EP1245385B1 - Wet-offset printing form with photo-thermally convertible material, process and apparatus for creating and/or erasing the image of the wet-offset printing form - Google Patents

Wet-offset printing form with photo-thermally convertible material, process and apparatus for creating and/or erasing the image of the wet-offset printing form Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1245385B1
EP1245385B1 EP02405245A EP02405245A EP1245385B1 EP 1245385 B1 EP1245385 B1 EP 1245385B1 EP 02405245 A EP02405245 A EP 02405245A EP 02405245 A EP02405245 A EP 02405245A EP 1245385 B1 EP1245385 B1 EP 1245385B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
printing form
layer
printing
wet offset
offset printing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP02405245A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1245385A2 (en
EP1245385A3 (en
Inventor
Matthias Riepenhoff
Olivier Stehlin
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Wifag Maschinenfabrik AG
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Wifag Maschinenfabrik AG
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Publication of EP1245385A3 publication Critical patent/EP1245385A3/en
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41CPROCESSES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR REPRODUCTION OF PRINTING SURFACES
    • B41C1/00Forme preparation
    • B41C1/10Forme preparation for lithographic printing; Master sheets for transferring a lithographic image to the forme
    • B41C1/1041Forme preparation for lithographic printing; Master sheets for transferring a lithographic image to the forme by modification of the lithographic properties without removal or addition of material, e.g. by the mere generation of a lithographic pattern
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41NPRINTING PLATES OR FOILS; MATERIALS FOR SURFACES USED IN PRINTING MACHINES FOR PRINTING, INKING, DAMPING, OR THE LIKE; PREPARING SUCH SURFACES FOR USE AND CONSERVING THEM
    • B41N3/00Preparing for use and conserving printing surfaces
    • B41N3/006Cleaning, washing, rinsing or reclaiming of printing formes other than intaglio formes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO PRINTING, LINING MACHINES, TYPEWRITERS, AND TO STAMPS
    • B41P2227/00Mounting or handling printing plates; Forming printing surfaces in situ
    • B41P2227/70Forming the printing surface directly on the form cylinder

