EP1255171B1 - Charging and discharging device for print media in printers or copiers - Google Patents
Charging and discharging device for print media in printers or copiers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1255171B1 EP1255171B1 EP02008220A EP02008220A EP1255171B1 EP 1255171 B1 EP1255171 B1 EP 1255171B1 EP 02008220 A EP02008220 A EP 02008220A EP 02008220 A EP02008220 A EP 02008220A EP 1255171 B1 EP1255171 B1 EP 1255171B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- guide device
- print carrier
- passage gap
- corona wire
- strips
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/02—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for laying down a uniform charge, e.g. for sensitising; Corona discharge devices
- G03G15/0291—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for laying down a uniform charge, e.g. for sensitising; Corona discharge devices corona discharge devices, e.g. wires, pointed electrodes, means for cleaning the corona discharge device
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/00362—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes relating to the copy medium handling
- G03G2215/00535—Stable handling of copy medium
- G03G2215/00654—Charging device
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for unloading or loading printing media in printing or copying machines, in particular of printing carriers when passing through the transport paths of printing or copying machines, according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Printing media such as paper sheets, films or the like are electrically charged when passing through the transport paths of printing and copying machines. In order to prevent printed paper sheets or films in the output container from sticking to one another or to sufficiently electrically conductive components of the transport path, these electrical charges must be removed.
- passive discharge devices such as carbon fiber or stainless steel brushes or active discharge devices such as AC high voltage corona discharge devices with corona wires and / or ionizer tips.
- active discharge devices such as AC high voltage corona discharge devices with corona wires and / or ionizer tips.
- the generated ions are attracted to the electric fields between the corona wires or the ionizer tips and the electrical charges to be removed and compensate in this way their effect.
- the efficiency of the discharge depends on the environmental conditions.
- Such unloading are from the US 5,890,046 known, wherein a high voltage alternating field between two corona discharge devices, each with a corona wire is applied and the print carrier is passed between these corona discharge devices.
- one of the corona discharge devices is mounted on a rotating transfer roller, whereas the second corona discharge device is stationary.
- a corona discharge device which has a grid-like guide with respect to the guided past the print carrier.
- this grid-like guide is a counter electrode to the inner corona wire.
- the print carrier is carried out together with an endless belt transporting the print carrier between the counter electrode and the corona wire.
- U.S. Patent 5,552,873 there is shown a guide device within a combined corona charging / discharging device having lands bridging the interior of the charging device.
- the webs are further spaced apart in the central region of the guide device than in the outer regions.
- the webs have different inclination with respect to the transport direction of a printing material over the unloading device.
- a comparable guide device is shown in a combined corona charging / discharging device, wherein the edge of the guide device is arranged so as to prevent interference between the loading device and the unloading device.
- JP-58 207 065 a discharge device is shown, which is provided in edge regions with cover elements.
- a problem with such corona charging / discharging devices is the change in the electric field between two corona discharge devices when there is a print carrier or no print carrier between the corona wires. Also, a dependence on the electrical resistance of such a print carrier is given. In the edge region of the gap between the corona wires, in which the passage gap is no longer covered by the print carrier, sparking flashes may occur due to the considerable difference in the electrical resistance and the associated greater field strength outside the area covered by the print carrier. such Sparking flashes generate noise that interferes with the control and, in the worst case, damage the electronics.
- the narrow webs of the guide device extend at an angle ⁇ to the transport direction of the print carrier over the entire width of the passage gap.
- the width of the passage gap substantially corresponds to the width B of the largest printing medium format, which is discharged by means of the corona discharge device.
- the webs and possibly the frame of the guide device consist of an electrically non-conductive material. This minimizes the influence of the guide device on the electric field between the corona wires. This supports the slim design of the webs, which bridge the passage gap and thereby cover the smallest possible area of the passage gap and thus also lead to the least possible distortion of the electric field between the corona wires.
- the device is configured in two parts on both sides of the transport path of a printing material with at least one first corona wire and a first guide device on a first side and at least a second corona wire and a second guide device on a second side.
- the webs of the guide device at the edge of the passage gap at a smaller distance from each other than the webs in the middle of the passage gap.
- the edge of the guide gap is characterized by the fact that for all print formats leading to the outer edges the print carrier is located within the edge area. Due to the smaller distance between the webs is achieved that in the central region only a small coverage of the passage gap is caused, material is saved and on the other hand ensures in the edge region with great certainty that, for example, dog ears, which may have the print carrier positioned by the closer together Webs are safely guided out of the passage gap in the transport path.
- the webs of the guide device are inclined at the edge of the passage gap at a larger angle to the transport direction of the print carrier than in the middle of the passage gap.
- the guide device should guide mainly bent or bent corners securely over the passage gap. This functionality increases with increasing angle to the transport direction up to a position of the webs of 45 ° to the transport direction.
- the middle area on the other hand, it is the task of the webs to guide the front edge of a print carrier safely over the passage gap. This feature improves with smaller web angles to the transport direction, reducing the likelihood that an incoming leading edge will jam with a web. Therefore, it is advantageous if the inclination of the webs to the transport direction increases from the inside to the outside.
- the webs at the edge of the passage gap at an angle of substantially 45 ° to the transport direction of the print carrier.
- the webs in the middle of the passage gap at an angle of substantially 15 ° to the transport direction of the print carrier.
- the webs between the center and the edge of the passage gap at an angle between substantially 15 ° to 45 ° to the transport direction of the print carrier, wherein the angle increases to the outside.
- the guide device is designed such that the webs are rounded at the side facing the print carrier.
- the guiding function of the device is supported because the bearing surface of a print carrier for Guide device is reduced.
- edges are avoided that otherwise always represent opportunities for canting a print carrier in the transport path.
- the guide device on inlet slopes, which are chamfered in the direction of the normal of the print carrier against the transport direction and direct an incoming print carrier in the direction of the center of the passage gap.
