EP1341814A2 - Sekretierte- und transmembranpolypeptide sowie dafür kodierende nukleinsäuren - Google Patents
Sekretierte- und transmembranpolypeptide sowie dafür kodierende nukleinsäurenInfo
- Publication number
- EP1341814A2 EP1341814A2 EP01985272A EP01985272A EP1341814A2 EP 1341814 A2 EP1341814 A2 EP 1341814A2 EP 01985272 A EP01985272 A EP 01985272A EP 01985272 A EP01985272 A EP 01985272A EP 1341814 A2 EP1341814 A2 EP 1341814A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- seq
- acid sequence
- pro
- amino acid
- nucleic acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to the identification and isolation of novel DNA and to the recombinant production of novel polypeptides.
- Extracellular proteins play important roles in, among other things, the formation, differentiation and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
- secreted polypeptides or signaling molecules normally pass through the cellular secretory pathway to reach their site of action in the extracellular environment.
- Secreted proteins have various industrial applications, including as pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, biosensors and bioreactors.
- Most protein drugs available at present, such as thrombolytic agents, interferons, interleukins, erythropoietins, colony stimulating factors, and various other cytokines, are secretory proteins.
- Their receptors, which are membrane proteins, also have potential as therapeutic or diagnostic agents.
- Efforts are being undertaken by both industry and proficient to identify new, native secreted proteins. Many efforts are focused on the screening of mammalian recombinant DNA libraries to identify the coding sequences for novel secreted proteins. Examples of screening methods and techniques are described in the literature [see, for example, Klein et al.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:7108-7113 (1996); U.S. Patent No. 5,536,637)].
- Membrane-bound proteins and receptors can play important roles in, among other things, the formation, differentiation and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
- membrane-bound proteins and cell receptors include, but are not limited to, cytokine receptors, receptor kinases, receptor phosphatases, receptors involved in cell-cell interactions, and cellular adhesin molecules like selectins and integrins. For instance, transduction of signals that regulate cell growth and differentiation is regulated in part by phosphorylation of various cellular proteins. Protein tyrosine kinases, enzymes that catalyze that process, can also act as growth factor receptors. Examples include fibroblast growth factor receptor and nerve growth factor receptor.
- Membrane-bound proteins and receptor molecules have various industrial applications, including as pharmaceutical and diagnostic agents.
- Receptor irnmunoadhesins for instance, can be employed as therapeutic agents to block receptor-ligand interactions.
- the membrane-bound proteins can also be employed for screening of potential peptide or small molecule inhibitors of the relevant receptor/ligand interaction.
- Efforts are being undertaken by both industry and proficient to identify new, native receptor or membrane-bound proteins . Many efforts are focused on the screening of mammalian recombinant DNA libraries to identify the coding sequences for novel receptor or membrane-bound proteins.
- the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a PRO polypeptide.
- the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least
- the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about
- the invention concerns an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95% nucleic acid sequence identity
- Another aspect the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a PRO polypeptide which is either transmembrane domain-deleted or transmembrane domain-inactivated, or is complementary to such encoding nucleotide sequence, wherein the transmembrane domain(s) of such polypeptide are disclosed herein. Therefore, soluble extracellular domains of the herein described PRO polypeptides are contemplated.
- Another embodiment is directed to fragments of a PRO polypeptide coding sequence, or the complement thereof, that may find use as, for example, hybridization probes, for encoding fragments of a PRO polypeptide that may optionally encode a polypeptide comprising a binding site for an anti-PRO antibody or as antisense oligonucleotide probes.
- nucleic acid fragments are usually at least about 10 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 15 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 20 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 30 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 40 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 50 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 60 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 70 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 80 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 90 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 100 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 110 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 120 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 130 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 140 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 150 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 160 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 170 nucleo
- novel fragments of a PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence may be determined in a routine manner by aligning the PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence with other known nucleotide sequences using any of a number of well known sequence alignment programs and determining which PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence fragment(s) are novel. All of such PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequences are contemplated herein. Also contemplated are the PRO polypeptide fragments encoded by these nucleotide molecule fragments, preferably those PRO polypeptide fragments that comprise a binding site for an anti-PRO antibody.
- the invention provides isolated PRO polypeptide encoded by any of the isolated nucleic acid sequences hereinabove identified.
- the invention concerns an isolated PRO polypeptide, comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91 % amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 96% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 97% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 98% amino acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about
- the invention concerns an isolated PRO polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91 % amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 96% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 97% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 98% amino acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about at least about
- the invention provides an isolated PRO polypeptide without the N-terminal signal sequence and/or the initiating methionine and is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that encodes such an amino acid sequence as hereinbefore described.
- Processes for producing the same are also herein described, wherein those processes comprise culturing a host cell comprising a vector which comprises the appropriate encoding nucleic acid molecule under conditions suitable for expression of the PRO polypeptide and recovering the PRO polypeptide from the cell culture.
- Another aspect the invention provides an isolated PRO polypeptide which is either transmembrane domain-deleted or transmembrane domain-inactivated.
- Processes for producing the same are also herein described, wherein those processes comprise culturing a host cell comprising a vector which comprises the appropriate encoding nucleic acid molecule under conditions suitable for expression of the PRO polypeptide and recovering the PRO polypeptide from the cell culture.
- the invention concerns agonists and antagonists of a native PRO polypeptide as defined herein.
- the agonist or antagonist is an anti-PRO antibody or a small molecule.
- the invention concerns a method of identifying agonists or antagonists to a PRO polypeptide which comprise contacting the PRO polypeptide with a candidate molecule and monitoring a biological activity mediated by said PRO polypeptide.
- the PRO polypeptide is a native PRO polypeptide.
- the invention concerns a composition of matter comprising a PRO polypeptide, or an agonist or antagonist of a PRO polypeptide as herein described, or an anti-PRO antibody, in combination with a carrier.
- the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to the use of a PRO polypeptide, or an agomst or antagonist thereof as hereinbefore described, or an anti-PRO antibody, for the preparation of a medicament useful in the treatment of a condition which is responsive to the PRO polypeptide, an agonist or antagonist thereof or an anti-PRO antibody.
- the invention provides vectors comprising DNA encoding any of the herein described polypeptides.
- Host cell comprising any such vector are also provided.
- the host cells may be CHO cells, E. coli, or yeast.
- a process for producing any of the herein described polypeptides is further provided and comprises culturing host cells under conditions suitable for expression of the desired polypeptide and recovering the desired polypeptide from the cell culture.
- the invention provides chimeric molecules comprising any of the herein described polypeptides fused to a heterologous polypeptide or amino acid sequence.
- Example of such chimeric molecules comprise any of the herein described polypeptides fused to an epitope tag sequence or a Fc region of an immunoglobulin.
- the invention provides an antibody which binds, preferably specifically, to any of the above or below described polypeptides.
- the antibody is a monoclonal antibody, humanized antibody, antibody fragment or single-chain antibody.
- the invention provides oligonucleotide probes which may be useful for isolating genomic and cDNA nucleotide sequences, measuring or detecting expression of an associated gene or as antisense probes, wherein those probes may be derived from any of the above or below described nucleotide sequences. Preferred probe lengths are described above.
- the present invention is directed to methods of using the PRO polypeptides of the present invention for a variety of uses based upon the functional biological assay data presented in the Examples below.
- Figure 1 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:l) of a native sequence PR0281 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:l is a clone designated herein as "DNA16422-1209".
- Figure 2 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:
- Figure 3 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) of a native sequence PRO1560 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:3 is a clone designated herein as "DNA19902-1669".
- Figure 4 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 shown in Figure 3.
- Figure 5 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:5) of a native sequence PR0189 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID N0:5 is a clone designated herein as "DNA21624-1391".
- Figure 6 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 shown in Figure 5.
- Figure 7 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) of a native sequence PRO240 cDNA, wherein
- SEQ ID NOJ is a clone designated herein as "DNA34387-1138".
- Figure 8 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 shown in Figure 7.
- Figure 9 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:9) of a native sequence PR0256 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:9 is a clone designated herein as "DNA35880-1160".
- Figure 10 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 shown in Figure 9.
- Figure 11 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 11) of a native sequence PRO306 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO: 11 is a clone designated herein as "DNA39984-1221".
- Figure 12 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 12) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 shown in Figure 11.
- Figure 13 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) of a native sequence PRO540 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO: 13 is a clone designated herein as "DNA44189-1322" .
- Figure 14 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 14) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 shown in Figure 13.
- Figure 15 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 15) of a native sequence PR0773 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO: 15 is a clone designated herein as "DNA48303-2829".
- Figure 16 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ
- Figure 17 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17) of a native sequence PR0698 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO: 17 is a clone designated herein as "DNA48320-1433".
- Figure 18 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 shown in Figure 17.
- Figure 19 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 19) of a native sequence PR03567 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO: 19 is a clone designated herein as "DNA56049-2543".
- Figure 20 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 20) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19 shown in Figure 19.
- Figure 21 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:21) of a native sequence PR0826 cDNA, wherein
- SEQ ID NO:21 is a clone designated herein as "DNA57694-1341".
- Figure 22 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:22) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 shown in Figure 21.
- Figure 23 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:23) of a native sequence PRO1002 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:23 is a clone designated herein as "DNA59208-1373".
- Figure 24 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 24) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:23 shown in Figure 23.
- Figure 25 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:25) of a native sequence PRO1068 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:25 is a clone designated herein as "DNA59214-1449".
- Figure 26 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:26) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ
- Figure 27 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:27) of a native sequence PRO 1030 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:27 is a clone designated herein as "DNA59485-1336".
- Figure 28 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 28) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:27 shown in Figure 27.
- Figure 29 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:29) of a native sequence PR01313 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:29 is a clone designated herein as "DNA64966-1575".
- Figure 30 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 30) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:29 shown in Figure 29.
- Figure 31 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:31) of a native sequence PRO6071 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:31 is a clone designated herein as "DNA82403-2959".
- Figure 32 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 32) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:31 shown in Figure 31.
- Figure 33 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:33) of a native sequence PR04397 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:33 is a clone designated herein as "DNA83505-2606".
- Figure 34 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 34) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:33 shown in Figure 33.
- Figure 35 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:35) of a native sequence PR04344 cDNA, wherein
- SEQ ID N0:35 is a clone designated herein as "DNA84927-2585".
- Figure 36 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:36) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35 shown in Figure 35.
- Figure 37 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:37) of a native sequence PRO4407 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:37 is a clone designated herein as "DNA92264-2616" .
- Figure 38 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:38) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37 shown in Figure 37.
- Figure 39 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:39) of a native sequence PR04316 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:39 is a clone designated herein as "DNA94713-2561".
- Figure 40 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 40) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ
- Figure 41 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO :41) of a native sequence PR05775 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:41 is a clone designated herein as "DNA96869-2673".
- Figure 42 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 42) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 shown in Figure 41.
- Figure 43 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:43) of a native sequence PRO6016 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:43 is a clone designated herein as "DNA96881-2699".
- Figure 44 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:44) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:43 shown in Figure 43.
- Figure 45 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:45) of a native sequence PR04499 cDNA, wherein
- SEQ ID NO:45 is a clone designated herein as "DNA96889-2641".
- Figure 46 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:46) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:45 shown in Figure 45.
- Figure 47 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:47) of a native sequence PR04487 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:47 is a clone designated herein as "DNA96898-2640".
- Figure 48 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:48) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:47 shown in Figure 47.
- Figure 49 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO :49) of a native sequence PRO4980 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:49 is a clone designated herein as "DNA97003-2649".
- Figure 50 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 50) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:49 shown in Figure 49.
- Figure 51 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:51) of a native sequence PRO6018 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:51 is a clone designated herein as "DNA98565-2701".
- Figure 52 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 52) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:51 shown in Figure 51.
- Figure 53 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:53) of anative sequence PR07168 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:53 is a clone designated herein as "DNA102846-2742".
- Figure 54 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 54) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ
- Figure 55 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:55) of anative sequence PRO6308 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:55 is a clone designated herein as "DNA102847-2726".
- Figure 56 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 56) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55 shown in Figure 55.
- Figure 57 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:57) of a native sequence PRO6000 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:57 is a clone designated herein as "DNA102880-2689".
- Figure 58 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:58) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:57 shown in Figure 57.
- Figure 59 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:59) of a native sequence PRO6006 cDNA, wherein
- SEQ ID NO:59 is a clone designated herein as "DNA105782-2693".
- Figure 60 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 60) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:59 shown in Figure 59.
- Figure 61 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:61) of a native sequence PRO5800 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:61 is a clone designated herein as "DNA108912-2680".
- Figure 62 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 62) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:61 shown in Figure 61.
- Figure 63 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:63) of anative sequence PR07476 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:63 is a clone designated herein as "DNA115253-2757".
- Figure 64 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 64) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ
- Figure 65 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:65) of anative sequence PR06496 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:65 is a clone designated herein as "DNA119302-2737".
- Figure 66 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 66) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:65 shown in Figure 65.
- Figure 67 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:67) of a native sequence PR07422 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:67 is a clone designated herein as "DNA119536-2752".
- Figure 68 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 68) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67 shown in Figure 67.
- Figure 69 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:69) of anative sequence PR07431cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:69 is a clone designated herein as "DNA119542-2754".
- Figure 70 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO JO) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:69 shown in Figure 69.
- Figure 71 shows anucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NOJ1) of anative sequence PRO10275 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NOJ1 is a clone designated herein as "DNA 143498-2824".
- Figure 72 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 72) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:71 shown in Figure 71.
- Figure 73 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NOJ3) of anative sequence PRO 10268 cDNA, wherein
- SEQ ID NOJ3 is a clone designated herein as "DNA145583-2820".
- Figure 74 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 74) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73 shown in Figure 73.
- Figure 75 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 75) of a native sequence PRO20080 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:75 is a clone designated herein as "DNA161000-2896" .
- Figure 76 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:76) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:75 shown in Figure 75.
- Figure 77 shows anucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 77) of a native sequence PRO21207 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:77 is a clone designated herein as "DNA161005-2943".
- Figure 78 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 78) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ
- Figure 79 shows anucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NOJ9) of anative sequence PR028633 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:79 is a clone designated herein as "DNA170245-3053".
- Figure 80 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 80) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:79 shown in Figure 79.
- Figure 81 shows anucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:81) of anative sequence PRO20933 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:81 is a clone designated herein as "DNA171771-2919".
- Figure 82 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 82) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:81 shown in Figure 81.
- Figure 83 shows anucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:83) of anative sequence PR021383 cDNA, wherein
- SEQ ID NO:83 is a clone designated herein as "DNA173157-2981".
- Figure 84 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 84) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:83 shown in Figure 83.
- Figure 85 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:85) of anative sequence PR021485 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:85 is a clone designated herein as "DNA 175734-2985".
- Figure 86 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 86) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:85 shown in Figure 85.
- Figure 87 shows anucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 87) of anative sequence PRO28700 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:87 is a clone designated herein as "DNA176108-3040".
- Figure 88 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:88) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:87 shown in Figure 87.
- Figure 89 shows anucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:89) of anative sequence PRO34012 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:89 is a clone designated herein as "DNA190710-3028".
- Figure 90 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 90) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:89 shown in Figure 89.
- Figure 91 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO : 91) of a native sequence PRO34003 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:91 is a clone designated herein as "DNA190803-3019".
- Figure 92 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:92) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ
- Figure 93 shows a ucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:93) of anative sequence PR034274 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:93 is a clone designated herein as "DNA191064-3069".
- Figure 94 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 94) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:93 shown in Figure 93.
- Figures 95A-95B shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:95) of a native sequence PRO34001 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:95 is a clone designated herein as "DNA194909-3013".
- Figure 96 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 96) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:95 shown in Figures 95A-95B.
- Figure 97 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO : 97) of a native sequence PRO34009 cDNA, wherein
- SEQ ID NO:97 is a clone designated herein as "DNA203532-3029".
- Figure 98 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 98) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:97 shown in Figure 97.
- Figure 99 shows anucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 99) of anative sequence PR034192cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:99 is a clone designated herein as "DNA213858-3060" .
- Figure 100 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 100) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:99 shown in Figure 99.
- Figure 101 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 101) of a native sequence PR034564 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO: 101 is a clone designated herein as "DNA216676-3083".
- Figure 102 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 102) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ
- Figure 103 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 103) of a native sequence PR035444 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:103 is a clone designated herein as "DNA222653-3104".
- Figure 104 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 104) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103 shown in Figure 103.
- Figure 105 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 105) of a native sequence PR05998 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:105 is a clone designated herein as "DNA96897-2688".
- Figure 106 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 106) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105 shown in Figure 105.
- Figure 107 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 107) of a native sequence PR019651 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO:107 is a clone designated herein as "DNA142917-3081".
- Figure 108 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 108) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107 shown in Figure 107.
- Figure 109 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 109) of a native sequence PRO20221 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO: 109 is a clone designated herein as "DNA142930-2914".
- Figure 110 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 110) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109 shown in Figure 109.
- Figure 111 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 111) of a native sequence PR021434 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO: 111 is a clone designated herein as "DNA147253-2983".
- Figure 112 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 112) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:lll shown in Figure 111.
- Figure 113 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 113) of a native sequence PR019822 cDNA, wherein SEQ ID NO: 113 is a clone designated herein as "DNA149927-2887" .
- Figure 114 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 114) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113 shown in Figure 113.
- PRO polypeptide and " PRO " as used herein and when immediately followed by a numerical designation refer to various polypeptides, wherein the complete designation (i.e., PRO/number) refers to specific polypeptide sequences as described herein.
- PRO/number polypeptide and “PRO/number” wherein the term “number” is provided as an actual numerical designation as used herein encompass native sequence polypeptides and polypeptide variants (which are further defined herein) .
- the PRO polypeptides described herein may be isolated from a variety of sources, such as from human tissue types or from another source, or prepared by recombinant or synthetic methods.
- PRO polypeptide refers to each individual PRO/number polypeptide disclosed herein.
- PRO polypeptide refers to each of the polypeptides individually as well as jointly. For example, descriptions of the preparation of, purification of, derivation of, formation of antibodies to or against, administration of, compositions containing, treatment of a disease with, etc., pertain to each polypeptide of the invention individually.
- PRO polypeptide also includes variants of the PRO/number polypeptides disclosed herein.
- a “native sequence PRO polypeptide” comprises a polypeptide having the same amino acid sequence as the corresponding PRO polypeptide derived from nature. Such native sequence PRO polypeptides can be isolated from nature or can be produced by recombinant or synthetic means.
- the term "native sequence PRO polypeptide” specifically encompasses naturally-occurring truncated or secreted forms of the specific PRO polypeptide (e.g., an extracellular domain sequence), naturally-occurring variant forms (e.g., alternatively spliced forms) and naturally-occurring allelic variants of the polypeptide.
- the native sequence PRO polypeptides disclosed herein are mature or full-length native sequence polypeptides comprising the full-length amino acids sequences shown in the accompanying figures. Start and stop codons are shown in bold font and underlined in the figures. However, while the PRO polypeptide disclosed in the accompanying figures are shown to begin with methionine residues designated herein as amino acid position 1 in the figures, it is conceivable and possible that other methionine residues located either upstream or downstream from the amino acid position 1 in the figures may be employed as the starting amino acid residue for the PRO polypeptides.
- the PRO polypeptide "extracellular domain” or “ECD” refers to a form of the PRO polypeptide which is essentially free of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Ordinarily, a PRO polypeptide ECD will have less than 1 % of such transmembrane and/or cytoplasmic domains and preferably, will have less than 0.5 % of such domains. It will be understood that any transmembrane domains identified for the PRO polypeptides of the present invention are identified pursuant to criteria routinely employed in the art for identifying that type of hydrophobic domain. The exact boundaries of a transmembrane domain may vary but most likely by no more than about 5 amino acids at either end of the domain as initially identified herein.
- an extracellular domain of a PRO polypeptide may contain from about 5 or fewer amino acids on either side of the transmembrane domain/extracellular domain boundary as identified in the Examples or specification and such polypeptides, with or without the associated signal peptide, and nucleic acid encoding them, are comtemplated by the present invention.
- cleavage of a signal sequence from a secreted polypeptide is not entirely uniform, resulting in more than one secreted species.
- These mature polypeptides, where the signal peptide is cleaved within no more than about 5 amino acids on either side of the C-terminal boundary of the signal peptide as identified herein, and the polynucleotides encoding them, are contemplated by the present invention.