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a wet offset printing form having a surface which can be imaged or imaged with a printed image, wherein this surface is formed by a material which contains a photocatalytically and thermally variable material as a proportion in a uniform distribution or consists solely of such a material.
  • a photocatalytically and thermally changeable material is understood as meaning a material which, by irradiation with light, is photocatalytically displaceable into a hydrophilic state and thermally, namely by heating, into a lipophilic state.
  • the invention further relates to a method of producing the printed image, i.
  • the invention relates to a method and apparatus for imaging and erasing a printing form, for example for a multiple Imaging of the same printing form with different print images.
  • the printing form, the method and the device are preferably used in wet offset web-fed rotary printing, in particular in newspaper printing.
  • an imaging is understood to mean a process in which the printing form is acted upon at the locations which form the pixels, so that a latent image is produced on the printing form.
  • a deletion is understood to mean a process in which the printing form is preferably treated in a manner not dependent on the image but on the entire surface in such a way that the image information applied during the imaging, ie the printed image is eliminated.
  • the action in the imaging is preferably a image-wise heating, but in principle can also be a picture-wise irradiation with UV light.
  • Newspapers are mainly produced in wet offset.
  • Printing machines typically include printing units with blanket cylinders, plate cylinders, inking units and dampening units.
  • a printing form stretched onto a printing form cylinder usually has a surface in the form of a top layer which, in the illustrated state, has hydrophilic (water-friendly) and lipophilic (water-repellent) regions.
  • the printing form is formed by a printing plate, which is mounted on a plate cylinder designed as a plate cylinder.
  • the printing form has imagewise applied lipophilic areas.
  • the non-image sites are hydrophilic and bind water more strongly than paint.
  • the lipophilic areas repel water and therefore have a color-friendly effect.
  • any surface can be used for the offset process, which can be divided into hydrophilic and lipophilic areas.
  • printing plates For the production of printing plates a variety of methods and devices using appropriate printing forms are known. For example, it is possible to imagewise irradiate a printing plate with a laser and then develop it chemically. Furthermore, printing forms can be produced by laser ablation. In this case, either lipophilic areas under a hydrophilic layer or hydrophilic areas under a lipophilic layer are exposed.
  • the relevant for the imaging exposure process can either be done in a separate system or within the printing press, as the invention prefers this.
  • the outer drum principle is known. In most cases, so-called process-free printing plates are used, which do not require any chemical development.
  • Printing forms used today are used only once. For economic and ecological reasons, however, it is desirable to be able to use the same printing form multiple times.
  • EP 0 911 154 A1 describes the imaging by imagewise heating and erasure by UV irradiation. Further details are described in EP 1 020 304 A2.
  • a lithographic printing element which is made of a ceramic consisting of a zirconium alloy and an alpha-aluminum.
  • the zirconium alloy When the zirconium alloy is converted from a stoichiometric composition to a substoichiometric composition, the ceramic changes its property from hydrophilic to lipophilic.
  • the transition from a stoichiometric to a substoichiometric composition is achieved by reduction while the transition from the substoichiometric composition to the stoichiometric composition is achieved by oxidation.
  • the oxidation can be achieved by thermally assisted oxidation or laser assisted oxidation.
  • the oxidation converts the ceramic into a hydrophilic state.
  • the reduction leading to a lipophilic state of the ceramic is described as a laser assisted reduction by exposure to 1064 mm radiation.
  • EP 1 020 304 A2 discloses an offset printing method and a corresponding printing apparatus.
  • the printing plate becomes hydrophilic at a first temperature and hydrophobic at the second temperature.
  • a printing press and an image forming method for a printing press are known.
  • the wet offset printing is described.
  • a drying unit that uses hot air or UV radiation vaporizes a solvent.
  • a device for wetting a polymer coating with a water solution is also provided.
  • the printing form does not need to be specially cleaned after use for the deletion of the printed image.
  • the imaging of a printing form and / or the deletion of a printed image of a printing form should or should be facilitated, preferably in a wet offset printing machine.
  • the invention is based on the idea of achieving the local wetting behavior, that is to say the hydrophilic or lipophilic behavior of a printing form, by virtue of the atoms or molecules of a photocatalytically and thermally alterable material forming the imageable or imaged surface of the printing form. from an excited state in which they normally reside, be transferred by the imaging in a low-energy state. On deletion, conversely, the atoms or molecules are transferred from the low energy to the excited state.
  • the printing form is thus before carrying out a Berithungsvorgangs or after performing a deletion process in a hydrophilic starting state, which is converted by a local, image-wise, preferably short-term, heating of the photocatalytically and thermally variable material in the imagewise lipophilic and hydrophilic state of use.
  • An advantage of this type of imaging is that the unimaged printing form can be easily handled in daylight.
  • the deletion of the printed image and not the imaging is done by the action of natural or artificial daylight or UV light, preferably on the entire surface of the printed image surface.
  • the loss of an image in the installed state of the printing form is unlikely, since in the printing machine no more natural light impinges on the printing form, which would cause a deletion to a relevant extent.
  • Yet another advantage is the self-cleaning property of the surface formed by the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material that is effective in erasing the image. Not only is the printing plate hydrophilic in its surface, but also organic residues are catalytically oxidized.
  • the printing forme By imaging the printing forme by imagewise local irradiation, preferably laser irradiation, not the entire printing form, but only a near-surface depth range of the printing forme is briefly locally heated.
  • the overall printing plate remains at ambient temperature, which generally corresponds to the usual room temperature.
  • a printing form according to the invention has absorption centers for radiation in an upper layer, on the surface of which the printed image is produced, in order to generate heat by absorption of this radiation in the upper layer.
  • the absorption centers will be formed by particles of a material (semiconductor material) which absorbs light, preferably infrared light (IR), which can extend into the visible range, ie, into the near infrared range (NIR).
  • IR infrared light
  • NIR near infrared range
  • the absorbent material is uniformly dispersed in fine particles in the photocatalytic and thermally changeable material.
  • the particles of the absorption material are preferably nanoparticles, ie particles whose maximum spatial extent is in the nanoscale.
  • the known photocatalytic materials are transparent. Transparency is the immediate consequence of the band structure of the material. In fact, a band gap of more than 3 eV is required to cause the excitation of the photocatalytic material to a state in which the bonding of OH groups to the surface of the material in question is possible. At this bandgap energy, i. Band-gap energy, however, an interaction with low-energy, long-wave photons is not possible. Therefore, the known photocatalytic semiconductors are transparent in the visible range.
  • the invention provides a photocatalytically and photothermally variable material by the fine distribution of the absorption centers in the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material.
  • Semiconductors are particularly preferred examples of materials for forming the absorption centers.
  • the upper layer which forms the surface to be imaged or already illustrated, thus comprises a photocatalytically interacting with light material and the absorption centers, which are finely distributed in the photocatalytically interactive material, hereinafter also referred to simply as a photocatalytic material.
  • the photocatalytic material interacts with light whose wavelength is less than the wavelength or the wavelength range of the radiation absorbed by the absorption centers and converted into heat. Due to its bandgap energy of at least 3 eV, the photocatalytic material interacts only with light whose wavelength is less than 400 nm. The material forming the absorption centers interacts accordingly
  • Radiation whose wavelength is 400 nm or larger, preferably, it absorbs light from the IR wavelength range.
  • the invention provides a new material which has both photocatalytic and absorbing properties.
  • One advantage is that the coating of a support material can be simplified, since both interactions, namely the photocatalysis and the absorption, take place in a single layer and therefore an absorption layer serving exclusively for absorption can be saved.
  • the thickness of the photocatalytic and photothermally variable material layer is less critical. While in a multilayer system, the thickness of the photothermally variable top layer has a great influence on the heating, more uniform heating can be achieved within a single layer, as long as the absorption centers are homogeneously distributed in this layer. Furthermore, the heat-generating absorption centers are closer to the imageable or already imaged surface, so that sharper temperature gradients in the surface are possible.
  • the producibility of particularly sharp temperature gradients on the surface is advantageous, in particular, for the preferred imaging by imagewise heating since the sharpness of the printed image is improved.
  • the printing form according to the invention is in principle also advantageous for an imaging process in which the imaging is brought about by imagewise hydrophilization of the surface and erasure by full-surface hydrophobization.
  • Eme likewise inventive printing form has below one of the top layer according to claim 1 on the surface of the printed image is generated, an absorption layer.
  • the absorption layer is locally heated by short-term, local irradiation, ie it is heated according to image with locally warm and cold places.
  • the absorption layer should be uniformly thin in order to release the heat primarily normal to the absorption layer to the preferably immediately above upper layer with the photocatalytically and thermally variable material and a heat balance within the absorption layer in the tangential direction between the image locally warm and to prevent cold spots of the absorption layer.
  • the locally imagewise generated heat in the absorption layer is transferred by heat conduction from the absorption layer into the upper layer, so that the lipophilic areas of the printed image are formed on the surface of the upper layer.
  • the two layers are thermally conductively connected to each other over the entire surface.
  • the absorption layer preferably directly adjoins the upper layer.
  • Each of the two layers interacts with radiation from a certain wavelength range, wherein the upper layer with radiation, which is particularly strongly absorbed by the absorption layer, little or no interaction, that is permeable to this radiation.
  • the top layer interacts photocatalytically with light from the UV region, while the absorption layer is heated by interaction with radiation from another wavelength range, preferably from the IR region, which is transmitted by the top layer.
  • the upper layer is likewise heated in accordance with the image by heat conduction from the imagewise heated absorption layer and forms the lipophilic image areas on its surface due to this heating.
  • a thermal insulation layer is preferably provided between the absorption layer and a printing form support in order to minimize heat losses to the support. If an absorption layer is not present, a thermal insulation layer may nevertheless be formed between the upper layer and the support.
  • absorption centers in the top layer can be dispensed with (not claimed).
  • the absorption layer and the absorption centers in the upper layer may also be advantageously formed in combination.
  • the formation of a printing form according to the invention by means of the absorption layer is also advantageous for an imaging process in which the imaging is effected by irradiation with UV light and the deletion by heating.
  • the diffusion barrier can be formed, for example, by an SiO 2 quartz layer.
  • a layer acting as a diffusion barrier should be at most 1 ⁇ m thick, preferably such a layer has a uniform thickness of 100 nm less.
  • a gradual diffusion of, for example, Fe and / or Al atoms into the upper layer could interfere with the semiconductor effect used according to the invention, since the electronic band structure of the upper layer could be adversely affected by such diffusion effects during the course of the operation of the printing plate.
  • the diffusion barrier can simultaneously be formed as a thermal insulation layer.
  • a diffusion barrier may be formed by a layer provided for this purpose, which may in principle be arranged between each of the layers of a printing form according to the invention.
  • a layer provided specifically as a diffusion barrier is formed between the support and the absorption layer if an absorption layer is provided. If a thermal insulation layer is present, the diffusion barrier may be provided between the support and the insulation layer or between the insulation layer and the optional absorption layer.
  • such a layer acting as a diffusion barrier can be arranged directly below the upper layer. In this case, foreign atoms, which may possibly originate not only from one carrier but also from another functional layer, can be most reliably prevented from diffusing into the upper layer.
  • the erasing process of the printing form takes place by irradiation of the surface with UV light. According to the invention, it is ensured during the deletion process that care is taken at the surface of the printing forme to be activated for a high humidity which supports the extinguishing process. If there is no moisture at the activated surface, recombination of the electron-hole pairs produced by UV irradiation occurs so that a permanent hydrophilization of the surface is not achieved.
  • water is preferably supplied to the surface during the process by setting a high air humidity on the surface.
  • the increase in humidity relative to the environment can be particularly due to the Supply of water vapor can be effected or by means of the dampening unit of a printing press, which is assigned in this case a device for misting of water.
  • the moisture at and near the surface is preferably such that the air adjacent thereto is saturated with moisture.
  • high humidity is generally undesirable in the printing unit. For example, it can lead to the formation of condensation, which drips on the cylinder and causes disturbances in the printed image. Also, the offset process can be adversely affected in the course of a production, if due to a moisture-saturated ambient air evaporation of surface water is difficult, which is on the printing plate surface or passes when splitting a color film to the surface of the ink.
  • a moisturizing and preferably also a temperature maintenance i. an air conditioning of the printing unit made such that during the hydrophilization by UV radiation, a high humidity of more than 60%, more preferably more than 80%, and for the hydrophobization of the surface a significantly lower humidity is set. Furthermore, a significantly lower humidity is also set during the printing process and preferably during all times outside the hydrophilization by the humid, preferably air conditioning.
  • An encapsulation of the printing unit simplifies the setting and attitude of the desired values of the moisture and preferably also the temperature in the printing unit and in particular on the printing plate.
  • the humidity or the climate can be monitored by the arrangement of humidity sensors and preferably also by temperature sensors.
  • FIG. 1a shows a hydrophilic surface 130 of a wet offset printing form 31, which is also referred to below as a UV-hydrophilic surface, due to irradiation with light from the UV region.
  • the surface 130 is formed by a top layer 11 of the printing form 31, which contains a photocatalytically and thermally changeable material or consists entirely of such a material.
  • the normally existing excited state results, for example, from the irradiation with natural or artificial daylight.
  • the layer 11 is irradiated by a light source that emits UV light at least as part of its spectrum, preferably a daylight source and / or a UV light source 12, there is an irradiation of the layer 11 with high-energy photons 17, so that in near the surface 130 of the layer 11, electrons from the valence band of the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material are excited into the conduction band.
  • the missing electrons in the valence band leave positive holes h +.
  • the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material can react with water molecules 14, such that a hydroxyl radical OH is formed which adheres to the atoms or molecules of the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material binds.
  • a hydroxyl radical OH is formed which adheres to the atoms or molecules of the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material binds.
  • the hydrophilic character of the surface 130 increases.
  • water molecules 14 can bind via hydrogen bonds to the OH groups, which in turn are bound to the positive holes h + of the upper layer 11.
  • FIG. 1 b illustrates the wetting of the UV-hydrophilic surface 130 of the layer 11 with a water droplet 140.
  • the acute contact angle formed by the edge of the water droplet 140 with the surface 130 is a measure of the hydrophilicity of the surface 130.
  • a preferred photocatalytically and thermally alterable material for the topsheet 11 of the printing form 31 is titanium oxide TiO 2 in the anatase crystal structure.
  • the excitation energy from the valence band into the conduction band is about 3.2 eV, which corresponds to a wavelength of 387 nm.
  • the action of ultraviolet light whose wavelength is not greater than 387 nm excitation of valence electrons of TiO 2 occurs in the conduction band of the semiconductor.
  • a positive hole h + arises in the valence band.
  • a fall back of the excited electron on the positive hole h + is prevented when previously chemical bonding of another substance to the activated semiconductor surface occurs.
  • titanium oxide and certain other semiconductors for example, this is possible when water is present.
  • the hydrophilic state may persist even when no UV light is applied to the photothermally variable material.
  • the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material in the context of the invention should have a valence band energy and a conduction band energy, measured in each case on the two mutually facing edges of the energy bands, which are suitable for the reduction and oxidation of water.
  • the conduction band energy should therefore be at least as negative as that required to reduce water.
  • Energy (0.0V in acidic solution) and the valence band energy should be at least as positive as the energy required to oxidize water (+1.23V).
  • a surface-forming topsheet formed of, or at least in large part, the photothermally-variable material has band-gap energy, preferably at least 3.2 eV. Band-gap energy is the energy required to excite electrons from the valence band into the conduction band.
  • the positive holes of the valence band formed by the excitation have in this case an advantageously great potential for forming highly reactive OH radicals in conjunction with water.
  • Particularly preferred materials are the aforementioned anatase TiO 2 and other materials of suitable electronic structure to bond to the material surface by excitation with UV light in the manner described. Examples of such materials which are likewise suitable are zinc oxide, ZrO 2 , SrTiO 3 , KTaO 3 or KTa 0.77 Nb 0.23 O 3 , which, like TiO 2, the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material, either alone or in a material combination of at least two of the form materials including TiO 2 .
  • the printing form 31 preferably has at least 40% by weight of the photocatalytically and thermally variable material in the depth range relevant for the UV-hydrophilic surface, measured on the total weight of the material of the printing plate forming this region.
  • the photocatalytically and catalytically and thermally changeable material is formed by a combination of materials, a combination of TiO 2 and SiO 2 is a particularly preferred material.
  • SiO 2 can also advantageously form a material in combination with another or several of the materials mentioned contains the photocatalytically and thermally variable material.
  • hydrophilicity of anatase titanium oxide as an effect of a photocatalytic reaction is known and used, for example, in self-cleaning surfaces on buildings and anti-fog glasses, for example in the automotive sector.
  • titanium oxide layers Another advantageous property of titanium oxide layers is to have a self-cleaning effect, since organic particles on the surface are photocatalytically decomposed over time. This also applies to the other materials mentioned.
  • the printing form can be natural or artificial daylight be deleted.
  • the deletion can be supported by an additional UV source.
  • a UV emitter used for erasure alone or in combination with daylight should have a spectrum with a sufficient amount of UV light having a wavelength of 387 nm and smaller.
  • the peak of the emitted spectrum is at a wavelength of 387 nm, corresponding to a band-gap energy of 3.2 eV, or a shorter wavelength.
  • the spectral distribution of the radiation is preferably predominantly below 387 nm.
  • a UV laser or UV laser system can be used as the UV radiator. On a focusing optics for the laser or is preferably omitted.
  • the UV-hydrophilic surface is made locally friendly by irradiation with (IR) infrared laser light.
  • the printing form is not heated significantly overall. It remains at the temperature normally prevailing in a printing machine in the range of 10 ° C to 40 ° C.
  • Figure 1c illustrates the elimination of the hydrophilicity of the UV-hydrophilic surface 130.
  • the exposure or imaging is effected by irradiation with laser light 18.
  • the wavelength of the laser light 18 may be in the visible range up to the near infrared (NIR), ie between about 400 and 3000 nm.
  • NIR near infrared
  • laser light from the range of 700 nm to 3000 nm and particularly preferably from the range of 800 nm to 1100 nm is used for imaging. Due to the local action of the laser light 18, a lipophilic surface area 131 corresponding to the laser spot on the surface is produced on the surface 130.
  • Figure 1d illustrates the wetting of the layer 11 by water in the unirradiated surface area 130 and the irradiated surface area 131.
  • the water wetting is low.
  • the contact angle between the surface area 131 and the water drop 141 formed in the surface area 131 is large, and the layer 11 is lipophilic in this surface area 131.
  • Figures 2a to 2d show advantageous embodiments of a layered printing plate 31, which is preferably designed as a printing plate and can be clamped onto a printing form cylinder or is already clamped.
  • the printing form 31 of FIG. 2a has a two-layer structure with a carrier layer 21 and a single upper layer 24 applied directly to the carrier layer 21, on whose free surface the printed image is produced or is already present in the case of an imaged printing plate 31.
  • the layer 24 contains a photocatalytically and thermally alterable material 24a in a sufficiently large proportion to allow pixel-wise fine imaging. It should be the case, however, not claimed, that the layer 24 consists solely of a photocatalytically and thermally changeable material 24a.
  • the carrier layer 21 is formed as in the other embodiments of a flexible steel plate or aluminum plate and hereinafter also referred to simply as a carrier.
  • the topsheet 24 in the exemplary embodiment is a dispersion of the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material 24a and absorbent particles dispersed in the material 24a in a fine, uniform distribution.
  • the absorption particles are nanoparticles of a semiconductor material which absorbs radiation from the IR wavelength range, converts it into heat and delivers it to the surrounding, photocatalytically and thermally changeable material 24a.
  • the absorption particles form the absorption centers 24b for the heating radiation. Also, particles of multiple semiconductor materials can form the absorption centers 24b.
  • an underlayer immediately adjacent to the upper layer may be designed to absorb heat.
  • materials are suitable which allow a high heat conduction and have a high heat capacity. Since a printing plate support should have a high mechanical strength to allow permanent installation within the printing press, such a support may for example consist of steel or aluminum.
  • an insulating layer can be provided between the upper layer and the carrier, which reduces the heat conduction to the carrier.
  • the material of the insulating layer should naturally have a low thermal conductivity.
  • FIG. 2b shows an embodiment in which first an absorption layer 23 and then the upper layer 24 are applied to the carrier 21.
  • heat is generated locally as a result of the irradiation during the imaging in the absorption layer.
  • the heat generated in the absorption layer 23 is transferred via the contact surface into the top layer 24, which contains the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material 24a, and reaches the surface of the top layer 24.
  • a layer thickness of the absorption layer 23 of 1 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m is advantageous.
  • the upper layer 24, when forming a particular absorption layer 23, has a uniform thickness of preferably 0.05 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 0.05 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
  • the upper layer 24 advantageously has a layer thickness of 1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, particularly advantageously between 1 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 2c shows a third preferred embodiment.
  • a thermally insulating intermediate layer 22 on which the upper layer 24 with the photocatalytically and thermally active material 24a is directly arranged.
  • the thickness of the intermediate layer 22 is preferably between 1 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m.
  • absorption centers 24b are uniformly distributed again as in the first embodiment.
  • the upper layer 24 preferably has a thickness of 1 .mu.m to 30 .mu.m, more preferably a thickness of 1 .mu.m to 10 .mu.m.
  • FIG. 2d shows a fourth exemplary embodiment.
  • a thermally insulating intermediate layer 22 whose thickness is preferably between 1 .mu.m and 30 .mu.m.
  • an absorption layer 23 is provided, whose layer thickness is preferably between 1 .mu.m and 5 .mu.m.
  • an upper layer 24 is arranged, which contains the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material 24a or consists exclusively of such material and preferably has a thickness of 0.05 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m, more preferably from 0.05 .mu.m to 2 .mu.m ,
  • topsheets 24 of the embodiments of FIGS. 2b and 2d also have dispersed absorption centers according to the claims, although the incorporation of absorption centers into which the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material could be dispensed with is also not required because of the absorption layer 23.
  • a top layer 24 having dispersed absorption centers 24b is formed.
  • the sol-gel method and the CVD method are suitable.
  • the layer or layers may be applied directly over one another, i. without mediating layers such as adhesive layers.
  • Figure 3 shows a printing unit with a printing form cylinder 32, an associated blanket cylinder 38 and a counter-pressure cylinder 39 which forms a printing gap for a web to be printed 37 with the blanket cylinder 38.
  • On the printing form cylinder 32 two printing plates 31 are fixed in a known manner. However, each of the two printing plates 31 is formed by a printing plate according to the invention, for example according to one of the embodiments of FIGS. 2a to 2d.
  • an imaging device 33, two erasing devices 34, inking rollers 35 and a dampening roller 36 are arranged in the printing press.
  • a dampening solution film preferably a water film
  • the counter-pressure cylinder 39 may itself be a blanket cylinder of another printing unit for double-sided printing, a steel cylinder for only a single printing point or a steel cylinder of a satellite printing unit, for example a 9 or 10-cylinder printing unit.
  • the imaging device 33 faces directly to the surface of the printing forme 31 to be imaged and is arranged parallel to the axis of rotation of the printing forme cylinder 32.
  • the imaging unit 33 has a plurality of lasers arranged next to one another along the axis of rotation of the printing form cylinder 32. The laser spots of these lasers are focused on the surface of the printing plate 31.
  • the lasers of the imaging device 33 are preferably combined to form one or more laser arrays arranged next to one another.
  • the two extinguishing devices 34 each have at least one daylight emitter and / or at least one UV emitter.
  • the erasing devices 34 are arranged spaced apart from each other over the circumference of the printing forme cylinder 32, each being arranged parallel to the axis of rotation of the printing forme cylinder 32. Basically, a single one of the erasers 34 would be sufficient to erase the imaged surfaces of the printing plates 31 by the photothermally variable material forming the respective surfaces with respect to the respective printed image in the hydrophilic normal state by full-area irradiation with light from the UV range becomes.
  • the erasers 34 are turned off.
  • no rollers or cylinders are in contact with the printing form cylinder 32, in particular the printing plates 31, in order to allow the printing plate cylinder 32 to rotate as smoothly as possible.
  • the erasers 34 are turned on.
  • the surfaces of the printing plates 31 are wetted with water; around the UV-excited, previously rendered lipophilic surface areas permanently hydrophilic by binding of OH groups.
  • the dampening unit of the printing unit or a steam generator can be used.
  • the printing unit which comprises the printing form cylinder 32 and the blanket cylinder 38, is encapsulated with respect to the environment and conditioned to optimally adapt the humidity and also the temperature to the respective operating state within the encapsulation 40.
  • a uniformly high air humidity of at least 60% should prevail within the encapsulation 40 during the deletion process, preferably at least 80%, while for the imaging and the ongoing print production the humidity should be significantly lower.
  • the encapsulation 40 preferably encloses, as in the exemplary embodiment, the counter-pressure cylinder 39. If the printing unit comprises further cylinders, the further cylinders belonging to the printing unit are preferably also enclosed by the encapsulation 40.
  • the encapsulation 40 preferably encloses in each case the two mutually set blanket cylinders and their associated printing form cylinders. Encapsulants 40 in the case of printing units thus formed can also be used for the usual H or N bridges, i. for each four blanket cylinder and the plate cylinder, are formed. In satellite printing units with nine- or ten-cylinder units, these units are preferably enclosed in each case by a separate encapsulation 40.
  • the a predetermined humidity for adjusting and attitude F to and a predetermined temperature T set air conditioner used comprises on the encapsulation 40 and the means for the supply of water, in the embodiment, the dampener roller 36, a humidity and temperature controller 43 and at least one within the Encapsulation 40 arranged humidity sensor 41 and at least one within the Encapsulation 40 temperature sensor arranged 42.
  • the sensors 41 and 42 take place within the encapsulation 40, the humidity and the temperature and pass both the humidity and the temperature of each is provided as a control variable F and T to the controller 43.
  • the controller 43 forms from the Difference of the recorded values of the humidity and temperature and the given values the respective difference F soll -F ist and T soll -T is and forms depending on the humidity difference and the temperature difference the humidity order size F and the temperature control variable T for those acting within the enclosure 40 Facilities for supplying water and influencing the temperature.
  • the imaging and erasing in the printing press is preferred, especially the imaging and deletion on the printing form cylinder on which the printing form is also fixed in the printed production or integrated on the cylinder.
  • the imaging and deletion can also be made outside the printing press.
  • the implementation of one of the processes in the printing press and implementation of the other of the processes outside the printing press should not be excluded.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)
  • Manufacture Or Reproduction Of Printing Formes (AREA)
  • Materials For Photolithography (AREA)
  • Photosensitive Polymer And Photoresist Processing (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)
  • Rotary Presses (AREA)
  • Inking, Control Or Cleaning Of Printing Machines (AREA)
  • Thermal Transfer Or Thermal Recording In General (AREA)

Abstract

Wet offset printing plate comprises a top layer of a material that can be photocatalytically converted to a hydrophilic state by irradiation with light and converted to a hydrophobic state by heating, where the layer includes absorption centers for radiation, especially near infrared (NIR) laser radiation, such that the layer can be heated imagewise. Independent claims are also included for the following: (1) a process for writing such a plate, comprising imagewise heating of the plate; (2) a process for erasing such a plate, comprising irradiating the plate with UV light while supplying water; and (3) apparatus for repeatedly writing such a plate, comprising a writing device for imagewise heating, an erasing device comprising one or more daylight and/or UV light sources, and a humidifying chamber for generating and maintaining a predetermined air humidity on the plate.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Nassoffset-Druckform mit einer Oberfläche, die mit einem Druckbild bebilderbar oder bebildert ist, wobei diese Oberfläche von einem Werkstoff gebildet wird, der ein fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbares Material als Anteil in gleichmäßiger Verteilung enthält oder allein aus solch einem Material besteht. Unter einem fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Material wird im Sinne der Erfindung ein Material verstanden, das durch Bestrahlung mit Licht fotokatalytisch in einen hydrophilen Zustand und thermisch, nämlich durch Erwärmung, in einen lipophilen Zustand versetzbar ist. Die Erfindung betrifft ferner ein Verfahren zur Erzeugung des Druckbilds, d.h. zur Bebilderung, ein Verfahren zum Löschen eines Druckbilds, eine Vorrichtung zur Bebilderung und eine Vorrichtung zur Löschung eines Druckbilds einer Nassoffset-Druckform der genannten Art. Besonders bevorzugt betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Bebildern und Löschen einer Druckform, beispielsweise für ein mehrmaliges Bebildern der gleichen Druckform mit unterschiedlichen Druckbildern. Bevorzugt finden die Druckform, das Verfahren und die Vorrichtung Verwendung im Nassoffset-Rollenrotationsdruck, insbesondere im Zeitungsauflagendruck.The invention relates to a wet offset printing form having a surface which can be imaged or imaged with a printed image, wherein this surface is formed by a material which contains a photocatalytically and thermally variable material as a proportion in a uniform distribution or consists solely of such a material. In the context of the invention, a photocatalytically and thermally changeable material is understood as meaning a material which, by irradiation with light, is photocatalytically displaceable into a hydrophilic state and thermally, namely by heating, into a lipophilic state. The invention further relates to a method of producing the printed image, i. for imaging, a method for erasing a printed image, a device for imaging and a device for erasing a printed image of a wet offset printing form of the type mentioned. More preferably, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for imaging and erasing a printing form, for example for a multiple Imaging of the same printing form with different print images. The printing form, the method and the device are preferably used in wet offset web-fed rotary printing, in particular in newspaper printing.