- an inlet slope at the entrance and at the exit of the passage gap is in each case.
- the guide device has a respective tongue in the middle of the narrow side of the guide device on the side facing away from the print carrier.
- the tongues cover the corona wires against each other in the edge region of the passage gap.
- the straight path from one corona wire to the other is interrupted for the corona ions in the edge region of the passage gap.
- the ion current increases in the edge region, which increases the risk of flashovers there.
- the corona ions are intercepted to a large extent in this area, in particular in the direct connecting line between two corona wires and thereby do not contribute to a further ionization of the air in the edge region of the passage gap. This reduces the risk of flashovers.
- the removal of the ends of the tongues to each other and thus the length of the tongues is adapted to the format of the smallest to be processed print carrier, in particular such that the smallest to be processed print carrier running centrally through the guide device, at least the ends both tongues covered.
- each tongue of a guide device according to the invention has an inlet slope, which is beveled in the direction of the normal of the print carrier against the transport direction.
- the guiding function of the device according to the invention can be further supported.
- the guide device on the side facing away from the print carrier devices by means of which they can be attached to the unloading device.
- the inventively proposed guide devices for guiding print media can be used in all sheet-processing machines and their components, which are equipped with a discharging device or charging device. Furthermore, an application range is opened up in all printing substrate processing devices in which print media are conveyed along a transport path.
- Fig. 1 to Fig. 7 refers to a preferred embodiment of the inventive device in connection with a discharge device.
- the content of this description is readily transferable to a charging device.
- Fig. 1 and 2 show schematically the overall structure of a corona discharge device 2, 3 of the sake of simplicity of the description, only the components essential to the invention are shown or explained. Further, generally known and required for operating the device drive means or electrical circuits are shown only schematically or will be described only in general form.
- the corona discharge device 2, 3 consists essentially of a corona wire 5, 5 ', which is stretched in a housing 8, 8' and connected to a high voltage source 4, 4 '. Opposite the corona discharger 2 is located as in Fig. 1 illustrate a counter electrode 6, which is typically grounded.
- a sufficient high voltage typically between 3 to 20 kVpp, air ions are in the vicinity of the corona wire through the There prevailing field accelerates and thereby generate more ions, so-called corona ions, along the field lines 20 (see Fig. 7 ) move in the direction of the counter electrode.
- a passage gap 9 with a height H are transported through the print carrier 7 to discharge them.
- a print carrier 7 is located between the corona discharge device 2 and the counterelectrode 6, the field lines 20 generated by the electric field hit the print carrier, pierce it and extend to the counterelectrode 6.
- the guide device 1 according to the invention is fastened between the actual corona discharge device 2, 3 and the print carrier 7 on the corresponding corona discharge device 2, 3.
- a guide device 1 is shown in plan view.
- a frame Within a frame are a plurality of slender webs 11, 12, 13, which connect the frame substantially in the direction indicated by the reference numeral 10 transport direction and thereby bridge the passage gap 9 of the unloading device 2, 3.
- the transport direction 10 indicates the direction in which to be unloaded print carrier 7, the unloading 2, 3 happen.
- the guide device 1 can be subdivided substantially along the width B of the guide device 1 into three areas, two edge areas 14, 14 'and a middle area 15.
- the central area 15 is characterized in that it is of each Center continuous print carrier 7 is always completely covered by a print carrier 7 in the context of the inherent tolerances of a transport device.
- the outer edges of the print carrier 7 continue depending on the format of the print carrier 7 inside or outside.
- the total width B of the passage gap 9 is the upper limit for the usable formats of print carriers 7, which can be unloaded by means of the unloading device 2, 3.
- the webs 11 have a smaller distance from one another than the webs 12, 13 in the middle region 15.
- each guide device 1 there are 16 webs 11, 12, 13 on each guide device 1.
- the eight webs 11, which bridge the passage gap of the unloading device, have a larger angle ⁇ 1 to the transport direction 10 in the edge region 14, 14 ' Within the central region 15 of the angle ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 of the webs 12, 13 continues to the transport direction 10 towards the center from. As the angle ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 of the eight webs 12, 13.
- the webs 11 assume a value of 45 ° in the edge regions 14, 14 'for the angle ⁇ 1 between the webs 11 and the transport direction 10.
- the webs 12, 13 In the middle region, the webs 12, 13 always assume the values of 30 ° and 15 ° for the angle ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 between the webs 12, 13 and the transport direction 10 in pairs of twos from outside to inside.
- the inventive apparatus may be provided with one of a plurality of lands and the angular values of the angles ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 vary from those in this embodiment within the scope of the claims can.
- the webs 11, 12, 13 are rounded on the side facing the print carrier 7 or with a chamfer 11a (see Fig. 4 ), so that tilting of the front side of a continuous print carrier 7 at possible unevenness of the webs 11, 12, 13 is avoided.
- Fig. 6 the side facing away from the print carrier 7 of the guide device 1 is shown.
- the length of the tongues 18, 18 ' is such that the center of the smallest printed substrate 7, the edge of the print carrier covers the free end of the tongues 18, 18' despite tolerances.
- the tongues 18, 18 ' have a chamfer 18a which is comparable to the inlet bevels 16 or chamfers 17 on the side closer to the incoming pressure carrier 7.
- the tongues 18, 18 ' are provided with a fillet instead of a bevel 18a.
- Fig. 7 the operation of the tongues 18, 18 'is shown in section through the passage gap 9 and the unloading devices 2, 3.
- Field lines 20, 21 are formed between the corona wires 5, 5 'and corona ions are accelerated along the field lines 20, 21, if a sufficiently high electrical voltage difference to the corona wires 5, 5' is applied.
- a print carrier 7 is located between the two unloading devices 2, 3, the corona ions strike the print carrier 7.
- the ion current starting from the direct connecting line 21 between the two corona wires 5, 5 'decreases along the length L of the passage gap 9, the strongest discharge of a pressure carrier 7 but also the largest ionization of the air in the absence a print carrier 7 thus takes place on the direct connecting line 21.