- PRO polypeptide variant means an active PRO polypeptide as defined above or below having at least about 80 % amino acid sequence identity with a full-length native sequence PRO polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein, a PRO polypeptide sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a PRO polypeptide, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other fragment of a full-length PRO polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein.
- Such PRO polypeptide variants include, for instance, PRO polypeptides wherein one or more amino acid residues are added, or deleted, at the N- or C-terminus of the full- length native amino acid sequence.
- a PRO polypeptide variant will have at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81 % amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91 % amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 96% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 97% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 98% amino acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about 99% amino acid sequence identity to
- PRO variant polypeptides are at least about 10 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 20 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 30 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 40 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 50 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 60 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 70 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 80 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 90 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 100 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 150 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 200 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 300 amino acids in length, or more.
- Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity with respect to the PRO polypeptide sequences identified herein is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the specific PRO polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
- % amino acid sequence identity values are generated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2, wherein the complete source code for the ALIGN-2 program is provided in Table 1 below.
- the ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech, Inc. and the source code shown in Table 1 below has been filed with user documentation in the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C. , 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087.
- the ALIGN-2 program is publicly available through Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California or may be compiled from the source code provided in Table 1 below.
- the ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating system, preferably digital UNIX V4.0D. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary.
- % amino acid sequence identity of a given amino acid sequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B is calculated as follows:
- Tables 2 and 3 demonstrate how to calculate the % amino acid sequence identity of the amino acid sequence designated "Comparison Protein” to the amino acid sequence designated "PRO", wherein “PRO” represents the amino acid sequence of a hypothetical PRO polypeptide of interest, “ Comparison Protein” represents the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide against which the "PRO” polypeptide of interest is being compared, and "X, "Y” and “Z” each represent different hypothetical a ino acid residues.
- a % amino acid sequence identity value is determined by dividing (a) the number of matching identical amino acid residues between the amino acid sequence of the PRO polypeptide of interest having a sequence derived from the native PRO polypeptide and the comparison amino acid sequence of interest (i.e. , the sequence against which the PRO polypeptide of interest is being compared which may be a PRO variant polypeptide) as determined by WU-BLAST-2 by (b) the total number of amino acid residues of the PRO polypeptide of interest.
- amino acid sequence A is the comparison amino acid sequence of interest and the amino acid sequence B is the amino acid sequence of the PRO polypeptide of interest.
- Percent amino acid sequence identity may also be determined using the sequence comparison program NCBI-BLAST2 (Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997)).
- NCBI-BLAST2 sequence comparison program may be downloaded from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov or otherwise obtained from the National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD .
- % amino acid sequence identity of a given amino acid sequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B is calculated as follows:
- PRO variant polynucleotide or "PRO variant nucleic acid sequence” means a nucleic acid molecule which encodes an active PRO polypeptide as defined below and which has at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity with a nucleotide acid sequence encoding a full-length native sequence PRO polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein, a full-length native sequence PRO polypeptide sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a PRO polypeptide, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other fragment of a full-length PRO polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein.
- a PRO variant polynucleotide will have at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 82 % nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 83% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 84% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 85% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 86% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 87% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 88% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 89% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 90% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 91% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 92% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 93% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 94% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 95% nucleic acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 96 % nucleic acid
- PRO variant polynucleotides are at least about 30 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 60 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 90 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 120 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 150 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 180 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 210 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 240 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 270 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 300 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 450 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 600 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 900 nucleotides in length, or more.
- Percent (%) nucleic acid sequence identity with respect to PRO-encoding nucleic acid sequences identified herein is defined as the percentage of nucleotides in a candidate sequence that are identical with the nucleotides in the PRO nucleic acid sequence of interest, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent nucleic acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software.
- % nucleic acid sequence identity values are generated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2, wherein the complete source code for the ALIGN-2 program is provided in Table 1 below.
- the ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech, Inc. and the source code shown in Table 1 below has been filed with user documentation in the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C, 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087.
- the ALIGN-2 program is publicly available through Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California or may be compiled from the source code provided in Table 1 below.
- the ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating system, preferably digital UNIX V4.0D. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary.
- the % nucleic acid sequence identity of a given nucleic acid sequence C to, with, or against a given nucleic acid sequence D is calculated as follows:
- Tables 4 and 5 demonstrate how to calculate the % nucleic acid sequence identity of the nucleic acid sequence designated "Comparison DNA” to the nucleic acid sequence designated "PRO-DNA”, wherein "PRO-DNA” represents a hypothetical PRO-encoding nucleic acid sequence of interest, “Comparison DNA” represents the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule against which the "PRO-DNA” nucleic acid molecule of interest is being compared, and "N", “L” and “V” each represent different hypothetical nucleotides. Unless specifically stated otherwise, all % nucleic acid sequence identity values used herein are obtained as described in the immediately preceding paragraph using the ALIGN-2 computer program.
- a % nucleic acid sequence identity value is determined by dividing (a) the number of matching identical nucleotides between the nucleic acid sequence of the PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule of interest having a sequence derived from the native sequence PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid and the comparison nucleic acid molecule of interest (i.e. , the sequence against which the PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule of interest is being compared which may be a variant PRO polynucleotide) as determined by WU-BLAST-2 by (b) the total number of nucleotides of the PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule of interest.
- nucleic acid sequence A is the comparison nucleic acid molecule of interest and the nucleic acid sequence B is the nucleic acid sequence of the PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule of interest.
- Percent nucleic acid sequence identity may also be dete ⁇ ined using the sequence comparison program NCBI-BLAST2 (Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997)).
- NCBI-BLAST2 sequence comparison program may be downloaded from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov or otherwise obtained from the National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD.
- % nucleic acid sequence identity of a given nucleic acid sequence C to, with, or against a given nucleic acid sequence D is calculated as follows:
- the % nucleic acid sequence identity of C to D will not equal the % nucleic acid sequence identity of D to C.
- PRO variant polynucleotides are nucleic acid molecules that encode an active PRO polypeptide and which are capable of hybridizing, preferably under stringent hybridization and wash conditions, to nucleotide sequences encoding a full-length PRO polypeptide as disclosed herein.
- PRO variant polypeptides may be those that are encoded by a PRO variant polynucleotide.
- Isolated, when used to describe the various polypeptides disclosed herein, means polypeptide that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials that would typically interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the polypeptide, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous solutes.
- the polypeptide will be purified (1) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (2) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing or reducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain.
- Isolated polypeptide includes polypeptide in situ within recombinant cells, since at least one component of the PRO polypeptide natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated polypeptide will be prepared by at least one purification step.
- An "isolated" PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid or other polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid molecule with which it is ordinarily associated in the natural source of the polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid.
- An isolated polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule is other than in the form or setting in which it is found in nature. Isolated polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecules therefore are distinguished from the specific polypeptide- encoding nucleic acid molecule as it exists in natural cells.
- an isolated polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule includes polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecules contained in cells that ordinarily express the polypeptide where, for example, the nucleic acid molecule is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells.
- control sequences refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism.
- the control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, and a ribosome binding site.
- Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers.
- Nucleic acid is "operably linked" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence.
- DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotei that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide;
- a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or
- a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation.
- "operably linked” means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase.
- antibody is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers, for example, single anti-PRO monoclonal antibodies (including agonist, antagonist, and neutralizing antibodies), anti-PRO antibody compositions withpolyepitopic specificity, single chain anti-PRO antibodies, and fragments of anti-PRO antibodies (see below).
- monoclonal antibody refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e. , the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally-occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts.
- “Stringency” of hybridization reactions is readily determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art, and generally is an empirical calculation dependent upon probe length, washing temperature, and salt concentration. In general, longer probes require higher temperatures for proper annealing, while shorter probes need lower temperatures .
- Hybridization generally depends on the ability of denatured DNA to reanneal when complementary strands are present in an environment below their melting temperature. The higher the degree of desired homology between the probe and hybridizable sequence, the higher the relative temperature which can be used. As a result, it follows that higher relative temperatures would tend to make the reaction conditions more stringent, while lower temperatures less so. For additional details and explanation of stringency of hybridization reactions, see Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Wiley Interscience Publishers, (1995).
- Stringent conditions or “high stringency conditions” , as defined herein, may be identified by those that: (1) employ low ionic strength and high temperature for washing, for example 0.015 M sodium chloride/0.0015 M sodium citrate/0.1 % sodium dodecyl sulfate at 50°C; (2) employ during hybridization a denaturing agent, such as formamide, for example, 50% (v/v) formamide with 0.1 % bovine serum albumin/0.1% Ficoll/0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone/50mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 with 750 mM sodium chloride, 75 mM sodium citrate at 42°C; or (3) employ 50% formamide, 5 x SSC (0J5 M NaCl, 0.075 M sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 5 x Denhardt's solution, sonicated salmon sperm DNA (50 ⁇ g/ml), 0.1 % SDS, and 10%
- Modely stringent conditions may be identified as described by Sambrooket al. , Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1989, and include the use of washing solution and hybridization conditions (e.g., temperature, ionic strength and %SDS) less stringent that those described above.
- moderately stringent conditions is overnight incubation at 37°C in a solution comprising: 20% formamide, 5 x SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5 x Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 mg/ml denatured sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters in 1 x SSC at about 37-50°C.
- the skilled artisan will recognize how to adjust the temperature, ionic strength, etc. as necessary to accommodate factors such as probe length and the like.
- epitope tagged when used herein refers to a chimeric polypeptide comprising a PRO polypeptide fused to a "tag polypeptide".
- the tag polypeptide has enough residues to provide an epitope against which an antibody can be made, yet is short enough such that it does not interfere with activity of the polypeptide to which it is fused.
- the tag polypeptide preferably also is fairly unique so that the antibody does not substantially cross-react with other epitopes.
- Suitable tag polypeptides generally have at least six amino acid residues and usually between about 8 and 50 amino acid residues (preferably, between about 10 and 20 amino acid residues).
- immunoadhesin designates antibody-like molecules which combine the binding specificity of a heterologous protein (an “adhesin”) with the effector functions of immunoglobulin constant domains.
- the immunoadhesins comprise a fusion of an amino acid sequence with the desired binding specificity which is other than the antigen recognition and binding site of an antibody (i.e., is “heterologous"), and an immunoglobulin constant domain sequence.
- the adhesin part of an immunoadhesin molecule typically is a contiguous amino acid sequence comprising at least the binding site of a receptor or a ligand.
- the immunoglobulin constant domain sequence in the immunoadhesin may be obtained from any immunoglobulin, such as IgG-1, IgG-2, IgG-3, or IgG-4 subtypes, IgA (including IgA-1 and IgA-2), IgE, IgD or IgM.
- immunoglobulin such as IgG-1, IgG-2, IgG-3, or IgG-4 subtypes, IgA (including IgA-1 and IgA-2), IgE, IgD or IgM.
- Active or “activity” for the purposes herein refers to form(s) of a PRO polypeptide which retain a biological and/or an immunological activity of native or naturally-occurring PRO, wherein "biological” activity refers to a biological function (either inhibitory or stimulatory) caused by a native or naturally-occurring PRO other than the ability to induce the production of an antibody against an antigenic epitope possessed by a native or naturally-occurring PRO and an "immunological” activity refers to the ability to induce the production of an antibody against an antigenic epitope possessed by a native or naturally-occurring PRO.
- antagonist is used in the broadest sense, and includes any molecule that partially or fully blocks, inhibits, or neutralizes a biological activity of a native PRO polypeptide disclosed herein.
- agonist is used in the broadest sense and includes any molecule that mimics a biological activity of a native PRO polypeptide disclosed herein.
- Suitable agonist or antagonist molecules specifically include agonist or antagonist antibodies or antibody fragments, fragments or amino acid sequence variants of native PRO polypeptides, peptides, antisense oligonucleotides, small organic molecules, etc.
- Methods for identifying agonists or antagonists of a PRO polypeptide may comprise contacting a PRO polypeptide with a candidate agonist or antagonist molecule and measuring a detectable change in one or more biological activities normally associated with the PRO polypeptide.
- Treatment refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition or disorder.
- Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those prone to have the disorder or those in whom the disorder is to be prevented.
- Chronic administration refers to administration of the agent(s) in a continuous mode as opposed to an acute mode, so as to maintain the initial therapeutic effect (activity) for an extended period of time.
- Intermittent administration is treatment that is not consecutively done without interruption, but rather is cyclic in nature.
- “Mammal” for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats, rabbits, etc. Preferably, the mammal is human.
- Administration "in combination with” one or more further therapeutic agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive adn ⁇ iistration in any order.
- Carriers as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers which are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often the physiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution.
- physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEENTM, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICSTM.
- buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids
- antioxidants including ascorbic acid
- proteins such as serum albumin,
- Antibody fragments comprise a portion of an intact antibody, preferably the antigen binding or variable region of the intact antibody.
- antibody fragments include Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 , and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies (Zapata et al., Protein Eng. 8(10): 1057-1062 [1995]); single-chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
- Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical antigen-binding fragments, called “Fab” fragments, each with a single antigen-binding site, and a residual "Fc” fragment, a designation reflecting the ability to crystallize readily.
- Pepsin treatment yields an F(ab') 2 fragment that has two antigen-combining sites and is still capable of cross-linking antigen.
- Fv is the minimum antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen-recognition and -binding site. This region consists of a dimer of one heavy- and one light-chain variable domain in tight, non-covalent association. It is in this configuration that the three CDRs of each variable domain interact to define an antigen- binding site on the surface of the V H -V L dimer. Collectively, the six CDRs confer antigen-binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a single variable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen) has the ability to recognize and bind antigen, although at a lower affinity than the entire binding site.
- the Fab fragment also contains the constant domain of the light chain and the first constant domain (CHI) of the heavy chain.
- Fab fragments differ from Fab' fragments by the addition of a few residues at the carboxy terminus of the heavy chain CHI domain including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region.
- Fab'-SH is the designation herein for Fab' in which the cysteine residue(s) of the constant domains bear a free fniol group.
- F(ab') 2 antibody fragments originally were produced as pairs of Fab' fragments which have hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known.
- the "light chains" of antibodies (immunoglobulins) from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa and lambda, based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains.
- immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgA2.
- Single-chain Fv or “sFv” antibody fragments comprise the V H and V L domains of antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain.
- the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the V H and V L domains which enables the sFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.
- diabodies refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (V H ) connected to a light-chain variable domain (V in the same polypeptide chain (V H -V L ).
- V H heavy-chain variable domain
- V L light-chain variable domain
- the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites.
- Diabodies are described more fully in, for example, EP 404,097; WO 93/11161; and Hollinger et al., Proc. Nafl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:6444-6448 (1993).
- an “isolated” antibody is one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials which would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes.
- the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95 % by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99 % by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain.
- Isolated antibody includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the antibody's natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated antibody will be prepared by at least one purification step.
- An antibody that "specifically binds to" or is "specific for" a particular polypeptide or an epitope on a particular polypeptide is one that binds to that particular polypeptide or epitope on a particular polypeptide without substantially binding to any other polypeptide or polypeptide epitope.
- label when used herein refers to a detectable compound or composition which is conjugated directly or indirectly to the antibody so as to generate a "labeled" antibody.
- the label may be detectable by itself (e.g. radioisotope labels or fluorescent labels) or, in the case of an enzymatic label, may catalyze chemical alteration of a substrate compound or composition which is detectable.
- solid phase is meant a non-aqueous matrix to which the antibody of the present invention can adhere.
- solid phases encompassed herein include those formed partially or entirely of glass (e.g. , controlled pore glass), polysaccharides (e.g., agarose), polyacrylamides, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol and silicones.
- the solid phase can comprise the well of an assay plate; in others it is a purification column (e.g., an affinity chromatography column). This term also includes a discontinuous solid phase of discrete particles, such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 4,275,149.
- a “liposome” is a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug (such as a PRO polypeptide or antibody thereto) to a mammal.
- a drug such as a PRO polypeptide or antibody thereto
- the components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes.
- a "small molecule” is defined herein to have a molecular weight below about 500 Daltons.
- an “effective amount” of a polypeptide disclosed herein or an agonist or antagonist thereof is an amount sufficient to carry out a specifically stated purpose.
- An “effective amount” may be determined empirically and in a routine manner, in relation to the stated purpose. Table 1
- filel and file2 are two dna or two protein sequences.
- Max file length is 65535 (limited by unsigned short x in the jmp struct)
- a sequence with 1/3 or more of its elements ACGTU is assumed to be DNA
- the program may create a tmp file in /tmp to hold info about traceback.
- static nm matches in core - for checking */ static lmax; /* lengths of stripped file names */ static ij[2]; /* jmp index for a path */ static nc[2]; /* number at start of current line */ static ni[2]; /* current elem number — for gapping */ static siz[2]; static char *ps[2]; /* ptr to current element */ static char *po[2]; /* ptr to next output char slot */ static char oouutt[[22]][[lP_LINE] ; /* output line */ static char ssttaarrffPPJ ] INE]; /* set by stars() *//
- *ps[i] toupper(*ps[i]); po[i] + +; ps[i] + + ;
- *py+ + *px; else if (islower(*px))
- *py+ + toupper(*px); if (index("ATGCU",*(py-l))) natgc+ + ; ⁇ ⁇
- the present invention provides newly identified and isolated nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides referred to in the present application as PRO polypeptides.
- cDNAs encoding various PRO polypeptides have been identified and isolated, as disclosed in further detail in the Examples below. It is noted that proteins produced in separate expression rounds may be given different PRO numbers but the UNQ number is unique for any given DNA and the encoded protein, and will not be changed.
- PRO/number the protein encoded by the full length native nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein as well as all further native homologues and variants included in the foregoing definition of PRO, will be referred to as "PRO/number", regardless of their origin or mode of preparation.
- PRO Polypeptide Variants In addition to the full-length native sequence PRO polypeptides described herein, it is contemplated that
- PRO variants can be prepared.
- PRO variants can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the PRO DNA, and/or by synthesis of the desired PRO polypeptide.
- amino acid changes may alter post-translational processes of the PRO, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites or altering the membrane anchoring characteristics.
- Variations in the native full-length sequence PRO or in various domains of the PRO described herein can be made, for example, using any of the techniques and guidelines for conservative and non-conservative mutations set forth, for instance, in U.S. Patent No. 5,364,934.
- Variations may be a substitution, deletion or insertion of one or more codons encoding the PRO that results in a change in the a ino acid sequence of the PRO as compared with the native sequence PRO.
- the variation is by substitution of at least one amino acid with any other amino acid in one or more of the domains of the PRO .
- Guidance in determining which amino acid residue may be inserted, substituted or deleted without adversely affecting the desired activity may be found by comparing the sequence of the PRO with that of homologous known protein molecules and minimizing the number of amino acid sequence changes made in regions of high homology.
- Amino acid substitutions can be the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and/or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with a serine, i.e. , conservative amino acid replacements.
- Insertions or deletions may optionally be in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. The variation allowed may be determined by systematically making insertions, deletions or substitutions of amino acids in the sequence and testing the resulting variants for activity exhibited by the full-length or mature native sequence.
- PRO polypeptide fragments are provided herein. Such fragments may be truncated at the N-terminus or C-terminus, or may lack internal residues, for example, when compared with a full length native protein. Certain fragments lack amino acid residues that are not essential for a desired biological activity of the PRO polypeptide.
- PRO fragments may be prepared by any of a number of conventional techniques. Desired peptide fragments may be chemically synthesized. An alternative approach involves generating PRO fragments by enzymatic digestion, e.g., by treating the protein with an enzyme known to cleave proteins at sites defined by particular amino acid residues, or by digesting the DNA with suitable restriction enzymes and isolating the desired fragment. Yet another suitable technique involves isolating and amplifying a DNA fragment encoding a desired polypeptide fragment, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oligonucleotides that define the desired termini of the DNA fragment are employed at the 5' and 3' primers in the PCR. Preferably, PRO polypeptide fragments share at least one biological and/or immunological activity with the native PRO polypeptide disclosed herein.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- conservative substitutions of interest are shown in Table 6 under the heading of preferred substitutions. If such substitutions result in a change in biological activity, then more substantial changes, denominated exemplary substitutions in Table 6, or as further described below in reference to amino acid classes, are introduced and the products screened.
- Substantial modifications in function or immunological identity of the PRO polypeptide are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain.
