75 ) montés tournant librement sur les tourillons ( 81 ), chacun des bras ( 75) portant à sa partie haute une came creuse (92 ) percée perpendiculairement par rapport à l'axe longitudinal du bras d'un trou oblong ( 99 ) et d'un lamage cylindrique ( 107 ), came ( 92 ) qui est tournée vers l'extérieur du bras et dont l'arête bissectrice du dièdre est verticale et l'angle plan d'environ 90°, la broche ( 101 ) qui traverse la came ( 92 ) porte côté extérieur au bras ( 75) un doigt de came ( 96 ) qui est une extrémité de la branche coudée ( 94 ) de l'arceau mobile (93 ), les bras ( 75) sont maintenus et ramenés en position de repos après une action de freinage par des ressorts en élastomère (104 ) disposés autour des broches ( 101 ), logés en partie dans les lamages cylindriques ( 107 ), ces ressorts ( 104 ) assurent également le positionnement des broches ( 101) au milieu des trous oblongs ( 99 ) dans le sens de la hauteur quand le frein est au repos par l'intermédiaire des lamages cylindriques (107 ), les bras ( 75) sont montés tournant librement sur les tourillons ( 81 ) de façon à ce que le frein en place constitue un ensemble flottant sans contrainte dont l'axe de symétrie suivant la vue de face ( fig 9 ) est maintenu dans le plan de l'axe de symétrie en largeur de la roue par le câble de frein passant par un trou situé en position haute et centrale de l'arceau mobile ( 93 ) quand le frein est au repos ( fig 9).
- Freins mécaniques destinés à être monté sur des bicyclettes selon la revendication 1 caractérisés en ce que les bras de freins ( 111 ) identiques et réversibles sont montés sur les tourillons par des tasseaux ( 112 ) réglables en hauteur, et sont reliés entre eux dans leur plan par un arceau ( 110 ) en tige métallique ou en matière plastique, déformable élastiquement en largeur, chaque bras ( 111 ) portant une came creuse en vé ( 114 ) tournée vers l'intérieur du frein, l'arrête bissectrice du dièdre étant horizontale, l'angle plan étant d'environ 90°, came ( 114 ) percée d'un trou ( 148 ) perpendiculaire à l'axe longitudinal du bras ( 111 ) dans lequel coulisse une broche ( 115, 129 ) de façon rectiligne, cette broche pouvant soit ( 115 ) être munie à son extrémité filetée ( 117 ) d'un patin cylindrique ( 122 ) le doigt de came ( 119 ) faisant partie de l'arceau mobile ( 125 ), soit ( 129 ) être munie à son extrémité filetée ( 139) d'un porte patin ( 136 ) à déplacement rectiligne, le doigt de came ( 135 ) étant indépendant, la commande du frein, le maintien en position et le rappel élastique des patins étant assuré par l'arceau mobile ( 125, 132 ) précontraint en largeur.
- Freins mécaniques destinés à être montés sur des bicyclettes selon les revendications 1, 2, 3, caractérisés en ce que l'arceau mobile de commande ( 67, 93 ) est en trois parties constituées de deux branches coudées ( 60, 94 ) en tige métallique reliées aux broches ( 57, 101 ) par des vis ( 61, 105 ) permettant un réglage en hauteur de l'arceau mobile ( 67, 93 ) par rapport à l'axe horizontal des broches ( 57, 101 ) et d'un manchon d'assemblage ( 68, 95) lié aux branches coudées par des vis (69, 109 ) solidaires du manchon ( 68, 95 ) permettant un réglage en écartement des patins ( 50, 89 ) par rapport à la jante, un réglage de l'orientation du trou de passage (72 ) du câble de frein ( 71 ) et un réglage du positionnement angulaire du haut de l'arceau mobile dans le plan perpendiculaire à l'axe de rotation de la roue quand le manchon ( 95 ) possède une partie plate déportée ( 83 ) par rapport à son axe longitudinal, l'arceau mobile ( 67, 93 ) pouvant se déformer élastiquement si la pression entre les patins et la jante est trop importante.
- Freins mécaniques destinés à être montés sur des bicyclettes selon les revendications 1 et 2 caractérisés en ce que l'arceau mobile de commande ( 1 ) est monobloc en matière plastique, de sections calculées pour pouvoir se déformer en s'ouvrant si la pression entre les patins ( 27 ) et la jante devient trop importante, qu'il est muni dans chaque retombée ( 3 ) d'un trou transversal de profil octogonal (2 ), pouvant être de profil denté, qui coopère avec la section octogonale ( 10 ) ou dentée de la broche ( 9) pour le positionnement de son axe longitudinal par rapport à ceux des bras (17 ) selon le montage désiré ( α 1, fig 2 ), en ce qu'il possède deux trous ( 4, 5 ) pour le passage et l'immobilisation du câble dont le choix au montage du frein dépend de la course donnée par la poignée de frein, une vis de blocage ( 7 ) étant prévue pour solidariser le câble ( 8 ) à l'arceau mobile ( 1 ), celui-ci ( 150) pouvant être taillé en forme de couteau ( 151 ) destiné à racler la boue qui se colle sur le pneu.
- Freins mécaniques destinés à être montés sur des bicyclettes selon les revendications 1, 2, 3, 5 caractérisés en ce qu'un patin creux ( 50, 89 ) monté sur un porte patin cylindrique ( 49, 88 ) permettant au patin ( 50, 89 ) une orientation automatique parallèlement à la jante, porte patin ( 49, 88 ) vissé à l'extrémité filetée (48 ) arrondie d'une tige recevant une rondelle d'élastomère ( 52 ) et un écrou de blocage ( 51 ), tige portée par un écrou rectangulaire ( 47, 80 ) guidé en translation par les côtés ( 46 ) d'un évidemment ( 44 ) du bras de frein ( 42 ) est réglable en hauteur par rapport à la jante par une vis ( 53, 78 ) solidaire du bras de frein ( 42, 75).
