EP1332951B1 - Bavette pare-boue pour véhicules - Google Patents
Bavette pare-boue pour véhicules Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1332951B1 EP1332951B1 EP03001618A EP03001618A EP1332951B1 EP 1332951 B1 EP1332951 B1 EP 1332951B1 EP 03001618 A EP03001618 A EP 03001618A EP 03001618 A EP03001618 A EP 03001618A EP 1332951 B1 EP1332951 B1 EP 1332951B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- shield
- frame
- vehicle
- louvers
- louver
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D25/00—Superstructure or monocoque structure sub-units; Parts or details thereof not otherwise provided for
- B62D25/08—Front or rear portions
- B62D25/16—Mud-guards or wings; Wheel cover panels
- B62D25/18—Parts or details thereof, e.g. mudguard flaps
- B62D25/188—Mud-guard flaps for utility vehicles
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
- Y02T10/88—Optimized components or subsystems, e.g. lighting, actively controlled glasses
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a shield for controlling air, spray and airborne debris generated by a wheel of an automotive vehicle. It relates more particularly to such a shield that is adapted to be suspended in generally vertical orientation and disposed rearwardly of the vehicle's wheels to obstruct the spray of. water, sleet, ice, snow and slush, rocks and other forms of airborne debris which may be thrown upwardly and rearwardly or laterally by the wheels during the vehicle's movement, particularly on highways.
- the present invention is an improvement to the spray shield described and illustrated in Morin, U.S. Patent No. 4,660,846 issued April 28, 1987.
- the present invention is also an improvement to the spray shield corresponding to the preamble of claim 1 as described and and illustrated in, U.S. Patent No. 4 921 276, filed May 23,1988.
- the document US 4 921 276 discloses a fender for the wheels of an automotive vehicle for controlling the wet weather spray and splash generated thereby when travelling in a wet roadway surface.
- This state of the art fender comprises a skirt with horizontally oriented louvers formed in connection with intake apertures to direct a flow of air through the shield and cause a downward deflection thereof.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,660,846 describes and illustrates a type of louvered spray shield having a plurality of vertically aligned downwardly depending contiguous louvers, each louver extending horizontally between side borders when the shield is in position on a vehicle.
- the louvers permit flow of air, spray and airborne debris through the shield causing downward deflection thereof.
- such a construction of louvered shield also facilitates dispersion of heat generated by the tire and the road surface, thereby increasing tire life, and reduces fuel consumption when compared to conventional solid mud flaps, by reducing air resistance and turbulence otherwise created by such solid flaps.
- a shield for controlling the flow of air, spray and airborne debris generated by a wheel of an automotive vehicle when travelling on a roadway surface
- the shield comprising a planar frame having front and rear surfaces and top, side and bottom borders.
- the shield is adapted to be disposed above the roadway surface vertically depending from the vehicle and spaced rearwardly from the vehicle wheel in a plane extending transversely to the wheel.
- a plurality of downwardly and rearwardly oriented louvers are fixed on the frame to extend rearwardly beyond its rear surface, so as to be oriented horizontally (when the shield is in position on the vehicle) between the side borders.
- the louvers are shaped so as to permit when the vehicle is moving flow of air, spray and airborne debris through the shield and downward deflection thereof as they pass between the louvers.
- the louvers extend across the frame, from top to bottom, in adjacent fashion, the top of each louver extending rearwardly downwardly from the plane of the frame.
- a bottom edge of each louver where it meets the frame defines the vertical positioning on the shield of the upper edge of the lower adjacent louver.
- Each louver is arranged and shaped with respect to the frame so that its sides meet the frame and the louver rises slightly outwardly with respect to the frame as the louver extends laterally inwardly from its sides.
- the shield further comprises a flap rigidly secured to each side border and angled so as to outwardly and forwardly extend therefrom so as to facilitate the gathering of air, spray and airborne debris as the vehicle to which the shield is attached moves forward, and to direct said air, spray and airborne debris to pass through the louvers.
- the shield has a pair of similarly arranged and shaped sets of louvers positioned side-by-side on the frame and joined along confronting, inner flaps which flaps form a rearwardly oriented V-shaped groove vertically forwardly extending from the frame and separating the two sets of louvers along a central portion of the shield.
- the shield according to the present invention is constructed so as to be aerodynamically suited to collect and direct air, spray and airborne debris generated by a wheel of an automotive vehicle.