- Naturally occurring residues are divided into groups based on common side-chain properties: (1) hydrophobic: norleucine, met, ala, val, leu, ile;
- Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class .
- Such substituted residues also may be introduced into the conservative substitution sites or, more preferably, into the remaining (non-conserved) sites.
- Scanning amino acid analysis can also be employed to identify one or more amino acids along a contiguous sequence.
- preferred scanning amino acids are relatively small, neutral amino acids.
- amino acids include alanine, glycine, serine, and cysteine.
- Alanine is typically a preferred scanning amino acid among this group because it eliminates the side-chain beyond the beta-carbon and is less likely to alter the main- chain conformation of the variant [Cunningham and Wells, Science, 244: 1081-1085 (1989)].
- Alarrine is also typically preferred because it is the most common amino acid. Further, it is frequently found in both buried and exposed positions [Creighton, The Proteins. (W.H. Freeman & Co., N.Y.); Chothia, J. Mol. Biol.. 150:1 (1976)]. If alanine substitution does not yield adequate amounts of variant, an isoteric amino acid can be used.
- Covalent modifications of PRO are included within the scope of this invention.
- One type of covalent modification includes reacting targeted amino acid residues of a PRO polypeptide with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the N- or C- terminal residues of the PRO.
- Derivatization with bifunctional agents is useful, for instance, for crosslinking PRO to a water-insoluble support matrix or surface for use in the method for purifying anti-PRO antibodies, and vice-versa.
- crosslinking agents include, e.g., l,l-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane, glutaraldehyde, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, for example, esters with 4-azidosalicylic acid, homobifunctional imidoesters, including disuccinimidyl esters such as 3 ,3 ' -dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) , bifunctional maleimides such as bis-N-maleimido- 1 , 8-octane and agents such as methyl-3-[(p-azidophenyl)difhio]propioimidate.
- l,l-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane glutaraldehyde
- N-hydroxysuccinimide esters for example, esters with 4-azidosalicylic acid
- homobifunctional imidoesters including disuccinimidyl esters
- Another type of covalent modification of the PRO polypeptide included within the scope of this invention comprises altering the native glycosylation pattern of the polypeptide.
- "Altering the native glycosylation pattern” is intended for purposes herein to mean deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in native sequence PRO (either by removing the underlying glycosylation site or by deleting the glycosylation by chemical and/or enzymatic means), and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the native sequence PRO.
- the phrase includes qualitative changes in the glycosylation of the native proteins, involving a change in the nature and proportions of the various carbohydrate moieties present.
- Addition of glycosylation sites to the PRO polypeptide may be accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence.
- the alteration may be made, for example, by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the native sequence PRO (for O-linked glycosylation sites).
- the PRO amino acid sequence may optionally be altered through changes at the DNA level, particularly by mutating the DNA encoding the PRO polypeptide at preselected bases such that codons are generated that will translate into the desired amino acids.
- Another means of increasing the number of carbohydrate moieties on the PRO polypeptide is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to the polypeptide. Such methods are described in the art, e.g., in WO 87/05330 published 11 September 1987, and in Aplin and Wriston, CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem.. pp. 259-306 (1981).
- Removal of carbohydrate moieties present on the PRO polypeptide may be accomplished chemically or enzymatically or by mutational substitution of codons encoding for amino acid residues that serve as targets for glycosylation.
- Chemical deglycosylation techniques are known in the art and described, for instance, by Hakimuddin, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophvs.. 259:52 (1987) and by Edge et al., Anal. Biochem.. 118:131 (1981).
- Enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate moieties on polypeptides can be achieved by the use of a variety of endo- and exo-glycosidases as described by Thotakura et al., Meth. Enzvmol.. 138:350 (1987).
- PRO polypeptide comprises linking the PRO polypeptide to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner set forth in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or 4, 179,337.
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- the PRO of the present invention may also be modified in a way to form a chimeric molecule comprising
- PRO fused to another, heterologous polypeptide or amino acid sequence.
- such a chimeric molecule comprises a fusion of the PRO with a tag polypeptide which provides an epitope to which an anti-tag antibody can selectively bind.
- the epitope tag is generally placed at the amino- or carboxyl- terminus of the PRO. The presence of such epitope-tagged forms of the PRO can be detected using an antibody against the tag polypeptide. Also, provision of the epitope tag enables the PRO to be readily purified by affinity purification using an anti-tag antibody or another type of affinity matrix that binds to the epitope tag.
- tag polypeptides and their respective antibodies are well known in the art.
- poly-histidine poly-his
- poly-histidine-glycine poly-his-gly
- flu HA tag polypeptide and its antibody 12CA5 [Field et al. , Mol. Cell. Biol.. 8:2159-2165 (1988)]
- the c-myc tag and the 8F9, 3C7, 6E10, G4, B7 and 9E10 antibodies thereto [Evan et al., Molecular and Cellular Biology. 5:3610-3616 (1985)]
- the Herpes Simplex virus glycoprotein D (gD) tag and its antibody [Paborsky et al., Protein Engineering. 3(6): 547- 553 (1990)] .
- tag polypeptides include the Flag-peptide [Hopp et al. , BioTechnologv. 6: 1204-1210 (1988)] ; the KT3 epitope peptide [Martin et al., Science. 255:192-194 (1992)]; an ⁇ -tubulin epitope peptide [Skinner et al., J. Biol. Chem.. 266:15163-15166 (1991)]; and the T7 gene 10 protein peptide tag [Lutz-Freyermuth et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:6393-6397 (1990)].
- the chimeric molecule may comprise a fusion of the PRO with an immunoglobulin or a particular region of an immunoglobulin.
- an immunoglobulin also referred to as an "immunoadhesin”
- a fusion could be to the Fc region of an IgG molecule.
- the Ig fusions preferably include the substitution of a soluble (transmembrane domain deleted or inactivated) form of a PRO polypeptide in place of at least one variable region within an Ig molecule.
- the immunoglobulin fusion includes the hinge, CH2 and CH3, or the hinge, CHI, CH2 and CH3 regions of an IgGl molecule.
- PRO sequence or portions thereof, may be produced by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques [see, e.g., Stewart et al., Solid- Phase Peptide Synthesis. W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, CA (1969); Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2154 (1963)].
- In vitro protein synthesis may be performed using manual techniques or by automation.
- Automated synthesis may be accomplished, for instance, using an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer (Foster City, CA) using manufacturer's instructions.
- Various portions of the PRO may be chemically synthesized separately and combined using chemical or enzymatic methods to produce the full-length PRO.
- DNA encoding PRO may be obtained from a cDNA library prepared from tissue believed to possess the PRO mRNA and to express it at a detectable level. Accordingly, human PRO DNA can be conveniently obtained from a cDNA library prepared from human tissue, such as described in the Examples.
- the PRO-encoding gene may also be obtained from a genomic library or by known synthetic procedures (e.g., automated nucleic acid synthesis).
- Probes such as antibodies to the PRO or oligonucleotides of at least about 20-80 bases
- Screening the cDNA or genomic library with the selected probe may be conducted using standard procedures, such as described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989).
- An alternative means to isolate the gene encoding PRO is to use PCR methodology [Sambrook et al., supra: Dieffenbach et al., PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995)].
- the oligonucleotide sequences selected as probes should be of sufficient length and sufficiently unambiguous that false positives are minimized.
- the oligonucleotide is preferably labeled such that it can be detected upon hybridization to DNA in the library being screened. Methods of labeling are well known in the art, and include the use of radiolabels like 32 P-labeled ATP, biotinylation or enzyme labeling. Hybridization conditions, including moderate stringency and high stringency, are provided in Sambrook et al., supra.
- Sequences identified in such library screening methods can be compared and aligned to other known sequences deposited and available in public databases such as GenBank or other private sequence databases. Sequence identity (at either the amino acid or nucleotide level) within defined regions of the molecule or across the full-length sequence can be determined using methods known in the art and as described herein. Nucleic acid having protein coding sequence may be obtained by screening selected cDNA or genomic libraries using the deduced amino acid sequence disclosed herein for the first time, and, if necessary, using conventional primer extension procedures as described in Sambrook et al., supra, to detect precursors and processing intermediates of mRNA that may not have been reverse-transcribed into cDNA.
- Host cells are transfected or transformed with expression or cloning vectors described herein for PRO production and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences.
- the culture conditions such as media, temperature, pH and the like, can be selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation. In general, principles, protocols, and practical techniques for maximizing the productivity of cell cultures can be found in Mammalian Cell Biotechnology: a Practical Approach. M. Butler, ed. (IRL Press, 1991) and Sambrook et al., supra.
- Methods of eukaryotic cell transfection and prokaryotic cell transformation are known to the ordinarily skilled artisan, for example, CaCl 2 , CaP0 4 , liposome-mediated and electroporation.
- transformation is performed using standard techniques appropriate to such cells.
- the calcium treatment employing calcium chloride, as described in Sambrook et al., supra, or electroporation is generally used for prokaryotes.
- Infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used for transformation of certain plant cells, as described by Shaw et al., Gene. 23:315 (1983) and WO 89/05859 published 29 June 1989.
- polybrene polyornithine
- polybrene polyornithine
- transforming mammalian cells see Keown et al., Methods in Enzymologv. 185:527-537 (1990) and Mansour et al., Nature. 336:348-352 (1988).
- Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the vectors herein include prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells.
- Suitable prokaryotes include but are not limited to eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobacteriaceae such as E. coli.
- Various E. coli strains are publicly available, such as E. coli K12 strain MM294 (ATCC 31,446); E. coli X1776 (ATCC 31,537); E. coli strain W3110 (ATCC 27,325) and K5 772 (ATCC 53,635).
- suitable prokaryotic host cells include Enterobacteriaceae such as Esche ⁇ chia, e.g., E. coli, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia, e.g., Serratia marcescans, and Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B. lichenifonnis (e.g., B. licheniformis 41P disclosed in DD 266,710 published 12 April 1989), Pseudomonas such as P. aeruginosa, and Streptomyces. These examples are illustrative rather than limiting.
- Strain W3110 is one particularly preferred host or parent host because it is a common host strain for recombinant DNA product fermentations.
- the host cell secretes minimal amounts of proteolytic enzymes.
- strain W3110 may be modified to effect a genetic mutation in the genes encoding proteins endogenous to the host, with examples of such hosts including E. coli W3110 strain 1A2, which has the complete genotype tonA ; E. coli W3110 strain 9E4, which has the complete genotype tonA ptr3; E. coli W3110 strain 27C7 (ATCC 55,244), which has the complete genotype tonAptrSphoA El 5 (argF-lac)169 degP ompTkaif; E.
- E. coli W3110 strain 37D6 which has the complete genotype tonAptr3phoA E15 (argF-lac)169 degP ompT rbs7 ilvG kan r ; E. coli W3110 strain 40B4, which is strain 37D6 with a non-kanamycin resistant degP deletion mutation; and an E. coli strain having mutant periplasmic protease disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,946,783 issued 7 August 1990.
- in vitro methods of cloning e.g., PCR or other nucleic acid polymerase reactions, are suitable.
- eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or expression hosts for PRO-encoding vectors.
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a commonly used lower eukaryotic host microorganism.
- Others include Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Beach and Nurse, Nature. 290: 140 [1981]; EP 139,383 published 2 May 1985); Kluyveromyces hosts (U.S. Patent No. 4,943,529; Fleer et al., Bio/Technology. 9:968-975 (1991)) such as, e.g., K.
- lactis (MW98-8C, CBS683, CBS4574; Louvencourt et al., J. Bacteriol.. 154(2): 737-742 [1983]), K. Jragilis (ATCC 12,424), K. bulgaricus (ATCC 16,045), K. wickeramii (ATCC 24,178), K. waltii (ATCC 56,500), K. drosophilarum (ATCC 36,906; Van den Berg et al., Bio/Technology. 8:135 (1990)), K. thermotolerans, wa ⁇ K.
- Schwanniomyces such as Schwanniomyces occidentalis (EP 394,538 published 31 October 1990); and filamentous fungi such as, e.g., Neurospora, Penicillium, Tolypocladium (WO 91/00357 published 10 January 1991), and Aspergillu hosts such as A. nidulans (Ballance et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.. 112:284-289 [1983]; Tilburn et al., Gene. 26:205-221 [1983]; Yelton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.
- Methylotropic yeasts are suitable herein and include, but are not limited to, yeast capable of growth on methanol selected from the genera consisting of Hansenula, Candida, Kloeckera, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, and Rhodotorula. A list of specific species that are exemplary of this class of yeasts may be found in C. Anthony, The Biochemistry of Mefhylotrophs. 269 (1982).
- Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated PRO are derived from multicellular organisms.
- invertebrate cells include insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9, as well as plant cells.
- useful mammalian host cell lines include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and COS cells. More specific examples include monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al. , J. Gen Virol.. 36:59 (1977)); Chinese hamster ovary cells/-DHFR (CHO, Urlaub and Chasin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.
- mice sertoli cells TM4, Mather, Biol. Reprod.. 23:243-251 (1980)
- human lung cells W138, ATCC CCL 75
- human liver cells Hep G2, HB 8065
- mouse mammary tumor MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51. The selection of the appropriate host cell is deemed to be within the skill in the art.
- the nucleic acid (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA) encoding PRO may be inserted into a replicable vector for cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression.
- a replicable vector for cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression.
- the vector may, for example, be in the form of a plasmid, cosmid, viral particle, or phage.
- the appropriate nucleic acid sequence may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures. In general, DNA is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) using techniques known in the art.
- Vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription termination sequence.
- the PRO may be produced recombinantly not only directly, but also as a fusion polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide, which may be a signal sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide.
- a heterologous polypeptide which may be a signal sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide.
- the signal sequence may be a component of the vector, or it may be a part of the PRO-encoding DNA that is inserted into the vector.
- the signal sequence may be a prokaryotic signal sequence selected, for example, from the group of the alkaline phosphatase, penicillinase, lpp, or heat-stable enterotoxin II leaders.
- the signal sequence may be, e.g., the yeast invertase leader, alpha factor leader (including Saccharomyces andKluyvewmyces ⁇ -factor leaders, the latter described in U.S. Patent No. 5,010,182), or acid phosphatase leader, the C. ⁇ lbic ⁇ ns glucoamylase leader (EP 362,179 published 4 April 1990), or the signal described in WO 90/13646 published 15 November 1990.
- mammalian signal sequences may be used to direct secretion of the protein, such as signal sequences from secreted polypeptides of the same or related species, as well as viral secretory leaders.
- Both expression and cloning vectors contain a nucleic acid sequence that enables the vector to replicate in one or more selected host cells. Such sequences are well known for a variety of bacteria, yeast, and viruses.
- the origin of replication from the plasmid pBR322 is suitable for most Gram-negative bacteria, the 2 ⁇ plasmid origin is suitable for yeast, and various viral origins (SV40, polyoma, adenovirus, VSV or BPV) are useful for cloning vectors in mammalian cells.
- Selection genes will typically contain a selection gene, also termed a selectable marker.
- Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g., ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available from complex media, e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli.
- suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells are those that enable the identification of cells competent to take up the PRO-encoding nucleic acid, such as DHFR or fhymidine kinase.
- DHFR DHFR activity
- yeast plasmid YRp7 yeast plasmid YRp7
- the trpl gene provides a selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in tryptophan, for example, ATCC No. 44076 or PEP4-1 [Jones, Genetics. 85:12 (1977)].
- Expression and cloning vectors usually contain a promoter operably linked to the PRO-encoding nucleic acid sequence to direct mRNA synthesis. Promoters recognized by a variety of potential host cells are well known. Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include the ⁇ -lactamase and lactose promoter systems [Chang et al., Nature. 275:615 (1978); Goeddel et al., Nature. 281:544 (1979)], alkaline phosphatase, a tryptophan (trp) promoter system [Goeddel, Nucleic Acids Res..
- Promoters for use in bacterial systems also will contain a Shine-Dalgarno (S.D.) sequence operably linked to the DNA encoding PRO.
- S.D. Shine-Dalgarno
- Suitable promoting sequences for use with yeast hosts include the promoters for 3- phosphoglycerate kinase [Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem.. 255:2073 (1980)] or other glycolytic enzymes [Hess et al., J. Adv. Enzyme Reg..
- yeast promoters which are inducible promoters having the additional advantage of transcription controlled by growth conditions, are the promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, metallothionein, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization. Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in EP 73,657.
- PRO transcription from vectors in mammalian host cells is controlled, for example, by promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus (UK 2,211,504 published 5 July 1989), adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus and Simian Virus 40 (SV40), from heterologous mammalian promoters, e.g., the actin promoter or an immunoglobulin promoter, and from heat-shock promoters, provided such promoters are compatible with the host cell systems.
- viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus (UK 2,211,504 published 5 July 1989), adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, he
- Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp, that act on a promoter to increase its transcription.
- Many enhancer sequences are now known from mammalian genes (globin, elastase, albumin, ⁇ -fetoprotein, and insulin). Typically, however, one will use an enhancer from a eukaryotic cell virus.
- Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (bp 100- 270), the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
- the enhancer may be spliced into the vector at a position 5' or 3' to the PRO coding sequence, but is preferably located at a site 5' from the promoter.
- Expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells will also contain sequences necessary for the termination of transcription and for stabilizing the mRNA. Such sequences are commonly available from the 5' and, occasionally 3', untranslated regions of eukaryotic or viral DNAs or cDNAs. These regions contain nucleotide segments transcribed as polyadenylated fragments in the untranslated portion of the mRNA encoding PRO.
- Gene amplification and/or expression may be measured in a sample directly, for example, by conventional Southern blotting, Northern blotting to quantitate the transcription of mRNA [Thomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 77:5201-5205 (1980)], dot blotting (DNA analysis), or in situ hybridization, using an appropriately labeled probe, based on the sequences provided herein.
- antibodies may be employed that can recognize specific duplexes, including DNA duplexes, RNA duplexes, and DNA-RNA hybrid duplexes or DNA-protein duplexes. The antibodies in turn may be labeled and the assay may be carried out where the duplex is bound to a surface, so that upon the formation of duplex on the surface, the presence of antibody bound to the duplex can be detected.
- Gene expression may be measured by immunological methods, such as immunohistochemical staining of cells or tissue sections and assay of cell culture or body fluids, to quantitate directly the expression of gene product.
- Antibodies useful for immunohistochemical staining and/or assay of sample fluids may be either monoclonal or polyclonal, and may be prepared in any mammal. Conveniently, the antibodies may be prepared against a native sequence PRO polypeptide or against a synthetic peptide based on the DNA sequences provided herein or against exogenous sequence fused to PRO DNA and encoding a specific antibody epitope.
- PRO may be recovered from culture medium or from host cell lysates. If membrane-bound, it can be released from the membrane using a suitable detergent solution (e.g. Triton-X 100) or by enzymatic cleavage. Cells employed in expression of PRO can be disrupted by various physical or chemical means, such as freeze-fhaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or cell lysing agents.
- a suitable detergent solution e.g. Triton-X 100
- Cells employed in expression of PRO can be disrupted by various physical or chemical means, such as freeze-fhaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or cell lysing agents.
- the following procedures are exemplary of suitable purification procedures : by fractionation on an ion-exchange column; ethanol precipitation; reverse phase HPLC; chromatography on silica or on a cation-exchange resin such as DEAE; chromatofocusing; SDS-PAGE; ammonium sulfate precipitation; gel filtration using, for example, SephadexG-75; protein A Sepharose columns to remove contaminants such as IgG; and metal chelating columns to bind epitope- tagged forms of the PRO .
- Various methods of protein purification may be employed and such methods are known in the art and described for example in Deutscher, Methods in Enzymology. 182 (1990); Scopes, Protein Purification: Principles and Practice. Springer- Verlag, New York (1982).
- the purification step(s) selected will depend, for example, on the nature of the production process used and the particular PRO produced.
- PRO Nucleotide sequences (or their complement) encoding PRO have various applications in the art of molecular biology, including uses as hybridization probes, in chromosome and gene mapping and in the generation of anti-sense RNA and DNA.
- PRO nucleic acid will also be useful for the preparation of PRO polypeptides by the recombinant techniques described herein.
- the full-length native sequence PRO gene, or portions thereof, may be used as hybridization probes for a cDNA library to isolate the full-length PRO cDNA or to isolate still other cDNAs (for instance, those encoding naturally-occurring variants of PRO or PRO from other species) which have a desired sequence identity to the native PRO sequence disclosed herein.
- the length of the probes will be about 20 to about 50 bases.