Unter einer Bebilderung wird im Folgenden ein Vorgang verstanden, bei dem auf die Druckform an den Stellen eingewirkt wird, die die Bildpunkte bilden, so dass ein latentes Bild auf der Druckform erzeugt wird. Unter einer Löschung wird im Sinne der Erfindung ein Vorgang verstanden, bei dem die Druckform vorzugsweise nicht bildabhängig, sondern ganzflächig derart behandelt wird, dass die bei der Bebilderung aufgebrachte Bildinformation, d.h. das Druckbild, beseitigt wird. Die Einwirkung bei der Bebilderung ist vorzugsweise eine bildgemäße Erwärmung, kann grundsätzlich aber auch eine bildgemäße Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht sein.In the following, an imaging is understood to mean a process in which the printing form is acted upon at the locations which form the pixels, so that a latent image is produced on the printing form. For the purposes of the invention, a deletion is understood to mean a process in which the printing form is preferably treated in a manner not dependent on the image but on the entire surface in such a way that the image information applied during the imaging, ie the printed image is eliminated. The action in the imaging is preferably a image-wise heating, but in principle can also be a picture-wise irradiation with UV light.

Zeitungen werden überwiegend im Nassoffset produziert. Druckmaschinen, wie die Erfindung sie vorzugsweise betrifft, enthalten typischerweise Druckwerke mit Gummituchzylindern, Plattenzylindern, Farbwerken und Feuchtwerken. Eine auf einen Druckformzylinder gespannte Druckform weist eine Oberfläche zumeist in Form einer Oberschicht auf, die im bebilderten Zustand hydrophile (wasserfreundliche) und lipophile (wasserabstoßende) Bereiche aufweist. Üblicherweise wird die Druckform von einer Druckplatte gebildet, die auf einen als Plattenzylinder ausgebildeten Druckformzylinder aufgespannt ist. Die Druckform besitzt bildmäßig aufgebrachte lipophile Bereiche. Die Nichtbildstellen sind hydrophil und binden Wasser stärker als Farbe. Die lipophilen Bereiche stoßen Wasser ab und wirken daher farbfreundlich. Prinzipiell kann jede Oberfläche für den Offsetprozess genutzt werden, die in hydrophile und lipophile Bereiche unterteilt werden kann.Newspapers are mainly produced in wet offset. Printing machines, as the invention preferably relates, typically include printing units with blanket cylinders, plate cylinders, inking units and dampening units. A printing form stretched onto a printing form cylinder usually has a surface in the form of a top layer which, in the illustrated state, has hydrophilic (water-friendly) and lipophilic (water-repellent) regions. Usually, the printing form is formed by a printing plate, which is mounted on a plate cylinder designed as a plate cylinder. The printing form has imagewise applied lipophilic areas. The non-image sites are hydrophilic and bind water more strongly than paint. The lipophilic areas repel water and therefore have a color-friendly effect. In principle, any surface can be used for the offset process, which can be divided into hydrophilic and lipophilic areas.

Zur Herstellung von Druckformen sind eine Vielzahl von Verfahren und Vorrichtungen unter Verwendung entsprechender Druckformen bekannt. Man kann beispielsweise mit einem Laser eine Druckform bildmäßig bestrahlen und anschließend chemisch entwickeln. Ferner können Druckformen durch Laserablation hergestellt werden. Dabei werden entweder lipophile Bereiche unter einer hydrophilen Schicht oder hydrophile Bereiche unter einer lipophilen Schicht freigelegt. Der für die Bilderzeugung maßgebliche Belichtungsvorgang kann entweder in einer separaten Anlage erfolgen oder innerhalb der Druckmaschine, wie die Erfindung dies bevorzugt. Für die Belichtung bzw. Bebilderung in der Druckmaschine ist das Außentrommelprinzip bekannt. Meistens kommen sogenannte prozessfreie Druckformen zum Einsatz, die keine chemische Entwicklung benötigen.For the production of printing plates a variety of methods and devices using appropriate printing forms are known. For example, it is possible to imagewise irradiate a printing plate with a laser and then develop it chemically. Furthermore, printing forms can be produced by laser ablation. In this case, either lipophilic areas under a hydrophilic layer or hydrophilic areas under a lipophilic layer are exposed. The relevant for the imaging exposure process can either be done in a separate system or within the printing press, as the invention prefers this. For the exposure or imaging in the printing press, the outer drum principle is known. In most cases, so-called process-free printing plates are used, which do not require any chemical development.

Heutzutage eingesetzte Druckformen werden nur einmalig verwendet. Aus ökonomischen und ökologischen Gründen ist es allerdings wünschenswert, dieselbe Druckform mehrfach verwenden zu können.Printing forms used today are used only once. For economic and ecological reasons, however, it is desirable to be able to use the same printing form multiple times.

Aus der EP 0 911 155 A1 ist die Bebilderung einer Druckform durch eine fotokatalytische Reaktion bekannt. Zur Erzeugung des Druckbilds werden die hydrophilen Nichtbildstellen mit UV-Laserlicht bestrahlt. Die derart belichtete und dadurch bebilderte Druckform wird durch Erhitzen gelöscht. Hierbei muss die Druckform eine hohe Temperatur erreichen. Des Weiteren ist für die Löschung des Druckbilds nach Gebrauch der Druckform ein Reinigungsvorgang mit einer Reinigungseinrichtung erforderlich, um die Farbreste von der Druckform zu entfernen. Ohne Reinigung würde eine Erwärmung der Druckform zur Löschung des Druckbilds ein Einbrennen von Farbresten in die Druckfbrmoberfläche bewirken, wodurch die Druckform unbrauchbar würde.From EP 0 911 155 A1 the imaging of a printing plate by a photocatalytic reaction is known. To produce the printed image, the hydrophilic non-image areas are irradiated with UV laser light. The thus exposed and thus imaged printing form is erased by heating. In this case, the printing form must reach a high temperature. Furthermore, for the deletion of the printed image after use of the printing form, a cleaning operation with a cleaning device is required to remove the ink residues from the printing plate. Without cleaning, heating the printing plate to extinguish the printed image would cause staining of paint residues in the printing surface, rendering the printing plate useless.

Die EP 0 911 154 A1 beschreibt die Bebilderung durch bildgemäße Erwärmung und die Löschung durch UV-Bestrahlung. Weitere Details werden in der EP 1 020 304 A2 beschrieben.EP 0 911 154 A1 describes the imaging by imagewise heating and erasure by UV irradiation. Further details are described in EP 1 020 304 A2.

Aus EP 0 875 395 A1 ist ein lithografisches Druckelement bekannt, das aus einer Keramik hergestellt ist, die aus einer Zirkoniumlegierung und einem Alpha-Aluminium besteht. Wird die Zirkoniumlegierung von einer stöchiometrischen Zusammensetzung in eine unterstöchiometrische Zusammensetzung übergeführt, ändert die Keramik ihre Eigenschaft von hydrophil zu lipophil. Der Übergang von einer stöchiometrischen zu einer unterstöchiometrischen Zusammensetzung wird durch Reduktion erzielt, während der Übergang von der unterstöchiometrischen Zusammensetzung zur stöchiometrischen Zusammensetzung durch Oxidation erzielt wird. Die Oxidation kann durch thermisch unterstützte Oxidation oder laserunterstützte Oxidation erzielt werden. Die Oxidation führt die Keramik in einen hydrophilen Zustand über. Die Reduktion, die zu einem lipophilen Zustand der Keramik führt, ist als laserunterstützte Reduktion durch Belichtung mit einer Strahlung von 1064 mm beschrieben.From EP 0 875 395 A1 a lithographic printing element is known which is made of a ceramic consisting of a zirconium alloy and an alpha-aluminum. When the zirconium alloy is converted from a stoichiometric composition to a substoichiometric composition, the ceramic changes its property from hydrophilic to lipophilic. The transition from a stoichiometric to a substoichiometric composition is achieved by reduction while the transition from the substoichiometric composition to the stoichiometric composition is achieved by oxidation. The oxidation can be achieved by thermally assisted oxidation or laser assisted oxidation. The oxidation converts the ceramic into a hydrophilic state. The reduction leading to a lipophilic state of the ceramic is described as a laser assisted reduction by exposure to 1064 mm radiation.

Aus EP 1 020 304 A2 ist ein Offsetprintverfahren und ein entsprechender Druckapparat bekannt. Die Druckplatte wird bei einer ersten Temperatur hydrophil und bei zweiten Temperatur hydrophob.EP 1 020 304 A2 discloses an offset printing method and a corresponding printing apparatus. The printing plate becomes hydrophilic at a first temperature and hydrophobic at the second temperature.

Aus DE 196 12 927 ist eine Druckmaschine und ein Bilderzeugungsverfahren für eine Druckmaschine bekannt. Insbesondere ist der Nass-Offsetdruck beschrieben. Eine Trocknungseinheit, die mit Heißluft oder UV-Strahlung arbeitet, verdampft ein Lösungsmittel. Eine Einrichtung zum Befeuchten einer Polymerbeschichtung mit einer Wasserlösung ist ebenfalls vorgesehen.From DE 196 12 927 a printing press and an image forming method for a printing press are known. In particular, the wet offset printing is described. A drying unit that uses hot air or UV radiation vaporizes a solvent. A device for wetting a polymer coating with a water solution is also provided.

Es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine Nassoffset-Druckform der genannten Art zu schaffen, die die Erzeugung eines Druckbilds mit guter Bildschärfe ermöglicht. Vorzugsweise muss die Druckform nach Gebrauch nicht eigens für die Löschung des Druckbilds gereinigt werden. Die Bebilderung einer Druckform und/oder die Löschung eines Druckbilds einer Druckform soll bzw. sollen erleichtert werden, bevorzugt in einer Nassoffset-Druckmaschine.It is an object of the invention to provide a wet offset printing plate of the type mentioned, which enables the production of a printed image with good image sharpness. Preferably, the printing form does not need to be specially cleaned after use for the deletion of the printed image. The imaging of a printing form and / or the deletion of a printed image of a printing form should or should be facilitated, preferably in a wet offset printing machine.

Die Aufgabe wird durch die Gegenstände der unabhängigen Ansprüche gelöst.. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen werden durch die Unteransprüche beschrieben.The object is solved by the subject matters of the independent claims. Advantageous further developments are described by the subclaims.

Die Erfindung basiert in einer bevorzugten Ausführung auf dem Gedanken, das lokale Benetzungsverhalten, also das hydrophile oder lipophile Verhalten einer Druckform, dadurch zu erreichen, dass die Atome oder Moleküle eines fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Materials, das die bebilderbare oder bebilderte Oberfläche der Druckform bildet, von einem angeregten Zustand, in dem sie sich normalerweise befinden, durch die Bebilderung in einen niederenergetischen Zustand überführt werden. Bei der Löschung werden umgekehrt die Atome oder Moleküle aus dem niederenergetischen in den angeregten Zustand überführt. Die Druckform befindet sich somit vor Durchführung eines Bebilderungsvorgangs oder nach Durchführung eines Löschungsvorgangs in einem hydrophilen Ausgangszustand, der durch eine lokale, bildgemäße, vorzugsweise kurzzeitige, Erwärmung des fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Materials in den bildgemäß lipophilen und hydrophilen Gebrauchszustand überführt wird.In a preferred embodiment, the invention is based on the idea of achieving the local wetting behavior, that is to say the hydrophilic or lipophilic behavior of a printing form, by virtue of the atoms or molecules of a photocatalytically and thermally alterable material forming the imageable or imaged surface of the printing form. from an excited state in which they normally reside, be transferred by the imaging in a low-energy state. On deletion, conversely, the atoms or molecules are transferred from the low energy to the excited state. The printing form is thus before carrying out a Bebilderungsvorgangs or after performing a deletion process in a hydrophilic starting state, which is converted by a local, image-wise, preferably short-term, heating of the photocatalytically and thermally variable material in the imagewise lipophilic and hydrophilic state of use.

Ein Vorteil dieser Art der Bebilderung ist, dass die unbebilderte Druckform problemlos bei Tageslicht gehandhabt werden kann. Die Löschung des Druckbilds und nicht die Bebilderung erfolgt durch die Einwirkung von natürlichem oder künstlichem Tageslicht oder UV-Licht, und zwar vorzugsweise an der das Druckbild aufweisenden Oberfläche ganzflächig. Andererseits ist der Verlust einer Bebilderung im eingebauten Zustand der Druckform unwahrscheinlich, da in der Druckmaschine kein Tageslicht mehr auf der Druckform auftrifft, das eine Löschung in einem relevanten Umfang fürchten ließe. Noch ein Vorteil liegt in der selbstreinigenden Eigenschaft der von dem fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Material gebildeten Oberfläche, die bei der Löschung des Bildes zum Tragen kommt. Die Druckform wird in ihrer Oberfläche nicht nur hydrophil, sondern es werden auch organische Rückstände katalytisch oxidiert. Gegenüber dem Löschvorgang mittels ganzflächiger Erwärmung ist daher eine Reinigung der Druckform zum Zwecke des Löschens nicht erforderlich. Eine ganzflächige Erwärmung auf die erforderlich hohen Temperaturen kann innerhalb der Druckmaschine nur mit wesentlich größerem Aufwand als eine Bestrahlung mit Tageslicht oder UV-Licht durchgeführt werden. Insbesondere besitzt das natürliche Tageslicht kurzwelliges, ultraviolettes Licht (UV), welches die normalerweise vorhandene Hydrophilie des fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Materials bewirkt.An advantage of this type of imaging is that the unimaged printing form can be easily handled in daylight. The deletion of the printed image and not the imaging is done by the action of natural or artificial daylight or UV light, preferably on the entire surface of the printed image surface. On the other hand, the loss of an image in the installed state of the printing form is unlikely, since in the printing machine no more natural light impinges on the printing form, which would cause a deletion to a relevant extent. Yet another advantage is the self-cleaning property of the surface formed by the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material that is effective in erasing the image. Not only is the printing plate hydrophilic in its surface, but also organic residues are catalytically oxidized. Compared to the deletion process by heating over the entire surface therefore cleaning the printing for the purpose of deletion is not required. A full-surface heating to the required high temperatures can be carried out within the printing machine only with much greater effort than an irradiation with daylight or UV light. In particular, natural daylight has shortwave, ultraviolet (UV) light, which causes the normally present hydrophilicity of the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material.