- the shield construction according to the present invention is such as to permit structural rigidity, even when the device made of a relatively light-weight material.
- shields (2) are intended to be vertically mounted behind wheels (3) of a vehicle.
- shield (2) comprises a planar frame (4) having a front surface (6) and a rear surface (8), the frame formed from a top border (10), side borders (12) and a bottom border (14). These borders hold in position a series of fixed louvers (16), the louvers being shaped and positioned as illustrated.
- shield (2) Along side borders (12) forwardly outwardly extending at an angle of about 120 degrees to the plane of frame (4), are side flaps (18) ( Figure 5) which extend vertically along most of the length of shield (2) as illustrated.
- the side flaps help to collect and direct air, spray and airborne debris generated by wheel (3) as the vehicle moves forwardly over a road surface.
- the shield (2) be of integral construction and made for example of sturdy light-weight flexible plastic, rubber, or even, for some applications, metal.
- two similar sets of louvers (16) are provided on the shield, with inner side flaps (18) of each set being joined as illustrated, to form a rearwardly oriented forwardly extending (from the plane of frame (4)) V-shaped groove (20).
- two similar shields (2) can be formed from this single shield, by cutting the shield from top to bottom along a line aligned with the bottom of this groove (20).
- rows of vertically aligned apertures (22) are formed in the top border (10), the shield (2) being secured by appropriate securing means, such as bolts (23), through appropriate apertures (22), in proper position to a vehicle.
- the top border (10) is also preferably marked with parallel cut lines (24) laterally positioned in parallel fashion between adjacent rows of apertures (22) as illustrated, so that a shield (2) can be cut to a proper vertical size, if required, before it is mounted on the vehicle.
- Louvers (16) are specifically constructed so as to enhance the aerodynamics and rigidity of shield (2).
- each louver extends horizontally between side borders (18), defining openings (26) in the frame (4), for passage of air, spray and airborne debris during movement of a vehicle to which the shield is attached.
- Each louver is secured to the frame with its top edge (28) in the plane of the frame and with its body (30) extending downwardly and rearwardly from a top edge to a lower edge (32) (best seen in Figure 3).
- Each louver body (30) is joined at its sides (34) to the frame (4) as illustrated.
- the body (30) of each louver rises slightly at a constant angle of about 2 degrees to the plane of frame (4) ( Figure5), as the louver progresses laterally inwardly from its sides (34) to its center (36).
- louver body (30) rising laterally as it does towards its center (36), together with side flaps (18) and groove (20), provides structural rigidity for shield (2) during operation, while at the same time facilitating the efficient aerodynamic flow of air, spray and airborne debris through openings (26) and downwardly behind shield (2) when they have passed openings (26) (Figure 3).
- the lower edge (32) of each louver body (30) and the bottoms of its sides (34) lie in a plane angled at about 85 degrees to that of frame (4). This shaping of lower edge (32) and the side bottoms again facilitates aerodynamic flow through the shield.
- a pair of shields (2) may be clipped together in stacked, partially overlapped fashion, to provide extended coverage at the rear of a vehicle wheel.
- Attachment means (40) may be for example bolts (and associated nuts) passing through aligned apertures or any other conventional means.
- heater wires (50) may be provided so that, when connected to a power source (not shown) for example carried in the vehicle, ice, slush and snow which otherwise might have built up on the shield and closed openings (26), will be melted, ensuring continuous proper flow of air, spray and airborne debris through openings (26).
- shield (2) may be provided with a pivot and means (not illustrated) to enable shield (2) to be appropriately pivoted upwardly, so that it will not be damaged during the trucks dumping operation.
- shields (2) may-be provided on a particular vehicle, preferably either behind each wheel or, where wheels are set together in tandem or otherwise, behind each set of such wheels, or behind the rear-most set of wheels of the vehicle.
- a single, wide shield 60 may be provided to extend laterally across the entire axle and wheel set for the rear-most wheels of a vehicle.
- This shield may be formed by securing a number of single shields to laterally, or by forming a single, molded piece as illustrated. This construction further enhances the suppression of spray from the rear of the vehicle.
- a shield for controlling air, spray and airborne debris generated by a wheel of an automotive vehicle when travelling on a roadway surface that fully satisfies the objects, aims and advantages set forth above.
- the specific number of louvres 16 may be different, depending on a shield 2, depending the specific application intended.
- the louvres may be of different sizes and shapes (e.g. round, triangular or otherwise).