- the hybridization probes may be derived from at least partially novel regions of the full length native nucleotide sequence wherein those regions may be determined without undue experimentation or from genomic sequences including promoters, enhancer elements and nitrons of native sequence PRO.
- a screening method will comprise isolating the coding region of the PRO gene using the known DNA sequence to synthesize a selected probe of about 40 bases.
- Hybridization probes may be labeled by a variety of labels, including radionucleotides such as 32 P or 35 S, or enzymatic labels such as alkaline phosphatase coupled to the probe via avidin/biotin coupling systems .
- Labeled probes having a sequence complementary to that of the PRO gene of the present invention can be used to screen libraries of human cDNA, genomic DNA or mRNA to determine which members of such libraries the probe hybridizes to. Hybridization techniques are described in further detail in the Examples below.
- any EST sequences disclosed in the present application may similarly be employed as probes, using the methods disclosed herein.
- Other useful fragments of the PRO nucleic acids include antisense or sense oligonucleotides comprising a singe-stranded nucleic acid sequence (either RNA or DNA) capable of binding to target PRO mRNA (sense) or PRO DNA (antisense) sequences.
- Antisense or sense oligonucleotides, according to the present invention comprise a fragment of the coding region of PRO DNA. Such a fragment generally comprises at least about 14 nucleotides, preferably from about 14 to 30 nucleotides.
- binding of antisense or sense oligonucleotides to target nucleic acid sequences results in the formation of duplexes that block transcription or translation of the target sequence by one of several means, including enhanced degradation of the duplexes, premature termination of transcription or translation, or by other means.
- the antisense oligonucleotides thus may be used to block expression of PRO proteins.
- Antisense or sense oligonucleotides further comprise oligonucleotides having modified sugar-phosphodiester backbones (or other sugar linkages, such as those described in WO 91/06629) and wherein such sugar linkages are resistant to endogenous nucleases.
- Such oligonucleotides with resistant sugar linkages are stable in vivo (i.e., capable of resisting enzymatic degradation) but retain sequence specificity to be able to bind to target nucleotide sequences.
- Other examples of sense or antisense oligonucleotides include those oligonucleotides which are covalently linked to organic moieties, such as those described in WO 90/10048, and other moieties that increases affinity of the oligonucleotide for a target nucleic acid sequence, such as poly-(L-lysine).
- intercalating agents such as ellipticine, and alkylating agents or metal complexes may be attached to sense or antisense oligonucleotides to modify binding specificities of the antisense or sense oligonucleotide for the target nucleotide sequence.
- Antisense or sense oligonucleotides may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence by any gene transfer method, including, for example, CaP0 4 -mediated DNA transfection, electroporation, or by using gene transfer vectors such as Epstein-Barr virus.
- an antisense or sense oligonucleotide is inserted into a suitable retroviral vector.
- a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence is contacted with the recombinant retroviral vector, either in vivo or ex vivo.
- Suitable retroviral vectors include, but are not limited to, those derived from the murine retrovirus M-MuLV, N2 (a retrovirus derived from M-MuLV), or the double copy vectors designated DCT5A, DCT5B and DCT5C (see WO 90/13641).
- Sense or antisense oligonucleotides also may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleotide sequence by formation of a conjugate with a ligand binding molecule, as described in WO 91/04753.
- Suitable ligand binding molecules include, but are not limited to, cell surface receptors, growth factors, other cytokines, or other ligands that bind to cell surface receptors.
- conjugation of the ligand binding molecule does not substantially interfere with the ability of the ligand binding molecule to bind to its corresponding molecule or receptor, or block entry of the sense or antisense oligonucleotide or its conjugated version into the cell.
- a sense or an antisense oligonucleotide may be introduced into a cell containing the target nucleic acid sequence by formation of an oligonucleotide-lipid complex, as described in WO 90/10448.
- the sense or antisense oligonucleotide-lipid complex is preferably dissociated within the cell by an endogenous lipase.
- Antisense or sense RNA or DNA molecules are generally at least about 5 bases in length, about 10 bases in length, about 15 bases in length, about 20 bases in length, about 25 bases in length, about 30 bases in length, about 35 bases in length, about 40 bases in length, about 45 bases in length, about 50 bases in length, about 55 bases in length, about 60 bases in length, about 65 bases in length, about 70 bases in length, about 75 bases in length, about 80 bases in length, about 85 bases in length, about 90 bases in length, about 95 bases in length, about 100 bases in length, or more.
- the probes may also be employed in PCR techniques to generate a pool of sequences for identification of closely related PRO coding sequences.
- Nucleotide sequences encoding a PRO can also be used to construct hybridization probes for mapping the gene which encodes that PRO and for the genetic analysis of individuals with genetic disorders.
- the nucleotide sequences provided herein may be mapped to a chromosome and specific regions of a chromosome using known techniques, such as in situ hybridization, linkage analysis against known chromosomal markers, and hybridization screening with libraries.
- the PRO can be used in assays to identify the other proteins or molecules involved in the binding interaction. By such methods, inhibitors of the receptor /ligand binding interaction can be identified. Proteins involved in such binding interactions can also be used to screen for peptide or small molecule inhibitors or agonists of the binding interaction. Also, the receptor PRO can be used to isolate correlative ligand(s). Screening assays can be designed to find lead compounds that mimic the biological activity of a native PRO or a receptor for PRO . Such screening assays will include assays amenable to high-throughput screening of chemical libraries, making them particularly suitable for identifying small molecule drug candidates.
- Small molecules contemplated include synthetic organic or inorganic compounds.
- the assays can be performed in a variety of formats, including protein-protein binding assays, biochemical screening assays, immunoassays and cell based assays, which are well characterized in the art.
- Nucleic acids which encode PRO or its modified forms can also be used to generate either transgenic animals or "knock out" animals which, in turn, are useful in the development and screening of therapeutically useful reagents.
- a transgenic animal e.g., a mouse or rat
- a transgenic animal is an animal having cells that contain a transgene, which transgene was introduced into the animal or an ancestor of the animal at a prenatal, e.g., an embryonic stage.
- a transgene is a DNA which is integrated into the genome of a cell from which a transgenic animal develops.
- cDNA encoding PRO can be used to clone genomic DNA encoding PRO in accordance with established techniques and the genomic sequences used to generate transgenic animals that contain cells which express DNA encoding PRO.
- Methods for generating transgenic animals, particularly animals such as mice or rats, have become conventional in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009.
- particular cells would be targeted for PRO transgene incorporation with tissue-specific enhancers.
- Transgenic animals that include a copy of a transgene encoding PRO introduced into the germ line of the animal at an embryonic stage can be used to examine the effect of increased expression of DNA encoding PRO.
- Such animals can be used as tester animals for reagents thought to confer protection from, for example, pathological conditions associated with its overexpression.
- an animal is treated with the reagent and a reduced incidence of the pathological condition, compared to untreated animals bearing the transgene, would indicate a potential therapeutic intervention for the pathological condition.
- non-human homologues of PRO can be used to construct a PRO "knockout" animal which has a defective or altered gene encoding PRO as a result of homologous recombination between the endogenous gene encoding PRO and altered genomic DNA encoding PRO introduced into an embryonic stem cell of the animal.
- cDNA encoding PRO can be used to clone genomic DNA encoding PRO in accordance with established techniques. A portion of the genomic DNA encoding PRO can be deleted or replaced with another gene, such as a gene encoding a selectable marker which can be used to monitor integration.
- flanking DNA typically, several kilobases of unaltered flanking DNA (both at the 5' and 3' ends) are included in the vector [see e.g., Thomas and Capecchi, Cell. 51:503 (1987) for a description of homologous recombination vectors].
- the vector is introduced into an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by electroporation) and cells in which the introduced DNA has homologously recombined with the endogenous DNA are selected [see e.g., Li et al., Cell. 69:915 (1992)].
- the selected cells are then injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse or rat) to form aggregation chimeras [see e.g., Bradley, in Teratocarcinom s and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, E. J. Robertson, ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987), pp. 113-152].
- a chimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female foster animal and the embryo brought to term to create a "knock out" animal.
- Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be identified by standard techniques and used to breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the homologously recombined DNA.
- Knockout animals can be characterized for instance, for their ability to defend against certain pathological conditions and for their development of pathological conditions due to absence of the PRO polypeptide.
- Nucleic acid encoding the PRO polypeptides may also be used in gene therapy.
- genes are introduced into cells in order to achieve in vivo synthesis of a therapeutically effective genetic product, for example for replacement of a defective gene.
- Gene therapy includes both conventional gene therapy where a lasting effect is achieved by a single treatment, and the administration of gene therapeutic agents, which involves the one time or repeated administration of a therapeutically effective DNA or mRNA.
- Antisense RNAs and DNAs can be used as therapeutic agents for blocking the expression of certain genes in vivo. It has already been shown that short antisense oligonucleotides can be imported into cells where they act as inhibitors, despite their low intracellular concentrations caused by their restricted uptake by the cell membrane.
- the oligonucleotides can be modified to enhance their uptake, e.g. by substituting their negatively charged phosphodiester groups by uncharged groups.
- the currently preferred in vivo gene transfer techniques include transfection with viral (typically retroviral) vectors and viral coat protein-liposome mediated transfection (Dzau et al., Trends in Biotechnology 11 , 205-210 [1993]).
- viral typically retroviral
- viral coat protein-liposome mediated transfection Dzau et al., Trends in Biotechnology 11 , 205-210 [1993]
- an agent that targets the target cells such as an antibody specific for a cell surface membrane protein or the target cell, a ligand for a receptor on the target cell, etc.
- proteins which bind to a cell surface membrane protein associated with endocytosis may be used for targeting and/or to facilitate uptake, e.g.
- capsid proteins or fragments thereof tropic for a particular cell type antibodies for proteins which undergo internalization in cycling, proteins that target intracellular localization and enhance intracellular half-life.
- the technique of receptor- mediated endocytosis is described, for example, by Wu et al. , J. Biol. Chem. 262, 4429-4432 (1987); and Wagner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3410-3414 (1990).
- Wu et al. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 4429-4432 (1987); and Wagner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3410-3414 (1990).
- PRO polypeptides described herein may also be employed as molecular weight markers for protein electrophoresis purposes and the isolated nucleic acid sequences may be used for recombinantly expressing those markers.
- the nucleic acid molecules encoding the PRO polypeptides or fragments thereof described herein are useful for chromosome identification.
- Each PRO nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can be used as a chromosome marker.
- the PRO polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may also be used diagnostically for tissue typing, wherein the PRO polypeptides of the present invention may be differentially expressed in one tissue as compared to another, preferably in a diseased tissue as compared to a normal tissue of the same tissue type.
- PRO nucleic acid molecules will find use for generating probes for PCR, Northern analysis, Southern analysis and Western analysis.
- the PRO polypeptides described herein may also be employed as therapeutic agents.
- the PRO polypeptides of the present invention can be formulated according to known methods to prepare pharmaceutically useful compositions, whereby the PRO product hereof is combined in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier vehicle.
- Therapeutic formulations are prepared for storage by mixing the active ingredient having the desired degree of purity with optional physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions.
- Acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEENTM, PLURONICSTM or PEG.
- buffers such as phosphate, citrate and other organic acids
- antioxidants including ascorbic acid
- the formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes, prior to or following lyophilization and reconstitution.
- compositions herein generally are placed into a container having a sterile access port, for example, an intravenous solution bag or vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle.
- the route of administration is in accord with known methods, e.g. injection or infusion by intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracerebral, intramuscular, intraocular, intraarterial or intralesional routes, topical administration, or by sustained release systems.
- Dosages and desired drug concentrations of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may vary depending on the particular use envisioned. The determination of the appropriate dosage or route of administration is well within the skill of an ordinary physician. Animal experiments provide reliable guidance for the determination of effective doses for human therapy. Interspecies scaling of effective doses can be performed following the principles laid down by Mordenti, J. and Chappell, W. "The use of interspecies scaling intoxicokinetics" In Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, YacobietaL, Eds., Pergamon Press, New York 1989, pp. 42-96.
- normal dosage amounts may vary from about 10 ng/kg to up to 100 mg/kg of mammal body weight or more per day, preferably about 1 ⁇ g/kg/day to 10 mg/kg/day, depending upon the route of administration.
- Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature; see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,657,760; 5,206,344; or 5,225,212. It is anticipated that different formulations will be effective for different treatment compounds and different disorders, that administration targeting one organ or tissue, for example, may necessitate delivery in a manner different from that to another organ or tissue.
- microencapsulation of the PRO polypeptide is contemplated.
- Microencapsulation of recombinant proteins for sustained release has been successfully performed with human growth hormone (rhGH), interferon- (rhlFN- ), interleukin-2, and MN rgpl20. Johnson et al. , Nat. Med.. 2:795-799 (1996); Yasuda, Biomed. Ther., 27:1221-1223 (1993); Horaetal., Bio/Technology.
- the sustained-release formulations of these proteins were developed using poly-lactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA) polymer due to its biocompatibility and wide range of biodegradable properties .
- PLGA poly-lactic-coglycolic acid
- the degradation products of PLGA, lactic and glycolic acids, can be cleared quickly within the human body.
- the degradability of this polymer can be adjusted from months to years depending on its molecular weight and composition.
- Lewis "Controlled release of bioactive agents from lactide/glycolide polymer," in: M. Chasin and R. Langer (Eds.), Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems (Marcel Dekker: New York, 1990), pp. 1-41.
- This invention encompasses methods of screening compounds to identify those that mimic the PRO polypeptide (agonists) or prevent the effect of the PRO polypeptide (antagonists) .
- Screening assays for antagonist drug candidates are designed to identify compounds that bind or complex with the PRO polypeptides encoded by the genes identified herein, or otherwise interfere with the interaction of the encoded polypeptides with other cellular proteins.
- Such screening assays will include assays amenable to high-throughput screening of chemical libraries, making them particularly suitable for identifying small molecule drug candidates.
- the assays can be performed in a variety of formats, including protein-protein binding assays, biochemical screening assays, immunoassays, and cell-based assays, which are well characterized in the art.
- All assays for antagonists are common in that they call for contacting the drug candidate with a PRO polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid identified herein under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow these two components to interact.
- binding assays the interaction is binding and the complex formed can be isolated or detected in the reaction mixture.
- the PRO polypeptide encoded by the gene identified herein or the drug candidate is immobilized on a solid phase, e.g., on a microtiter plate, by covalent or non-covalent attachments.
- Non-covalent attachment generally is accomplished by coating the solid surface with a solution of the PRO polypeptide and drying.
- an immobilized antibody e.g., a monoclonal antibody, specific for the PRO polypeptide to be immobilized can be used to anchor it to a solid surface.
- the assay is performed by adding the non-immobilized component, which may be labeled by a detectable label, to the immobilized component, e.g. , the coated surface containing the anchored component.
- the non-immobilized component e.g., the coated surface containing the anchored component.
- the non- reacted components are removed, e.g., by washing, and complexes anchored on the solid surface are detected.
- the detection of label immobilized on the surface indicates that complexing occurred.
- complexing can be detected, for example, by using a labeled antibody specifically binding the immobilized complex.
- the candidate compound interacts with but does not bind to a particular PRO polypeptide encoded by a gene identified herein, its interaction with that polypeptide can be assayed by methods well known for detecting protein-protein interactions.
- assays include traditional approaches, such as, e.g., cross-linking, co- immunoprecipitation, and co-purification through gradients or chromatographic columns.
- protein- protein interactions can be monitored by using a yeast-based genetic system described by Fields and co-workers (Fields and Song, Nature (London). 340:245-246 (1989); Chien et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.
- yeast GAL4 consist of two physically discrete modular domains, one acting as the DNA-binding domain, the other one functioning as the transcription-activation domain.
- the yeast expression system described in the foregoing publications (generally referred to as the "two-hybrid system") takes advantage of this property, and employs two hybrid proteins, one in which the target protein is fused to the DNA- binding domain of GAL4, and another, in which candidate activating proteins are fused to the activation domain.
- GALl-t ⁇ cZ reporter gene under control of a GAL4-activated promoter depends on reconstitution of GAL4 activity via protein-protein interaction. Colonies containing interacting polypeptides are detected with a chromogenic substrate for ⁇ -galactosidase.
- a complete kit (MATCHMAKERTM) for identifying protein-protein interactions between two specific proteins using the two-hybrid technique is commercially available from Clontech. This system can also be extended to map protein domains involved in specific protein interactions as well as to pinpoint amino acid residues that are crucial for these interactions.
- a reaction mixture is prepared containing the product of the gene and the intra- or extracellular component under conditions and for a time allowing for the interaction and binding of the two products.
- a candidate compound to inhibit binding, the reaction is run in the absence and in the presence of the test compound.
- a placebo may be added to a third reaction mixture, to serve as positive control.
- the binding (complex formation) between the test compound and the intra- or extracellular component present in the mixture is monitored as described hereinabove. The formation of a complex in the control reaction(s) but not in the reaction mixture containing the test compound indicates that the test compound interferes with the interaction of the test compound and its reaction partner.
- the PRO polypeptide may be added to a cell along with the compound to be screened for a particular activity and the ability of the compound to inhibit the activity of interest in the presence of the PRO polypeptide indicates that the compound is an antagonist to the PRO polypeptide.
- antagonists may be detected by combining the PRO polypeptide and a potential antagonist with membrane-bound PRO polypeptide receptors or recombinant receptors under appropriate conditions for a competitive inhibition assay.
- the PRO polypeptide can be labeled, such as by radioactivity, such that the number of PRO polypeptide molecules bound to the receptor can be used to determine the effectiveness of the potential antagonist.
- the gene encoding the receptor can be identified by numerous methods known to those of skill in the art, for example, ligand panning and FACS sorting. Coligan et al., Current Protocols in Imrnun.. 1(2): Chapter 5 (1991).
- expression cloning is employed wherein polyadenylated RNA is prepared from a cell responsive to the PRO polypeptide and a cDNA library created from this RNA is divided into pools and used to transfect COS cells or other cells that are not responsive to the PRO polypeptide. Transfected cells that are grown on glass slides are exposed to labeled PRO polypeptide.
- the PRO polypeptide can be labeled by a variety of means including iodination or inclusion of a recognition site for a site-specific protein kinase. Following fixation and incubation, the slides are subjected to autoradiographic analysis. Positive pools are identified and sub-pools are prepared and re-transfected using an interactive sub-pooling and re-screening process, eventually yielding a single clone that encodes the putative receptor.
- labeled PRO polypeptide can be photoaffinity- linked with cell membrane or extract preparations that express the receptor molecule. Cross-linked material is resolved by PAGE and exposed to X-ray film. The labeled complex containing the receptor can be excised, resolved into peptide fragments, and subjected to protein micro-sequencing. The amino acid sequence obtained from micro- sequencing would be used to design a set of degenerate oligonucleotide probes to screen a cDNA library to identify the gene encoding the putative receptor.
- mammalian cells or a membrane preparation expressing the receptor would be incubated with labeled PRO polypeptide in the presence of the candidate compound. The ability of the compound to enhance or block this interaction could then be measured.
- potential antagonists include an oligonucleotide that binds to the fusions of immunoglobulin with PRO polypeptide, and, in particular, antibodies including, without limitation, poly- and monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments, single-chain antibodies, anti-idiotypic antibodies, and chimeric or humanized versions of such antibodies or fragments, as well as human antibodies and antibody fragments.
- a potential antagonist may be a closely related protein, for example, a mutated form of the PRO polypeptide that recognizes the receptor but imparts no effect, thereby competitively inhibiting the action of the PRO polypeptide.
- Another potential PRO polypeptide antagonist is an antisense RNA or DNA construct prepared using antisense technology, where, e.g., an antisense RNA or DNA molecule acts to block directly the translation of mRNA by hybridizing to targeted mRNA and preventing protein translation.
- Antisense technology can be used to control gene expression through triple-helix formation or antisense DNA or RNA, both of which methods are based on binding of a polynucleotide to DNA or RNA.
- the 5' coding portion of the polynucleotide sequence, which encodes the mature PRO polypeptides herein, is used to design an antisense RNA oligonucleotide of from about 10 to 40 base pairs in length.
- a DNA oligonucleotide is designed to be complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription (triple helix - see Lee et al., Nucl. Acids Res.. 3:173 (1979); Cooney et al.. Science, 241: 456 (1988); Dervanet al., Science. 251:1360 (1991)), thereby preventing transcription and the production of the PRO polypeptide.
