EP1242803A1 - Permeametre multidirectionnel - Google Patents

Permeametre multidirectionnel

Info

Publication number
EP1242803A1
EP1242803A1 EP99963083A EP99963083A EP1242803A1 EP 1242803 A1 EP1242803 A1 EP 1242803A1 EP 99963083 A EP99963083 A EP 99963083A EP 99963083 A EP99963083 A EP 99963083A EP 1242803 A1 EP1242803 A1 EP 1242803A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sample
chamber
permeameter
porous material
inlet port
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP99963083A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Daniel Turner
Cristina Crawford
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Turner Daniel
Original Assignee
Turner Daniel
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Turner Daniel filed Critical Turner Daniel
Publication of EP1242803A1 publication Critical patent/EP1242803A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
    • G01N15/082—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample
    • G01N15/0826—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample and measuring fluid flow rate, i.e. permeation rate or pressure change

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to a permeameter and more particularly to a multidirectional permeameter which allows water flow to occur either vertically, horizontally or simultaneously vertically and horizontally.
  • This multi-directional flow pattern will render an apparatus which provides a more applicable, representative reading of the coefficients of permeability for the material that is being tested.
  • Permeameters are known in the art and are used for testing various soils. The use of this permeameter will establish the representative values of the coefficients of permeability of the soil being tested. Through the permeameter, the results should establish how the material will behave in a particular environment, such as through natural deposits or when used as sub-grades in a pavement structure. Unfortunately, conventional permeameters only test flow in a single direction, specifically in a vertical flow pattern. This means of testing limits the results and does not provide a true representative value for the coefficient of permeability for the material which is being tested.
  • the present invention is a multi-directional permeameter apparatus that is designed and configured to test soil.
  • the purpose of the apparatus is to determine the coefficients of permeability by utilizing a constant (or falling) head method for the laminar flow of a fluid, such as water, through a specific material or sample which is being tested.
  • This apparatus will test a sample for the intent of establishing representative values of the coefficients of permeability of the particular sample that may occur with various types of soils, such as, but not limited to, natural deposits, soil placed in embankments, or soil used as sub- grades in a pavement structure. Since the samples are remolded, consolidation is not considered and settlement is normally insignificant.
  • this apparatus of the present invention can also be used for compaction, thereby, allowing the material to be compacted and layered according to conventional test specifications, easily and conveniently. Compaction will occur prior to testing for values of the coefficient of permeability of the compacted sample.
  • the multi-directional permeameter apparatus of the present invention comprises a base member and a chamber.
  • the chamber is known as the mold and when secured to the base, it is used for either compaction of material or testing for the permeability of the particular sample.
  • the base can include a recess. During compaction, a metal plate can be placed over (or in) the recess. During testing, a porous plate is inserted therein.
  • the base further includes a drainage port.
  • the drainage port can extend from the receiving means to the exterior of the base and can also include a means for receiving and nr ⁇ intaining a conventional hose.
  • a conventional valve may optionally be located within the port. This valve will allow for the port to open and close, thereby providing a means for controlling the fluid flow. If a valve is not utilized, then a clamp can be removably secured to the conduit.
  • the chamber or mold is substantially rectangular in shape and includes an open top, an open bottom and apertures extending through two side walls.
  • the apertures on the side walls are oppositely located and are in alignment with one another.
  • a securing means is preferably located on the walls which does not include apertures.
  • the securing means is conventional and is designed and configured to engage with the securing means located on the extending shafts.
  • a lid is designed to be removably secured to the open top of the chamber and is used during the testing process.
  • This lid further includes a pressure bleed-off valve, which is used when the sample is saturated, prior to testing.
  • Interchangeable cover plates are adapted to be removably secured to the apertures of the side walls. Confining cover plates are used during compaction and holding cover plates are used during saturation and testing. These holding plates are fabricated from a substantially durable material, such as metal, and are used to hold and maintain a porous stone during testing.
  • the lid and holding cover plates each include a port that is designed and configured to receive and maintain a conduit. Each conduit can include a clamp which is used to initiate or terminate fluid flow into and/or out of the chamber during the saturation and/or testing process.
  • each port can be equipped with a conventional valve for allowing the user to merely open or close the port for controlling fluid flow therethrough.