- the corona ions are only slightly prevented by the narrow webs 11, 12, 13, so that only a small proportion of the corona ions does not contribute to the discharge of the print carrier 7.
- the ion current essentially passes over the connecting line 21 between the corona Wires 5, 5 'over the entire surface of the print carrier. 7
- the guide device described is produced by injection molding of plastic. It is to be noted that the guide device 1 of a first unloading device 2 and the guide device 1 of a second unloading device 3 are of the same type, whereby a considerable manufacturing outlay can be avoided.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Feeding Of Articles By Means Other Than Belts Or Rollers (AREA)
- Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)
- Sheets, Magazines, And Separation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zum Entladen bzw. Aufladen von Druckträgern in Druck- bzw. Kopiermaschinen, insbesondere von Druckträgern beim Durchlaufen der Transportbahnen von Druck- bzw. Kopiermaschinen, gemäß des Oberbegriffs des Anspruches 1.The invention relates to a device for unloading or loading printing media in printing or copying machines, in particular of printing carriers when passing through the transport paths of printing or copying machines, according to the preamble of claim 1.
Druckträger wie Papierblätter, Folien oder dergleichen werden beim Durchlaufen der Transportbahnen von Druck- und Kopiermaschinen elektrisch aufgeladen. Um zu verhindern, dass bedruckte Papierblätter oder Folien im Ausgabebehälter aneinander oder an ausreichend elektrisch leitfähigen Bauteilen der Transportbahn haften bleiben, müssen diese elektrischen Ladungen entfernt werden.Printing media such as paper sheets, films or the like are electrically charged when passing through the transport paths of printing and copying machines. In order to prevent printed paper sheets or films in the output container from sticking to one another or to sufficiently electrically conductive components of the transport path, these electrical charges must be removed.
Es ist bekannt, zu diesem Zweck passive Entladungsvorrichtungen wie Kohlefaser- oder Edelstahlbürsten oder aktive Entladungsvorrichtungen wie mit Wechselhochspannung betriebene Corona-Entladungsvorrichtungen mit Corona-Drähten und / oder Ionisatorspitzen einzusetzen. Dabei werden die erzeugten Ionen von den elektrischen Feldern zwischen den Corona-Drähten oder der Ionisatorspitzen und der zu entfernenden elektrischen Ladungen angezogen und kompensieren auf diese Weise deren Wirkung. Die Effizienz der Entladung hängt von den Umgebungsbedingungen ab.It is known to use for this purpose passive discharge devices such as carbon fiber or stainless steel brushes or active discharge devices such as AC high voltage corona discharge devices with corona wires and / or ionizer tips. The generated ions are attracted to the electric fields between the corona wires or the ionizer tips and the electrical charges to be removed and compensate in this way their effect. The efficiency of the discharge depends on the environmental conditions.
Derartige Entladevorrichtungen sind aus der
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Ein Problem bei solchen Corona Lade/Entladevorrichtungen ist die Veränderung des elektrischen Feldes zwischen zwei Corona-Entladevorrichtungen, wenn sich zwischen den Corona-Drähten ein Druckträger, bzw. kein Druckträger befindet. Ebenfalls ist eine Abhängigkeit von dem elektrischen Widerstand eines solchen Druckträgers gegeben. In dem Randbereich des Spaltes zwischen den Corona-Drähten, in dem der Durchlaufspalt nicht mehr von dem Druckträger bedeckt wird, kann es durch den erheblichen Unterschied des elektrischen Widerstandes und der damit verbundenen größeren Feldstärke außerhalb des vom Druckträger überdeckten Bereichs zu Funkenüberschlägen kommen. Derartige Funkenüberschläge generieren ein für die Steuerung störendes Rauschen und führen im ungünstigen Fall zu einer Beschädigung der Elektronik.A problem with such corona charging / discharging devices is the change in the electric field between two corona discharge devices when there is a print carrier or no print carrier between the corona wires. Also, a dependence on the electrical resistance of such a print carrier is given. In the edge region of the gap between the corona wires, in which the passage gap is no longer covered by the print carrier, sparking flashes may occur due to the considerable difference in the electrical resistance and the associated greater field strength outside the area covered by the print carrier. such Sparking flashes generate noise that interferes with the control and, in the worst case, damage the electronics.
Es ist daher Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine Vorrichtung der zum Entladen bzw. Aufladen von Druckträgem in Druck- bzw. Kopiermaschinen zu schaffen, bei der die Gefahr von Funkenüberschlägen reduziert ist. Diese Aufgabe wird mit Hilfe der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung zum Entladen bzw. Aufladen von Druckträgern in Druck- bzw. Kopiermaschinen mit den im Anspruch 1 genannten Merkmalen gelöst, weitere Merkmale ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an apparatus for unloading or loading of Druckträgem in printing or copying machines, in which the risk of flashovers is reduced. This object is achieved by means of the inventive device for unloading or loading of print media in printing or copying machines with the features mentioned in claim 1, further features emerge from the dependent claims.
In einer besonders vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung erstrecken sich die schmalen Stege der Führungsvorrichtung in einem Winkel α zur Transportrichtung der Druckträger über die gesamte Breite des Durchlaufspalts. Vorteilhafterweise entspricht die Breite des Durchlaufspalts im Wesentlichen der Breite B des größten Druckträgerformats, das mittels der Corona-Entladevorrichtung entladen wird. In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung bestehen die Stege und gegebenenfalls der Rahmen der Führungsvorrichtung aus einem elektrisch nichtleitenden Material. Dadurch wird der Einfluss der Führungsvorrichtung auf das elektrische Feld zwischen den Corona-Drähten minimiert. Dies unterstützt die schlanke Ausgestaltung der Stege, die den Durchlaufspalt überbrücken und dadurch eine möglichst geringe Fläche des Durchlaufspalts abdecken und so ebenfalls zu einer möglichst geringen Verzerrung des elektrischen Feldes zwischen den Corona-Drähten führen.In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention, the narrow webs of the guide device extend at an angle α to the transport direction of the print carrier over the entire width of the passage gap. Advantageously, the width of the passage gap substantially corresponds to the width B of the largest printing medium format, which is discharged by means of the corona discharge device. In a further advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention, the webs and possibly the frame of the guide device consist of an electrically non-conductive material. This minimizes the influence of the guide device on the electric field between the corona wires. This supports the slim design of the webs, which bridge the passage gap and thereby cover the smallest possible area of the passage gap and thus also lead to the least possible distortion of the electric field between the corona wires.