- shields 2 may be formed with approximately five louvres with no centre rib 20 (see dotted outline in figure 4) would be appropriate.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
- Lifting Devices For Agricultural Implements (AREA)
- Protection Of Generators And Motors (AREA)
- Motor Or Generator Cooling System (AREA)
Claims (15)
- Bavette (2) pour contrôler la pulvérisation d'air et les débris amenés par le vent générés par une roue d'un véhicule automobile lorsqu'il circule sur une surface routière, la bavette (2) comprenant un châssis plan (4) ayant des surfaces avant (6) et arrière (8) et des bords supérieur (10), latéraux (12) et inférieur (14), la bavette (2) étant adaptée pour être disposée au dessus de la surface routière verticalement en fonction du véhicule et espacée vers l'arrière à partir de la roue du véhicule dans un plan s'étendant de manière transversale par rapport au véhicule, une pluralité de volets (16) orientés vers le bas et vers l'arrière fixés sur le châssis (4) pour s'étendre vers l'arrière au delà de sa surface arrière (8), afin d'être orientés horizontalement, lorsque la bavette (2) est en position sur le véhicule entre les bords latéraux (12), les volets (16) définissant des ouvertures (26) dans le châssis (4) afin de permettre, lorsque le véhicule se déplace, l'écoulement de la pulvérisation d'air et des débris amenés par le vent par la bavette (2) et leur déflection vers le bas lorsqu'ils passent entre les volets (16), les volets (16) s'étendant sur le châssis (4) de la partie supérieure à la partie inférieure de manière adjacente, ledit volet (16) étant fixé sur le châssis (4) avec son bord supérieur (28) dans le plan du châssis (4) et avec son corps (30) s'étendant vers le bas et vers l'arrière à partir dudit bord supérieur (28) jusqu'au bord inférieur (32), ledit bord inférieur (32) définissant le positionnement vertical sur la bavette (2) du bord supérieur (28) du volet adjacent inférieur (16), et chaque volet (16) étant agencé et formé par rapport au châssis (4) de sorte que ses côtés (34) rencontrent le châssis (4), caractérisé en ce que chaque volet (16) monte légèrement vers l'extérieur par rapport au plan du châssis (4) lorsque le volet (16) s'étend latéralement vers l'intérieur depuis ses côtés (34).
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre un rabat (18) fixé de manière rigide à chaque bord latéral (12) et coudé afin de s'étendre vers l'extérieur et vers l'avant à partir de celui-ci afin de faciliter la collecte de la pulvérisation d'air et des débris amenés par le vent lorsque le véhicule auquel la bavette (2) est fixée avance, et pour diriger ladite pulvérisation d'air et lesdits débris amenés par le vent pour passer à travers les volets (16).
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle les rabats s'étendent vers l'extérieur et vers l'avant par rapport au plan de la bavette (2) selon un angle d'environ 120 degrés.
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la bavette (2) présente une construction solidaire.
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle la bavette (2) présente une construction solidaire.
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle les volets (16) montent au dessus du plan du châssis (4) selon un angle constant d'environ 2 degrés lorsqu'ils progressent latéralement depuis leurs côtés (34) jusqu'à leurs centres.
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle deux ensembles de volets (16) agencés et formés de manière similaire sont positionnés côte à côte sur le châssis (4) et assemblés le long de volets internes se faisant face, lesquels volets forment une rainures en forme de V orientée vers l'arrière s'étendant verticalement vers l'avant à partir du châssis (4) et séparant les deux ensembles de volets (16) se long d'une partie centrale de la bavette (2).
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle le bord supérieur est prévu avec des rangées d'ouvertures espacées alignées verticalement, les rangées d'ouvertures étant parallèles aux volets (16), les ouvertures comportant des moyens de réception moyennant quoi la bavette (2) peut être fixée sur un véhicule dans une position opérationnelle.
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 8, dans laquelle des lignes de coupe sont marquées sur le bord supérieur, les lignes de coupe étant latéralement alignées au centre, entre les rangées adjacentes d'ouvertures et parallèles à celles-ci, moyennant quoi la bavette (2) peut être coupée latéralement, le long d'une ligne sélectionnée desdites lignes de coupe, pour la bonne taille verticale et le bon positionnement de la bavette (2) derrière une roue d'un véhicule automobile.