  • the sample to be tested must be compacted to the required density. This process is known as compaction. Compaction is established by placing the metal plate on the top surface or in the receiving means of the base. The opened bottom of the mold is placed on the exposed metal plate and is secured to the base by using the securing means located on the shafts of the base and on the side walls of the chamber. Once secured, a paper filter is placed inside the chamber and on the metal base. Confining cover plates are secured to the apertures located in the side wall of the chamber. Attachment of the confining cover plates to the chamber is accomplished via conventional securing means.
  • the material is then compacted to the required density.
  • the material is placed within the chamber in five equal layers. Each layer is compacted with approximately fifty-six blows with a ten pound hammer having an eighteen inch drop.
  • the top surface of the sample is smoothed off evenly so that the volume may be calculated. Measurements are taken from the top of the sample to the top of the chamber. The average measurement is subtracted from the total length of the chamber, so that the volume can be accurately calculated.
  • the mold is removed from the base to enable the material and mold to be weighed. The weight of the mold is subtracted from the composite weight to determine the weight of the sample.
  • the sample can be prepared for testing for the coefficient of permeability.
  • the paper filter is removed and confining cover plate is replaced by the holding cover plate.
  • a new paper filter is placed on the porous stone material.
  • the confining plates are removed from the side wall and are replaced with holding cover plates.
  • Each holding cover plate includes a porous stone.
  • a paper filter is inserted into the interior of each holding cover plate. This will provide for the filter to face the sample located within the chamber.
  • a sealant can be used around the porous stone and chamber as well as around each stone plate cover and aperture. This sealant is to prevent water from escaping the chamber during the testing process.
  • a swell plate can be placed on top of the compacted material
  • the lid is then attached to the open top of the chamber for sealing in the sample, and if used, the swell plate.
  • a void or spacing will be located between the top of the sample and the bottom surface of the lid or between the top of the swell plate and the bottom surface of the lid when a swell plate is used.
  • the lid is secured to the chamber via conventional securing means. This lid can be secured directly to the chamber and or to the extending shafts of the base.
  • a sealant can also be utilized around the lid in order to prevent a leakage during the testing process. If a sealant has been used, it must dry prior to testing. Once the sealant has dried sufficiently, testing can commence.
  • a porous stone and filter can be located on the upper surface of the sample. This arrangement will provide for a porous stone and filter to be found at each inlet and outlet.
  • the stone and filter are standard components used during the conventional testing method.
  • a reservoir is filled to a predetermined level with a fluid, such as water.
  • a fluid such as water.
  • This reservoir is located above the apparatus of the present invention.
  • This reservoir must maintain water at a pre-determined level and is known as a constant (or falling) head.
  • a fluid source and an outlet means are coupled to the constant (or falling) head. This will allow more water to fill or leave the reservoir as needed.
  • a reservoir of sufficient capacity, and marked with graduations (such as a burette) may be filled with the testing fluid.
  • the reservoir must have an orifice on its lower extreme which will permit the fluid to exit the reservoir, flow through a conduit and enter the port on the lid of the apparatus.
  • the fluid volume in the reservoir shall decrease to a predetermined amount or until a specified time has elapsed, after which the port on the lid shall be closed. This is known as a ''falling head". It is noted that the tests described above are known in the art and are utilized to do standard testing of materials for determining the coefficient of permeability for the tested sample.
  • a first conduit or first hose is coupled to the constant (or falling) head and to the input port located on the lid.
  • a second conduit or second hose is coupled to the constant (or falling) head and to a port located on a side holding cover plate.
  • the first and second ports act as inlets and allow fluid to enter into the device.
  • the first port will render a vertical fluid flow while the second port will render a horizontal fluid flow.
  • a corresponding outlet is provided for each inlet.
  • a third port coupled to a third conduit or third hose is located opposite from the first port, thereby providing for the third port to be secured to the lower portion of the chamber or optionally to the base.
  • a fourth port having a fourth conduit or fourth hose attached thereto is located opposite from the second conduit, thereby providing for the fourth port to be located in the second side of the holding cover plate.
  • Conventional clamps or valves are secured to the ports, conduits or hoses to enable or disable the fluid flow in and out of the apparatus of the present invention.
  • the conduits or hoses are attached to their respective ports/conduits when in a closed position.
  • the discharge conduits shall each empty into separate collection reservoirs which have volumetric graduations.
  • the sample Prior to testing, the sample must be saturated. For saturating the material, the clamp is removed or the valve is opened for the inlet port of the lid. Simultaneously, the fluid source is slowly activated. On the constant head method, this will allow the fluid to maintain the required height as denoted on the reservoir. Excess fluid will escape via the outlet means.