Vorteilhafterweise ist die Vorrichtung zweiteilig auf beiden Seiten des Transportpfades eines Druckstoffs mit mindestens einem ersten Corona-Draht und einer ersten Führungsvorrichtung auf einer ersten Seite und mindestens einem zweiten Corona-Draht und einer zweiten Führungsvorrichtung auf einer zweiten Seite ausgestaltet.Advantageously, the device is configured in two parts on both sides of the transport path of a printing material with at least one first corona wire and a first guide device on a first side and at least a second corona wire and a second guide device on a second side.
In einer weiteren besonders Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung weisen die Stege der Führungsvorrichtung am Rand des Durchlaufspalts einen geringeren Abstand zueinander auf als die Stege in der Mitte des Durchlaufspalts. Dabei zeichnet sich der Rand des Führungsspalts dadurch aus, dass für alle zu führenden Druckformate die Außenkanten der Druckträger sich innerhalb des Randbereichs befinden. Durch den geringeren Abstand zwischen den Stegen wird erreicht, dass im Mittelbereich nur eine geringe Abdeckung des Durchlaufspalts verursacht wird, Material eingespart wird und andererseits im Randbereich mit großer Sicherheit gewährleistet wird, dass beispielsweise Eselsohren, die die Druckträger aufweisen können, durch die enger beieinander positionierten Stege aus dem Durchlaufspalt sicher in die Transportbahn geführt werden.In a further particularly embodiment of the device according to the invention, the webs of the guide device at the edge of the passage gap at a smaller distance from each other than the webs in the middle of the passage gap. In this case, the edge of the guide gap is characterized by the fact that for all print formats leading to the outer edges the print carrier is located within the edge area. Due to the smaller distance between the webs is achieved that in the central region only a small coverage of the passage gap is caused, material is saved and on the other hand ensures in the edge region with great certainty that, for example, dog ears, which may have the print carrier positioned by the closer together Webs are safely guided out of the passage gap in the transport path.
In einer vorteilhaften Weitergestaltung der Erfindung sind die Stege der Führungsvorrichtung am Rand des Durchlaufspalts unter einem größeren Winkel gegen die Transportrichtung des Druckträgers geneigt als in der Mitte des Durchlaufspalts. Dadurch kann vorteilhafterweise die Führungsfunktion der Stege unterstützt werden. Im Randbereich soll die Führungsvorrichtung hauptsächlich umgeknickte oder umgebogene Ecken sicher über den Durchlaufspalt leiten. Diese Funktionalität nimmt mit zunehmendem Winkel zur Transportrichtung bis zu einer Stellung der Stege von 45° zur Transportrichtung zu. Im Mittelbereich dagegen ist es die Aufgabe der Stege, die Vorderkante eines Druckträgers sicher über den Durchlaufspalt zu leiten. Diese Funktion verbessert sich mit kleinerem Winkel der Stege zur Transportrichtung, da dadurch die Wahrscheinlichkeit, das eine einlaufende Vorderkante sich mit einem Steg verkantet, reduziert ist. Daher ist es von Vorteil, wenn die Neigung der Stege zur Transportrichtung von innen nach außen zunimmt.In an advantageous further embodiment of the invention, the webs of the guide device are inclined at the edge of the passage gap at a larger angle to the transport direction of the print carrier than in the middle of the passage gap. As a result, advantageously, the guiding function of the webs can be supported. In the edge region, the guide device should guide mainly bent or bent corners securely over the passage gap. This functionality increases with increasing angle to the transport direction up to a position of the webs of 45 ° to the transport direction. In the middle area, on the other hand, it is the task of the webs to guide the front edge of a print carrier safely over the passage gap. This feature improves with smaller web angles to the transport direction, reducing the likelihood that an incoming leading edge will jam with a web. Therefore, it is advantageous if the inclination of the webs to the transport direction increases from the inside to the outside.
In einer besonders vorteilhaften Weiterbildung weisen die Stege am Rand der Durchlaufspalts einen Winkel von im Wesentlichen 45° zur Transportrichtung des Druckträgers auf. In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Weiterbildung weisen die Stege in der Mitte des Durchlaufspalts einen Winkel von im Wesentlichen 15° zur Transportrichtung des Druckträgers auf. Besonders vorteilhaft weisen die Stege zwischen der Mitte und dem Rand des Durchlaufspalts einen Winkel zwischen von im Wesentlichen 15° bis 45° zur Transportrichtung des Druckträgers auf, wobei der Winkel nach außen zunimmt.In a particularly advantageous development, the webs at the edge of the passage gap at an angle of substantially 45 ° to the transport direction of the print carrier. In a further advantageous embodiment, the webs in the middle of the passage gap at an angle of substantially 15 ° to the transport direction of the print carrier. Particularly advantageously, the webs between the center and the edge of the passage gap at an angle between substantially 15 ° to 45 ° to the transport direction of the print carrier, wherein the angle increases to the outside.