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle le bord supérieur est prévu avec des rangées d'ouvertures espacées alignées verticalement, les rangées d'ouvertures étant parallèles aux volets (16), les ouvertures comprenant des moyens de réception moyennant quoi la bavette (2) peut être fixée à un véhicule dans une position opérationnelle.
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 10, dans laquelle les lignes de coupe sont marquées sur le bord supérieur, les lignes de coupe étant latéralement alignées au centre entre les rangées adjacentes d'ouvertures et parallèles à celles-ci, moyennant quoi la bavette (2) peut être coupée latéralement le long d'une ligne sélectionnée desdites lignes de coupe, pour la bonne taille verticale et le bon positionnement de la bavette (2) derrière une roue d'un véhicule automobile.
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 7, dans laquelle la bavette (2) mesure approximativement 24 pouces de large et est dotée de 12 volets (16) s'étendant sur approximativement 24 pouces de long de la partie supérieure à la partie inférieure de la bavette (2).
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle le bord inférieur (32) de chaque volet se trouve dans un plan qui rencontre le plan du châssis (4) de la bavette (2) selon un angle d'environ 85 degrés.
- Bavette (2) pour contrôler la pulvérisation d'air et les débris amenés par le vent générés par les roues d'un véhicule automobile lorsqu'il circule sur une surface routière, la bavette (2) comprenant une pluralité de bavettes (2) construites selon la revendication 1 fixées latéralement conjointement à leurs côtés de sorte qu'elles peuvent être montées pour s'étendre sur l'arrière du véhicule.
- Bavette (2) selon la revendication 14 présentant une construction solidaire.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US54936 | 1987-05-27 | ||
US10/054,936 US6786512B2 (en) | 2002-01-25 | 2002-01-25 | Vehicle wheel shield for air control |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1332951A1 EP1332951A1 (fr) | 2003-08-06 |
EP1332951B1 true EP1332951B1 (fr) | 2005-08-31 |
Family
ID=21994489
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03001618A Expired - Lifetime EP1332951B1 (fr) | 2002-01-25 | 2003-01-24 | Bavette pare-boue pour véhicules |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6786512B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1332951B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE303282T1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2417132C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE60301410D1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030011188A1 (en) * | 2001-07-16 | 2003-01-16 | Barry Andersen | Mud Flap |
DE102004004052A1 (de) * | 2004-01-27 | 2005-08-11 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Spritzwassersammeleinrichtung für Fahrzeuge, insbesondere für Motorräder |
GB0407653D0 (en) * | 2004-04-03 | 2004-05-05 | Downes John A | Device for preventing vehicle wheel spray |
US20100059982A1 (en) * | 2008-09-11 | 2010-03-11 | Andreas Franz Schubert | Mud Wing Having Directional Spray Suppression |
US20110204614A1 (en) * | 2010-02-23 | 2011-08-25 | Joseph Cicansky | Universal Mud Flap |
US8814253B1 (en) | 2011-04-21 | 2014-08-26 | Flowbelow, LLC | Aerodynamic quarter fender assembly and construction method |
US8616571B2 (en) | 2011-08-23 | 2013-12-31 | Paccar Inc | Vehicle splash guards and adaptors therefor |
MX2013006298A (es) * | 2012-06-05 | 2013-12-16 | Fleet Engineers Inc | Guardafango aerodinamico. |
EP2914477B1 (fr) | 2012-11-01 | 2022-01-05 | Flowbelow Aero, Inc. | Système aérodynamique et carénages réglables |
US9284000B1 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2016-03-15 | Paccar Inc | Vehicle splash guard |
USD836507S1 (en) * | 2016-03-01 | 2018-12-25 | Trackspec Motorsports | Vehicle hood louver assembly |
US10435083B2 (en) | 2016-08-10 | 2019-10-08 | Ekostinger, Inc. | Aerodynamic recapture method and apparatus |
CN108216381A (zh) * | 2016-12-21 | 2018-06-29 | 郑州宇通客车股份有限公司 | 一种车辆及其挡泥板 |