  • the sample When water escapes the chamber via the pressure valve on the lid, the sample is saturated. On the falling head method, the source reservoir is refilled to the test starting volume. The apparatus is checked for leakage. If none is detected, testing commences.
  • the tester selects the type of test to be performed on the sample.
  • the user can do a horizontal, vertical or a combination of horizontal and vertical fluid flow test, by merely opening or closing the respective clamps and/or valves. These tests may be constant or felling head types. After testing, the appropriate tabulations are calculated for dete ⁇ nining the coefficients of permeability of the sample being tested.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide for a versatile multi-directional permeameter which will successfully allow fluid to flow vertically, horizontally or combined vertically and horizontally.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-directional permeameter apparatus in accordance with the preceding objects and which will conform to conventional forms of manufacture, be of simple construction and easy to use so as to provide a device that would be economically feasible, long lasting and relatively trouble free in operation, and either fixed or portable.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of the multi-directional permeameter of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a cross sectional view of the multi-directional permeameter of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is an exploded view of the various components of the multi-directional permeameter of the present invention prior to assembly.
  • Figure 4 is a side view of the confining cover plate used with the multi-directional permeameter of the present invention during compaction.
  • Figure 5 is a side view of the holding cover plate used with the multi-directional permeameter of the present invention during saturation and testing.
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective of the hammer used during the process of compaction. Similar reference numerals refer to similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • the apparatus 10 illustrated and described herein is used to test soil to determine the coefficients of permeability by utilizing a constant (or falling) head method for the laminar flow of a fluid, such as water, through a specific material or sample which is being tested. Tests using a constant (or falling) head method are known in the art and are conventional tests used for determining the coefficient of permeability of a tested sample.
  • the apparatus 10 also prepares the sample prior to testing, by compacting the desired material according to conventional test specifications.
  • the multi-directional permeameter apparatus 10 of the present invention comprises a base member 12 and a chamber 14.
  • the chamber 14 is also known as the mold and is adapted to be removably secured to the base member 12.
  • the mold includes an interior area which forms and houses a sample S.
  • This base member 12 further includes an upper section 16 and a lower section 18 (labeled in figures 1 and 2). Located within the upper section 16 is a recess 20. This recess can be stepped, as illustrated in figures 2 and 3, to provide for the uppermost portion 20a of the recess 20 to be larger in width than the lowest portion 20b. This uppermost portion 20a will receive the mold 14 during the testing stage while the lowest portion 20b will receive the porous stone and filter. The use of the steps provides an inherent stop and rest for the chamber and an ideal retaining device for the porous stone and filter.
  • a conventional removable attaching device 22 Extending upwardly from the upper section 16 is a conventional removable attaching device 22 that enables the chamber 14 to be removably secured to the base 12, easily and quickly. This removability is a necessity when compacting and testing various samples.
  • the attaching device 22 is conventional and figures 2 and 3 illustrate one type of attaching device 22 which has been utilized to produce favorable results.
  • the attaching device 22 comprises a pair of parallel disposed extending threaded shafts 24, an engaging device, illustrated in figure 1 and figure 3 as C-shaped arms 34, and at least one locking device per shaft. These C-shape arms 34 acts a guide unit and receives the shafts. At least one locking device is movably located on each shaft.
  • the locking device is illustrated as a wing nut, thereby securing the chamber or mold 14 to the base 12 by frictionally contacting the guide unit 34 as well as frictionally contacting and engaging the upper surface of the lid 36 of the chamber 14.
  • This structure of the attaching device 22 is discussed in further detail when disclosing the process of utilizing the apparatus during compaction and for calculating the coefficients of permeability, as defined below.
  • the threaded shafts 24 are spaced apart to form a gap therebetween.
  • This gap is of a sufficient distance so as to be non-obtrusive and to permit the user to easily assemble, disassemble, manipulate and utilize the permeameter apparatus 10 and its various components.
  • a drainage port 26 Located in the base 12 is a drainage port 26.
  • fluid is introduced into the attached chamber or mold 14. During the testing process, fluid enters the chamber 14 via the input port 38 and flows through the sample. The fluid then exits the chamber 14 via the output port 26. The volume of fluid which passed through the sample in a predetermined time is used to calculate the coefficient of permeability.