Vorteilhafterweise ist die Führungsvorrichtung derart ausgestaltet, dass die Stege an der dem Druckträger zugewandten Seite abgerundet sind. Dadurch wird die Führungsfunktion der Vorrichtung unterstützt, da die Auflagefläche eines Druckträgers zur Führungsvorrichtung verringert wird. Außerdem werden dadurch Kanten vermieden, die sonst stets Möglichkeiten zur Verkantung eines Druckträgers im Transportpfad darstellen.Advantageously, the guide device is designed such that the webs are rounded at the side facing the print carrier. As a result, the guiding function of the device is supported because the bearing surface of a print carrier for Guide device is reduced. In addition, edges are avoided that otherwise always represent opportunities for canting a print carrier in the transport path.
In einer weiteren besonders vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung weist die Führungsvorrichtung Einlaufschrägen auf, die in Richtung der Normalen des Druckträgers gegen die Transportrichtung abgeschrägt sind und einen einlaufenden Druckträger in Richtung der Mitte des Durchlaufspalts dirigieren. Vorteilhafterweise befindet sich dabei jeweils eine Einlaufschräge am Eingang und am Ausgang des Durchlaufspalts.In a further particularly advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention, the guide device on inlet slopes, which are chamfered in the direction of the normal of the print carrier against the transport direction and direct an incoming print carrier in the direction of the center of the passage gap. Advantageously, there is in each case an inlet slope at the entrance and at the exit of the passage gap.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung weist die Führungsvorrichtung je eine Zunge in der Mitte der Schmalseite der Führungsvorrichtung auf der dem Druckträger abgewandten Seite auf. Die Zungen decken im Randbereich des Durchlaufspalts die Corona-Drähte gegeneinander ab. Dadurch ist der gerade Weg von einem Corona-Draht zum anderen für die Corona-Ionen im Randbereich des Durchlaufspalts unterbrochen. Bei der Anwesenheit eines Druckträgers im Mittelbereich des Durchlaufspalts erhöht sich der Ionen-Strom im Randbereich, wodurch sich die Gefahr von Funkenüberschlägen dort vergrößert. Durch die Zungen werden in diesem Bereich jedoch insbesondere in der direkten Verbindungslinie zwischen zwei Corona-Drähten die Corona-Ionen zu einem großen Teil abgefangen und tragen dadurch nicht zu einer weiteren Ionisation der Luft im Randbereich des Durchlaufspalts bei. Dadurch wird die Gefahr von Funkenüberschlägen verringert.In a further embodiment of the device according to the invention, the guide device has a respective tongue in the middle of the narrow side of the guide device on the side facing away from the print carrier. The tongues cover the corona wires against each other in the edge region of the passage gap. As a result, the straight path from one corona wire to the other is interrupted for the corona ions in the edge region of the passage gap. In the presence of a print carrier in the central region of the passage gap, the ion current increases in the edge region, which increases the risk of flashovers there. By the tongues, however, the corona ions are intercepted to a large extent in this area, in particular in the direct connecting line between two corona wires and thereby do not contribute to a further ionization of the air in the edge region of the passage gap. This reduces the risk of flashovers.
In einer besonders vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist die Entfernung der Enden der Zungen zueinander und damit die Länge der Zungen dem Format des kleinsten zu verarbeitenden Druckträgers angepasst, insbesondere derart, dass der kleinste zu verarbeitenden Druckträger, der mittig durch die Führungsvorrichtung läuft, mindestens die Enden beider Zungen überdeckt. Dadurch wird erreicht, dass bei dem kleinsten zu verwendenden Format die Gefahr eines Funkenüberschlags noch verringert wird, andererseits die Abdeckung der Corona-Drähte bei größerformatigen Druckträgern im Randbereich minimiert ist und dadurch eine optimale Entladung auch des Randbereichs eines Druckträgers erzielt werden kann.In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the removal of the ends of the tongues to each other and thus the length of the tongues is adapted to the format of the smallest to be processed print carrier, in particular such that the smallest to be processed print carrier running centrally through the guide device, at least the ends both tongues covered. This ensures that in the smallest format to be used the risk of flashover is still reduced, on the other hand, the coverage of the corona wires is minimized for larger format print media in the edge region and thereby optimal discharge of the edge region of a print carrier can be achieved.
Vorteilhafterweise weist jede Zunge einer erfindungsgemäßen Führungsvorrichtung eine Einlaufschräge auf, die in Richtung der Normalen des Druckträgers gegen die Transportrichtung abgeschrägt ist. Dadurch kann die Führungsfunktion der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung weiter unterstützt werden.Advantageously, each tongue of a guide device according to the invention has an inlet slope, which is beveled in the direction of the normal of the print carrier against the transport direction. As a result, the guiding function of the device according to the invention can be further supported.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der Erfindung weist die Führungsvorrichtung auf der dem Druckträger abgewandten Seite Vorrichtungen auf, mittels der sie an der Entladevorrichtung befestigt werden kann. Dadurch kann der Montageaufwand verringert und auf die Verwendung von weiteren Befestigungsmitteln verzichtet werden.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the guide device on the side facing away from the print carrier devices by means of which they can be attached to the unloading device. As a result, the assembly costs can be reduced and the use of further fastening means can be dispensed with.
Die erfindungsgemäß vorgeschlagene Führungsvorrichtungen zum Führen von Druckträgern lässt sich in allen bogenverarbeitenden Maschinen und ihren Komponenten einsetzen, die mit einer Entladevorrichtung bzw. Aufladevorrichtung ausgestattet sind. Ferner ist ein Einsatzspektrum bei allen druckträgerverarbeitenden Vorrichtungen eröffnet, in denen Druckträger entlang eines Transportpfades geleitet werden.The inventively proposed guide devices for guiding print media can be used in all sheet-processing machines and their components, which are equipped with a discharging device or charging device. Furthermore, an application range is opened up in all printing substrate processing devices in which print media are conveyed along a transport path.