US10654529B2 (en) | 2017-06-24 | 2020-05-19 | FlowBelow Aero, Inc. | Aerodynamic systems and fairings with fairing caps |
WO2019014503A1 (fr) | 2017-07-12 | 2019-01-17 | FlowBelow Aero, Inc. | Ensemble boîte à outils aérodynamique |
US10882571B2 (en) | 2017-07-30 | 2021-01-05 | FlowBelow Aero, Inc. | Rotatable aerodynamic fairing system |
US11958538B2 (en) | 2017-09-29 | 2024-04-16 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Mud flap with adaptable mounting section |
WO2019066941A1 (fr) | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-04 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Bavette garde-boue aérodynamique |
US10246134B1 (en) * | 2018-05-22 | 2019-04-02 | Nicholas Radyk | Truck mud flap with elbow tubes |
US11072377B2 (en) | 2018-09-04 | 2021-07-27 | Lund, Inc. | Removable fairing |
US11767064B2 (en) | 2021-01-12 | 2023-09-26 | FlowBelow Aero, Inc. | Spring-biased mud flap hanger with improved pivoting motion guidance |
US11091207B1 (en) * | 2021-01-15 | 2021-08-17 | Hsma, Llc | Aerodynamic mud flap for motor vehicle |
EP4071032A1 (fr) * | 2021-04-08 | 2022-10-12 | Volvo Truck Corporation | Bavette présentant une amélioration aérodynamique |
CN113532125A (zh) * | 2021-06-18 | 2021-10-22 | 中冶宝钢技术服务有限公司 | 一种清渣机多层防护侧门 |
Family Cites Families (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1904343A (en) | 1932-06-15 | 1933-04-18 | Zaiger Max | Splash flap for automobiles |
US2605119A (en) | 1949-11-19 | 1952-07-29 | Maxwell L Earnest | Splash guard for vehicles |
US2759413A (en) * | 1952-12-17 | 1956-08-21 | Lester L Smith | Louvered panel structure |
US2782053A (en) | 1955-04-04 | 1957-02-19 | Daniel S Long | Splash guard flap for automotive vehicles |
US3203079A (en) * | 1961-01-26 | 1965-08-31 | Smith | Method of making louvered ventilator |
US3088751A (en) * | 1962-01-30 | 1963-05-07 | Louis A Barry | Vehicle tire spray shield |
US3279818A (en) * | 1963-05-07 | 1966-10-18 | Kumficar Sales Ltd | Mud flaps for vehicles |
DK106367A (fr) | 1964-01-20 | |||
USD263696S (en) * | 1978-10-02 | 1982-04-06 | Safety Vehicles Development A.B. | Splash guard for mounting behind a vehicle wheel |
GB2050272B (en) * | 1979-05-23 | 1983-05-18 | Goodall Maurice Holdings | Spray-inhibiting means for use on a road vehicle |
US4382606A (en) | 1981-02-02 | 1983-05-10 | Lancaster Colony Corporation | Spray controlling system and splash guard for automotive vehicles |
USD275706S (en) * | 1982-02-08 | 1984-09-25 | Double D Specialties, Inc. | Decorative louver |
US5080397A (en) * | 1983-07-01 | 1992-01-14 | Metcalf George E | Vehicle tire water spray control system |
US4660846A (en) | 1985-11-18 | 1987-04-28 | Morin Albert Z | Spray shield for automotive vehicles |
US4921276A (en) | 1988-05-23 | 1990-05-01 | Morin Albert Z | Spray controlling fender |
DE4027073A1 (de) | 1990-08-27 | 1992-03-05 | Dunlop Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur beseitigung stoerender spruehwasserbildung durch fahrzeugreifen |
GB9024053D0 (en) | 1990-11-06 | 1990-12-19 | Marsh Michael G | Vehicle mud flap/guard |
US5366247A (en) * | 1993-05-10 | 1994-11-22 | Fischer Kenneth J | Vehicle splashguard |
US5564750A (en) | 1995-05-04 | 1996-10-15 | Concept Five, Inc. | Energy saving and heat venting vehicle mud flap |
KR100252070B1 (ko) | 1997-10-28 | 2000-05-01 | 손욱 | 액정 표시 장치 |
-
2002
- 2002-01-25 US US10/054,936 patent/US6786512B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-01-23 CA CA2417132A patent/CA2417132C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-24 DE DE60301410T patent/DE60301410D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-24 AT AT03001618T patent/ATE303282T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-01-24 EP EP03001618A patent/EP1332951B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6786512B2 (en) | 2004-09-07 |
DE60301410D1 (de) | 2005-10-06 |
CA2417132A1 (fr) | 2003-07-25 |
US20030141713A1 (en) | 2003-07-31 |
CA2417132C (fr) | 2012-03-27 |
EP1332951A1 (fr) | 2003-08-06 |
ATE303282T1 (de) | 2005-09-15 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE SI SK TR |
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