  • the chamber or mold 14 as illustrated in figures 1-3, is substantially rectangular in shape and includes an open top 28, an open bottom 30 and at least two lateral apertures 32, preferably oppositely located.
  • the chamber or mold is shown to be rectangular, but it is noted that chamber or mold is not limited to this rectangular shape, and can, in feet, include any shape or configuration, so long as to allow fluid to flow within the chamber vertically and horizontally.
  • a guide 34 can be located on the exterior of the chamber 14. Each guide 34 will receive the shafts 24. As seen the guide 34 comprises C-shaped arms in combination with the shafts 24 and locking device constitutes the attaching device 22. The use of each guide will aid and assist in the directing and steering of the mold 14 on and off of the base 12.
  • a lid 36 is designed to he removably secured to the open top 28 of the chamber 14 and is used during the testing process. Extending through the lid 36 is an inlet port 38 and a pressure bleed-off valve 40. The inlet port 38 will permit fluid to enter into the chamber while the pressure bleed-offvalve will alleviate excess pressure when saturation of the sample S is occurring. Saturation is performed prior to testing, which is later described in further detail.
  • the lid 36 can include a recess portion, illustrated in figure 2, but not labeled, to receive the open top of the chamber or mold 14.
  • the conventional attaching device 22 for securing the lid 36 to the mold 14, the conventional attaching device 22, as discussed for the base and mold can be utilized.
  • the lid 36 can include arm members, as discussed for the mold or chamber 14.
  • the lid can extend outwardly from the chamber 14. This will provide for an extended portion to extend beyond the chamber.
  • Orifices illustrated, but not labeled, can be located through this extended portioa These orifices are used to receive the elongated shafts.
  • Locking device illustrated as wing nuts, can then be secured and threaded onto the shafts and above the lid for allowing the lid to be frictionally held. The wing nuts will force the lid downward and provide for the lid to be securely fastened onto the chamber.
  • the recess portion does provide an easier means for attaching the lid to the chamber.
  • This recess portion will inherently act as a guide for enabling the lid to be secured to the chamber, quickly, easily and efficiently.
  • the attaching device is conventional and can include other alterations and configurations. For example, one alteration would be to change the C-shape of the arm members to a ring shape.
  • Interchangeable cover plates 42 are adapted to be removably secured to the apertures 32. Two types of cover plates are used with the apparatus of the present invention, dependent on the task which is being performed. Confining cover plates are used during compaction and holding cover plates are used during saturation and testing.
  • a confining cover plate 42a is shown in further detail in figure 4.
  • the confining cover plate 42a is solid and includes a front portion 44 and a rear portion 46.
  • the front portion 44 will be received in the aperture 32 and be aligned with the inner wall of the chamber.
  • the front portion 44 includes a step, illustrated but not labeled, to provide for the step to receive the edge of the aperture. This step will aid and assist in the attachment of the cover plate to the side wall of the chamber.
  • the rear portion 46 is larger in size than the front portion to inherently form a flange.
  • At least one through hole 48 extends through the flange.
  • a conventional securing device 50 is located within the through hole 48.
  • the securing device 50 illustrated in this figure comprises a threaded shaft 52 threadably located within each through hole 48, thereby providing the through hole to be threaded or large enough to pass the threaded shaft through cleanly.
  • the shaft includes a first end and a second end.
  • the first end includes a locking device 54, shown here as a wing nut.
  • the second end can includes a stop 56, insulator, or the like.
  • the stop, insulator or the like will prevent damage to occur to the exterior of the chamber or mold 14, and is fastened securely to the chamber or mold.
  • This confining cover plate can be fabricated from any durable and impenetrable material, such as, but not limited to metals, cured epoxies, polymers, or the like.
  • the holding cover plate 42b is shown in further detail in figure 5.
  • the holding cover plate 42b includes a front portion 44 and a rear portion 46.
  • the front portion 44 will be received in the aperture 32 and be aligned with the inner wall of the chamber.
  • This front portion 44 includes a groove 58.
  • This groove will receive a porous stone and filter. Thereby, providing for the holding cover plate to hold and maintain the stone and filter during the testing process.
  • the front portion 44 includes a step, illustrated but not labeled, to provide for the step to receive the edge of the aperture. This step will aid and assist in the attachment of the cover plate to the side wall of the chamber. Extending from the rear portion 46 to the groove 58 is a port 60.