Die weiteren Merkmale und Vorteile sind der Beschreibung von in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen der Erfindung sowie den weiteren Unteransprüchen zu entnehmen. Die Zeichnung zeigt in der
- Fig. 1
- die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in einer Ausführung mit einer aktiven Entladungsvorrichtungen und einer Gegenelektrode in schematischer Darstellung,
- Fig. 2
- die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in einer Ausführung mit zwei aktiven Entladungsvorrichtungen in schematischer Darstellung,
- Fig. 3
- die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in schematischer Draufsicht mit Unterteilung in Rand- und Mittelbereich,
- Fig. 4
- eine Vergrößerung der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung im Randbereich mit Schrägen,
- Fig. 5
- die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in schematischer Ansicht mit einlaufendem Druckträger,
- Fig. 6
- die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in schematischer Ansicht von der dem Druckträger abgewandten Seite mit Zungen,
- Fig. 7
- einen schematische Schnitt durch die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung mit Zungen und einer doppelten Corona- Entladevorrichtung.
- Fig. 1
- the device according to the invention in a design with an active discharge devices and a counter electrode in a schematic representation,
- Fig. 2
- the device according to the invention in a design with two active discharge devices in a schematic representation,
- Fig. 3
- the device according to the invention in a schematic plan view with subdivision into marginal and central area,
- Fig. 4
- an enlargement of the device according to the invention in the edge region with bevels,
- Fig. 5
- the device according to the invention in a schematic view with incoming print carrier,
- Fig. 6
- the device according to the invention in a schematic view of the side facing away from the print carrier with tongues,
- Fig. 7
- a schematic section through the inventive device with tongues and a double corona discharge.
Die folgende Beschreibung nach
Die
Die Corona-Entladevorrichtung 2, 3 besteht im Wesentlichen aus einem Corona-Draht 5, 5', der in einem Gehäuse 8, 8' gespannt ist und mit einer Hochspannungsquelle 4, 4' verbunden ist. Gegenüber der Corona-Entladevorrichtung 2 befindet sich wie in
Befindet sich ein Druckträger 7 zwischen der Corona-Entladevorrichtung 2 und der Gegenelektrode 6, treffen die Feldlinien 20, die durch das elektrische Feld erzeugt werden auf den Druckträger, durchstoßen diesen und verlängern sich bis zur Gegenelektrode 6. Entsprechendes trifft für den Feldverlauf bei einer doppelten Corona-Entladevorrichtung 2, 3 zu, bei der sich die Feldlinien entsprechend bis zu dem entgegengesetzten Corona-Draht 5' fortsetzen. Die an dem Corona-Draht 5, 5' erzeugten Corona-Ionen werden dementsprechend entlang der Feldlinien 20 beschleunigt und treffen auf den Druckträger 7, wobei sie den Druckträger 7 entladen.If a
Die erfindungsgemäße Führungsvorrichtung 1 ist zwischen der eigentlichen Corona-Entladevorrichtung 2, 3 und dem Druckträger 7 an der entsprechenden Corona-Entladevorrichtung 2, 3 befestigt. Dazu dienen die in
In
Die Führungsvorrichtung 1 lässt sich entlang der Breite B der Führungsvorrichtung 1 im Wesentlichen in drei Bereiche unterteilen, zwei Randbereiche 14, 14' und einen Mittelbereich 15. Der Mittelbereich 15 ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er von jedem mittig durchlaufenden Druckträger 7 stets im Rahmen der inhärenten Toleranzen einer Transportvorrichtung von einem Druckträger 7 vollständig überdeckt wird.The guide device 1 can be subdivided substantially along the width B of the guide device 1 into three areas, two
In den Randbereichen verlaufen die Außenkanten der Druckträger 7 je nach Format des Druckträgers 7 weiter innen oder außen. Die Gesamtbreite B des Durchlaufspalts 9 ist die Obergrenze für die verwendbaren Formate von Druckträgern 7, die mittels der Entladevorrichtung 2, 3 entladen werden können. Innerhalb der Randbereiche 14, 14' haben die Stege 11 einen geringeren Abstand zueinander als die Stege 12, 13 im Mittelbereich 15.In the edge regions, the outer edges of the
Bei der hier dargestellten beispielhaften Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung befinden sich 16 Stege 11, 12, 13 auf jeder Führungsvorrichtung 1. Die acht Stege 11, die den Durchlaufspalt der Entladevorrichtung überbrücken, weisen im Randbereich 14, 14' einen größeren Winkel α1 zur Transportrichtung 10 auf als die Winkel α2, α3 der acht Stege 12, 13 im Mittelbereich 15 der Führungsvorrichtung 1. Innerhalb des Mittelbereichs 15 nimmt der Winkel α2, α3 der Stege 12, 13 zur Transportrichtung 10 zur Mitte hin weiter ab.In the exemplary embodiment of the device according to the invention shown here, there are 16
In der hier dargestellten Ausführungsform nehmen die Stege 11 in den Randbereichen 14, 14' für den Winkel α1 zwischen den Stegen 11 und der Transportrichtung 10 einen Wert von 45° an. Im Mittelbereich nehmen die Stege 12, 13 für den Winkel α2, α3 zwischen den Stegen 12, 13 und der Transportrichtung 10 immer in Zweierpaaren von außen nach innen die Werte von 30° und 15° an. Für einen auf diesem Fachgebiet tätigen Fachmann ist es selbstverständlich, dass die erfinderische Vorrichtung auch mit einer von 16 verschiedenen Anzahl von Stegen ausgestattet sein kann und die Winkelwerte der Winkel α1, α2, α3 von den in dieser Ausführungsform im Rahmen der Ansprüche variieren können.In the embodiment shown here, the
In
Um die Führungseigenschaften der Führungsvorrichtung 1 weiter zu verbessern und Beschädigungen an dem Druckträger 7 zu reduzieren, sind die Stege 11, 12, 13 auf der dem Druckträger 7 zugewandten Seite abgerundet oder mit einer Fase 11a (siehe
In
In
Im Mittelbereich 15, wo die Zungen 18, 18' nicht einragen (siehe