- the antisense RNA oligonucleotide hybridizes to the mRNA in vivo and blocks translation of the mRNA molecule into the PRO polypeptide (antisense - Okano, Neurochem..
- oligodeoxynucleotides as Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1988).
- the oligonucleotides described above can also be delivered to cells such that the antisense RNA or DNA may be expressed in vivo to inhibit production of the PRO polypeptide.
- antisense DNA oligodeoxyribonucleotides derived from the translation-initiation site, e.g., between about -10 and + 10 positions of the target gene nucleotide sequence, are preferred.
- Potential antagonists include small molecules that bind to the active site, the receptor binding site, or growth factor or other relevant binding site of the PRO polypeptide, thereby blocking the normal biological activity of the PRO polypeptide.
- small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules, preferably soluble peptides, and synthetic non-peptidyl organic or inorganic compounds.
- Ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules capable of catalyzing the specific cleavage of RNA. Ribozymes act by sequence-specific hybridization to the complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within a potential RNA target can be identified by known techniques.
- Nucleic acid molecules in triple-helix formation used to inhibit transcription should be single-stranded and composed of deoxynucleotides.
- the base composition of these oligonucleotides is designed such that it promotes triple-helix formation via Hoogsteen base-pairing rules, which generally require sizeable stretches of purines or pyrimidines on one strand of a duplex.
- PCT publication No. WO 97/33551, supra These small molecules can be identified by any one or more of the screening assays discussed hereinabove and/or by any other screening techniques well known for those skilled in the art.
- Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of the herein disclosed molecules may also be based upon the positive functional assay hits disclosed and described below.
- the present invention further provides anti-PRO antibodies.
- Exemplary antibodies include polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, bispecific, and heteroconjugate antibodies.
- the anti-PRO antibodies may comprise polyclonal antibodies. Methods of preparing polyclonal antibodies are known to the skilled artisan. Polyclonal antibodies can be raised in a mammal, for example, by one or more injections of an immunizing agent and, if desired, an adjuvant. Typically, the immunizing agent and/or adjuvant will be injected in the mammal by multiple subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections.
- the immunizing agent may include the PRO polypeptide or a fusion protein thereof. It may be useful to conjugate the immunizing agent to a protein known to be immunogenic in the mammal being immunized.
- immunogenic proteins include but are not limited to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, and soybean trypsin inhibitor.
- adjuvants which may be employed include Freund's complete adjuvant and MPL-TDM adjuvant (monophosphoryl Lipid A, synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate).
- the immunization protocol may be selected by one skilled in the art without undue experimentation.
- the anti-PRO antibodies may, alternatively, be monoclonal antibodies.
- Monoclonal antibodies may be prepared using hybridoma methods, such as those described by Kohler and Milstein, Nature. 256:495 (1975).
- a mouse, hamster, or other appropriate host animal is typically immunized with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing agent.
- the lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro.
- the immunizing agent will typically include the PRO polypeptide or a fusion protein thereof.
- PBLs peripheral blood lymphocytes
- spleen cells or lymph node cells are used if non-human mammalian sources are desired.
- the lymphocytes are then fused with an immortalized cell line using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell [Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice. Academic Press, (1986) pp. 59-103].
- Immortalized cell lines are usually transformed mammalian cells, particularly myeloma cells of rodent, bovine and human origin.
- rat or mouse myeloma cell lines are employed.
- the hybridoma cells may be cultured in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, immortalized cells.
- a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, immortalized cells.
- the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (“HAT medium”), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT- deficient cells.
- Preferred immortalized cell lines are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high level expression of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT medium. More preferred immortalized cell lines are murine myeloma lines, which can be obtained, for instance, from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, California and the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia. Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies [Kozbor, J. Immunol.. 133:3001 (1984); Brodeur et al. , Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, (1987) pp. 51-63].
- the culture medium in which the hybridoma cells are cultured can then be assayed for the presence of monoclonal antibodies directed against PRO.
- the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by the hybridoma cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radiohnmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).
- RIA radiohnmunoassay
- ELISA enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
- the binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example, be determined by the Scatchard analysis of Munson and Pollard, Anal. Biochem., 107:220 (1980).
- the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods [Goding, supra] .
- Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example , Dulbecco ' s Modified Eagle ' s Medium and RPMI- 1640 medium.
- the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites in a mammal.
- the monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones may be isolated or purified from the culture medium or ascites fluid by conventional immunoglobulin purification procedures such as, for example, protein A- Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.
- the monoclonal antibodies may also be made by recombinant DNA methods, such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567.
- DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies).
- the hybridoma cells of the invention serve as a preferred source of such DNA.
- the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells.
- the DNA also may be modified, for example, by substituting the coding sequence for human heavy and light chain constant domains in place of the homologous murine sequences [U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567; Morrison et al., supra] or by covalently joining to the immunoglobulin coding sequence all or part of the coding sequence for a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide .
- non-immunoglobulin polypeptide can be substituted for the constant domains of an antibody of the invention, or can be substituted for the variable domains of one antigen-combining site of an antibody of the invention to create a chimeric bivalent antibody.
- the antibodies may be monovalent antibodies.
- Methods for preparing monovalent antibodies are well known in the art. For example, one method involves recombinant expression of immunoglobulin light chain and modified heavy chain.
- the heavy chain is truncated generally at any point in the Fc region so as to prevent heavy chain crosslinking.
- the relevant cysteine residues are substituted with another amino acid residue or are deleted so as to prevent crosslinking.
- In vitro methods are also suitable for preparing monovalent antibodies. Digestion of antibodies to produce fragments thereof, particularly, Fab fragments, can be accomplished using routine techniques known in the art.
- the anti-PRO antibodies of the invention may further comprise humanized antibodies or human antibodies.
- Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin.
- Humanized antibodies include human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a complementary determining region (CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity.
- CDR complementary determining region
- Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.
- Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences.
- the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence.
- the humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin [Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-329 (1988); and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol.. 2:593-596 (1992)].
- Fc immunoglobulin constant region
- a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non- human amino acid residues are often referred to as "import" residues, which are typically taken from an "import” variable domain.
- Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers [Jones et al., Nature. 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature. 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science.239: 1534-1536 (1988)], by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody.
- humanized antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567), wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species.
- humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
- Human antibodies can also be produced using various techniques known in the art, including phage display libraries [Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol.. 227:381 (1991); Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581 (1991)]. The techniques of Cole et al. and Boerner et al.
- human antibodies can be made by introducing of human immunoglobulin loci into transgenic animals, e.g. , mice in which the endogenous immunoglobulin genes have been partially or completely inactivated. Upon challenge, human antibody production is observed, which closely resembles that seen in humans in all respects, including gene rearrangement, assembly, and antibody repertoire. This approach is described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos.
- the antibodies may also be affinity matured using known selection and/or mutagenesis methods as described above.
- Preferred affinity matured antibodies have an affinity which is five times, more preferably 10 times, even more preferably 20 or 30 times greater than the starting antibody (generally murine, humanized or human) from which the matured antibody is prepared.
- Bispecific antibodies are monoclonal, preferably human or humanized, antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different antigens.
- one of the binding specificities is for the PRO, the other one is for any other antigen, and preferably for a cell-surface protein or receptor or receptor subunit.
- bispecific antibodies are known in the art. Traditionally, the recombinant production of bispecific antibodies is based on the co-expression of two immunoglobulin heavy-chain/light-chain pairs, where the two heavy chains have different specificities [Milstein and Cuello, Nature. 305:537-539 (1983)]. Because of the random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, these hybridomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture of ten different antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct bispecific structure. The purification of the correct molecule is usually accomplished by affinity chromatography steps. Similar procedures are disclosed in WO 93/08829, published 13 May 1993, and in Traunecker et al., EMBO J..
- Antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificities can be fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences .
- the fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulin heavy- chain constant domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, CH2, and CH3 regions. It is preferred to have the first heavy-chain constant region (CHI) containing the site necessary for light-chain binding present in at least one of the fusions.
- CHI first heavy-chain constant region
- the interface between a pair of antibody molecules can be engineered to maximize the percentage of heterodimers which are recovered from recombinant cell culture.
- the preferred interface comprises at least a part of the CH3 region of an antibody constant domain.
- one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g. tyrosine or tryptophan).
- Compensatory "cavities" of identical or similar size to the large side chain(s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g. alanine or threonine). This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers.
- Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g. F(ab') 2 bispecific antibodies). Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments have been described in the literature. For example, bispecific antibodies can be prepared can be prepared using chemical linkage. Brennan et al. , Science 229:81 (1985) describe a procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab') 2 fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation. The Fab' fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives.
- TAB thionitrobenzoate
- One of the Fab'-TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab'-thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylamine and is mixed with an equimolar amount of the other Fab'-TNB derivative to form the bispecific antibody.
- the bispecific antibodies produced can be used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes.
- Fab' fragments may be directly recovered from E. coli and chemically coupled to form bispecific antibodies. Shalaby et al., J. Exp. Med. 175:217-225 (1992) describe the production of a fully humanized bispecific antibody F(ab') 2 molecule. Each Fab' fragment was separately secreted from E. coli and subjected to directed chemical coupling in vitro to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibody thus formed was able to bind to cells overexpressing the ErbB2 receptor and normal human T cells, as well as trigger the lytic activity of human cytotoxic lymphocytes against human breast tumor targets.
- bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers.
- the leucine zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins were linked to the Fab' portions of two different antibodies by gene fusion.
- the antibody homodimers were reduced at the hinge region to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form the antibody heterodimers. This method can also be utilized for the production of antibody homodimers.
- the fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (V H ) connected to a light-chain variable domain (VJ by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the V H and V L domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary V L and V H domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites.
- V H and V L domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary V L and V H domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites.
- sFv single-chain Fv
- Antibodies with more than two valencies are contemplated.
- trispecific antibodies can be prepared. Tutt et al, J. Immunol. 147:60 (1991).
- bispecific antibodies may bind to two different epitopes on a given PRO polypeptide herein.
- an anti-PRO polypeptide arm may be combined with an arm which binds to a triggering molecule on a leukocyte such as a T-cell receptor molecule (e.g. CD2, CD3, CD28, or B7), or Fc receptors for IgG (Fc ⁇ R), such as Fc ⁇ RI (CD64), Fc ⁇ RII (CD32) and Fc ⁇ RIII (CD16) so as to focus cellular defense mechanisms to the cell expressing the particular PRO polypeptide.
- Bispecific antibodies may also be used to localize cytotoxic agents to cells which express a particular PRO polypeptide.
- These antibodies possess a PRO-binding arm and an arm which binds a cytotoxic agent or a radionuclide chelator, such as EOTUBE, DPTA, DOTA, or TETA.
- a cytotoxic agent or a radionuclide chelator such as EOTUBE, DPTA, DOTA, or TETA.
- Another bispecific antibody of interest binds the PRO polypeptide and further binds tissue factor (TF).
- Heteroconjugate antibodies are also within the scope of the present invention.
- Heteroconjugate antibodies are composed of two covalently joined antibodies. Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells [U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980], and for treatment of HIV infection [WO 91/00360; WO 92/200373; EP 03089].
- the antibodies may be prepared in vitro using known methods in synthetic protein chemistry, including those involving crosslinking agents.
- immunotoxins may be constructed using a disulfide exchange reaction or by forming a fhioether bond. Examples of suitable reagents for this purpose include inrinothiolate and methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate and those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980.
- cysteine residue(s) may be introduced into the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region.
- the homodimeric antibody thus generated may have improved internalization capability and/or increased complement- mediated cell killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) . See Caron et al. , J. Exp Med. , 176: 1191-1195 (1992) andShopes, JJmmunol., 148: 2918-2922(1992).
- Homodimeric antibodies with enhanced anti- tumor activity may also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolff et al. Cancer Research. 53: 2560-2565 (1993).
- an antibody can be engineered that has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced complement lysis and ADCC capabilities . See Stevenson et al. , Anti-Cancer Drug Design. 3: 219-230 (1989). 7. Immunoconjugates
- the invention also pertains to immunoconjugates comprising an antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a chemofherapeutic agent, toxin (e.g. , an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant, or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radioconjugate).
- a cytotoxic agent such as a chemofherapeutic agent, toxin (e.g. , an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant, or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radioconjugate).
- Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof that can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccinAchain, alp a-sa ⁇ cm., Aleuritesfordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytol ⁇ c ⁇ ⁇ me ⁇ c ⁇ n ⁇ proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin, and the tricothecenes.
- a variety of radionuclides are available for the production of radioconjugated antibodies. Examples include 212 Bi, 131 I, 131 In
- Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent are made using a variety of bifunctional protein-coupling agents such as N-succimmidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionate (SPDP), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis- active fluorine compounds (such as l,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene).
- SPDP N-succimmidyl-3-
- a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et ⁇ l. , Science. 238: 1098 (1987).
- Carbon-14-labeled l-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3- methyldiethylene ttiaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody. See WO94/11026.
- the antibody may be conjugated to a "receptor” (such streptavidin) for utilization in tumor pretargeting wherein the antibody-receptor conjugate is administered to the patient, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a "ligand” (e.g., avidin) that is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent (e.g., a radionucleotide).
- a "receptor” such streptavidin
- a ligand e.g., avidin
- cytotoxic agent e.g., a radionucleotide
- Liposomes containing the antibody are prepared by methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et ⁇ l., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. PatentNo. 5,013,556.
- Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse-phase evaporation method with a lipid composition comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and PEG-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-
- Liposomes are extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired diameter.
- Fab ' fragments of the antibody of the present invention can be conjugated to the liposomes as described in Martin et ⁇ l ., J. Biol. Chem.. 257: 286-288 (1982) via a disulfide-interchange reaction.
- a chemofherapeutic agent (such as Doxorubicin) is optionally contained within the liposome . See Gabizon et ⁇ l , J. National Cancer Inst.. 81 ( 19) :
- Antibodies specifically binding a PRO polypeptide identified herein, as well as other molecules identified by the screening assays disclosed hereinbefore, can be administered for the treatment of various disorders in the form of pharmaceutical compositions.
- the PRO polypeptide is intracellular and whole antibodies are used as inhibitors, internalizing antibodies are preferred.
- lipofections or liposomes can also be used to deliver the antibody, or an antibody fragment, into cells. Where antibody fragments are used, the smallest inhibitory fragment that specifically binds to the binding domain of the target protein is preferred.
- peptide molecules can be designed that retain the ability to bind the target protein sequence . Such peptides can be synthesized chemically and/or produced by recombinant DNA technology . See , e.g., Marasco et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90: 7889-7893 (1993).
- the formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other.
- the composition may comprise an agent that enhances its function, such as, for example, a cytotoxic agent, cytokine, chemofherapeutic agent, or growth-inhibitory agent.
- cytotoxic agent such as, for example, a cytotoxic agent, cytokine, chemofherapeutic agent, or growth-inhibitory agent.
- Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.
- the active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymefhylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles, andnanocapsules) or inmacroemulsions.
- colloidal drug delivery systems for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles, andnanocapsules
- the formulations to be used for in vivo a ⁇ ministration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.
- Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No.
- encapsulated antibodies When encapsulated antibodies remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37 °C, resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism involved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S-S bond formation through fhio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions.
- anti-PRO antibodies of the invention have various utilities.
- anti-PRO antibodies may be used in diagnostic assays for PRO, e.g., detecting its expression (and in some cases, differential expression) in specific cells, tissues, or serum.
- diagnostic assay techniques known in the art may be used, such as competitive binding assays, direct or indirect sandwich assays and immunoprecipitation assays conducted in either heterogeneous or homogeneous phases [Zola, Monoclonal Antibodies: A Manual of Techniques. CRC Press, Inc. (1987) pp. 147-158].
- the antibodies used in the diagnostic assays can be labeled with a detectable moiety.
- the detectable moiety should be capable of producing, either directly or indirectly, a detectable signal.
- the detectable moiety may be a radioisotope, such as 3 H, I C, 32 P, 35 S, or 125 I, a fluorescent or chemiluminescent compound, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, or luciferin, or an enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase or horseradish peroxidase.
- a radioisotope such as 3 H, I C, 32 P, 35 S, or 125 I
- a fluorescent or chemiluminescent compound such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, or luciferin
- an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase or horseradish peroxidase.
- Any method known in the art for conjugating the antibody to the detectable moiety may be employed, including those methods described by Hunter et al. , Nature. 144:945 (1962); David e
- Anti-PRO antibodies also are useful for the affinity purification of PRO from recombinant cell culture or natural sources.
- the antibodies against PRO are immobilized on a suitable support, such a Sephadex resin or filter paper, using methods well known in the art.
- the immobilized antibody then is contacted with a sample containing the PRO to be purified, and thereafter the support is washed with a suitable solvent that will remove substantially all the material in the sample except the PRO, which is bound to the immobilized antibody. Finally, the support is washed with another suitable solvent that will release the PRO from the antibody.
- EXAMPLE 1 Extracellular Domain Homology Screening to Identify Novel Polypeptides and cDNA Encoding Therefor
- the extracellular domain (ECD) sequences (including the secretion signal sequence, if any) from about 950 known secreted proteins from the Swiss-Prot public database were used to search EST databases.
- the EST databases included public databases (e.g., Dayhoff, GenBank), and proprietary databases (e.g. LIFESEQTM,
- consensus DNA sequences were assembled relative to the other identified EST sequences using phrap.
- consensus DNA sequences obtained were often (but not always) extended using repeated cycles of BLAST or BLAST-2 and phrap to extend the consensus sequence as far as possible using the sources of EST sequences discussed above.
- oligonucleotides were then synthesized and used to identify by PCR a cDNA library that contained the sequence of interest and for use as probes to isolate a clone of the full-length coding sequence for a PRO polypeptide.
- Forward and reverse PCR primers generally range from 20 to 30 nucleotides and are often designed to give a PCR product of about 100-1000 bp in length.
- the probe sequences are typically 40-55 bp in length.
- additional oligonucleotides are synthesized when the consensus sequence is greater than about 1-1.5kbp.
- DNA from the libraries was screened by PCR amplification, as per Ausubel et al. , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, with the PCR primer pair. A positive library was then used to isolate clones encoding the gene of interest using the probe oligonucleotide and one of the primer pairs.
- the cDNA libraries used to isolate the cDNA clones were constructed by standard methods using commercially available reagents such as those from Invitrogen, San Diego, CA.
- the cDNA was primed with oligo dT containing a Notl site, linked with blunt to Sail hemikinased adaptors, cleaved with Notl, sized appropriately by gel electrophoresis, and cloned in a defined orientation into a suitable cloning vector (such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the Sfil site; see, Holmes et al. , Science. 253:1278-1280 (1991)) in the unique Xhol and Notl sites.
- a suitable cloning vector such as pRKB or pRKD; pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the Sfil site; see, Holmes et al.
- EXAMPLE 2 Isolation of cDNA clones by Amylase Screening 1. Preparation of oligo dT primed cDNA library mRNA was isolated from a human tissue of interest using reagents and protocols from Invitrogen, San
- RNA was used to generate an oligo dT primed cDNA library in the vector pRK5D using reagents and protocols from Life Technologies, Gaifhersburg, MD (Super Script Plasmid System).
- pRK5D is a cloning vector that has an sp6 transcription initiation site followed by an Sfil restriction enzyme site preceding the Xhol/Notl cDNA cloning sites.
- a secondary cDNA library was generated in order to preferentially represent the 5' ends of the primary cDNA clones.
- Sp6 RNA was generated from the primary library (described above), and this RNA was used to generate a random primed cDNA library in the vector pSST-AMY.O using reagents and protocols from Life
- pSST-AMY.O is a cloning vector that has a yeast alcohol dehydrogenase promoter preceding the cDNA cloning sites and the mouse amylase sequence (the mature sequence without the secretion signal) followed by the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase terminator, after the cloning sites.
- DNA from the library described in paragraph 2 above was chilled on ice to which was added electrocompetent DH10B bacteria (Life Technologies, 20 ml). The bacteria and vector mixture was then electroporated as recommended by the manufacturer. Subsequently, SOC media (Life Technologies, 1 ml) was added and the mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 30 minutes. The transformants were then plated onto 20 standard 150 mm LB plates containing ampicillin and incubated for 16 hours (37°C). Positive colonies were scraped off the plates and the DNA was isolated from the bacterial pellet using standard protocols, e.g. CsCl- gradient. The purified DNA was then carried on to the yeast protocols below.