  • the port will enable fluid to enter or exit the chamber.
  • the flanges located at the rear portion 46 are similar in design and structure as the flanges located at the rear portion discussed for the metal cover plate 42a in figure 4. As such, these flanges, along with the securing device located at the rear portion will not be described in further detail.
  • the holding cover plate is fabricated from a durable and impenetrable material, such as, but not limited to metals, cured epoxies, polymers, or the like.
  • Each port located in the base 12, lid 36 and holding cover plates is designed and configured to receive and maintain a conduit.
  • Each conduit can include a conventional clamp which is used to initiate or terminate fluid flow into and/or out of the chamber during the saturation and/or testing process.
  • each port can be equipped with a conventional valve, as illustrated in figure 1 , and labeled as 41, for allowing the user to merely open or close the valve for controlling fluid flow.
  • a removable swell plate 78 can be located on the sample S.
  • This swell plate provides adequate pressure on the sample and includes a handle 82.
  • This swell plate fits perfectly and snugly onto the top surface of the sample S.
  • the handle will contact the lower surface of the lid in order to hold the swell plate 78 in place as well as apply the appropriate pressure thereto.
  • a space or gap G is located between the lid and sample/swell plate.
  • the swell plate 78 is perforated via openings 80 to permit fluid to flow from the inlet to the sample for saturation.
  • the gap G will fill with water when the sample is appropriately saturated. The excess water will escape via the bleed off valve 40 located on the lid 36.
  • the sample S to be tested must be compacted to a specified density. Compaction of a sample S is typically performed prior to testing. During compaction, a metal plate 72, as illustrated in figure 3, is placed either over or in the recess 20 of the base 12. In this figure, the metal plate 72 is placed over the recess portion. It is also noted that the plate 72 need not be fabricated from metal and actually can be fabricated from any durable material which is non-absorbent and can withstand the impact which is applied during the process of compaction.
  • the opened bottom 30 of the mold 14 is placed on the exposed metal plate and is secured to the base 12 by using the attaching device 22. Hence, the shafts 24 will be inserted into the opened portion of the arm member 34. The wing nut will be threaded downwardly and towards the arm member, until contact is made between the arm member 34 and the wing nut. This contact will provide for the wing nut to be in frictional communication with the arm member 34.
  • a paper filter is placed inside the chamber 14 and on the metal plate 72.
  • the confining cover plates 42a are secured via securing device 50 to the side apertures 32 located on the wall(s) of the chamber 14.
  • Compaction of the desired material can commence.
  • the material is placed within the chamber 14 in five equal layers.
  • Each layer is compacted with approximately fifty-six blows with a ten pound hammer-drop device 64, as illustrated in figure 6, having an eighteen inch drop.
  • the hammer device 64 For proper compaction, the hammer device 64 must be properly shaped. The proper shape will ensure that the exposed surface area will be compacted appropriately. Hence for a chamber having a rectangular cross-section, the hammer drop 66 and hammer sheath 68 should be designed and configured to be square, as illustrated. For a cylindrical chamber, the hammer drop and hammer sheath should be circular.
  • the top surface of the sample 5 is smoothed off to provide for the top surface to be even. Evening the top surface will allow the tester to accurately calculate various measures.
  • One measurement is taken from the top of the sample S to the top of the chamber. This measurement is subtracted from the total length of the chamber, so that the volume can be accurately calculated.
  • V volume
  • the mold After compaction, the mold is removed from the base to enable the material and mold to be weighed. The weight of the mold is a known unit. The metal plate and paper filter are removed. The metal plate is washed and stored for a later use and the paper filter is discarded. When compaction has been completed, the sample can be prepared for testing for the coefficient of permeability. Prior to testing, the sample S must be saturated.
  • a porous plate 70 will be inserted into the recess 20 of the base 12 and into the grooves 58 of each holding cover plate 42b.
  • the recess 20 will provide for the recessed top surface 20a of the base 12 to align with the top surface of the porous plate 70. This alignment will ease in the placement and attachment of the chamber 14 to the base 12 and may inherently decrease the possibility of leakage during the testing process.
  • a new paper filter 74 is placed on the porous stone material 70. Paper filters 74 are also placed on the porous stones located in the cover plate 42b. Each filter will face the interior of the chamber 14 and contact the outer surface of the sample.
  • the chamber 14, having the sample S therein, is placed into the recess 20 so as to be located in the uppermost section 20a of the recess.