Außerhalb des Druckträgers ist dieser große Ionen-Strom nicht erwünscht, da es durch die damit verbundene erhebliche Ionisation der Luft zu Funkenüberschlägen zwischen den Corona-Drähten 5, 5' kommen kann. Dies wird durch die Zungen 18, 18' vermieden, die den Ionen-Strom auf der direkten Verbindungslinie 21 zwischen den Corona-Drähten 5, 5' unterdrücken und dadurch die Ionisation der Luft im Durchgangsspalt 9 erheblich reduzieren.Outside the print carrier, this large ion current is undesirable, since sparking between the
Die oben beschriebene Wirkung der Reduzierung des Ionenstroms außerhalb der Druckträger 7 wird ebenfalls bei einer nur einteiligen Ausführung der Vorrichtung 2, 3 erreicht, bei der gegenüber der Entladevorrichtung 2, 3 eine Gegenelektrode 6 angebracht wird (siehe
Die beschriebene Führungsvorrichtung wird im Spritzguss aus Kunststoff hergestellt. Es ist zu bemerken, dass es sich bei der Führungsvorrichtung 1 einer ersten Entladevorrichtung 2 und der Führungsvorrichtung 1 einer zweiten Entladevorrichtung 3 um eine baugleiche Vorrichtung handelt, wodurch ein erheblicher Herstellungsaufwand vermieden werden kann.The guide device described is produced by injection molding of plastic. It is to be noted that the guide device 1 of a
BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
- 11
- Führungsvorrichtungguiding device
- 2, 32, 3
- Corona-EntladevorrichtungCorona discharge
- 44
- HochspannungsquelleHigh voltage source
- 5, 5'5, 5 '
- Corona-DrahtCorona wire
- 66
- Gegenelektrodecounter electrode
- 77
- Druckträgerprint carrier
- 8, 8'8, 8 '
- Gehäusecasing
- 99
- DurchlaufspaltPassage gap
- 1111
- Steg im RandbereichFootbridge in the edge area
- 1212
- Steg im MittelbereichFootbridge in the middle area
- 1313
- Steg im MittelbereichFootbridge in the middle area
- 1414
- Randbereichborder area
- 1515
- Mittelbereichthe central region
- 1616
- Einlaufschrägerun-in slope
- 1717
- Auslaufschrägerunout bevel
- 18, 18'18, 18 '
- Zungetongue
- 18 a18 a
- Fasechamfer
- 1919
- Nasenose
- 2020
- Feldlinie / IonenpfadField line / ion path
- 2121
- Feldlinie / unterdrückter IonenpfadField line / suppressed ion path
- LL
- Länge des DurchlaufspaltsLength of the passage gap
- BB
- Breite des DurchlaufspaltsWidth of the passage gap
- HH
- Höhe des DurchlaufspaltsHeight of the passage gap
- α1 α 1
- Winkel zwischen Steg und Transportrichtung im RandbereichAngle between web and transport direction in the edge area
- α2, α3 α 2 , α 3
- Winkel zwischen Steg und Transportrichtung im MittelbereichAngle between web and transport direction in the middle area
- β1 β 1
- Winkel zwischen Einlaufschräge und TransportrichtungAngle between inlet slope and transport direction
- β2 β 2
- Winkel zwischen Auslaufschräge und TransportrichtungAngle between outlet slope and transport direction
Claims (13)
- Device (2, 3) for discharging or charging print carriers (7) in printing and copying machines, respectively, said device (2, 3) comprising at least one corona wire (5, 5') as well as a guide device (1) for print carriers (7), said device having strips (11,12,13) that bridge the interior space of the discharging and charging device (2,3), respectlively, in transport direction,
characterized in that
the device (2, 3) is designed in two parts on both sides of the transport path of a print carrier (7), said device comprising at least a first corona wire (5) and a guide device (1) one a first side and at least a second corona wire (5) on a second side of the transport path, that the guide device (1) comprises narrow tabs 18, 18) underneath the strips (11, 12,13) on the side facing the at least first corona wire (5, 5), said tabs extending into the edge areas (14, 14) of the device (1) parallel to the first corona wire (5, 5') in such a manner that they are located on the imaginary connecting line (71) between the first corona wire (5) and the second corona wire (5). - Device as in Claim 1,
characterized in that
the guide device (1) extends across the entire width (B) of the passage gap (9) through the discharge and charge device (2,3), respectively. - Device as in one of Claims 1 or 2,
characterized in that
the guide device (1) consists of an electrically non-conductive material. - Device as in one of Claims 1 through 3,
characterized in that
the strips (11) of the guide device (1) are at a distance from each other in the edge area a (14, 14') of the passage gap (9), said distance being smaller than the distance which the strips (12,13) have from each other in the central area, (15) of the passage gap (9). - Device as in one of Claims 1 through 4,
characterized in that
the strips (11,12,13) along the width (B) of the passage gap (9) are at an angle of essentially 15 to 45° with respect to the transport direction (10) of the print carrier (7), said angle increasing in outward direction, - Device as in one of Claims 1 through 5,
characterized in that
the strips (11) of the guide device (1) in the edge area (14, 14) of the passage gap (9) are at an angle of essentially 45° with respect to the transport direction (10) of the print carrier (7). - Device as in one of Claims 1 through 6,
characterized in that
the strips (13) in the central area (15) of the passage gap (9) are at an angle of essentially 15° with respect to the transport direction (10) of the print carrier. - Device as in one of Claims 1 through 7,
characterized in that
the strips (11, 12, 13) are rounded or chamfered on the side facing the print carrier (7). - Device as in one of Claims 1 through 8,
characterized in that
the guide device (1) comprises inclined input regions (16) and inclined output regions (17), respectively, that subtend an angle (β1, β2) with the transport direction (10) in such a manner that the leading edges of incoming print carriers (7) are guided into the passage gap (9). - Device as in one of Claims 1 thorough 9.