Durch die Bebilderung der Druckform durch bildgemäß lokale Bestrahlung, vorzugsweise Laserbestrahlung, wird nicht die gesamte Druckform, sondern nur ein oberflächennaher Tiefenbereich der Druckform kurzzeitig lokal erwärmt. Die Druckform insgesamt bleibt auf Umgebungstemperatur, die im Allgemeinen der üblichen Raumtemperatur entspricht.By imaging the printing forme by imagewise local irradiation, preferably laser irradiation, not the entire printing form, but only a near-surface depth range of the printing forme is briefly locally heated. The overall printing plate remains at ambient temperature, which generally corresponds to the usual room temperature.

Eine erfindungsgemäße Druckform weist in einer Oberschicht, an deren Oberfläche das Druckbild erzeugt wird, Absorptionszentren für eine Strahlung auf, um durch Absorption dieser Strahlung in der Oberschicht Wärme zu erzeugen. Die Absorptionszentren werden von Partikeln eines Materials (Halbleitermaterials) gebildet, das Licht absorbiert, vorzugsweise Infrarotlicht (IR), das sich bis in den sichtbaren Bereich, d.h. bis in den nahen Infrarotbereich (NIR) erstrecken kann. Das Absorptionsmaterial ist in feinen Partikeln in dem fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Material gleichmäßig dispergiert. Bei den Partikeln des Absorptionsmaterials handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Nanopartikel, d.h. um Partikel, deren maximale räumliche Erstreckung im Nanobereich liegt.A printing form according to the invention has absorption centers for radiation in an upper layer, on the surface of which the printed image is produced, in order to generate heat by absorption of this radiation in the upper layer. The absorption centers will be formed by particles of a material (semiconductor material) which absorbs light, preferably infrared light (IR), which can extend into the visible range, ie, into the near infrared range (NIR). The absorbent material is uniformly dispersed in fine particles in the photocatalytic and thermally changeable material. The particles of the absorption material are preferably nanoparticles, ie particles whose maximum spatial extent is in the nanoscale.

Durch die gleichmäßige, feine Verteilung der Absorptionszentren in dem fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbarem Material wird in einer einzigen Materialschicht bereits ein fotokatalytisch und fotothermisch veränderbares Material geschaffen. Die bekannten fotokatalytischen Materialien sind nämlich transparent. Die Transparenz ist unmittelbare Folge der Bandstruktur des Materials. Tatsächlich ist eine Bandlücke von mehr als 3 eV erforderlich, um die Anregung des fotokatalytischen Materials in einen Zustand zu bewirken, in dem die Bindung von OH-Gruppen an die Oberfläche des betreffenden Materials möglich ist. Bei dieser Bandlückenenergie, d.h. Band-Gap-Energie, ist jedoch eine Wechselwirkung mit niederenergetischen, langwelligeren Photonen nicht möglich. Daher sind die bekannten fotokatalytischen Halbleiter im sichtbaren Bereich transparent. Eine photothermische Einwirkung und Veränderung des fotokatalytischen Materials kann deshalb nur indirekt herbeigeführt werden. Die Erfindung schafft ein fotokatalytisch und fotothermisch veränderbares Material durch die feine Verteilung der Absorptionszentren in dem fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Material. Halbleiter sind besonders bevorzugte Beispiele für Materialien zur Bildung der Absorptionszentren.As a result of the uniform, fine distribution of the absorption centers in the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material, a photocatalytically and photothermally variable material is already created in a single material layer. Namely, the known photocatalytic materials are transparent. Transparency is the immediate consequence of the band structure of the material. In fact, a band gap of more than 3 eV is required to cause the excitation of the photocatalytic material to a state in which the bonding of OH groups to the surface of the material in question is possible. At this bandgap energy, i. Band-gap energy, however, an interaction with low-energy, long-wave photons is not possible. Therefore, the known photocatalytic semiconductors are transparent in the visible range. A photothermal action and change of the photocatalytic material can therefore be brought about only indirectly. The invention provides a photocatalytically and photothermally variable material by the fine distribution of the absorption centers in the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material. Semiconductors are particularly preferred examples of materials for forming the absorption centers.

Die Oberschicht, die die zu bebildernde oder bereits bebildere Oberfläche bildet, umfasst somit ein mit Licht fotokatalytisch wechselwirkendes Material und die Absorptionszentren, die in dem fotokatalytisch wechselwirkenden Material, im folgenden auch einfach als fotokatalytisches Material bezeichnet, feinverteilt sind. Das fotokatalytische Material wechselwirkt mit Licht, dessen Wellenlänge kleiner ist als die Wellenlänge oder der Wellenlängenbereich der Strahlung, die von den Absorptionszentren absorbiert und in Wärme umgewandelt wird. Aufgrund seiner Bandlückenenergie von wenigstens 3 eV wechselwirkt das fotokatalytische Material nur mit Licht, dessen Wellenlänge kleiner als 400 nm ist. Das Material, das die Absorptionszentren bildet, wechselwirkt demgemäß mitThe upper layer, which forms the surface to be imaged or already illustrated, thus comprises a photocatalytically interacting with light material and the absorption centers, which are finely distributed in the photocatalytically interactive material, hereinafter also referred to simply as a photocatalytic material. The photocatalytic material interacts with light whose wavelength is less than the wavelength or the wavelength range of the radiation absorbed by the absorption centers and converted into heat. Due to its bandgap energy of at least 3 eV, the photocatalytic material interacts only with light whose wavelength is less than 400 nm. The material forming the absorption centers interacts accordingly

Strahlung, deren Wellenlänge 400 nm oder größer ist, vorzugsweise absorbiert es Licht aus dem IR-Wellenlängenbereich.Radiation whose wavelength is 400 nm or larger, preferably, it absorbs light from the IR wavelength range.

Durch die Erfindung wird ein neues Material geschaffen, das sowohl fotokatalytische als auch absorbierende Eigenschaften hat. Ein Vorteil ist, dass die Beschichtung eines Trägermaterials vereinfacht werden kann, da beide Wechselwirkungen, nämlich die Fotokatalyse und die Absorption, in einer einzigen Schicht stattfinden und daher eine ausschließlich der Absorption dienende Absorptionsschicht eingespart werden kann. Ferner ist die Dicke der Schicht des fotokatalytisch und fotothermisch veränderbaren Materials weniger kritisch. Während bei einem mehrschichtigen System die Dicke der fotothermisch veränderbaren Oberschicht großen Einfluss auf die Erwärmung hat, kann innerhalb einer einzelnen Schicht eine gleichmäßigere Erwärmung erreicht werden, sofern die Absorptionszentren homogen in dieser Schicht verteilt sind. Ferner sind die wärmeerzeugenden Absorptionszentren näher an der bebilderbaren oder bereits bebilderten Oberfläche, so dass schärfere Temperaturgradienten in der Oberfläche möglich sind.The invention provides a new material which has both photocatalytic and absorbing properties. One advantage is that the coating of a support material can be simplified, since both interactions, namely the photocatalysis and the absorption, take place in a single layer and therefore an absorption layer serving exclusively for absorption can be saved. Furthermore, the thickness of the photocatalytic and photothermally variable material layer is less critical. While in a multilayer system, the thickness of the photothermally variable top layer has a great influence on the heating, more uniform heating can be achieved within a single layer, as long as the absorption centers are homogeneously distributed in this layer. Furthermore, the heat-generating absorption centers are closer to the imageable or already imaged surface, so that sharper temperature gradients in the surface are possible.

Die Erzeugbarkeit besonders scharfer Temperaturgradienten an der Oberfläche ist insbesondere für die bevorzugte Bebilderung durch bildgemäße Erwärmung von Vorteil, da die Schärfe des Druckbilds verbessert wird. Die erfindungsgemäße Druckform ist grundsätzlich jedoch auch vorteilhaft für ein Bebilderungsverfahren, in dem die Bebilderung durch bildgemäße Hydrophilisierung der Oberfläche und die Löschung durch ganzflächige Hydrophobisierung herbeigeführt werden.The producibility of particularly sharp temperature gradients on the surface is advantageous, in particular, for the preferred imaging by imagewise heating since the sharpness of the printed image is improved. However, the printing form according to the invention is in principle also advantageous for an imaging process in which the imaging is brought about by imagewise hydrophilization of the surface and erasure by full-surface hydrophobization.

Eme ebenfalls erfindungsgemaße Druckform weist unterhalb einer der Oberschicht gemäß Anspruch 1 an deren Oberfläche das Druckbild erzeugt wird, eine Absorptionsschicht auf. Die Absorptionsschicht wird durch kurzzeitige, lokale Bestrahlung entsprechend lokal erwärmt, d.h. sie wird bildgemäß erwärmt mit bildgemäß lokal warmen und demgegenüber kalten Stellen. Für die bildgemäße Erwärmung sollte die Absorptionsschicht gleichmäßig dünn sein, um die Wärme in erster Linie normal zur Absorptionsschicht an die vorzugsweise unmittelbar darüber liegende Oberschicht mit dem fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Material abzugeben und einen Wärmeausgleich innerhalb der Absorptionsschicht in tangentialer Richtung zwischen den bildgemäß lokal warmen und kalten Stellen der Absorptionsschicht zu verhindern. Die lokal bildgemäß erzeugte Wärme in der Absorptionsschicht wird über Wärmeleitung von der Absorptionsschicht in die Oberschicht übertragen, so dass an der Oberfläche der Oberschicht die lipophilen Stellen des Druckbilds entstehen. Die zwei Schichten sind ganzflächig wärmeleitend miteinander verbunden. Die Absorptionsschicht grenzt vorzugsweise unmittelbar an die Oberschicht. Jede der zwei Schichten wechselwirkt mit Strahlung aus einem bestimmten Wellenlängenbereich, wobei die Oberschicht mit Strahlung, die in besonders starkem Maße von der Absorptionsschicht absorbiert wird, wenig oder gar nicht wechselwirkt, d.h. für diese Strahlung durchlässig ist. Die Oberschicht wechselwirkt fotokatalytisch mit Licht aus dem UV-Bereich, während die Absorptionsschicht durch Wechselwirkung mit Strahlung aus einem anderen Wellenlängenbereich, vorzugsweise aus dem IR-Bereich, das von der Oberschicht durchgelassen wird, erwärmt wird. Die Oberschicht wird durch Wärmeleitung von der bildgemäß erwärmten Absorptionsschicht entsprechend ebenfalls bildgemäß erwärmt und bildet an ihrer Oberfläche aufgrund dieser Erwärmung die lipophilen Bildstellen.Eme likewise inventive printing form has below one of the top layer according to claim 1 on the surface of the printed image is generated, an absorption layer. The absorption layer is locally heated by short-term, local irradiation, ie it is heated according to image with locally warm and cold places. For image-wise heating, the absorption layer should be uniformly thin in order to release the heat primarily normal to the absorption layer to the preferably immediately above upper layer with the photocatalytically and thermally variable material and a heat balance within the absorption layer in the tangential direction between the image locally warm and to prevent cold spots of the absorption layer. The locally imagewise generated heat in the absorption layer is transferred by heat conduction from the absorption layer into the upper layer, so that the lipophilic areas of the printed image are formed on the surface of the upper layer. The two layers are thermally conductively connected to each other over the entire surface. The absorption layer preferably directly adjoins the upper layer. Each of the two layers interacts with radiation from a certain wavelength range, wherein the upper layer with radiation, which is particularly strongly absorbed by the absorption layer, little or no interaction, that is permeable to this radiation. The top layer interacts photocatalytically with light from the UV region, while the absorption layer is heated by interaction with radiation from another wavelength range, preferably from the IR region, which is transmitted by the top layer. The upper layer is likewise heated in accordance with the image by heat conduction from the imagewise heated absorption layer and forms the lipophilic image areas on its surface due to this heating.

Zwischen der Absorptionsschicht und einem Druckformträger ist vorzugsweise eine thermische Isolationsschicht vorgesehen, um Wärmeverluste an den Träger zu minimieren. Ist eine Absorptionsschicht nicht vorhanden, so kann eine thermische Isolationsschicht dennoch zwischen der Oberschicht und dem Träger ausgebildet sein.Between the absorption layer and a printing form support, a thermal insulation layer is preferably provided in order to minimize heat losses to the support. If an absorption layer is not present, a thermal insulation layer may nevertheless be formed between the upper layer and the support.

Falls unterhalb der Oberschicht eine dünne Absorptionsschicht ausgebildet ist, kann auf Absorptionszentren in der Oberschicht verzichtet werden (nicht beansprucht). Die Anmelderin behält es sich vor, hierauf separat Anspruch zu erheben. Andererseits können die Absorptionsschicht und die Absorptionszentren in der Oberschicht auch vorteilhaft in Kombination ausgebildet sein.If a thin absorption layer is formed below the top layer, absorption centers in the top layer can be dispensed with (not claimed). The applicant reserves the right to claim separately. On the other hand, the absorption layer and the absorption centers in the upper layer may also be advantageously formed in combination.

Auch die Bildung einer erfindungsgemäßen Druckform mittels der Absorptionsschicht ist vorteilhaft auch für ein Bebilderungsverfahren, bei dem die Bebilderung durch Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht und die Löschung durch Erwärmung bewirkt werden.The formation of a printing form according to the invention by means of the absorption layer is also advantageous for an imaging process in which the imaging is effected by irradiation with UV light and the deletion by heating.