- the yeast methods were divided into three categories: (1) Transformation of yeast with the plasmid/cDNA combined vector; (2) Detection and isolation of yeast clones secreting amylase; and (3) PCR amplification of the insert directly from the yeast colony and purification of the DNA for sequencing and further analysis.
- yeast strain used was HD56-5A (ATCC-90785). This strain has the following genotype: MAT alpha, ura3-52, leu2-3, leu2-112, his3-ll, his3-15, MAL + , SUC + , GAL + .
- yeast mutants can be employed that have deficient post-translational pathways. Such mutants may have translocation deficient alleles in.yec71, secll, sec ⁇ l, with truncated secll being most preferred.
- antagonists including antisense nucleotides and/or ligands which interfere with the normal operation of these genes, other proteins implicated in this post translation pathway (e.g., SEC61p, SEC72p, SEC62p, SEC63p, TDJlp or SSAlp-4p) or the complex formation of these proteins may also be preferably employed in combination with the amylase-expressing yeast.
- Transformation was performed based on the protocol outlined by Gietz et al. , Nucl. Acid. Res..20: 1425 (1992). Transformed cells were then inoculated from agar into YEPD complex media broth (100 ml) and grown overnight at 30° C .
- the cells were then harvested and prepared for transformation by transfer into GS3 rotor bottles in a
- Sorval GS3 rotor at 5,000 rpm for 5 minutes, the supernatant discarded, and then resuspended into sterile water, and centrifuged again in 50 ml falcon tubes at 3,500 rpm in a Beckman GS-6KR centrifuge. The supernatant was discarded and the cells were subsequently washed with LiAc/TE (10 ml, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA pH 7.5,
- Transformation took place by mixing the prepared cells (100 ⁇ l) with freshly denatured single stranded salmon testes DNA (Lofstrand Labs, Gaithersburg, MD) and transforming DNA (1 ⁇ g, vol. ⁇ 10 ⁇ l) in microfuge tubes. The mixture was mixed briefly by vortexing, then 40% PEG/TE (600 ⁇ l, 40% polyethylene glycol-4000, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 100 mM Li 2 OOCCH 3 , pH 7.5) was added. This mixture was gently mixed and incubated at 30°C while agitating for 30 minutes.
- PEG/TE 600 ⁇ l, 40% polyethylene glycol-4000, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 100 mM Li 2 OOCCH 3 , pH 7.5
- the cells were then heat shocked at 42°C for 15 minutes, and the reaction vessel centrifuged in a microfuge at 12,000 rpm for 5-10 seconds, decanted and resuspended into TE (500 ⁇ l, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA pH 7.5) followed by recentrifugation. The cells were then diluted into TE (1 ml) and aliquots (200 ⁇ l) were spread onto the selective media previously prepared in 150 mm growth plates (VWR).
- TE 500 ⁇ l, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA pH 7.5
- the transformation was performed using a single, large scale reaction, wherein reagent amounts were scaled up accordingly.
- the selective media used was a synthetic complete dextrose agar lacking uracil (SCD-Ura) prepared as described in Kaiser et al. , Methods in Yeast Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, p. 208-210 (1994). Transformants were grown at 30°C for 2-3 days.
- the detection of colonies secreting amylase was performed by including red starch in the selective growth media.
- Starch was coupled to the red dye (Reactive Red-120, Sigma) as per the procedure described by Biely et al, Anal. Biochem.. 172: 176-179 (1988).
- the coupled starch was incorporated into the SCD-Ura agar plates at a final concentration of 0.15% (w/v), and was buffered with potassium phosphate to a pH of 7.0 (50-100 mM final concentration).
- the positive colonies were picked and streaked across fresh selective media (onto 150 mm plates) in order to obtain well isolated and identifiable single colonies.
- Well isolated single colonies positive for amylase secretion were detected by direct incorporation of red starch into buffered SCD-Ura agar. Positive colonies were determined by their ability to break down starch resulting in a clear halo around the positive colony visualized directly.
- PCR was then performed as follows: a. Denature 92°C, 5 minutes b. 3 cycles of: Denature 92° C, 30 seconds
- the underlined regions of the oligonucleotides annealed to the ADH promoter region and the amylase region, respectively, and amplified a 307 bp region from vector pSST-AMY.O when no insert was present.
- the first 18 nucleotides of the 5' end of these oligonucleotides contained annealing sites for the sequencing primers.
- the total product of the PCR reaction from an empty vector was 343 bp.
- signal sequence-fused cDNA resulted in considerably longer nucleotide sequences.
- polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid sequences were identified by applying a proprietary signal sequence finding algorithm developed by Genentech, Inc. (South San Francisco, CA) upon ESTs as well as clustered and assembled EST fragments from public (e.g., GenBank) and/or private (LIFESEQ ® , Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, CA) databases.
- the signal sequence algorithm computes a secretion signal score based on the character of the DNA nucleotides surrounding the first and optionally the second methionine codon(s) (ATG) at the 5 '-end of the sequence or sequence fragment under consideration.
- the nucleotides following the first ATG must code for at least 35 unambiguous amino acids without any stop codons.
- the second is not examined. If neither meets the requirement, the candidate sequence is not scored.
- the DNA and corresponding amino acid sequences surrounding the ATG codon are scored using a set of seven sensors (evaluation parameters) known to be associated with secretion signals. Use of this algorithm resulted in the identification of numerous polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid sequences.
- the following method describes use of a nucleotide sequence encoding PRO as a hybridization probe.
- DNA comprising the coding sequence of full-length or mature PRO as disclosed herein is employed as a probe to screen for homologous DNAs (such as those encoding naturally-occurring variants of PRO) in human tissue cDNA libraries or human tissue genomic libraries.
- Hybridization and washing of filters containing either library DNAs is performed under the following high stringency conditions.
- Hybridization of radiolabeled PRO-derived probe to the filters is performed in a solution of 50% formamide, 5x SSC, 0.1% SDS, 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 2x Denhardt's solution, and 10% dextran sulfate at 42°C for 20 hours.
- Washing of the filters is performed in an aqueous solution of 0. lx SSC and 0.1 % SDS at 42°C.
- DNAs having a desired sequence identity with the DNA encoding full-length native sequence PRO can then be identified using standard techniques known in the art.
- This example illustrates preparation of an unglycosylated form of PRO by recombinant expression in E. coli.
- the DNA sequence encoding PRO is initially amplified using selected PCR primers .
- the primers should contain restriction enzyme sites which correspond to the restriction enzyme sites on the selected expression vector.
- restriction enzyme sites A variety of expression vectors may be employed.
- An example of a suitable vector is pBR322 (derived from E. coli; see Bolivar et al., Gene. 2:95 (1977)) which contains genes for ampicillin and tetracycline resistance.
- the vector is digested with restriction enzyme and dephosphorylated.
- the PCR amplified sequences are then ligated into the vector.
- the vector will preferably include sequences which encode for an antibiotic resistance gene, a trp promoter, a polyhis leader (including the first six STII codons, polyhis sequence, and enterokinase cleavage site), the PRO coding region, lambda transcriptional terminator, and an argU gene.
- the ligation mixture is then used to transform a selected E. coli strain using the methods described in Sambrook et al. , supra. Transformants are identified by their ability to grow on LB plates and antibiotic resistant colonies are then selected. Plasmid DNA can be isolated and confirmed by restriction analysis and DNA sequencing. Selected clones can be grown overnight in liquid culture medium such as LB broth supplemented with antibiotics. The overnight culture may subsequently be used to inoculate a larger scale culture. The cells are then grown to a desired optical density, during which the expression promoter is turned on.
- the cells After culturing the cells for several more hours, the cells can be harvested by centrifugation.
- the cell pellet obtained by the centrifugation can be solubilized using various agents known in the art, and the solubilized PRO protein can then be purified using a metal chelating column under conditions that allow tight binding of the protein.
- PRO may be expressed in E. coli in a poly-His tagged form, using the following procedure.
- the DNA encoding PRO is initially amplified using selected PCR primers.
- the primers will contain restriction enzyme sites which correspond to the restriction enzyme sites on the selected expression vector, and other useful sequences providing for efficient and reliable translation initiation, rapid purification on a metal chelation column, and proteolytic removal with enterokinase.
- the PCR-amplified, poly-His tagged sequences are then ligated into an expression vector, which is used to transform an E. coli host based on strain 52 (W3110 fuhA(tonA) Ion galE rpoHts(hrpRts) clpP(lacIq).
- Transformants are first grown in LB containing 50 mg/ml carbenicillin at 30 °C with shaking until an O.D.600 of 3-5 is reached. Cultures are then diluted 50-100 fold into CRAP media (prepared by mixing 3.57 g (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , 0J1 g sodium citrate»2H20, 1.07 g KC1, 5.36 g Difco yeast extract, 5.36 g Sheffield hycase SF in 500 mL water, as well as 110 mM MPOS, pH 7.3, 0.55% (w/v) glucose and 7 mM MgS0 4 ) and grown for approximately 20-30 hours at 30 °C with shaking. Samples are removed to verify expression by SDS-PAGE analysis, and the bulk culture is centrifuged to pellet the cells. Cell pellets are frozen until purification and refolding.
- CRAP media prepared by mixing 3.57 g (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , 0J1 g sodium citrate»2H20, 1.
- E. coli paste from 0.5 to 1 L fermentations (6-10 g pellets) is resuspended in 10 volumes (w/v) in 7 M guanidine, 20 mM Tris, pH 8 buffer.
- Solid sodium sulfite and sodium tetrathionate is added to make final concentrations of 0.1M and 0.02 M, respectively, and the solution is stirred overnight at 4°C. This step results in a denatured protein with all cysteine residues blocked by sulfitolization.
- the solution is centrifuged at 40,000 rpm in a Beckman Ultracentifuge for 30 min.
- the supernatant is diluted with 3-5 volumes of metal chelate column buffer (6 M guanidine, 20 mM Tris, pH 7.4) and filtered through 0.22 micron filters to clarify.
- the clarified extract is loaded onto a 5 ml Qiagen Ni-NTA metal chelate column equilibrated in the metal chelate column buffer.
- the column is washed with additional buffer containing 50 mM imidazole (Calbiochem, Utrol grade), pH 7.4.
- the protein is eluted with buffer containing 250 mM imidazole. Fractions containing the desired protein are pooled and stored at 4°C. Protein concentration is estimated by its absorbance at 280 nm using the calculated extinction coefficient based on its amino acid sequence.
- the proteins are refolded by diluting the sample slowly into freshly prepared refolding buffer consisting of: 20 mM Tris, pH 8.6, 0.3 M NaCl, 2.5 M urea, 5 mM cysteine, 20 mM glycine and 1 mM EDTA. Refolding volumes are chosen so that the final protein concentration is between 50 to 100 micrograms/ml.
- the refolding solution is stirred gently at 4°C for 12-36 hours.
- the refolding reaction is quenched by the addition of TFA to a final concentration of 0.4% (pH of approximately 3).
- the solution is filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and acetonitrile is added to 2-10% final concentration.
- the refolded protein is chromatographed on a Poros Rl/H reversed phase column using a mobile buffer of 0.1 % TFA with elution with a gradient of acetonitrile from 10 to 80% . Aliquots of fractions with A280 absorbance are analyzed on SDS polyacrylamide gels and fractions containing homogeneous refolded protein are pooled. Generally, the properly refolded species of most proteins are eluted at the lowest concentrations of acetonitrile since those species are the most compact with their hydrophobic interiors shielded from interaction with the reversed phase resin. Aggregated species are usually eluted at higher acetonitrile concentrations. In addition to resolving misfolded forms of proteins from the desired form, the reversed phase step also removes endotoxin from the samples.
- Fractions containing the desired folded PRO polypeptide are pooled and the acetonitrile removed using a gentle stream of nitrogen directed at the solution. Proteins are formulated into 20 mM Hepes, pH 6.8 with 0.14 M sodium chloride and 4% mannitol by dialysis or by gel filtration using G25 Superfine (Pharmacia) resins equilibrated in the formulation buffer and sterile filtered.
- EXAMPLE 7 Expression of PRO in mammalian cells This example illustrates preparation of a potentially glycosylated form of PRO by recombinant expression in mammalian cells.
- the vector, pRK5 (see EP 307,247, published March 15, 1989), is employed as the expression vector.
- the PRO DNA is ligated into pRK5 with selected restriction enzymes to allow insertion of the PRO DNA using ligation methods such as described in Sambrook et al. , supra.
- the resulting vector is called pRK5- PRO.
- the selected host cells may be 293 cells.
- Human 293 cells (ATCC CCL 1573) are grown to confluence in tissue culture plates in medium such as DMEM supplemented with fetal calf serum and optionally, nutrient components and/or antibiotics.
- About 10 ⁇ g pRK5-PRO DNA is mixed with about 1 ⁇ g DNA encoding the VA RNA gene [Thimmappaya et al., Cell, 31:543 (1982)] and dissolved in 500 ⁇ l of 1 mM Tris- HC1, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.227 M CaCl 2 .
- the culture medium is removed and replaced with culture medium (alone) or culture medium containing 200 ⁇ Ci/ml 35 S-cysteine and 200 ⁇ Ci/ml 35 S-methionine.
- culture medium alone
- culture medium containing 200 ⁇ Ci/ml 35 S-cysteine and 200 ⁇ Ci/ml 35 S-methionine After a 12 hour incubation, the conditioned medium is collected, concentrated on a spin filter, and loaded onto a 15% SDS gel. The processed gel may be dried and exposed to film for a selected period of time to reveal the presence of PRO polypeptide.
- the cultures containing transfected cells may undergo further incubation (in serum free medium) and the medium is tested in selected bioassays.
- PRO may be introduced into 293 cells transiently using the dextran sulfate method described by Somparyrac et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.. 12:7575 (1981). 293 cells are grown to maximal density in a spinner flask and 700 ⁇ g pRK5-PRO DNA is added. The cells are first concentrated from the spinner flask by centrifugation and washed with PBS . The DNA-dextran precipitate is incubated on the cell pellet for four hours.
- the cells are treated with 20% glycerol for 90 seconds, washed with tissue culture medium, and re- introduced into the spinner flask containing tissue culture medium, 5 ⁇ g/ml bovine insulin and 0.1 ⁇ g/ml bovine transferrin. After about four days, the conditioned media is centrifuged and filtered to remove cells and debris. The sample containing expressed PRO can then be concentrated and purified by any selected method, such as dialysis and/or column chromatography. In another embodiment, PRO can be expressed in CHO cells. The pRK5-PRO can be transfected into
- the cell cultures can be incubated, and the medium replaced with culture medium (alone) or medium containing a radiolabel such as 35 S- methionine .
- the culture medium may be replaced with serum free medium.
- the cultures are incubated for about 6 days, and then the conditioned medium is harvested.
- the medium containing the expressed PRO can then be concentrated and purified by any selected method.
- Epitope-tagged PRO may also be expressed in host CHO cells.
- the PRO may be subcloned out of the pRK5 vector.
- the subclone insert can undergo PCR to fuse in frame with a selected epitope tag such as a poly-his tag into a Baculovirus expression vector.
- the poly-his tagged PRO insert can then be subcloned into a SV40 driven vector containing a selection marker such as DHFR for selection of stable clones.
- the CHO cells can be transfected (as described above) with the SV40 driven vector. Labeling may be performed, as described above, to verify expression.
- the culture medium containing the expressed poly-His tagged PRO can then be concentrated and purified by any selected method, such as by Ni 2+ -chelate affinity chromatography.
- PRO may also be expressed in CHO and/or COS cells by a transient expression procedure or in CHO cells by another stable expression procedure.
- Stable expression in CHO cells is performed using the following procedure.
- the proteins are expressed as an IgG construct (immunoadhesin), in which the coding sequences for the soluble forms (e.g. extracellular domains) of the respective proteins are fused to an IgGl constant region sequence containing the hinge, CH2 and CH2 domains and/or is a poly-His tagged form.
- CHO expression vectors are constructed to have compatible restriction sites 5' and 3' of the DNA of interest to allow the convenient shuttling of cDNA's.
- the vector used expression in CHO cells is as described in Lucas et al. , Nucl. Acids Res. 24:9 (1774-1779 (1996), and uses the SV40 early promoter/enhancer to drive expression of the cDNA of interest and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR).
- DHFR expression permits selection for stable maintenance of the plasmid following transfection.
- Twelve micrograms of the desired plasmid DNA is introduced into approximately 10 million CHO cells using commercially available transfection reagents Superfect" (Qiagen), Dosper” or Fugene" (Boehringer Mannheim). The cells are grown as described in Lucas et al., supra. Approximately 3 x IO 7 cells are frozen in an ampule for further growth and production as described below.
- the ampules containing the plasmid DNA are thawed by placement into water bath and mixed by vortexing.
- the contents are pipetted into a centrifuge tube containing 10 mLs of media and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes.
- the supernatant is aspirated and the cells are resuspended in 10 mL of selective media (0.2 ⁇ filtered PS20 with 5% 0.2 ⁇ m diafiltered fetal bovine serum).
- the cells are then aliquoted into a 100 mL spinner containing 90 mL of selective media. After 1-2 days, the cells are transferred into a 250 mL spinner filled with 150 mL selective growth medium and incubated at 37°C.
- spinners After another 2-3 days, 250 mL, 500 mL and 2000 mL spinners are seeded with 3 x 10 5 cells/mL.
- the cell media is exchanged with fresh media by centrifugation and resuspension in production medium.
- any suitable CHO media may be employed, a production medium described in U.S. Patent No. 5,122,469, issued June 16, 1992 may actually be used.
- a 3L production spinner is seeded at 1.2 x 10 s cells/mL. On day 0, the cell number pH ie determined. On day 1, the spinner is sampled and sparging with filtered air is commenced.
- the spinner On day 2, the spinner is sampled, the temperature shifted to 33°C, and 30 mL of 500 g/L glucose and 0.6 mL of 10% antifoam (e.g., 35% polydimethylsiloxane emulsion, Dow Corning 365 Medical Grade Emulsion) taken. Throughout the production, the pH is adjusted as necessary to keep it at around 7.2. After 10 days, or until the viability dropped below 70%, the cell culture is harvested by centrifugation and filtering through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter. The filtrate was either stored at 4°C or immediately loaded onto columns for purification.
- 10% antifoam e.g., 35% polydimethylsiloxane emulsion, Dow Corning 365 Medical Grade Emulsion
- the proteins are purified using a Ni-NTA column (Qiagen). Before purification, imidazole is added to the conditioned media to a concentration of 5 mM. The conditioned media is pumped onto a 6 ml Ni-NTA column equilibrated in 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, buffer containing 0.3 M NaCl and 5 mM imidazole at a flow rate of 4-5 ml/min. at 4°C. After loading, the column is washed with additional equilibration buffer and the protein eluted with equilibration buffer containing 0.25 M imidazole.
- the highly purified protein is subsequently desalted into a storage buffer containing 10 mM Hepes, 0.14 M NaCl and 4% mannitol, pH 6.8, with a 25 ml G25 Superfine (Pharmacia) column and stored at -80°C.
- Immunoadhesin (Fc-containing) constructs are purified from the conditioned media as follows.
- the conditioned medium is pumped onto a 5 ml Protein A column (Pharmacia) which had been equilibrated in 20 mM Na phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. After loading, the column is washed extensively with equilibration buffer before elution with 100 mM citric acid, pH 3.5.
- the eluted protein is immediately neutralized by collecting 1 ml fractions into tubes containing 275 ⁇ h of 1 M Tris buffer, pH 9.
- the highly purified protein is subsequently desalted into storage buffer as described above for the poly-His tagged proteins.
- the homogeneity is assessed by SDS polyacrylamide gels and by N-terminal amino acid sequencing by Edman degradation. Many of the PRO polypeptides disclosed herein were successfully expressed as described above.
- EXAMPLE 8 Expression of PRO in Yeast
- the following method describes recombinant expression of PRO in yeast.
- yeast expression vectors are constructed for intracellular production or secretion of PRO from the ADH2/GAPDH promoter.
- DNA encoding PRO and the promoter is inserted into suitable restriction enzyme sites in the selected plasmid to direct intracellular expression of PRO.
- DNA encoding PRO can be cloned into the selected plasmid, together with DNA encoding the ADH2/GAPDH promoter, a native PRO signal peptide or other mammalian signal peptide, or, for example, a yeast alpha-factor or invertase secretory signal/leader sequence, and linker sequences (if needed) for expression of PRO.