  • the holding cover plates 42b having a porous stone and filter therein are secured to each aperture 32 located on the side(s) of the chamber 14.
  • a sealant 76 such as latex or silicone caulk, can be used around the base 12 and chamber 14 as well as around each cover plate 42b and aperture 32, and at the lid 36 interface with the chamber 14.
  • a swell plate 78 can be placed on top of the compacted sample S. If a swell plate is not used, then an additional porous stone and filter will be located between the sample and the lid. This will provide for a porous stone and filter to be located at each inlet and outlet.
  • the lid 36 is then attached to the open top 28 of the chamber 14 for sealing in the sample S, and if used, the swell plate 78.
  • a void or spacing G will be located between the top of the filter and stone and the bottom surface of the lid 36 or between the top of the swell plate 78 and the bottom surface of the lid when the swell plate is used.
  • the lid 36 is secured to the chamber via conventional attaching device 22.
  • a sealant can also be utilized around the lid in order to prevent a leakage during the testing process.
  • sealing device can further encompass any known conventional sealing device, such as allowing the chamber, lid, and or cover plates to be threadably secured to its respective component. This will provide both a securing device and a sealing device.
  • a reservoir is filled to a pre-determined level with a fluid, such as water.
  • a fluid such as water.
  • This reservoir is located above the apparatus of the present invention.
  • This reservoir must maintain water at a pre-determined level and is known as a constant (or falling) head.
  • a fluid source and an outlet device are coupled to the constant (or falling) head. This will allow more water to fill or leave the reservoir as needed.
  • a reservoir of sufficient capacity, and marked with graduations (such as a burette) may be filled with the testing fluid.
  • the reservoir must have an orifice on its lower extreme which will permit the fluid to exit the reservoir, flow through a conduit and enter the port on the lid of the apparatus.
  • the fluid volume in the reservoir shall decrease to a predetermined amount or until a specified time has elapsed, after which the port on the lid shall be closed. This is known as a "falling head".
  • the tests described above are conventional and known in the art.
  • a first conduit or first hose is coupled to the constant (or falling) head and to the input port 38 located on the lid 36.
  • a second conduit or second hose (partially illustrated in figure 2, not labeled) is coupled to the constant (or falling) head and to a port 60 located on a holding cover plate.
  • the first and second ports act as inlets and allow fluid to enter into the chamber 14.
  • the first port will render a vertical fluid flow while the second port will render a horizontal fluid flow.
  • a corresponding outlet is provided for each inlet.
  • a third port or drainage port 26 is coupled to a third conduit or third hose is located opposite from the first port, thereby providing for the third port to be secured to the lower portion of the chamber or optionally to the base. This drainage port 26 is shown as being located in the base 12.
  • a fourth port 60 having a fourth conduit or fourth hose attached thereto is located opposite from the second conduit, thereby providing for the fourth port to be located on the second holding cover plate.
  • Conventional clamps or valves are secured to the conduits or hoses to enable or disable the fluid flow in and out of the apparatus of the present inventioa
  • the conduits or hoses are attached to their respective ports/conduits when in a closed position. It is noted that conduits for the outlet are optional and are not truly necessary for successfully employing the invention. In any case, the discharged fluid from each port is collected separately, each in a graduated collection reservoir.
  • the sample S Prior to testing, the sample S must be saturated. For saturating the material, the clamp is removed or the valve is opened for the inlet port of the lid. Simultaneously, the fluid source is slowly activated. This will allow the fluid to maintain the required height as denoted on the reservoir. Excess fluid will escape via the outlet device.
  • the tester selects the type of test to be performed on the sample S.
  • the user can do a horizontal, vertical or a combination of simultaneous horizontal and vertical fluid flow test, by merely opening or closing the respective clamps and/or valves. Testing may be performed using the constant head or falling head method. After testing, the appropriate tabulations are calculated for determining the coefficients of permeability of the sample S being tested.
  • the cross sectional area for the vertical fluid flow will be the cross sectional area of the shape of the container, since gravity will provide for the fluid to flow through the entire sample, downwardly.
  • the cross sectional area will be for a rectangular sample, hence the cross sectional area (A) is as follows:
  • Equation 2 is for a chamber having a rectangular configuration.
  • Equation 3 is for a chamber having a circular configuration.
  • the cross-sectional area is the area of fluid flow. In horizontal flow, this cross sectional area will be the cross-sectional area of the outlet.