Es kann vorteilhafterweise eine Diffusionsbarriere zwischen dem Träger und der Oberschicht vorgesehen sein, um eine Diffusion von Atomen des Trägers, insbesondere von Fe oder Al Atomen, zu verhindern. Die Diffusionsbarriere kann beispielsweise von einer SiO2 Quarzschicht gebildet werden. Eine als Diffusionsbarriere wirksame Schicht sollte höchstens 1 µm dick sein, vorzugsweise weist solch eine Schicht eine gleichmäßige Dicke von 100 nm der weniger auf. Eine allmähliche Diffusion von beispielsweise Fe und/oder A1 Atomen in die Oberschicht könnte den erfindungsgemäß genutzten Halbleitereffekt stören, da die Elektronenbandstruktur der Oberschicht sich im Laufe des Betriebs der Druckform durch solche Diffusionseffekte nachteilig verändern könnte. Die Diffusionsbarriere kann gleichzeitig als thermische Isolationsschicht ausgebildet sein. Ebenso kann eine Diffusionsbarriere durch eine eigens hierfür vorgesehene Schicht gebildet werden, die grundsätzlich zwischen jeder der genannten Schichten einer erfindungsgemäßen Druckform angeordnet sein kann. In bevorzugten Ausführungen ist eine eigens als Diffusionsbarriere vorgesehene Schicht zwischen dem Träger und der Absorptionsschicht gebildet, falls eine Absorptionsschicht vorgesehen ist. Falls eine thermische Isolationsschicht vorhanden ist, kann die Diffusionsbarriere zwischen dem Träger und der Isolationsschicht oder zwischen der Isolationsschicht und der gegebenenfalls vorhandenen Absorptionsschicht vorgesehen sein. Besonders bevorzugt kann solch eine als Diffusionsbarriere wirkende Schicht unmittelbar unter der Oberschicht angeordnet sein. In diesem Falle können Fremdatome, die möglicherweise nicht nur von einem Träger, sondern auch von einer anderen Funktionsschicht stammen können, am sichersten von einem Eindiffundieren in die Oberschicht abgehalten werden.It can be advantageously provided a diffusion barrier between the support and the upper layer to prevent diffusion of atoms of the support, in particular of Fe or Al atoms. The diffusion barrier can be formed, for example, by an SiO 2 quartz layer. A layer acting as a diffusion barrier should be at most 1 μm thick, preferably such a layer has a uniform thickness of 100 nm less. A gradual diffusion of, for example, Fe and / or Al atoms into the upper layer could interfere with the semiconductor effect used according to the invention, since the electronic band structure of the upper layer could be adversely affected by such diffusion effects during the course of the operation of the printing plate. The diffusion barrier can simultaneously be formed as a thermal insulation layer. Likewise, a diffusion barrier may be formed by a layer provided for this purpose, which may in principle be arranged between each of the layers of a printing form according to the invention. In preferred embodiments, a layer provided specifically as a diffusion barrier is formed between the support and the absorption layer if an absorption layer is provided. If a thermal insulation layer is present, the diffusion barrier may be provided between the support and the insulation layer or between the insulation layer and the optional absorption layer. With particular preference, such a layer acting as a diffusion barrier can be arranged directly below the upper layer. In this case, foreign atoms, which may possibly originate not only from one carrier but also from another functional layer, can be most reliably prevented from diffusing into the upper layer.

Der Löschprozess der Druckform erfolgt durch Bestrahlung der Oberfläche mit UV-Licht. Erfindungsgemäß wird während des Löschprozesses dafür gesorgt, dass an der zu aktivierenden Oberfläche der Druckform für eine den Löschprozess unterstützende hohe Feuchtigkeit gesorgt wird. Fehlt es an der aktivierten Oberfläche nämlich an Feuchtigkeit, so kommt es zu einer Rekombination der durch UV-Bestrahlung erzeugten Elektron-Loch-Paare, so dass eine dauerhafte Hydrophilisierung der Oberfläche nicht erreicht wird. Vorzugsweise wird der Oberfläche während des Löschprozesses Wasser dadurch zugeführt, dass an der Oberfläche eine hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit eingestellt wird. Die Erhöhung der Luftfeuchtigkeit gegenüber der Umgebung kann insbesondere durch die Zufuhr von Wasserdampf bewirkt werden oder auch mittels des Feuchtwerks einer Druckmaschine, den in diesem Falle eine Einrichtung zur Vemebelung von Wasser zugeordnet wird. Die Feuchtigkeit an der Oberfläche und in der Nähe der Oberfläche ist vorzugsweise derart, dass die dort angrenzende Luft mit Feuchtigkeit gesättigt ist.The erasing process of the printing form takes place by irradiation of the surface with UV light. According to the invention, it is ensured during the deletion process that care is taken at the surface of the printing forme to be activated for a high humidity which supports the extinguishing process. If there is no moisture at the activated surface, recombination of the electron-hole pairs produced by UV irradiation occurs so that a permanent hydrophilization of the surface is not achieved. During the extinguishing process, water is preferably supplied to the surface during the process by setting a high air humidity on the surface. The increase in humidity relative to the environment can be particularly due to the Supply of water vapor can be effected or by means of the dampening unit of a printing press, which is assigned in this case a device for misting of water. The moisture at and near the surface is preferably such that the air adjacent thereto is saturated with moisture.

Hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit ist im Druckwerk im allgemeinen allerdings nicht erwünscht. So kann es beispielsweise zur Bildung von Kondenswasser kommen, welches auf die Zylinder tropft und Störungen im Druckbild bewirkt. Auch kann der Offset-Prozess im Verlauf einer Produktion nachteilig beeinflusst werden, wenn wegen einer feuchtigkeitsgesättigten Umgebungsluft die Verdunstung von Oberflächenwasser erschwert wird, das auf der Druckformoberfläche liegt oder beim Spalten eines Farbfilms an die Oberfläche der Druckfarbe gelangt.However, high humidity is generally undesirable in the printing unit. For example, it can lead to the formation of condensation, which drips on the cylinder and causes disturbances in the printed image. Also, the offset process can be adversely affected in the course of a production, if due to a moisture-saturated ambient air evaporation of surface water is difficult, which is on the printing plate surface or passes when splitting a color film to the surface of the ink.

In einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung wird daher eine Feuchthaltung und vorzugsweise auch eine Temperaturhaltung, d.h. eine Klimatisierung des Druckwerks derart vorgenommen, dass während der Hydrophilisierung mittels UV-Strahlung eine hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit von mehr als 60%, bevorzugter von mehr als 80%, und für die Hydrophobisierung der Oberfläche eine deutlich niedrigere Luftfeuchtigkeit eingestellt wird. Desweiteren wird eine deutlich niedrigere Luftfeuchtigkeit auch während des Druckprozesses und vorzugsweise während aller Zeiten außerhalb der Hydrophilisierung durch die Feuchthaltung, vorzugsweise Klimatisierung eingestellt. Eine Kapselung des Druckwerks vereinfacht die Einstellung und Haltung der gewünschten Werte der Feuchte und vorzugsweise auch der Temperatur im Druckwerk und insbesondere an der Druckform. Ferner kann die Feuchte bzw. das Klima durch die Anordnung von Feuchtigkeitssensoren und vorzugsweise auch von Temperatursensoren überwacht werden.In a further development of the invention, therefore, a moisturizing and preferably also a temperature maintenance, i. an air conditioning of the printing unit made such that during the hydrophilization by UV radiation, a high humidity of more than 60%, more preferably more than 80%, and for the hydrophobization of the surface a significantly lower humidity is set. Furthermore, a significantly lower humidity is also set during the printing process and preferably during all times outside the hydrophilization by the humid, preferably air conditioning. An encapsulation of the printing unit simplifies the setting and attitude of the desired values of the moisture and preferably also the temperature in the printing unit and in particular on the printing plate. Furthermore, the humidity or the climate can be monitored by the arrangement of humidity sensors and preferably also by temperature sensors.

Bevorzugte Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung werden nachfolgend anhand von Figuren beschrieben. An den Ausführungsbeispielen offenbar werdende Merkmale bilden je einzeln und in jeder Merkmalskombination die Gegenstände der Ansprüche vorteilhaft weiter. Dies gilt auch für Kombinationen von Merkmalen, die an unterschiedlichen Ausführungsbeispielen nur explizit beschrieben werden, soweit die Kombination solcher Merkmale nicht zu Widersprüchen führt, die nicht auflösbar sind. Es zeigen:

Figur 1 a
eine UV-hydrophile Oberfläche,
Figur 1b
eine Benetzung der Oberfläche,
Figur 1c
einen Belichtungsvorgang zur lokalen Aufhebung der Hydrophilie der Oberfläche,
Figur 1d
die Benetzung der Oberfläche nach dem Belichtungsvorgang,
Figur 2a
eine Druckform nach einem ersten Ausführungsbeispiel in einem Querschnitt,
Figur 2b
eine Druckform nach einem zweiten Ausführungsbeispiel in einem Querschnitt,
Figur 2c
eine Druckform nach einem dritten Ausführungsbeispiel in einem Querschnitt,
Figur 2d
eine Druckform nach einem vierten Ausführungsbeispiel in einem Querschnitt und
Figur 3
ein Druckwerk einer Nassoffset-Rotationsdruckmaschine.
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to figures. The features disclosed in the exemplary embodiments form each individually and in each feature combination the subject matter of the claims advantageously. This also applies to combinations of features that are only explicitly described in different embodiments, as far as the combination of such features does not lead to contradictions that are not resolvable. Show it:
FIG. 1 a
a UV-hydrophilic surface,
FIG. 1b
a wetting of the surface,
Figure 1c
an exposure process to locally cancel the hydrophilicity of the surface,
Figure 1d
the wetting of the surface after the exposure process,
FIG. 2a
a printing plate according to a first embodiment in a cross section,
FIG. 2b
a printing plate according to a second embodiment in a cross section,
Figure 2c
a printing plate according to a third embodiment in a cross section,
Figure 2d
a printing plate according to a fourth embodiment in a cross section and
FIG. 3
a printing unit of a wet offset rotary printing press.

Figur 1a zeigt eine aufgrund Bestrahlung mit Licht aus dem UV-Bereich hydrophile Oberfläche 130 einer Nassoffset-Druckform 31, die im Folgenden auch als UV-hydrophile Oberfläche bezeichnet wird. Die Oberfläche 130 wird von einer Oberschicht 11 der Druckform 31 gebildet, die ein fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbares Material enthält oder gänzlich aus solch einem Material besteht. Der im Normalfall bestehende angeregte Zustand ergibt sich beispielsweise aus der Bestrahlung mit natürlichem oder künstlichem Tageslicht. Wird nämlich die Schicht 11 durch eine Lichtquelle bestrahlt, die UV-Licht zumindest als Bestandteil ihres Spektrums ausstrahlt, vorzugsweise eine Tageslichtquelle und/oder eine UV-Lichtquelle 12, kommt es zu einer Bestrahlung der Schicht 11 mit hoch energetischen Photonen 17, so dass in der Nähe der Oberfläche 130 der Schicht 11 Elektronen aus dem Valenzband des fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Materials in das Leitungsband angeregt werden. Die im Valenzband fehlenden Elektronen hinterlassen positive Löcher h+. Ist das elektrische Potential der Löcher h+ ausreichend hoch, so kann das fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbare Material mit Wassermolekülen 14 reagieren, derart, dass ein Hydroxylradikal OH gebildet wird, das sich an die Atome oder Moleküle des fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Materials bindet. Mit zunehmender Zahl von an die Oberfläche 130 gebundenen OH-Gruppen nimmt der hydrophile Charakter der Oberfläche 130 zu. Insbesondere können sich Wassermoleküle 14 über Wasserstoffbrücken an die OH-Gruppen binden, die ihrerseits an die positiven Löcher h+ der Oberschicht 11 gebunden sind.FIG. 1a shows a hydrophilic surface 130 of a wet offset printing form 31, which is also referred to below as a UV-hydrophilic surface, due to irradiation with light from the UV region. The surface 130 is formed by a top layer 11 of the printing form 31, which contains a photocatalytically and thermally changeable material or consists entirely of such a material. The normally existing excited state results, for example, from the irradiation with natural or artificial daylight. Namely, if the layer 11 is irradiated by a light source that emits UV light at least as part of its spectrum, preferably a daylight source and / or a UV light source 12, there is an irradiation of the layer 11 with high-energy photons 17, so that in near the surface 130 of the layer 11, electrons from the valence band of the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material are excited into the conduction band. The missing electrons in the valence band leave positive holes h +. If the electric potential of the holes h + is sufficiently high, the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material can react with water molecules 14, such that a hydroxyl radical OH is formed which adheres to the atoms or molecules of the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material binds. As the number of OH groups bonded to the surface 130 increases, the hydrophilic character of the surface 130 increases. In particular, water molecules 14 can bind via hydrogen bonds to the OH groups, which in turn are bound to the positive holes h + of the upper layer 11.

Figur 1b veranschaulicht die Benetzung der UV-hydrophilen Oberfläche 130 der Schicht 11 mit einem Wassertropfen 140. Der spitze Kontaktwinkel, den der Rand des Wassertropfens 140 mit der Oberfläche 130 bildet, ist ein Maß für die Hydrophilie der Oberfläche 130.FIG. 1 b illustrates the wetting of the UV-hydrophilic surface 130 of the layer 11 with a water droplet 140. The acute contact angle formed by the edge of the water droplet 140 with the surface 130 is a measure of the hydrophilicity of the surface 130.

Ein bevorzugtes fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbares Material für die Oberschicht 11 der Druckform 31 ist Titanoxid TiO2 in der Anatase-Kristallstruktur. In der Anatase-Struktur beträgt die Anregungsenergie vom Valenzband in das Leitungsband etwa 3.2 eV, was einer Wellenlänge von 387 nm entspricht. Durch Einwirkung von ultraviolettem Licht, dessen Wellenlänge nicht größer ist als 387 nm, erfolgt eine Anregung von Valenzelektronen des TiO2 in das Leitungsband des Halbleiters. Dabei entsteht gleichzeitig ein positives Loch h+ im Valenzband. Ein Rückfallen des angeregten Elektrons auf das positive Loch h+ wird verhindert, wenn zuvor eine chemische Bindung eines anderen Stoffs an die aktivierte Halbleiteroberfläche erfolgt. Bei Anatase-Titanoxid und bestimmten anderen Halbleitern ist dies zum Beispiel möglich, wenn Wasser vorhanden ist. Der hydrophile Zustand kann andauern, auch wenn kein UV-Licht mehr auf das fotothermisch veränderbare Material einwirkt.A preferred photocatalytically and thermally alterable material for the topsheet 11 of the printing form 31 is titanium oxide TiO 2 in the anatase crystal structure. In the anatase structure, the excitation energy from the valence band into the conduction band is about 3.2 eV, which corresponds to a wavelength of 387 nm. The action of ultraviolet light whose wavelength is not greater than 387 nm, excitation of valence electrons of TiO 2 occurs in the conduction band of the semiconductor. At the same time, a positive hole h + arises in the valence band. A fall back of the excited electron on the positive hole h + is prevented when previously chemical bonding of another substance to the activated semiconductor surface occurs. For anatase titanium oxide and certain other semiconductors, for example, this is possible when water is present. The hydrophilic state may persist even when no UV light is applied to the photothermally variable material.