- yeast cells such as yeast strain AB110
- yeast cells can then be transformed with the expression plasmids described above and cultured in selected fermentation media.
- the transformed yeast supernatants can be analyzed by precipitation with 10% trichloroacetic acid and separation by SDS-PAGE, followed by staining of the gels with Coomassie Blue stain.
- Recombinant PRO can subsequently be isolated and purified by removing the yeast cells from the fermentation medium by centrifugation and then concentrating the medium using selected cartridge filters.
- the concentrate containing PRO may further be purified using selected column chromatography resins.
- PRO polypeptides disclosed herein were successfully expressed as described above.
- EXAMPLE 9 Expression of PRO in Baculovirus-Infected Insect Cells
- the following method describes recombinant expression of PRO in Baculovirus-infected insect cells.
- the sequence coding for PRO is fused upstream of an epitope tag contained within a baculovirus expression vector.
- epitope tags include poly-his tags and immunoglobulin tags (like Fc regions of IgG).
- plasmids may be employed, including plasmids derived from commercially available plasmids such as pVL1393 (Novagen).
- sequence encoding PRO or the desired portion of the coding sequence of PRO such as the sequence encoding the extracellular domain of a transmembrane protein or the sequence encoding the mature protein if the protein is extracellular is amplified by PCR with primers complementary to the 5' and 3' regions.
- the 5' primer may incorporate flanking (selected) restriction enzyme sites.
- the product is then digested with those selected restriction enzymes and subcloned into the expression vector.
- Recombinant baculovirus is generated by co-transfecting the above plasmid and BaculoGoldTM virus DNA
- Extracts are prepared from recombinant virus-infected Sf9 cells as described by Rupert et al., Nature, 362:175-179 (1993). Briefly, Sf9 cells are washed, resuspended in sonication buffer (25 mL Hepes, pH 7.9; 12.5 mM MgCl 2 ; 0.1 mM EDTA; 10% glycerol; 0.1% NP-40; 0.4 M KC1), and sonicated twice for 20 seconds on ice.
- sonication buffer 25 mL Hepes, pH 7.9; 12.5 mM MgCl 2 ; 0.1 mM EDTA; 10% glycerol; 0.1% NP-40; 0.4 M KC1
- the sonicates are cleared by centrifugation, and the supernatant is diluted 50-fold in loading buffer (50 mM phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, pH 7.8) and filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter.
- loading buffer 50 mM phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, pH 7.8
- a Ni 2+ -NTA agarose column (commercially available from Qiagen) is prepared with a bed volume of 5 mL, washed with 25 mL of water and equilibrated with 25 mL of loading buffer.
- the filtered cell extract is loaded onto the column at 0.5 mL per minute.
- the column is washed to baseline A 280 with loading buffer, at which point fraction collection is started.
- the column is washed with a secondary wash buffer (50 mM phosphate; 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, pH 6.0), which elutes nonspecifically bound protein.
- a secondary wash buffer 50 mM phosphate; 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, pH 6.0
- the column is developed with a 0 to 500 mM Imidazole gradient in the secondary wash buffer.
- One mL fractions are collected and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining or Western blot with Ni 2+ -NTA-conjugated to alkaline phosphatase (Qiagen). Fractions containing the eluted His 10 -tagged PRO are pooled and dialyzed against loading buffer.
- purification of the IgG tagged (or Fc tagged) PRO can be performed using known chromatography techniques, including for instance, Protein A or protein G column chromatography.
- EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of Antibodies that Bind PRO This example illustrates preparation of monoclonal antibodies which can specifically bind PRO.
- Immunogens that may be employed include purified PRO, fusion proteins containing PRO, and cells expressing recombinant PRO on the cell surface. Selection of the immunogen can be made by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation.
- mice such as Balb/c are immunized with the PRO immunogen emulsified in complete Freund' s adjuvant and injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally in an amount from 1-100 micrograms.
- the immunogen is emulsified in MPL-TDM adjuvant (Ribi Immunochemical Research, Hamilton, MT) and injected into the animal's hind foot pads.
- MPL-TDM adjuvant Ribi Immunochemical Research, Hamilton, MT
- the immunized mice are then boosted 10 to 12 days later with additional immunogen emulsified in the selected adjuvant. Thereafter, for several weeks, the mice may also be boosted with additional immunization injections. Serum samples may be periodically obtained from the mice by retro-orbital bleeding for testing in ELISA assays to detect anti-PRO antibodies.
- the animals "positive" for antibodies can be injected with a final intravenous injection of PRO.
- the mice Three to four days later, the mice are sacrificed and the spleen cells are harvested.
- the spleen cells are then fused (using 35 % polyethylene glycol) to a selected murine myeloma cell line such as P3X63AgU.1, available from ATCC, No. CRL 1597.
- the fusions generate hybridoma cells which can then be plated in 96 well tissue culture plates containing HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine) medium to inhibit proliferation of non-fused cells, myeloma hybrids, and spleen cell hybrids.
- HAT hyperxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine
- the positive hybridoma cells can be injected intraperitoneally into syngeneic Balb/c mice to produce ascites containing the anti-PRO monoclonal antibodies.
- the hybridoma cells can be grown in tissue culture flasks or roller bottles. Purification of the monoclonal antibodies produced in the ascites can be accomplished using ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by gel exclusion chromatography. Alternatively, affinity chromatography based upon binding of antibody to protein A or protein G can be employed.
- Native or recombinant PRO polypeptides may be purified by a variety of standard techniques in the art of protein purification. For example, pro-PRO polypeptide, mature PRO polypeptide, or pre-PRO polypeptide is purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for the PRO polypeptide of interest. In general, an immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling the anti-PRO polypeptide antibody to an activated chromatographic resin.
- Polyclonal immunoglobulins are prepared from immune sera either by precipitation with ammonium sulfate or by purification on immobilized Protein A (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Piscataway, N.J.). Likewise, monoclonal antibodies are prepared from mouse ascites fluid by ammonium sulfate precipitation or chromatography on immobilized Protein A. Partially purified immunoglobulin is covalently attached to a chromatographic resin such as CnBr-activated SEPHAROSETM (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology). The antibody is coupled to the resin, the resin is blocked, and the derivative resin is washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- a chromatographic resin such as CnBr-activated SEPHAROSETM (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology). The antibody is coupled to the resin, the resin is blocked, and the derivative resin is washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Such an immunoaffinity column is utilized in the purification of PRO polypeptide by preparing a fraction from cells containing PRO polypeptide in a soluble form. This preparation is derived by solubilization of the whole cell or of a subcellular fraction obtained via differential centrifugation by the addition of detergent or by other methods well known in the art. Alternatively, soluble PRO polypeptide containing a signal sequence may be secreted in useful quantity into the medium in which the cells are grown.
- a soluble PRO polypeptide-containing preparation is passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of PRO polypeptide (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent). Then, the column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/PRO polypeptide binding (e.g. , a low pH buffer such as approximately pH 2-3, or a high concentration of a chaotrope such as urea or fhiocyanate ion), and PRO polypeptide is collected.
- a low pH buffer such as approximately pH 2-3
- a chaotrope such as urea or fhiocyanate ion
- EXAMPLE 12 Drug Screening This invention is particularly useful for screening compounds by using PRO polypeptides or binding fragment thereof in any of a variety of drug screening techniques.
- the PRO polypeptide or fragment employed in such a test may either be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, or located intracellularly.
- One method of drug screening utilizes eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells which are stably transformed with recombinant nucleic acids expressing the PRO polypeptide or fragment. Drugs are screened against such transformed cells in competitive binding assays. Such cells, either in viable or fixed form, can be used for standard binding assays.
- One may measure, for example, the formation of complexes between PRO polypeptide or a fragment and the agent being tested. Alternatively, one can examine the diminution in complex formation between the PRO polypeptide and its target cell or target receptors caused by the agent being tested.
- the present invention provides methods of screening for drugs or any other agents which can affect a PRO polypeptide-associated disease or disorder. These methods comprise contacting such an agent with an PRO polypeptide or fragment thereof and assaying (I) for the presence of a complex between the agent and the PRO polypeptide or fragment, or (ii) for the presence of a complex between the PRO polypeptide or fragment and the cell, by methods well known in the art.
- the PRO polypeptide or fragment is typically labeled. After suitable incubation, free PRO polypeptide or fragment is separated from that present in bound form, and the amount of free or uncomplexed label is a measure of the ability of the particular agent to bind to PRO polypeptide or to interfere with the PRO polypeptide/cell complex.
- Another technique for drug screening provides high throughput screening for compounds having suitable binding affinity to a polypeptide and is described in detail in WO 84/03564, published on September 13, 1984. Briefly stated, large numbers of different small peptide test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. As applied to a PRO polypeptide, the peptide test compounds are reacted with PRO polypeptide and washed. Bound PRO polypeptide is detected by methods well known in the art. Purified PRO polypeptide can also be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screening techniques. In addition, non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on the solid support.
- This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drug screening assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding PRO polypeptide specifically compete with a test compound for binding to PRO polypeptide or fragments thereof. In this manner, the antibodies can be used to detect the presence of any peptide which shares one or more antigenic determinants with PRO polypeptide.
- the goal of rational drug design is to produce structural analogs of biologically active polypeptide of interest (i.e. , a PRO polypeptide) or of small molecules with which they interact, e.g. , agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors. Any of these examples can be used to fashion drugs which are more active or stable forms of the PRO polypeptide or which enhance or interfere with the function of the PRO polypeptide in vivo (c.f., Hodgson,
- the three-dimensional structure of the PRO polypeptide, or of an PRO polypeptide-inhibitor complex is determined by x-ray crystallography, by computer modeling or, most typically, by a combination of the two approaches. Both the shape and charges of the PRO polypeptide must be ascertained to elucidate the structure and to detenriine active site(s) of the molecule. Less often, useful information regarding the structure of the PRO polypeptide may be gained by modeling based on the structure of homologous proteins. In both cases, relevant structural information is used to design analogous PRO polypeptide-like molecules or to identify efficient inhibitors. Useful examples of rational drug design may include molecules which have improved activity or stability as shown by Braxton and Wells, Biochemistry. 31 :7796-7801 (1992) or which act as inhibitors, agonists, or antagonists of native peptides as shown by Athauda et al, J. Biochem.. 113:742-746 (1993).
- a target-specific antibody selected by functional assay, as described above, and then to solve its crystal structure.
- This approach in principle, yields a pharmacore upon which subsequent drug design can be based. It is possible to bypass protein crystallography altogether by generating anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) to a functional, pharmacologically active antibody. As a mirror image of a mirror image, the binding site of the anti-ids would be expected to be an analog of the original receptor. The anti-id could then be used to identify and isolate peptides from banks of chemically or biologically produced peptides. The isolated peptides would then act as the pharmacore.
- anti-ids anti-idiotypic antibodies
- PRO polypeptide may be made available to perform such analytical studies as X-ray crystallography.
- knowledge of the PRO polypeptide amino acid sequence provided herein will provide guidance to those employing computer modeling techniques in place of or in addition to x-ray crystallography.
- EXAMPLE 14 Ability of PRO Polypeptides to Stimulate the Release of Proteoglycans from Cartilage (Assay 97)
- the metacarphophalangeal joint of 4-6 month old pigs was asepticalfy dissected, and articular cartilage was removed by free hand slicing being careful to avoid the underlying bone.
- the cartilage was minced and cultured in bulk for 24 hours in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air, 5% C0 2 in serum free (SF) media
- DME/F12 1:1 0.1% BSA and lOOU/ml penicillin and lOO ⁇ g/ml streptomycin. After washing three times, approximately 100 mg of articular cartilage was aliquoted into micronics tubes and incubated for an additional 24 hours in the above SF media.
- PRO polypeptides were then added at 1 % either alone or in combination with 18 ng/ml interleukin-l ⁇ , a known stimulator of proteoglycan release from cartilage tissue. The supernatant was then harvested and assayed for the amount of proteoglycans using the 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue (DMB) colorimetric assay (Farndale and Buttle, Biochem. Biophvs.
- DMB 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue
- test polypeptide will find use, for example, in the treatment of sports-related joint problems, articular cartilage defects, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.
- PRO polypeptides When various PRO polypeptides were tested in the above assay, the polypeptides demonstrated a marked ability to stimulate release of proteoglycans from cartilage tissue both basally and after stimulation with interleukin-l ⁇ and at 24 and 72 hours after treatment, thereby indicating that these PRO polypeptides are useful for stimulating proteoglycan release from cartilage tissue. As such, these PRO polypeptides are useful for the treatment of sports-related joint problems, articular cartilage defects, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. PRO6018 polypeptide testing positive in this assay.
- This assay is designed to determine whether PRO polypeptides of the present invention show the ability to induce proliferation of human microvascular endothelial cells in culture and, therefore, function as useful growth factors.
- human microvascular endothelial cells were plated in 96-well plates at 1000 cells/well per 100 microliter and incubated overnight in complete media [EBM-2 growth media, plus supplements: IGF-1; ascorbic acid; VEGF; hEGF; hFGF; hydrocortisone, gentamicin (GA-1000), and fetal bovine serum (FBS, Clonetics)].
- EBM-2 growth media plus supplements: IGF-1; ascorbic acid; VEGF; hEGF; hFGF; hydrocortisone, gentamicin (GA-1000), and fetal bovine serum (FBS, Clonetics)
- complete media was replaced by basal media [EBM-2 plus 1 % FBS] and addition of PRO polypeptides at 1 % , 0.1% and 0.01 % .
- an assessment of cell proliferation was performed using the ViaLight HS kit [ATP/luciferase Lumitech]. Results are expressed as % of the cell growth observed with control buffer.
- PRO polypeptides stimulated human microvascular endothelial cell proliferation in this assay: PR01313, PRO20080, and PR021383.
- PRO polypeptides inhibited human microvascular endothelial cell proliferation in this assay: PRO6071, PR04487, and PRO6006.
- EXAMPLE 16 Microarrav Analysis to Detect Overexpression of PRO Polypeptides in Cancerous Tumors
- Nucleic acid microarrays are useful for identifying differentially expressed genes in diseased tissues as compared to their normal counterparts.
- test and control mRNA samples from test and control tissue samples are reverse transcribed and labeled to generate cDNA probes .
- the cDN A probes are then hybridized to an array of nucleic acids immobilized on a solid support.
- the array is configured such that the sequence and position of each member of the array is known. For example, a selection of genes known to be expressed in certain disease states may be arrayed on a solid support. Hybridization of a labeled probe with a particular array member indicates that the sample from which the probe was derived expresses that gene.
- hybridization signal of a probe from a test (disease tissue) sample is greater than hybridization signal of a probe from a control (normal tissue) sample, the gene or genes overexpressed in the disease tissue are identified.
- an overexpressed protein in a diseased tissue is useful not only as a diagnostic marker for the presence of the disease condition, but also as a therapeutic target for treatment of the disease condition.
- cancerous tumors derived from various human tissues were studied for PRO polypeptide-encoding gene expression relative to non-cancerous human tissue in an attempt to identify those PRO polypeptides which are overexpressed in cancerous tumors.
- Cancerous human tumor tissue from any of a variety of different human tumors was obtained and compared to a "universal" epithelial control sample which was prepared by pooling non-cancerous human tissues of epithelial origin, including liver, kidney, and lung.
- mRNA isolated from the pooled tissues represents a mixture of expressed gene products from these different tissues.
- Microarray hybridization experiments using the pooled control samples generated a linear plot in a 2-color analysis.
- nucleic acid probes derived from the herein described PRO polypeptide- encoding nucleic acid sequences were used in the creation of the microarray and RNA from a panel of nine different tumor tissues (listed below) were used for the hybridization thereto. A value based upon the normalized ratio experimental ratio was designated as a "cutoff ratio". Only values that were above this cutoff ratio were determined to be significant. Table 8 below shows the results of these experiments, demonstrating that various PRO polypeptides of the present invention are significantly overexpressed in various human tumor tissues, as compared to a non-cancerous human tissue control or other human tumor tissues . As described above, these data demonstrate that the PRO polypeptides of the present invention are useful not only as diagnostic markers for the presence of one or more cancerous tumors, but also serve as therapeutic targets for the treatment of those tumors.
- Molecule is overexpressed in: as compared to normal control:
- PRO306 colon tumor universal normal control
- Molecule is overexpressed in: as compared to normal control:
- PR0698 rectal tumor universal normal control
- PR0826 rectal tumor universal normal control
- PRO 1002 colon tumor universal normal control
- PRO1068 colon tumor universal normal control
- PRO1030 rectal tumor universal normal control
- PR04344 rectal tumor universal normal control
- PRO4407 rectal tumor universal normal control
- Molecule is overexpressed in: as compared to normal control: PRO4980 breast tumor universal normal control PRO4980 colon tumor universal normal control PRO4980 lung tumor universal normal control
- PRO6018 colon tumor universal normal control
- PRO 10268 colon tumor universal normal control
- PR06496 colon tumor universal normal control PR06496 breast tumor universal normal control PR06496 lung tumor universal normal control
- PR07422 colon tumor universal normal control
- PR028633 colon tumor universal normal control PR028633 lung tumor universal normal control PR028633 liver tumor universal normal control
- PRO34012 colon tumor universal normal control PRO34012 lung tumor universal normal control
- PRO34003 colon tumor universal normal control PRO34003 lung tumor universal normal control
- PRO34001 colon tumor universal normal control
- PRO34009 colon tumor universal normal control PRO34009 breast tumor universal normal control PRO34009 lung tumor universal normal control PRO34009 rectal tumor universal normal control
- Molecule is overexpressed in: as compared to normal control:
- EXAMPLE 17 Fetal Hemoglobin Induction in an Erythroblastic Cell Line (Assay 107)
- This assay is useful for screening PRO polypeptides for the ability to induce the switch from adult hemoglobin to fetal hemoglobin in an erythroblastic cell line .
- Molecules testing positive in this assay are expected to be useful for therapeutically treating various mammalian hemoglobin-associated disorders such as the various thalassemias.
- the assay is performed as follows. Erythroblastic cells are plated in standard growth medium at 1000 cells/well in a 96 well format. PRO polypeptides are added to the growth medium at a concentration of 0.2% or 2% and the cells are incubated for 5 days at 37°C. As a positive control, cells are treated with lOO ⁇ M hemin and as a negative control, the cells are untreated. After 5 days, cell lysates are prepared and analyzed for the expression of gamma globin (a fetal marker). A positive in the assay is a gamma globin level at least 2-fold above the negative control.
- PRO20080 polypeptide tested positive in this assay tested positive in this assay.
- EXAMPLE 18 Microarray Analysis to Detect Overexpression of PRO Polypeptides in HUVEC Cells Treated with Growth Factors This assay is designed to determine whether PRO polypeptides of the present invention show the ability to induce angiogenesis by stimulating endothelial cell tube formation in HUVEC cells.
- Nucleic acid microarrays are useful for identifying differentially expressed genes in tissues exposed to various stimuli (e.g. , growth factors) as compared to their normal, unexposed counterparts.
- test and control mRNA samples from test and control tissue samples are reverse transcribed and labeled to generate cDNA probes.
- the cDNA probes are then hybridized to an array of nucleic acids immobilized on a solid support.
- the array is configured such that the sequence and position of each member of the array is known. Hybridization of a labeled probe with a particular array member indicates that the sample from which the probe was derived expresses that gene.
- hybridization signal of a probe from a test (exposed tissue) sample is greater than hybridization signal of a probe from a control (normal, unexposed tissue) sample, the gene or genes overexpressed in the exposed tissue are identified.
- an overexpressed protein in an exposed tissue may be involved in the functional changes within the tissue following exposure to the stimuli (e.g., tube formation).
- HUVEC cells grown in either collagen gels or fibrin gels were induced to form tubes by the addition of various growth factors.
- collagen gels were prepared as described previously in Yang et al, American J. Pathology, 1999, 155(3):887-895 and Xin et al.,American J. Pathology, 2001, 158(3) : 1111-1120.
- IX basal medium containing M199 supplemented with 1 %FBS, IX ITS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 ⁇ g/ml ascorbic acid, 26.5 mM NaHC0 3 , lOOU/ml penicillin and 100 U/ml streptomycin was added.
- Tube formation was elicited by the inclusion in the culture media of either a mixture of phorbol myrsitate acetate (50 nM), vascular endothelial cell growth factor (40 ng/ml) and basic fibroblast growth factor (40 ng/ml) ("PMA growth factor mix") or hepatocyte growth factor (40 ng/ml) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (40 ng/ml) (HGF/VEGF mix) for the indicated period of time.