characterized in that
the distance of the ends of the tabs (18, 18) with inspect to each other is adapted to the format of the smallest print carrier (7) to be pressed in such a manner that, when the smallest print carrier (7) is processed and moving through the center of the guide device (1), at least the ends of both tabs (18, 18) are covered, - Device as in one of Claims 1 through 10,
characterized in that
each tab (18, 18) comprises an inclined input region (18a). - Device as in one of Claims 1 through 11.
characterized in that,
on the side facing away from the print carrier (7), the guide device (1) has projections (19) which can be used for fastening said guide device to the discharge device (2, 3). - Guide device (1) for use in a device (2, 3) for discharging or charging print carriers (7) in printing andcopying machines, respectively, said guide device (1) comprising at least one corona wire (5, 5'),
characterized in that
the guide device (1) is a guide device (1) as in one of Claims 1 through 12.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10121289A DE10121289A1 (en) | 2001-05-02 | 2001-05-02 | Device for guiding print media through an unloading device |
DE10121289 | 2001-05-02 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1255171A2 EP1255171A2 (en) | 2002-11-06 |
EP1255171A3 EP1255171A3 (en) | 2006-03-08 |
EP1255171B1 true EP1255171B1 (en) | 2009-08-05 |
Family
ID=7683346
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02008220A Expired - Lifetime EP1255171B1 (en) | 2001-05-02 | 2002-04-18 | Charging and discharging device for print media in printers or copiers |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6668154B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1255171B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE438888T1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE10121289A1 (en) |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6965749B2 (en) * | 2004-02-02 | 2005-11-15 | Lite-On Technology Corporation | Image inputting device with electrostatic generating device |
JP5414414B2 (en) * | 2009-08-05 | 2014-02-12 | キヤノン株式会社 | Image forming apparatus |
US8727488B2 (en) * | 2010-03-04 | 2014-05-20 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Apparatus for capturing aerosols |
JP6271947B2 (en) * | 2013-10-29 | 2018-01-31 | キヤノン株式会社 | Power supply apparatus, image forming apparatus, and method of manufacturing power supply apparatus |
Family Cites Families (24)
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BE545664A (en) * | 1955-03-03 | |||
US3620617A (en) * | 1969-11-24 | 1971-11-16 | Ibm | Electrophotographic apparatus with improved toner transfer |
US3722992A (en) * | 1971-01-11 | 1973-03-27 | Pitney Bowes Inc | Apparatus for creating an electrostatic latent image by charge modulation |
US4130852A (en) * | 1977-07-29 | 1978-12-19 | Eastman Kodak Company | Grounded grid static discharge apparatus |
JPS58207065A (en) * | 1982-05-27 | 1983-12-02 | Canon Inc | Transferring device |
JPS5952268A (en) * | 1982-09-20 | 1984-03-26 | Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd | Transfer paper separating method |
JPS6026062U (en) * | 1983-07-28 | 1985-02-22 | 株式会社リコー | Image forming device |
JPS6250781A (en) * | 1985-08-29 | 1987-03-05 | Sharp Corp | Transferring and peeling device |
US4801975A (en) * | 1986-04-18 | 1989-01-31 | Mita Industrial Co. Ltd. | Eraser lamp and transparent guide plate in electrostatic image transfer |
JP2536550B2 (en) | 1987-10-16 | 1996-09-18 | ミノルタ株式会社 | Static eliminator of electrostatic copier |
JPH0617127Y2 (en) * | 1987-11-25 | 1994-05-02 | 三田工業株式会社 | Corona discharger |
JPH0252380A (en) * | 1988-08-17 | 1990-02-21 | Canon Inc | Transfer separating electrostatic charger for image forming device |
US5130752A (en) * | 1989-05-24 | 1992-07-14 | Mita Industrial Co., Ltd. | Transfer device with a ribbed guiding member |
US5132199A (en) | 1989-07-31 | 1992-07-21 | Mita Industrial Co., Ltd. | Electrophotographic image-forming method |
DE69111940T2 (en) * | 1990-08-31 | 1996-04-18 | Sharp Kk | Separator for recording paper. |
JPH04186258A (en) * | 1990-11-20 | 1992-07-03 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Scorotron charging device |
DE4305686C2 (en) | 1992-02-24 | 1999-07-15 | Fujitsu Ltd | Toner image transfer device including a transfer charger and an AC charge eraser |
JPH0611979A (en) * | 1992-06-29 | 1994-01-21 | Fujitsu Ltd | Transcribing unit |
US5552873A (en) * | 1993-02-09 | 1996-09-03 | Fujitsu Limited | Electrophotographic image forming apparatus having a pre-transfer pressing roller |
JP3221255B2 (en) * | 1994-10-19 | 2001-10-22 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | Image forming device |
JP3187677B2 (en) * | 1995-03-03 | 2001-07-11 | 京セラミタ株式会社 | Transfer separation unit structure of image forming apparatus |
JPH08262837A (en) * | 1995-03-22 | 1996-10-11 | Mita Ind Co Ltd | Corona discharger for image forming device |
US5596783A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-01-28 | Electrostatics, Inc. | Sheet and web cleaner with face plate on suction hood |
JP3671617B2 (en) * | 1997-09-01 | 2005-07-13 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | Image forming apparatus |
-
2001
- 2001-05-02 DE DE10121289A patent/DE10121289A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-04-18 DE DE50213734T patent/DE50213734D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-04-18 AT AT02008220T patent/ATE438888T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-04-18 EP EP02008220A patent/EP1255171B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-04-19 US US10/126,490 patent/US6668154B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
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DE10121289A1 (en) | 2002-11-07 |
US20020186990A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
EP1255171A2 (en) | 2002-11-06 |
DE50213734D1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
US6668154B2 (en) | 2003-12-23 |
ATE438888T1 (en) | 2009-08-15 |
EP1255171A3 (en) | 2006-03-08 |
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