Das im Sinne der Erfindung fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbare Material sollte eine Valenzbandenergie und eine Leitungsbandenergie aufweisen, jeweils gemessen an den beiden einander zugewandten Kanten der Energiebänder, die für die Reduzierung und Oxidierung von Wasser geeignet sind. Die Leitungsbandenergie sollte daher zumindest so negativ sein, wie die zur Reduzierung von Wasser erforderliche. Energie (0.0 V in saurer Lösung), und die Valenzbandenergie sollte zumindest so positiv sein, wie die zur Oxidierung von Wasser erforderliche Energie (+1.23 V). Eine die Oberfläche bildende Oberschicht, die von oder zumindest zu einem großen Teil aus dem fotothermisch veränderbarem Material gebildet ist, weist eine Band-Gap-Energie auf, die vorzugsweise wenigstens 3.2 eV beträgt. Als Band-Gap-Energie wird die Energie bezeichnet, die erforderlich ist, um Elektronen aus dem Valenzband in das Leitungsband anzuregen. Die durch die Anregung entstandenen positiven Löcher des Valenzbands besitzen in diesem Fall ein vorteilhaft großes Potential, um in Verbindung mit Wasser hochreaktive OH-Radikale zu bilden. Besonders bevorzugte Materialien sind das bereits genannte Anatase-TiO2 und andere Materialien mit geeigneter Elektronenstruktur, um durch Anregung mit UV-Licht in der beschriebenen Weise Hydroxylgruppen an der Materialoberfläche zu binden. Beispiele für solche, ebenfalls geeignete Materialien sind Zinkoxid, ZrO2, SrTiO3, KTaO3 oder KTa0,77 Nb0,23 O3, die wie TiO2 das fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbare Material je alleine oder in einer Materialkombination aus wenigstens zwei der genannten Materialien einschließlich TiO2 bilden. Die Druckform 31 weist in dem für die UV-hydrophile Oberfläche maßgeblichen Tiefenbereich vorzugsweise wenigstens 40 Gew.-% des fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Materials auf, gemessen am Gesamtgewicht des diesen Bereich bildenden Materials der Druckform. Wird das fotokatalytisch und katalytisch und thermisch veränderbare Material durch eine Materialkombination gebildet, so stellt eine Kombination von TiO2 und SiO2 einen besonders bevorzugten Werkstoff dar. SiO2 kann auch in Kombination mit einem anderen oder mehreren der genannten Materialien vorteilhafterweise einen Werkstoff bilden, der das fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbare Material enthält.The photocatalytically and thermally changeable material in the context of the invention should have a valence band energy and a conduction band energy, measured in each case on the two mutually facing edges of the energy bands, which are suitable for the reduction and oxidation of water. The conduction band energy should therefore be at least as negative as that required to reduce water. Energy (0.0V in acidic solution), and the valence band energy should be at least as positive as the energy required to oxidize water (+1.23V). A surface-forming topsheet formed of, or at least in large part, the photothermally-variable material has band-gap energy, preferably at least 3.2 eV. Band-gap energy is the energy required to excite electrons from the valence band into the conduction band. The positive holes of the valence band formed by the excitation have in this case an advantageously great potential for forming highly reactive OH radicals in conjunction with water. Particularly preferred materials are the aforementioned anatase TiO 2 and other materials of suitable electronic structure to bond to the material surface by excitation with UV light in the manner described. Examples of such materials which are likewise suitable are zinc oxide, ZrO 2 , SrTiO 3 , KTaO 3 or KTa 0.77 Nb 0.23 O 3 , which, like TiO 2, the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material, either alone or in a material combination of at least two of the form materials including TiO 2 . The printing form 31 preferably has at least 40% by weight of the photocatalytically and thermally variable material in the depth range relevant for the UV-hydrophilic surface, measured on the total weight of the material of the printing plate forming this region. If the photocatalytically and catalytically and thermally changeable material is formed by a combination of materials, a combination of TiO 2 and SiO 2 is a particularly preferred material. SiO 2 can also advantageously form a material in combination with another or several of the materials mentioned contains the photocatalytically and thermally variable material.

Die Hydrophilie von Anatase-Titanoxid als Effekt einer fotokatalytischen Reaktion ist bekannt und wird beispielsweise bei selbstreinigenden Oberflächen an Gebäuden und Antibeschlagsgläsem, beispielsweise im Automobilbereich, genutzt.The hydrophilicity of anatase titanium oxide as an effect of a photocatalytic reaction is known and used, for example, in self-cleaning surfaces on buildings and anti-fog glasses, for example in the automotive sector.

Eine weitere vorteilhafte Eigenschaft von Titanoxid-Schichten besteht darin, selbstreinigend zu wirken, da organische Partikel auf der Oberfläche mit der Zeit fotokatalytisch zersetzt werden. Dies gilt auch für die anderen der genannten Materialien.Another advantageous property of titanium oxide layers is to have a self-cleaning effect, since organic particles on the surface are photocatalytically decomposed over time. This also applies to the other materials mentioned.

Da in einer normalen Arbeitsumgebung stets ein gewisser Anteil ultravioletten Lichts vorhanden ist, das eine von einem fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Material gebildete Oberfläche stets anregt, kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass solch eine Oberfläche normalerweise hydrophil ist. Die Druckform kann durch natürliches oder künstliches Tageslicht gelöscht werden. Unterstützt werden kann die Löschung durch eine zusätzliche UV-Quelle. Ein für die Löschung allein oder in Verbindung mit Tageslicht verwendeter UV-Strahler sollte ein Spektrum mit einem ausreichenden Anteil von UV-Licht mit einer Wellenlänge von 387 nm und kleiner haben. Vorzugsweise liegt der Peak des ausgestrahlten Spektrums bei einer Wellenlänge von 387 nm, entsprechend einer Band-Gap-Energie von 3.2 eV, oder einer kürzeren Wellenlänger. Es liegt die spektrale Verteilung der Strahlung vorzugsweise überwiegend unterhalb von 387 nm. Insbesondere kann als UV-Strahler ein UV-Laser oder UV-Lasersystem zum Einsatz kommen. Auf eine Fokussieroptik für den oder die Laser wird vorzugsweise verzichtet.Since a certain amount of ultraviolet light is always present in a normal working environment, which always excites a surface formed by a photocatalytically and thermally changeable material, it can be assumed that such a surface is normally hydrophilic. The printing form can be natural or artificial daylight be deleted. The deletion can be supported by an additional UV source. A UV emitter used for erasure alone or in combination with daylight should have a spectrum with a sufficient amount of UV light having a wavelength of 387 nm and smaller. Preferably, the peak of the emitted spectrum is at a wavelength of 387 nm, corresponding to a band-gap energy of 3.2 eV, or a shorter wavelength. The spectral distribution of the radiation is preferably predominantly below 387 nm. In particular, a UV laser or UV laser system can be used as the UV radiator. On a focusing optics for the laser or is preferably omitted.

Die UV-hydrophile Oberfläche wird lokal durch Bestrahlung mit (IR) Infrarot-Laserlicht farbfreundlich gemacht. Dabei wird die Druckform insgesamt nicht wesentlich erwärmt. Sie bleibt auf der normalerweise in einer Druckmaschine herrschenden Temperatur im Bereich von 10 °C bis 40 °C.The UV-hydrophilic surface is made locally friendly by irradiation with (IR) infrared laser light. The printing form is not heated significantly overall. It remains at the temperature normally prevailing in a printing machine in the range of 10 ° C to 40 ° C.

Figur 1c veranschaulicht die Beseitigung der Hydrophilie der UV-hydrophilen Oberfläche 130. Dies geschieht, indem die Oberschicht 11 bildgemäß lokal erwärmt wird. Die Belichtung bzw. Bebilderung erfolgt durch Bestrahlung mit Laserlicht 18. Die Wellenlänge des Laserlichts 18 kann im sichtbaren Bereich bis zum nahen Infrarot (NIR) liegen, d.h. zwischen etwa 400 und 3000 nm betragen. Bevorzugt wird Laserlicht aus dem Bereich von 700 nm bis 3000 nm und besonders bevorzugt aus dem Bereich von 800 nm bis 1100 nm zur Bebilderung verwendet. Durch die lokale Einwirkung des Laserlichts 18 wird an der Oberfläche 130 ein dem Laserspot auf der Oberfläche entsprechender lipophiler Oberflächenbereich 131 erzeugt. Die Wärmeübertragung zu den Atomen oder Molekülen, an denen die OH-Gruppen gebunden sind, bewirkt eine Aufspaltung der Bindungen. Anschließend kommt es zu einer Rekombination von Elektronen aus dem Leitungsband des fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Materials der Schicht 11 mit den positiven Löchern h+. Dadurch nimmt die Hydrophilie ab und die Druckform 31 wird im bestrahlten Oberflächenbereich 131 lipophil, während in dem nicht mit dem Laserlicht 18 bestrahlten Oberflächenrestbereich 130 der hydrophile Zustand erhalten bleibt. Bei der Bebilderung werden lokale Flächenelemente, die je einem Bildpunkt entsprechen, von beispielsweise 50 x 50 µm2 für eine Dauer von 1 µs bis 100 µs auf eine Temperatur von 400 °C bis 600 °C erwärmt, während die übrigen Bereiche 130 der Schicht 11 bei Umgebungstemperatur bleiben. Nach der Bebilderung ist auf der Nassoffset-Druckform 31 ein latentes Bild vorhanden, das während des Drucks erhalten bleibt. Die lipophilen Bildpunkte 131 übertragen während des Druckvorgangs die Farbe.Figure 1c illustrates the elimination of the hydrophilicity of the UV-hydrophilic surface 130. This is done by the upper layer 11 is imagewise heated locally. The exposure or imaging is effected by irradiation with laser light 18. The wavelength of the laser light 18 may be in the visible range up to the near infrared (NIR), ie between about 400 and 3000 nm. Preferably, laser light from the range of 700 nm to 3000 nm and particularly preferably from the range of 800 nm to 1100 nm is used for imaging. Due to the local action of the laser light 18, a lipophilic surface area 131 corresponding to the laser spot on the surface is produced on the surface 130. Heat transfer to the atoms or molecules to which the OH groups are attached causes cleavage of the bonds. Subsequently, a recombination of electrons from the conduction band of the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material of the layer 11 with the positive holes h + occurs. As a result, the hydrophilicity decreases and the printing forme 31 becomes lipophilic in the irradiated surface region 131, whereas in the surface residual region 130 not irradiated with the laser light 18, the hydrophilic state is retained. In the imaging, local area elements, each corresponding to a pixel, for example, 50 x 50 microns 2 for a period of 1 microseconds to 100 microseconds to a temperature of 400 ° C to 600 ° C. heated while the remaining portions 130 of the layer 11 remain at ambient temperature. After imaging, there is a latent image on wet offset printing plate 31 which is maintained during printing. The lipophilic pixels 131 transfer color during the printing process.

Figur 1d veranschaulicht die Benetzung der Schicht 11 durch Wasser in dem nicht bestrahlten Oberflächenbereich 130 und dem bestrahlten Oberflächenbereich 131. In dem bestrahlten und dadurch erwärmten Material in dem Oberflächenbereich 131 ist die Wasserbenetzung gering. Der in dem Oberflächenbereich 131 gebildete Kontaktwinkel zwischen dem Oberflächenbereich 131 und dem Wassertropfen 141 ist groß, und die Schicht 11 ist in diesem Oberflächenbereich 131 lipophil. Um zu verhindern, dass von dem Zeitpunkt des Beginns der Belichtung bis zu dem Ende eines Druckvorgangs UV-Licht aus der Umgebung zu einer Neuanregung des fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Materials führt, genügt es, dass sich die Druckform im Schatten befindet. Dies ist im Normalfall nach Einbau der Druckform in eine Druckmaschine gegeben.Figure 1d illustrates the wetting of the layer 11 by water in the unirradiated surface area 130 and the irradiated surface area 131. In the irradiated and thus heated material in the surface area 131, the water wetting is low. The contact angle between the surface area 131 and the water drop 141 formed in the surface area 131 is large, and the layer 11 is lipophilic in this surface area 131. In order to prevent UV light from the environment from re-exciting the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material from the time the exposure begins to the end of a printing operation, it is sufficient for the printing form to be in the shade. This is normally done after installation of the printing plate in a printing press.

Die Figuren 2a bis 2d zeigen vorteilhafte Ausführungsbeispiele für eine schichtweise aufgebaute Druckform 31, die vorzugsweise als Druckplatte ausgebildet ist und auf einen Druckformzylinder aufgespannt werden kann oder bereits aufgespannt ist.Figures 2a to 2d show advantageous embodiments of a layered printing plate 31, which is preferably designed as a printing plate and can be clamped onto a printing form cylinder or is already clamped.

Die Druckform 31 der Figur 2a ist zweischichtig aufgebaut mit einer Trägerschicht 21 und einer einzigen, unmittelbar auf der Trägerschicht 21 aufgebrachten Oberschicht 24, an deren freien Oberfläche das Druckbild erzeugt wird oder im Falle einer bebilderten Druckform 31 bereits vorhanden ist. Die Schicht 24 enthält ein fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbares Material 24a in einem ausreichend großen Anteil, um eine pixelweise feine Bebilderung zu ermöglichen. Es soll der Fall mit eingeschlossen jedoch nicht beansprucht, sein, dass die Schicht 24 ausschließlich aus einem fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Material 24a besteht.The printing form 31 of FIG. 2a has a two-layer structure with a carrier layer 21 and a single upper layer 24 applied directly to the carrier layer 21, on whose free surface the printed image is produced or is already present in the case of an imaged printing plate 31. The layer 24 contains a photocatalytically and thermally alterable material 24a in a sufficiently large proportion to allow pixel-wise fine imaging. It should be the case, however, not claimed, that the layer 24 consists solely of a photocatalytically and thermally changeable material 24a.

Die Trägerschicht 21 wird wie auch in den weiteren Ausführungsbeispielen von einer biegsamen Stahlplatte oder Aluminiumplatte gebildet und nachfolgend auch einfach nur als Träger bezeichnet.The carrier layer 21 is formed as in the other embodiments of a flexible steel plate or aluminum plate and hereinafter also referred to simply as a carrier.

Aus der Elektronenbandstruktur eines fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Materials, das durch UV-Bestrahlung eine hydrophile Oberfläche bildet, kann geschlossen werden, dass solch ein Material im sichtbaren Bereich des Spektrums und im nahen Infrarot (NIR) transparent ist. Es kommt somit zu keiner Wechselwirkung mit Laserlicht aus dem sichtbaren Bereich des Spektrums und dem NIR oder noch längerwelligem Licht. Um dennoch die für die Bebilderung erforderliche Wärme zu erzeugen, können in der Oberschicht der Druckform vorteilhafterweise Absorptionszentren für Laserlicht im NIR oder dem gesamten IR-Bereich geschaffen werden. Es kommt so zu einer indirekten Erwärmung des fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Materials der Oberschicht durch Wärmeleitung.From the electron band structure of a photocatalytically and thermally changeable material which forms a hydrophilic surface by UV irradiation, it can be concluded that such a material is transparent in the visible region of the spectrum and in the near infrared (NIR). There is thus no interaction with laser light from the visible region of the spectrum and the NIR or even longer-wave light. In order nevertheless to produce the heat required for the imaging, absorption centers for laser light in the NIR or the entire IR range can be advantageously created in the upper layer of the printing form. This leads to an indirect heating of the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material of the upper layer by heat conduction.

Die Oberschicht 24 ist im Ausführungsbeispiel eine Dispersion aus dem fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbaren Material 24a und Absorptionspartikeln, die in dem Material 24a in einer feinen, gleichmäßigen Verteilung dispergiert sind. Die Absorptionspartikel sind Nanopartikel eines Halbleitermaterials, das Strahlung aus dem IR-Wellenlängenbereich absorbiert, in Wärme umwandelt und an das umgebende, fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbare Material 24a abgibt. Die Absorptionspartikel bilden die Absorptionszentren 24b für die der Erwärmung dienende Strahlung. Es können auch Partikel von mehreren Halbleitermaterialien die Absorptionszentren 24b bilden.The topsheet 24 in the exemplary embodiment is a dispersion of the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material 24a and absorbent particles dispersed in the material 24a in a fine, uniform distribution. The absorption particles are nanoparticles of a semiconductor material which absorbs radiation from the IR wavelength range, converts it into heat and delivers it to the surrounding, photocatalytically and thermally changeable material 24a. The absorption particles form the absorption centers 24b for the heating radiation. Also, particles of multiple semiconductor materials can form the absorption centers 24b.