- Freins mécaniques destinés à être montés sur des bicyclettes selon les revendications 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, caractérisés en ce que l'écrou ( 80 ) de chaque bras ( 75 ) servant au réglage en hauteur du patin ( 89 ) par rapport à la jante à l'aide de la vis (78 ) a ses côtés ( 85) en contact avec les côtés calibrés latéraux ( 74 ) du bras ( 75) chanfreinés et porte une partie arrière ( 84 ) sortant à l'extérieur du bras, pourvue de vis de réglage ( 100) afin d'obtenir un réglage permanent de l'axe longitudinal du patin ( 89 ) d'environ 5° par rapport à la jante, ce réglage pouvant être automatique en cas de suppression de la partie ( 90 ).
- Freins mécaniques destinés à être montés sur des bicyclettes selon l'une quelconque des revendications caractérisés en ce que les doigts de cames peuvent être montés dans une boutonnière ( 62, 64 ) des broches ( 57 ), peuvent être articulés ( 158 ) sur les broches ( 155, fig 29 ), peuvent être munis de rouleaux ( 154, fig 13 ).
- Freins mécaniques destinés à être montés sur des bicyclettes selon l'une quelconque des revendications caractérisés en ce que les bras de freins ( 152) sont en matière plastique munis de fourrures métalliques ( 153) portant les cames.
- Freins mécaniques destinés à être montés sur des bicyclettes selon les revendications 1 et 4 caractérisés en ce que le frein du quatrième mode de réalisation est adapté à un frein à disque.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0206182A FR2839941B1 (fr) | 2002-05-21 | 2002-05-21 | Freins mecaniques a patins pour bicyclettes |
FR0206182 | 2002-05-21 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1364867A1 true EP1364867A1 (fr) | 2003-11-26 |
EP1364867B1 EP1364867B1 (fr) | 2006-09-13 |
Family
ID=29286606
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03291206A Expired - Lifetime EP1364867B1 (fr) | 2002-05-21 | 2003-05-21 | Freins mécaniques à patins pour bicyclettes |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6945368B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1364867B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE339345T1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE60308258T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2839941B1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101616837B (zh) * | 2005-03-15 | 2012-11-28 | 罗特尔部件技术公司 | 使踩踏脚踏板最优化的椭圆形链环 |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB0412241D0 (en) * | 2004-06-02 | 2004-07-07 | Seymour Robert J | Automatic swinging brake block |
US7946294B2 (en) * | 2006-12-29 | 2011-05-24 | Philip Morris Usa Inc. | Sealed cigarette filter |
US8061487B2 (en) * | 2009-03-23 | 2011-11-22 | Szu-Fang Tsai | Mechanism for quickly loosening and tightening brake cable in caliper brake of bicycle |
US7946395B1 (en) * | 2010-04-19 | 2011-05-24 | Tektro Technology Corporation | Front brake of racing bicycle |
US20150266538A1 (en) * | 2013-03-18 | 2015-09-24 | Aziz Fattahi | Bicycle brake device and assembly |
US9340255B2 (en) * | 2014-09-30 | 2016-05-17 | Tektro Technology Corp | Adjustable shoe mounting structure for bicycle brake device |
US9586646B2 (en) * | 2015-03-20 | 2017-03-07 | Shimano Inc. | Bicycle rim brake |
EP3112244A1 (fr) * | 2015-06-30 | 2017-01-04 | Campagnolo S.R.L. | Frein pour bicyclette et procédé pour construire le profil d'une partie de surface d'un levier de frein |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR536488A (fr) * | 1921-06-04 | 1922-05-04 | Frein pour cycles | |
GB411036A (en) * | 1933-11-23 | 1934-05-31 | Reginald George Slade | Improvements in or relating to rim brakes for cycles, motor cycles and the like |
GB566034A (en) * | 1943-04-06 | 1944-12-11 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to cycle brakes |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US597031A (en) * | 1898-01-11 | Bicycle-brake | ||
US508269A (en) * | 1893-11-07 | Brake | ||
US4391352A (en) * | 1977-02-02 | 1983-07-05 | Brown Lawrence G | Brake system and apparatus and method therefor |
-
2002
- 2002-05-21 FR FR0206182A patent/FR2839941B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-05-21 AT AT03291206T patent/ATE339345T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-05-21 US US10/442,193 patent/US6945368B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-05-21 EP EP03291206A patent/EP1364867B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-05-21 DE DE60308258T patent/DE60308258T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR536488A (fr) * | 1921-06-04 | 1922-05-04 | Frein pour cycles | |
GB411036A (en) * | 1933-11-23 | 1934-05-31 | Reginald George Slade | Improvements in or relating to rim brakes for cycles, motor cycles and the like |
GB566034A (en) * | 1943-04-06 | 1944-12-11 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to cycle brakes |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101616837B (zh) * | 2005-03-15 | 2012-11-28 | 罗特尔部件技术公司 | 使踩踏脚踏板最优化的椭圆形链环 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE60308258T2 (de) | 2007-04-19 |
ATE339345T1 (de) | 2006-10-15 |
FR2839941B1 (fr) | 2004-08-20 |
FR2839941A1 (fr) | 2003-11-28 |
US6945368B2 (en) | 2005-09-20 |
DE60308258D1 (de) | 2006-10-26 |
US20040074705A1 (en) | 2004-04-22 |
EP1364867B1 (fr) | 2006-09-13 |
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