- Fibrin Gels were prepared by suspending Huvec (4 x 10 5 cells/ml) in M199 containing 1 % fetal bovine serum (Hyclone) and human fibrinogen (2.5mg/ml).
- Thrombin 50U/ml was then added to the f ⁇ brinogen suspension at a ratio of 1 part thrombin solution:30 parts fibrinogen suspension.
- the solution was then layered onto 10 cm tissue culture plates (total volume: 15 ml/plate) and allowed to solidify at 37°C for 20 min.
- Tissue culture media (10 ml of BM containing PMA (50 nM), bFGF (40ng/ml) and VEGF (40 ng/ml) was then added and the cells incubated at 37°C in 5%C0 2 in air for the indicated period of time.
- nucleic acid probes derived from the herein described PRO polypeptide- encoding nucleic acid sequences were used in the creation of the microarray and RNA from the HUVEC cells described above were used for the hybridization thereto. Pairwise comparisons were made using time 0 chips as a baseline. Three replicate samples were analyzed for each experimental condition and time. Hence there were 3 time 0 samples for each treatment and 3 replicates of each successive time point.
- Oligonucleotide probes were constructed from some of the PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequences shown in the accompanying figures for use in quantitative PCR amplification reactions. The oligonucleotide probes were chosen so as to give an approximately 200-600 base pair amplified fragment from the 3' end of its associated template in a standard PCR reaction.
- oligonucleotide probes were employed in standard quantitative PCR amplification reactions with cDNA libraries isolated from different human tumor and normal human tissue samples and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis so as to obtain a quantitative determination of the level of expression of the PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid in the various tumor and normal tissues tested, ⁇ -actin was used as a control to assure that equivalent amounts of nucleic acid was used in each reaction.
- DNA161005-2943 molecule is very highly expressed in human umblilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), substantia niagra, hippocampus and dendrocytes; highly expressed in lymphoblasts; expressed in spleen, prostate, uterus and macrophages; and is weakly expressed in cartilage and heart.
- HAVEC human umblilical vein endothelial cells
- DNA170245-3053 molecule is highly expressed in cartilage, testis, adrenal gland, and uterus, and not expressed in HUVEC, colon tumor, heart, placenta, bone marrow, spleen and aortic endothelial cells.
- the DNA170245-3053 molecule was found to be expressed in normal esophagus and esophagial tumor, expressed in normal stomach and in stomach tumor, not expressed in normal kidney, but expressed in kidney tumor, not expressed in normal lung, but expressed in lung tumor, not expressed in normal rectum nor in rectal tumor, and not expressed in normal liver, but is expressed in liver tumor.
- DNA173157-2981 molecule is significantly expressed in the following tissues: cartilage, testis, HUVEC, heart, placenta, bone marrow, adrenal gland, prostate, spleen, aortic endothelial cells, and uterus.
- tissue panel When these assays were conducted on a tumor tissue panel, it was found that the DNA173157-2981 molecule is significantly expressed in the following tissues: normal esophagus and esophagial tumor, normal stomach and stomach tumor, normal kidney and kidney tumor, normal lung and lung tumor, normal rectum and rectal tumor, normal liver and liver tumor, and colon tumor.
- DNA175734-2985 molecule is significantly expressed in the adrenal gland and the uterus.
- the DNA175734-2985 molecule is not significantly expressed in the following tissues: cartilage, testis, HUVEC, colon tumor, heart, placenta, bone marrow, prostate, spleen and aortic endothelial cells. Screening of a tumor panel revealed that DNA175734-2985 is significantly expressed in normal esophagus but not in esophagial tumor. Similarly, while highly expressed in normal rectum, DNA175734-2985 is expressed to a lesser extent in rectal tumor. DNA175734-2985 is expressed equally in normal stomach and stomach tumor as well as normal liver and liver tumor. While not expressed in normal kidney, DNA175734-2985 is highly expressed in kidney tumor.
- DNA176108-3040 molecule is highly expressed in prostate and uterus, expressed in cartilage, testis, heart, placenta, bone marrow, adrenal gland and spleen, and not significantly expressed in HUVEC, colon tumor, and aortic endothelial cells.
- the DNA176108-3040 molecule was found to be highly expressed in normal esophagus, but expressed at lower levels in esophagial tumor, highly expressed in normal stomach, and expressed at a lower level in stomach tumor, expressed in kidney and in kidney tumor, expressed in normal rectum and at a lower level in rectal tumor, and expressed in normal liver and not expressed in liver tumor.
- DNA191064-3069 molecule is significantly expressed in the following tissues: cartilage, testis, HUVEC, heart, placenta, bone marrow, adrenal gland, prostate, spleen, aortic endothelial cells, and uterus and not significantly expressed in colon tumor.
- the DNA191064-3069 molecule was found to be expressed in normal esophagus and in esophagial tumors, expressed in normal stomach and in stomach tumors, expressed in normal kidney and in kidney tumors, expressed in normal lung and in lung tumors, expressed in normal rectum and in rectal tumors, expressed in normal liver and in liver tumors.
- DNA194909-3013 molecule is highly expressed in placenta, and expressed in cartilage, testis, HUVEC, colon tumor, heart, bone marrow, adrenal gland, prostate, spleen, aortic endothelial cells and uterus.
- the DNA194909-3013 molecule was found to be expressed in normal esophagus and expressed at a lower level in esophagial tumor, not expressed in normal stomach nor stomach tumor, expressed in normal kidney and kidney tumor, expressed in normal lung and lung tumor, expressed in normal rectum and rectal tumor, and not expressed in normal liver, but is expressed in liver tumor.
- PRO34009 encoding genes of the invention were screened in normal tissues and the following primary tumors and the resulting values are reported below.
- PRO34009 encoding genes were expressed 39.3 fold higher in lung tumor than normal lung. It is expressed 9.5 fold higher in esophagial tumors than normal esophagus. It is expressed 6.7 fold higher in kidney tumor than normal kidney. It is expressed 4.0 fold higher in colon tumor than normal colon. It is expressed 2.7 fold higher in stomach tumor than normal stomach. It is expressed at similar levels in normal rectum and rectal tumor, normal liver and liver tumor, normal uterus and uterine tumor.
- normal tissue For the normal tissue values, the normal tissue with the highest expression, in this case normal thymus, was given a value of 1 and all other normal tissues were given a value of less than l,and described as expressed, weakly expressed or not expressed, based on their expression relative to thymus.
- PRO34009 encoding genes were expressed in normal thymus. It is weakly expressed in lymphoblast, spleen, heart, fetal limb, fetal lung, placenta, HUVEC, testis, fetal kidney, uterus, prostate, macrophage, substantianigra, hippocampus, liver, skin, esophagus, stomach, rectum, kidney, thyroid, skeletal muscle, or fetal articular cartilage. It is not expressed in bone marrow, fetal liver, colon, lung or dendrocytes.
- DNA213858-3060 molecule is not significantly expressed in cartilage, testis, HUVEC, colon tumor, heart, placenta, bone marrow, adrenal gland, prostate, spleen, aortic endothelial cells or uterus.
- the DNA213858-3060 molecule was found to be expressed in normal esophagus and esophagial tumor, expressed in normal stomach and in stomach tumor, expressed in normal kidney and and kidney tumor, expressed in normal lung and in lung tumor, expressed in normal rectum and in rectal tumor, and expressed in normal liver and in liver tumor.
- DNA216676-3083 molecule is significantly expressed in the following tissues: testis, heart, bone marrow, and uterus, and not significantly expressed in the following tissues: cartilage, HUVEC, colon tumor, placenta, adrenal gland, prostate, spleen, or aortic endothelial cells
- the DNA216676-3083 molecule was found to be expressed in normal esophagus and esophagial tumor, not expressed in normal stomach, but isexpressed in stomach tumor, not expressed in normal kidney nor in kidney tumor, not expressed in normal lung, but is expressed in lung tumor, not expressed in normal rectum, but is expressed in rectal tumor, and not expressed in normal liver nor in liver tumor.
- DNA222653-3104 molecule is significantly expressed testis, and not significantly expressed in cartilage, HUVEC, colon tumor, heart, placenta, bone marrow, adrenal gland, prostate, spleen, aortic endothelial cells and uterus. In a panel of tumor and normal tissue samples examined, the DNA22653-3104 molecule was not expressed in normal esophagus , esophagial tumor, normal stomach, stomach tumor, normal kidney, kidney tumor, normal lung, lung tumor, normal rectum, rectal tumor, normal liver and liver tumor.
- This assay is designed to determine whether PRO polypeptides of the present invention show the ability to induce vascular permeability. Polypeptides testing positive in this assay are expected to be useful for the therapeutic treatment of conditions which would benefit from enhanced vascular permeability including, for example, conditions which may benefit from enhanced local immune system cell infiltration.
- Test samples containing the PRO polypeptide or a physiological buffer without the test polypeptide are injected into skin on the back of the test animals with 100 ⁇ l per injection site intradermally. There were approximately 16-24 injection sites per animal.
- One ml of Evans blue dye (1% in PBS) is then injected intracardially. Skin vascular permeability responses to the compounds (i.e., blemishes at the injection sites of injection) are visually scored by measuring the diameter (in mm) of blue-colored leaks from the site of injection at 1 and 6 hours post administration of the test materials.
- This assay shows that certain polypeptides of the invention stimulate an immune response and induce inflammation by inducing mononuclear cell, eosinophil and PMN infiltration at the site of injection of the animal. Compounds which stimulate an immune response are useful therapeutically where stimulation of an immune response is beneficial.
- This skin vascular permeability assay is conducted as follows. Hairless guinea pigs weighing 350 grams or more are anesthetized with ketamine (75-80 mg/Kg) and 5 mg/Kg xylazine intramuscularly (IM). A sample of purified polypeptide of the invention or a conditioned media test sample is injected intradermally onto the backs of the test animals with 100 ⁇ l per injection site.
- One ⁇ l of Evans blue dye (1 % in physiologic buffered saline) is injected intracardially. Blemishes at the injection sites are then measured (mm diameter) at 1 hr and 6 hr post injection. Animals were sacrificed at 6 hrs after injection. Each skin injection site is biopsied and fixed in formalin. The skins are then prepared for histopathologic evaluation. Each site is evaluated for inflammatory cell infiltration into the skin. Sites with visible inflammatory cell inflammation are scored as positive. Inflammatory cells may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, monocytic or lymphocytic. At least a minimal perivascular infiltrate at the injection site is scored as positive, no infiltrate at the site of injection is scored as negative. PRO 19822 polypeptide tested positive in this assay.
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP07022176A EP1944317A3 (de) | 2000-09-01 | 2001-08-29 | Sekretierte und Transmembran-Polypeptide sowie Nukleinsäure zu deren Kodierung |
Applications Claiming Priority (45)
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US22989600P | 2000-09-01 | 2000-09-01 | |
US229896P | 2000-09-01 | ||
US23062100P | 2000-09-05 | 2000-09-05 | |
US230621P | 2000-09-05 | ||
US23514700P | 2000-09-22 | 2000-09-22 | |
US235147P | 2000-09-22 | ||
WOPCT/US00/30873 | 2000-11-10 | ||
PCT/US2000/030873 WO2001040465A2 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2000-11-10 | Compositions and methods for the treatment of immune related diseases |
US26187801P | 2001-01-12 | 2001-01-12 | |
US261878P | 2001-01-12 | ||
US26193901P | 2001-01-16 | 2001-01-16 | |
US26215001P | 2001-01-16 | 2001-01-16 | |
US26191001P | 2001-01-16 | 2001-01-16 | |
US261910P | 2001-01-16 | ||
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US26762301P | 2001-02-09 | 2001-02-09 | |
US267623P | 2001-02-09 | ||
PCT/US2001/006520 WO2001068848A2 (en) | 2000-03-01 | 2001-02-28 | Secreted and transmembrane polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding the same |
WOPCT/US01/06520 | 2001-02-28 | ||
US27439901P | 2001-03-09 | 2001-03-09 | |
US274399P | 2001-03-09 | ||
US28098201P | 2001-04-03 | 2001-04-03 | |
US280982P | 2001-04-03 | ||
US28219901P | 2001-04-04 | 2001-04-04 | |
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US29058901P | 2001-05-09 | 2001-05-09 | |
US290589P | 2001-05-09 | ||
PCT/US2001/017092 WO2001092331A2 (en) | 2000-05-30 | 2001-05-25 | Compositions and methods for the treatment of immune related diseases |
WOPCT/US01/17092 | 2001-05-25 | ||
WOPCT/US01/17800 | 2001-06-01 | ||
PCT/US2001/017800 WO2001093983A1 (en) | 2000-06-02 | 2001-06-01 | Secreted and transmembrane polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding the same |
PCT/US2001/019692 WO2002000690A2 (en) | 2000-06-23 | 2001-06-20 | Compositions and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders involving angiogenesis |
WOPCT/US01/19692 | 2001-06-20 | ||
WOPCT/US01/21066 | 2001-06-29 | ||
PCT/US2001/021066 WO2002008288A2 (en) | 2000-07-20 | 2001-06-29 | Secreted and transmembrane polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding the same |
WOPCT/US01/21735 | 2001-07-09 | ||
PCT/US2001/021735 WO2002008284A2 (en) | 2000-07-20 | 2001-07-09 | Compositions and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders involving angiogenesis |
PCT/US2001/027099 WO2002024888A2 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2001-08-29 | Secreted and transmembrane polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding the same |
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EP (1) | EP1341814A2 (de) |
JP (2) | JP4451059B2 (de) |
AU (2) | AU2002216610A1 (de) |
CA (2) | CA2421056A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002024888A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (31)
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US20040009535A1 (en) | 1998-11-27 | 2004-01-15 | Celltech R&D, Inc. | Compositions and methods for increasing bone mineralization |
CA2352532C (en) | 1998-11-27 | 2014-10-14 | Darwin Discovery Ltd. | Compositions and methods for increasing bone mineralization |
AU2055401A (en) * | 1999-12-01 | 2001-06-12 | Genentech Inc. | Secreted and transmembrane polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding the same |
JP2004520005A (ja) * | 2000-06-19 | 2004-07-08 | エフ.ホフマン−ラ ロシュ アーゲー | オステオレビン遺伝子多型性 |
US7268223B2 (en) | 2000-09-22 | 2007-09-11 | Wyeth | Isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a soluble IL-TIF receptor or binding protein which binds to IL-TIF/IL-22, and uses thereof |
US7094570B2 (en) | 2003-03-11 | 2006-08-22 | Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research | Isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode a soluble IL-TIF/IL-22 receptor or binding protein which binds to IL-TIF/IL-22, and uses thereof |
EP1404831A2 (de) | 2001-01-12 | 2004-04-07 | Genetics Institute, LLC | Typ-2 zytokinrezeptor und dafür kodierende nukleinsäuren |
CA2454185A1 (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2003-01-30 | Innate Pharma | Ntb-a, a surface molecule involved in natural killer cells activity |
US7893218B2 (en) | 2003-06-16 | 2011-02-22 | Stowers Institute For Medical Research | Antibodies that specifically bind SOST peptides |
US7585501B2 (en) | 2002-06-14 | 2009-09-08 | Stowers Institute For Medical Research | Compositions and methods for treating kidney disease |
US20040023356A1 (en) | 2002-06-14 | 2004-02-05 | Robb Krumlauf | Wise/Sost nucleic acid sequences and amino acid sequences |
FR2844713A1 (fr) * | 2002-09-25 | 2004-03-26 | Exonhit Therapeutics Sa | Nouvelle cible de l'angiogenese et utilisations |
WO2004035789A1 (en) * | 2002-10-18 | 2004-04-29 | Lg Life Sciences Ltd. | Gene families associated with cancers |
EP1636270B1 (de) | 2003-06-16 | 2016-07-20 | UCB Pharma S.A. | Spezifische antikörper für sclerostin und verfahren zur erhöhung der knochenmineralisierung |
US8003108B2 (en) | 2005-05-03 | 2011-08-23 | Amgen Inc. | Sclerostin epitopes |
US7592429B2 (en) | 2005-05-03 | 2009-09-22 | Ucb Sa | Sclerostin-binding antibody |
CL2008002775A1 (es) | 2007-09-17 | 2008-11-07 | Amgen Inc | Uso de un agente de unión a esclerostina para inhibir la resorción ósea. |
EP2494362B1 (de) | 2009-10-26 | 2016-06-08 | Externautics S.p.A. | Prostatakrebs markers und methoden deren verwendung |
US10288617B2 (en) | 2009-10-26 | 2019-05-14 | Externautics Spa | Ovary tumor markers and methods of use thereof |
EP2383578A1 (de) * | 2010-04-30 | 2011-11-02 | Externautics S.p.A. | Tumormarker und Verwendungsverfahren dafür |
DK3195880T3 (da) | 2010-05-14 | 2020-03-02 | Amgen Inc | Højkoncentrerede anti-sclerostin-antistofformuleringer |
EA201391248A1 (ru) | 2011-03-01 | 2014-05-30 | Эмджен Инк. | Биспецифические связывающие агенты |
SG10201701634PA (en) | 2011-03-25 | 2017-04-27 | Amgen Inc | Anti - sclerostin antibody crystals and formulations thereof |
MX355816B (es) | 2011-08-04 | 2018-05-02 | Amgen Inc | Metodo para tratar los defectos de espacio oseo. |
AU2012362898B2 (en) | 2011-12-28 | 2017-11-09 | Amgen, Inc. | Method of treating alveolar bone loss through the use of anti-sclerostin antibodies |
CN104619342A (zh) | 2012-07-05 | 2015-05-13 | Ucb医药有限公司 | 骨疾病的治疗 |
UY35148A (es) | 2012-11-21 | 2014-05-30 | Amgen Inc | Immunoglobulinas heterodiméricas |
EP2934585B1 (de) | 2012-12-21 | 2018-06-13 | Seattle Genetics, Inc. | Anti-ntb-a-antikörper sowie verwandte zusammensetzungen und verfahren |
MA41142A (fr) | 2014-12-12 | 2017-10-17 | Amgen Inc | Anticorps anti-sclérostine et utilisation de ceux-ci pour traiter des affections osseuses en tant qu'élements du protocole de traitement |
GB201604124D0 (en) | 2016-03-10 | 2016-04-27 | Ucb Biopharma Sprl | Pharmaceutical formulation |
SG11202008206TA (en) | 2018-03-30 | 2020-09-29 | Amgen Inc | C-terminal antibody variants |
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US5707829A (en) * | 1995-08-11 | 1998-01-13 | Genetics Institute, Inc. | DNA sequences and secreted proteins encoded thereby |
US5824504A (en) * | 1996-09-26 | 1998-10-20 | Elshourbagy; Nabil A. | Human 7-transmembrane receptor and DNA |
WO1998039448A2 (en) * | 1997-03-07 | 1998-09-11 | Human Genome Sciences, Inc. | 186 human secreted proteins |
JP2002512517A (ja) * | 1997-03-25 | 2002-04-23 | ジェネティックス・インスチチュート・インコーポレーテッド | 分泌蛋白およびそれらをコードするポリヌクレオチド |
DE19817557A1 (de) * | 1998-04-09 | 1999-10-21 | Metagen Gesellschaft Fuer Genomforschung Mbh | Menschliche Nukleinsäuresequenzen aus Ovartumorgewebe |
CA2328895A1 (en) * | 1998-06-02 | 1999-12-09 | Genentech, Inc. | Secreted and transmembrane polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding the same |
AU3395900A (en) * | 1999-03-12 | 2000-10-04 | Human Genome Sciences, Inc. | Human lung cancer associated gene sequences and polypeptides |
JP2004522402A (ja) * | 1999-06-02 | 2004-07-29 | ジェネンテック・インコーポレーテッド | 同一のものをコードする分泌及び膜貫通ポリペプチドと核酸 |
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CA2421056A1 (en) | 2002-03-28 |
AU2002216610A1 (en) | 2002-04-02 |
AU1661002A (en) | 2002-04-02 |
CA2632702A1 (en) | 2002-03-28 |
WO2002024888A3 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
WO2002024888A2 (en) | 2002-03-28 |
JP4451059B2 (ja) | 2010-04-14 |
JP2004526412A (ja) | 2004-09-02 |
JP2006223304A (ja) | 2006-08-31 |
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