Damit nicht zuviel Wärme in lateraler Richtung innerhalb der Oberschicht der Druckform 31 diffundiert, kann eine an die Oberschicht unmittelbar angrenzende Unterschicht so beschaffen sein, dass sie Wärme aufnimmt. Als Material für solch eine Unterschicht, die auch unmittelbar durch einen Druckformträger wie die Trägerschicht 21 gebildet sein kann, eignen sich Materialien, die eine hohe Wärmeleitung ermöglichen und eine große Wärmekapazität besitzen. Da ein Druckformträger über eine hohe mechanische Festigkeit verfügen sollte, um einen dauerhaften Einbau innerhalb der Druckmaschine zu ermöglichen, kann solch ein Träger beispielsweise aus Stahl oder Aluminium bestehen.In order not to diffuse too much heat in the lateral direction within the upper layer of the printing forme 31, an underlayer immediately adjacent to the upper layer may be designed to absorb heat. As a material for such an underlayer, which may also be formed directly by a printing plate support such as the carrier layer 21, materials are suitable which allow a high heat conduction and have a high heat capacity. Since a printing plate support should have a high mechanical strength to allow permanent installation within the printing press, such a support may for example consist of steel or aluminum.

Je nach Empfindlichkeit der Oberschicht kann es vorteilhaft sein, die Wärmeabgabe an einen Träger zu vermindern, um die bilderzeugende Wirkung der in der Oberschicht lokal erzeugten Wärme zu erhöhen. So kann zwischen der Oberschicht und dem Träger beispielsweise eine Isolationsschicht vorgesehen sein, welche die Wärmeleitung zum Träger vermindert. Das Material der Isolationsschicht sollte naturgemäß eine geringe Wärmeleitfähigkeit aufweisen.Depending on the sensitivity of the top layer, it may be advantageous to reduce the heat output to a carrier in order to localize the image-forming effect of the top layer increase generated heat. Thus, for example, an insulating layer can be provided between the upper layer and the carrier, which reduces the heat conduction to the carrier. The material of the insulating layer should naturally have a low thermal conductivity.

Figur 2b zeigt eine Ausführung, in der auf den Träger 21 zunächst eine Absorptionsschicht 23 und darauf die Oberschicht 24 aufgebracht sind. Zu diesem dreischichtigen Aufbau wird durch die Bestrahlung bei der Bebilderung in der Absorptionsschicht 23 lokal bildgemäß Wärme erzeugt. Die in der Absorptionsschicht 23 erzeugte Wärme wird über die Kontaktfläche in die Oberschicht 24, welche das fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbare Material 24a enthält, übertragen und erreicht die Oberfläche der Oberschicht 24. Wie bereits beschrieben, bewirkt die Wärmeübertragung zu den Atomen bzw. Molekülen an der Oberfläche, an denen die OH-Gruppen gebunden sind, eine Aufspaltung dieser Bindungen, wodurch es zu Rekombinationen und zur Abnahme der Hydrophilie kommt. Vorteilhaft ist eine Schichtdicke der Absorptionsschicht 23 von 1 µm bis 5 µm.FIG. 2b shows an embodiment in which first an absorption layer 23 and then the upper layer 24 are applied to the carrier 21. For this three-layer structure, heat is generated locally as a result of the irradiation during the imaging in the absorption layer. The heat generated in the absorption layer 23 is transferred via the contact surface into the top layer 24, which contains the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material 24a, and reaches the surface of the top layer 24. As already described, the heat transfer to the atoms or molecules at the Surface to which the OH groups are bound, a splitting of these bonds, which leads to recombination and decrease of the hydrophilicity. A layer thickness of the absorption layer 23 of 1 μm to 5 μm is advantageous.

Die Oberschicht 24 weist bei Ausbildung einer besonderen Absorptionsschicht 23 eine gleichmäßige Dicke auf von vorzugsweise 0,05 µm bis 5 µm, besonders bevorzugt von 0,05 µm bis 2 µm. Ohne Absorptionsschicht, wie beispielsweise im ersten Ausführungsbeispiel, weist die Oberschicht 24 vorteilhafterweise eine Schichtdicke von 1 µm bis 30 µm, besonders vorteilhaft zwischen 1 µm bis 10 µm, auf.The upper layer 24, when forming a particular absorption layer 23, has a uniform thickness of preferably 0.05 μm to 5 μm, particularly preferably 0.05 μm to 2 μm. Without an absorption layer, as for example in the first exemplary embodiment, the upper layer 24 advantageously has a layer thickness of 1 μm to 30 μm, particularly advantageously between 1 μm and 10 μm.

Figur 2c zeigt ein drittes bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel. Hierbei befindet sich unmittelbar über dem Träger 21 eine thermisch isolierende Zwischenschicht 22, auf der unmittelbar die Oberschicht 24 mit dem fotokatalytisch und thermisch wirksamen Material 24a angeordnet ist. Die Dicke der Zwischenschicht 22 beträgt vorzugsweise zwischen 1 µm und 30 µm. In der Oberschicht 25 sind wieder wie im ersten Ausführungsbeispiel gleichmäßig verteilt Absorptionszentren 24b vorhanden. Die Oberschicht 24 weist vorzugsweise eine Dicke von 1 µm bis 30 µm, besonders bevorzugt eine Dicke von 1 µm bis 10 µm, auf.Figure 2c shows a third preferred embodiment. Here, directly above the support 21, there is a thermally insulating intermediate layer 22, on which the upper layer 24 with the photocatalytically and thermally active material 24a is directly arranged. The thickness of the intermediate layer 22 is preferably between 1 μm and 30 μm. In the upper layer 25, absorption centers 24b are uniformly distributed again as in the first embodiment. The upper layer 24 preferably has a thickness of 1 .mu.m to 30 .mu.m, more preferably a thickness of 1 .mu.m to 10 .mu.m.

Figur 2d zeigt ein viertes Ausführungsbeispiel. In diesem Beispiel befindet sich unmittelbar über dem Substrat 21 eine thermisch isolierende Zwischenschicht 22, deren Dicke vorzugsweise zwischen 1 µm und 30 µm beträgt. Unmittelbar auf der Zwischenschicht 22 ist eine Absorptionsschicht 23 vorgesehen, deren Schichtdicke vorzugsweise zwischen 1 µm und 5 µm beträgt. Auf der Absorptionsschicht 23 ist eine Oberschicht 24 angeordnet, die das fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbare Material 24a enthält oder ausschließlich aus solchem Material besteht und vorzugsweise eine Dicke von 0,05 µm bis 5 µm, besonders bevorzugt von 0,05 µm bis 2 µm, aufweist.FIG. 2d shows a fourth exemplary embodiment. In this example, immediately above the substrate 21 is a thermally insulating intermediate layer 22, whose thickness is preferably between 1 .mu.m and 30 .mu.m. Immediately on the intermediate layer 22, an absorption layer 23 is provided, whose layer thickness is preferably between 1 .mu.m and 5 .mu.m. On the absorption layer 23, an upper layer 24 is arranged, which contains the photocatalytically and thermally changeable material 24a or consists exclusively of such material and preferably has a thickness of 0.05 .mu.m to 5 .mu.m, more preferably from 0.05 .mu.m to 2 .mu.m ,

Die Oberschichten 24 der Ausführungsbeispiele der Figuren 2b und 2d weisen gemäß den Ansprüchen ebenfalls dispergierte Absorptionszentren auf, obgleich wegen der Absorptionsschicht 23 auch auf den Einbau von Absorptionszentren in die das fotokatalytisch und thermisch veränderbare Material verzichtet werden könnte, was jedoch nicht beansprucht wird. Im Ausführungsbeispiel der Figur 2d ist eine Oberschicht 24 mit dispergierten Absorptionszentren 24b gebildet.The topsheets 24 of the embodiments of FIGS. 2b and 2d also have dispersed absorption centers according to the claims, although the incorporation of absorption centers into which the photocatalytically and thermally alterable material could be dispensed with is also not required because of the absorption layer 23. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2d, a top layer 24 having dispersed absorption centers 24b is formed.

Zum Aufbringen der Oberschicht und einer oder mehreren weiteren Schicht bzw. Schichten sind beispielsweise das Sol-Gel-Verfahren und das CVD-Verfahren (Chemical Vapor Deposition) geeignet. Die Schicht oder Schichten kann bzw. können unmittelbar übereinander aufgetragen sein, d.h. ohne vermittelnde Schichten wie beispielsweise Haftschichten.For applying the top layer and one or more further layers or layers, for example, the sol-gel method and the CVD method (Chemical Vapor Deposition) are suitable. The layer or layers may be applied directly over one another, i. without mediating layers such as adhesive layers.

Figur 3 zeigt eine Druckeinheit mit einem Druckformzylinder 32, einem zugeordneten Gummituchzylinder 38 und einem Gegendruckzylinder 39, der mit dem Gummituchzylinder 38 einen Druckspalt für eine zu bedruckende Bahn 37 bildet. Auf dem Druckformzylinder 32 sind zwei Druckplatten 31 in bekannter Weise befestigt. Allerdings wird jede der beiden Druckplatten 31 von einer Druckform gemäß der Erfindung, beispielsweise gemäß einem der Ausführungsbeispiele der Figuren 2a bis 2d gebildet. Über den Umfang um den Druckformzylinder 32 verteilt, sind in der Druckmaschine angeordnet eine Bildgebungseinrichtung 33, zwei Löscheinrichtungen 34, Farbauftragswalzen 35 und eine Feuchtauftragswalze 36. Über die Feuchtauftragswalze 36 wird in bekannter Weise ein Feuchtmittelfilm, vorzugsweise ein Wasserfilm, an die Druckformen 31 herangeführt. Mittels der Farbauftragswalzen 35 wird während des Drucks in ebenfalls bekannter Weise bildmäßig Farbe auf die Druckformen 31 übertragen, die von den Druckformen 31 zunächst auf den Gummituchzylinder 38 und von diesem auf die Bahn 37 übertragen wird. Der Gegendruckzylinder 39 kann selbst ein Gummituchzylinder einer weiteren Druckeinheit zum beidseitigen Drucken, ein Stahlzylinder für nur eine einzige Druckstelle oder ein Stahlzylinder eines Satellitendruckwerks, beispielsweise eines 9- oder 10-Zylinderdruckwerks sein.Figure 3 shows a printing unit with a printing form cylinder 32, an associated blanket cylinder 38 and a counter-pressure cylinder 39 which forms a printing gap for a web to be printed 37 with the blanket cylinder 38. On the printing form cylinder 32 two printing plates 31 are fixed in a known manner. However, each of the two printing plates 31 is formed by a printing plate according to the invention, for example according to one of the embodiments of FIGS. 2a to 2d. Distributed over the circumference around the printing form cylinder 32, an imaging device 33, two erasing devices 34, inking rollers 35 and a dampening roller 36 are arranged in the printing press. Via the dampening roller 36, a dampening solution film, preferably a water film, is fed to the printing plates 31 in a known manner. By means of the inking rollers 35 is imagewise during printing in a known manner color transferred to the printing plates 31, which is first transferred from the printing plates 31 on the blanket cylinder 38 and from there to the web 37. The counter-pressure cylinder 39 may itself be a blanket cylinder of another printing unit for double-sided printing, a steel cylinder for only a single printing point or a steel cylinder of a satellite printing unit, for example a 9 or 10-cylinder printing unit.

Die Bildgebungseinrichtung 33 ist der zu bebildernden Oberfläche der Druckform 31 unmittelbar zugewandt und parallel zur Drehachse des Druckformzylinders 32 angeordnet. Die Bildgebungseinheit 33 weist eine Mehrzahl von entlang der Drehachse des Druckformzylinders 32 nebeneinander angeordneten Lasern auf. Die Laserspots dieser Laser sind auf die Oberfläche der Druckform 31 fokussiert. Die Laser der Bildgebungseinrichtung 33 sind vorzugsweise zu einem oder mehreren nebeneinander angeordneten Laserarrays zusammengefasst. Eine Bildgebungseinrichtung in bevorzugten Ausführungen wird in der DE 199 11 907 A1 beschrieben,The imaging device 33 faces directly to the surface of the printing forme 31 to be imaged and is arranged parallel to the axis of rotation of the printing forme cylinder 32. The imaging unit 33 has a plurality of lasers arranged next to one another along the axis of rotation of the printing form cylinder 32. The laser spots of these lasers are focused on the surface of the printing plate 31. The lasers of the imaging device 33 are preferably combined to form one or more laser arrays arranged next to one another. An imaging device in preferred embodiments is described in DE 199 11 907 A1,

Die beiden Löscheinrichtungen 34 weisen je wenigstens einen Tageslichtstrahler und/oder wenigstens einen UV-Strahler auf. Die Löscheinrichtungen 34 sind über den Umfang des Druckformzylinders 32 voneinander beabstandet je parallel zu der Drehachse des Druckformzylinders 32 angeordnet. Grundsätzlich würde eine einzige der Löscheinrichtungen 34 genügen, um die bebilderten Oberflächen der Druckformen 31 zu löschen, indem das die jeweiligen Oberflächen bildende, fotothermisch veränderbare Material in Bezug auf das jeweilige Druckbild in den hydrophilen Normalzustand durch ganzflächige Bestrahlung mit Licht aus dem UV-Bereich zurückversetzt wird.The two extinguishing devices 34 each have at least one daylight emitter and / or at least one UV emitter. The erasing devices 34 are arranged spaced apart from each other over the circumference of the printing forme cylinder 32, each being arranged parallel to the axis of rotation of the printing forme cylinder 32. Basically, a single one of the erasers 34 would be sufficient to erase the imaged surfaces of the printing plates 31 by the photothermally variable material forming the respective surfaces with respect to the respective printed image in the hydrophilic normal state by full-area irradiation with light from the UV range becomes.

Während der Bebilderung sind die Löscheinrichtungen 34 ausgeschaltet. Vorzugsweise stehen während der Bebilderung keinerlei Walzen bzw. Zylinder mit dem Druckformzylinder 32, insbesondere den Druckformen 31, in Berührung, um eine möglichst ruhige Drehung des Druckformzylinders 32 zu ermöglichen. Nach Beendigung des Drucks werden die Löscheinrichtungen 34 eingeschaltet. Während der Löschung werden die Oberflächen der Druckformen 31 mit Wasser benetzt; um die durch UV-Strahlung angeregten, zuvor lipophilen Oberflächenbereiche durch Bindung von OH-Gruppen dauerhaft hydrophil zu machen. Hierzu kann insbesondere das Feuchtwerk der Druckeinheit oder ein Dampferzeuger verwendet werden.During imaging, the erasers 34 are turned off. Preferably, during the imaging, no rollers or cylinders are in contact with the printing form cylinder 32, in particular the printing plates 31, in order to allow the printing plate cylinder 32 to rotate as smoothly as possible. After completion of the printing, the erasers 34 are turned on. During erasure, the surfaces of the printing plates 31 are wetted with water; around the UV-excited, previously rendered lipophilic surface areas permanently hydrophilic by binding of OH groups. For this purpose, in particular the dampening unit of the printing unit or a steam generator can be used.