  • equation (2) as defined above would be defined as the length (I) and width (w) of the opening.
  • A ⁇ (3b)
  • D 2 the diameter of the aperture (outlet) during horizontal testing
  • the chamber can include any shape or configuration.
  • the openings including the openings used for the inlet and outlet ports for the vertical flow pattern, can have any shape or configuration. Accordingly, the equations for the cross sectional area will change, and may not be the equation as defined in equations (2), (3a) and (3b). Hence, it is the users discretion to determine the appropriate and proper equation for determining and solving for the cross-sectional area.
  • K T Coefficient of Permeability at T temperature
  • Q Total Discharged (cm 3 )
  • L Length of soil
  • Sample t Total time in seconds
  • h Total head (constant head)
  • Constant head 109.22 cm Weight of Sample and mold 18.96 lbs. Sample Heigh 17.78 cm Weight of mold 5.67 lbs. Sample Length 17.78 cm Weight of Sample 13.29 lbs. Sample width 13.5 cm Area 182.25 cm 2 (using eq.(2))
  • Constant head (Vertical) 109.22 cm Weight of mold: 5.67 lbs. Constant head (Horizontal) 97.80 cm Weight of Sample: 13.29 lbs. Weight of Sample and mold 18.96 lbs. HORIZONTAL DIMENSIONS Sample Length : 13.51 cm Diameter of outlet (aperture ): 7.62 cm;

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un perméamètre multidirectionnel servant à déterminer les coefficients de perméabilité à l'aide d'une méthode à charge constante (ou décroissante) pour l'écoulement laminaire d'un fluide, tel que l'eau, à travers une substance ou un échantillon spécifique en cours de test. Le dispositif selon l'invention comprend un moule fixé détachable à une base. Un couvercle est fixé détachable au moule de sorte qu'on obtient un dispositif servant aussi bien au compactage qu'au test. Le dispositif comprend des orifices d'entrée et de sortie permettant au fluide de s'écouler à la fois dans le plan horizontal et dans le plan vertical afin de déterminer les coefficients de perméabilité d'un échantillon particulier soit horizontalement, soit verticalement, soit simultanément horizontalement et verticalement.
EP99963083A 1999-12-14 1999-12-14 Permeametre multidirectionnel Withdrawn EP1242803A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1999/029630 WO2001090724A1 (fr) 1999-12-14 1999-12-14 Permeametre multidirectionnel

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EP1242803A1 true EP1242803A1 (fr) 2002-09-25

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EP (1) EP1242803A1 (fr)
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WO2008081470A1 (fr) * 2007-01-03 2008-07-10 Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research Capteur de niveau électronique et mesureur de perméabilité du sol à charge décroissante basée sur un minuteur
CN106769769B (zh) * 2017-01-05 2020-02-14 中国石油大学(北京) 一种岩石加压渗吸装置
CN108872042A (zh) * 2018-06-26 2018-11-23 福州大学 砂土水平、竖向渗透系数联合测定仪器装置及其试验方法
CN111337414B (zh) * 2020-04-17 2021-07-16 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 智能分级加载与可变渗径的超大型水平渗透试验***
CN112986100B (zh) * 2021-03-30 2023-03-24 中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司 一种消除边壁绕流效应的多用途渗透仪装置及使用方法
CN113740231A (zh) * 2021-09-08 2021-12-03 中交第三航务工程勘察设计院有限公司 加荷式土体固结与二维渗透联合测定装置及方法
CN114295530B (zh) * 2022-01-12 2024-06-21 东北石油大学 一种不规则样品渗透率测试方法
CN114965206B (zh) * 2022-04-14 2023-04-18 中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司 岩土体各向异性渗透系数的综合测试***及方法

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US2534718A (en) * 1947-06-14 1950-12-19 Standard Oil Dev Co Reversible displacement cell
US2534737A (en) * 1947-06-14 1950-12-19 Standard Oil Dev Co Core analysis and apparatus therefor
US5265015A (en) * 1991-06-27 1993-11-23 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Determining horizontal and/or vertical permeability of an earth formation
FR2708742B1 (fr) * 1993-07-29 1995-09-01 Inst Francais Du Petrole Procédé et dispositiphi pour mesurer des paramètres physiques d'échantillons poreux mouillables par des fluides.

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AU1939400A (en) 2001-12-03

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