In einer Weiterentwicklung wird die Druckeinheit, die den Druckformzylinder 32 und den Gummituchzylinder 38 umfasst, gegenüber der Umgebung gekapselt und klimatisiert, um innerhalb der Kapselung 40 die Feuchtigkeit und auch die Temperatur dem jeweiligen Betriebszustand optimal anpassen zu können. So sollte innerhalb der Umkapselung 40 während dem Löschvorgang eine gleichmäßig hohe Luftfeuchte von wenigstens 60% herrschen, vorzugsweise wenigstens 80%, während für die Bebilderung und die laufende Druckproduktion die Luftfeuchte deutlich niedriger sein sollte. Bevorzugt umschließt die Umkapselung 40 wie im Ausführungsbeispiel auch den Gegendruckzylinder 39. Falls das Druckwerk weitere Zylinder umfasst, sind vorzugsweise auch die zu dem Druckwerk gehörenden weiteren Zylinder von der Umkapselung 40 eingeschlossen. Handelt es sich bei den Druckwerken der Druckmaschine um Gummi/Gummi-Druckwerke, so umschließt die Umkapselung 40 vorzugsweise jeweils die beiden gegeneinander angestellten Gummituchzylinder und deren zugeordnete Druckformzylinder. Es können Umkapselungen 40 im Falle von derart gebildeten Druckwerken auch für die üblichen H-oder N-Brücken, d.h. für jeweils vier Gummituchzylinder und deren Plattenzylinder, gebildet werden. Bei Satellitendruckwerken mit Neun- oder Zehn-Zylindereinheiten werden diese Einheiten vorzugsweise von jeweils einer eigenen Umkapselung 40 umschlossen.In a further development, the printing unit, which comprises the printing form cylinder 32 and the blanket cylinder 38, is encapsulated with respect to the environment and conditioned to optimally adapt the humidity and also the temperature to the respective operating state within the encapsulation 40. Thus, a uniformly high air humidity of at least 60% should prevail within the encapsulation 40 during the deletion process, preferably at least 80%, while for the imaging and the ongoing print production the humidity should be significantly lower. The encapsulation 40 preferably encloses, as in the exemplary embodiment, the counter-pressure cylinder 39. If the printing unit comprises further cylinders, the further cylinders belonging to the printing unit are preferably also enclosed by the encapsulation 40. If the printing units of the printing press are rubber / rubber printing units, then the encapsulation 40 preferably encloses in each case the two mutually set blanket cylinders and their associated printing form cylinders. Encapsulants 40 in the case of printing units thus formed can also be used for the usual H or N bridges, i. for each four blanket cylinder and the plate cylinder, are formed. In satellite printing units with nine- or ten-cylinder units, these units are preferably enclosed in each case by a separate encapsulation 40.

Obgleich bereits eine reine Befeuchtungsanlage vorteilhaft ist, um innerhalb der Umkapselung 40 die hohe Luftfeuchte für die UV-Bestrahlung einzustellen und während der Bestrahlung zu halten, wird eine Klimatisierung mit der gleichzeitigen Einstellung und Haltung einer vorgegebenen Temperatur innerhalb der Umkapselung 40 bevorzugt. Die für die Einstellung und Haltung einer vorgegebenen Luftfeuchte Fsoll und einer vorgegebenen Temperatur Tsoll verwendete Klimaanlage umfasst über die Umkapselung 40 und die Einrichtung für die Zufuhr von Wasser, im Ausführungsbeispiel die Feuchtauftragswalze 36, einen Feuchtigkeits- und Temperaturregler 43 und wenigstens einen innerhalb der Umkapselung 40 angeordneten Feuchtigkeitssensor 41 und wenigstens einen innerhalb der Umkapselung 40 angeordneten Temperatursensor 42. Die Sensoren 41 und 42 nehmen innerhalb der Umkapselung 40 die Luftfeuchtigkeit und die Temperatur auf und geben sowohl die Luftfeuchtigkeit als auch die Temperatur je als Regelgröße Fist und Tist auf den Regler 43. Der Regler 43 bildet aus der Differenz der aufgenommenen Werte der Luftfeuchtigkeit und Temperatur und den vorgegebenen Werten die jeweilige Differenz Fsoll-Fist und Tsoll-Tist und bildet in Abhängigkeit von der Feuchtigkeitsdifferenz und der Temperaturdifferenz die Feuchtestellgröße F und die Temperaturstellgröße T für die innerhalb der Umkapselung 40 wirkenden Einrichtungen für die Zufuhr von Wasser und die Beeinflussung der Temperatur.Although already a pure humidification system is advantageous in order to adjust the high humidity for the UV irradiation within the encapsulation 40 and to hold it during the irradiation, an air conditioning with the simultaneous adjustment and maintenance of a predetermined temperature within the encapsulation 40 is preferred. The a predetermined humidity for adjusting and attitude F to and a predetermined temperature T set air conditioner used comprises on the encapsulation 40 and the means for the supply of water, in the embodiment, the dampener roller 36, a humidity and temperature controller 43 and at least one within the Encapsulation 40 arranged humidity sensor 41 and at least one within the Encapsulation 40 temperature sensor arranged 42. The sensors 41 and 42 take place within the encapsulation 40, the humidity and the temperature and pass both the humidity and the temperature of each is provided as a control variable F and T to the controller 43. The controller 43 forms from the Difference of the recorded values of the humidity and temperature and the given values the respective difference F soll -F ist and T soll -T is and forms depending on the humidity difference and the temperature difference the humidity order size F and the temperature control variable T for those acting within the enclosure 40 Facilities for supplying water and influencing the temperature.

Die Bebilderung und Löschung in der Druckmaschine wird bevorzugt, besonders die Bebilderung und Löschung an dem Druckformzylinder, auf dem die Druckform auch in der Druckproduktion befestigt oder integriert am Zylinder ausgebildet ist. Grundsätzlich können jedoch die Bebilderung und die Löschung auch außerhalb der Druckmaschine vorgenommen werden. Auch die Durchführung des einen der Vorgänge in der Druckmaschine und Durchführung des anderen der Vorgänge außerhalb der Druckmaschine soll nicht ausgeschlossen werden.The imaging and erasing in the printing press is preferred, especially the imaging and deletion on the printing form cylinder on which the printing form is also fixed in the printed production or integrated on the cylinder. In principle, however, the imaging and deletion can also be made outside the printing press. Also, the implementation of one of the processes in the printing press and implementation of the other of the processes outside the printing press should not be excluded.

Claims (30)

  1. A wet offset printing form comprising a top layer (24) for a wet offset web-fed rotary printing press, containing a photocatalytically and thermally modifiable material and forming a surface which can be or is illustrated (130, 131),
    wherein the material can be brought into a hydrophilic state photocatalytically by irradiation with light and into a lipophilic state by heating, and
    characterised in that
    the top layer (24) comprises absorption centres (24b) for a radiation with which the top layer (24) is heated in a pattern of an image, wherein the photocatalytic material interacts with light and the absorption centres are formed by particles of a semiconductor material which are dispersed in the photocatalytically and thermally modifiable material.
  2. The wet offset printing form according to claim 1, characterised in that the absorption centres (24b) are nanoparticles.
  3. The wet offset printing form according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the semiconductor material is a material with a conduction band energy, measured at the lower edge of the conduction band, which is at least as negative as the energy necessary for the reduction of water into hydrogen gas, and with a valence band energy, measured at the top edge of the valence band, which is at least as positive as the energy necessary for the oxidation of water into hydrogen gas.
  4. The wet offset printing form according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the photocatalytically and thermally modifiable material (24a) of the top layer (24) is anatase TiO2 or zinc oxide or ZrO2 or SrTiO3 or KTaO3 or KTa0.77Nb0.23O3 or a combination of at least two of these materials.
  5. The wet offset printing form according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that a material forming the surface (130, 131) contains the photocatalytically and thermally modifiable material (24a) in an amount of at least 40 % by weight.
  6. The wet offset printing form according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that an absorption layer (23) for radiation of a wavelength of 400 nm or longer is arranged under the top layer (24) and connected to the top layer (24) in a thermally conductive manner.
  7. The wet offset printing form according to claim 1, characterised in that the absorption layer (23) directly adjoins the top layer (24) for a direct thermal contact.
  8. The wet offset printing form according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that a thermally insulating layer (22) is formed under the top layer (24), preferably under an absorption layer (23) arranged under the top layer (24).
  9. The wet offset printing form according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the printing form (31) comprises a carrier (21) for the top layer (24), the carrier preferably consisting of steel or aluminium.
  10. The wet offset printing form according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that a layer acting as a diffusion barrier, which can be formed by a thermally insulating layer (22), is provided between a printing form carrier (21) and the top layer (24), said layer preventing or hindering the diffusion of atoms of the carrier (21) into the top layer (24).
  11. The wet offset printing form according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that a diffusion barrier is formed by a layer (22) arranged between the top layer (24) and a carrier (21) of the printing form (31).
  12. The wet offset printing form according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein an absorption layer for radiation with which the top layer (24) is heated is provided under the top layer (24).
  13. A process for illustrating a wet offset printing form (31) comprising a photocatalytically and thermally modifiable material on a surface (130) which can be illustrated, wherein said material can be brought photocatalytically into a hydrophilic state by irradiation with light and into a lipophilic state by heating, wherein
    the printing form (31) is illustrated by heating the photocatalytically and thermally modifiable material in the pattern of an image,
    characterised in that
    a printing form (31) according to any one of claims 1 to 12 is used.
  14. The process according to claim 13, characterised in that the printing form (31) is illustrated with laser beams, preferably IR laser beams.
  15. The process according to claim 14, characterised in that laser light with a wavelength between 400 nm and 3000 nm is used.
  16. The process according to claim 15, characterised in that laser light with a wavelength of at least 700 nm, preferably at least 800 nm, is used.
  17. The process according to any one of claims 13 to 16, characterised in that the printing form (31) is irradiated with daylight and/or UV light to erase a printing style produced by the heating in the pattern of an image.
  18. A process for erasing or illustrating a printing style of a wet offset printing form comprising a photocatalytically and thermally modifiable material (24a) on a surface (130, 131) forming the printing style, wherein said material can be brought photocatalytically into a hydrophilic state by irradiation with light and into a lipophilic state by heating, wherein
    a) the printing style is erased or produced by irradiating the surface (130, 131) with UV radiation;
    b) and water is fed to the surface (130, 131) during the irradiation, characterised in that
    a printing form according to any one of claims 1 to 11 is used.
  19. The process according to claim 18, characterised in that a humidity of at least 60%, preferably at least 80%, is generated at the surface (130, 131) for the UV irradiation, and is preferably maintained for the duration of the UV irradiation.
  20. The process according to claim 19, characterised in that a preset temperature is set and maintained for the duration of the UV irradiation.
  21. The process according to any one of claims 17 to 20, characterised in that the illustrated surface (130, 131) of the printing form (31) is irradiated over its entire area for erasing.
  22. A device comprising a wet offset printing form according to any one of claims 1 to 11, for repeatedly illustrating the wet offset printing form, said device comprising:
    an imaging means (33) for producing a printing style by heating the photocatalytically and thermally modifiable material (24a) in the pattern of an image; and
    an erasing means (34) for erasing the printing style produced, wherein the erasing means (34) has one or more radiation sources for daylight and/or UV light, wherein the device comprises a humidifying unit (40, 41, 43) by which a preset humidity can be generated and maintained at the wet offset printing form (31).
  23. The device according to claim 22, characterised in that the humidifying unit (40, 41, 43) includes an encapsulation (40) for the wet offset printing form (31) and preferably for a plurality of cylinders (32, 38, 39) of a printing unit so as to generate and maintain the preset humidity within the encapsulation (40).
  24. The device according to claim 23, characterised in that the humidifying unit (40, 41, 43) comprises at least one humidity sensor (41) arranged within the encapsulation (40) and a regulator (43), to which the humidity recorded by the humidity sensor is fed as a control variable.
  25. The device according to any one of claims 22 to 24, characterised in that the erasing means (34) has one or more radiation sources for the full-area irradiation of the surface (130, 131).
  26. The device according to any one of claims 22 to 25, characterised in that the radiation source or radiation sources of the erasing means (34) emits/emit a large percentage of radiation of a wavelength of at most 387 nm, wherein a wavelength spectrum emitted by the radiation source has a peak, preferably at a wavelength of 387 nm or less.
  27. The device according to any one of claims 22 to 26, characterised in that the printing form (31) is arranged detachably or non-detachably on a printing form cylinder (32) in a wet offset printing press, in particular a web-fed rotary printing press, and the erasing means (34) is directed toward the printing form cylinder (32) and preferably extends over a length of the printing form (31) measured parallel to an axis of rotation of the printing form cylinder (32), over such an extent that a full-area, uniform irradiation of the printing form (31) can be carried out.
  28. The device according to any one of claims 22 to 27, characterised in that the imaging means (33) comprises a plurality of radiation sources for the irradiation of the printing form (31) in the pattern of an image.
  29. The device according to any one of claims 22 to 28, characterised in that the radiation sources of the imaging means (33) are IR lasers, preferably NIR lasers.
  30. The device according to any one of claims 22 to 29, characterised in that the printing form (31) is arranged detachably or non-detachably on a printing form cylinder in a wet offset printing press, in particular a web-fed rotary printing press, and the radiation sources of the imaging means (33) are directed toward the printing form cylinder (32) and are preferably arranged next to one another parallel to an axis of rotation of the printing form cylinder (32).
EP02405245A 2001-03-29 2002-03-27 Wet-offset printing form with photo-thermally convertible material, process and apparatus for creating and/or erasing the image of the wet-offset printing form Expired - Lifetime EP1245385B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10115435A DE10115435B8 (en) 2001-03-29 2001-03-29 Method for producing a printed image and / or deleting a printed image of a wet offset printing form with photothermally changeable material
DE10115435 2001-03-29

Publications (3)

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EP1245385A2 EP1245385A2 (en) 2002-10-02
EP1245385A3 EP1245385A3 (en) 2002-11-20
EP1245385B1 true EP1245385B1 (en) 2006-03-29

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US (2) US7051652B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1245385B1 (en)
JP (3) JP3874692B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE321661T1 (en)
DE (2) DE10115435B8 (en)
DK (1) DK1245385T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2261623T3 (en)

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JP2004306613A (en) 2004-11-04
JP3874692B2 (en) 2007-01-31
US20040168599A1 (en) 2004-09-02
US20020139269A1 (en) 2002-10-03
DE10115435B8 (en) 2007-02-08
EP1245385A2 (en) 2002-10-02
JP2006137197A (en) 2006-06-01
JP2003011536A (en) 2003-01-15
DE50206222D1 (en) 2006-05-18
DE10115435B4 (en) 2006-11-02
DE10115435A1 (en) 2002-10-24
ATE321661T1 (en) 2006-04-15
DK1245385T3 (en) 2006-07-24
EP1245385A3 (en) 2002-11-20
ES2261623T3 (en) 2006-11-16
US6976428B2 (en) 2005-12-20
US7051652B2 (en) 2006-05-30

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