Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
  • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
  • A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L15/60—Liquid-swellable gel-forming materials, e.g. super-absorbents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
  • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
  • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
  • A61F13/531—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a homogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
  • A61F13/532—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a homogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad inhomogeneous in the plane of the pad
  • A61F13/5323—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a homogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad inhomogeneous in the plane of the pad having absorbent material located in discrete regions, e.g. pockets
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
  • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
  • A61F13/15203—Properties of the article, e.g. stiffness or absorbency
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
  • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
  • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
  • A61F13/534—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
  • A61F13/537—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer
  • A61F13/53708—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer the layer having a promotional function on liquid propagation in at least one direction
  • A61F13/53713—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer the layer having a promotional function on liquid propagation in at least one direction the layer having a promotional function on liquid propagation in the vertical direction
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
  • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
  • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
  • A61F13/534—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
  • A61F13/537—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer
  • A61F13/53708—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer the layer having a promotional function on liquid propagation in at least one direction
  • A61F13/53717—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer the layer having a promotional function on liquid propagation in at least one direction the layer having a promotional function on liquid propagation in the horizontal direction
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
  • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
  • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
  • A61F2013/530481—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having superabsorbent materials, i.e. highly absorbent polymer gel materials

Definitions

• the invention is related to absorbent structures or absorbent systems which are useful in personal care such as feminine care napkins, diapers and training pants, wound care dressings and bandages, and adult incontinence products. More particularly, the invention relates to absorbent systems that must manage complex body fluids like menses and blood and that still remain highly conformable to the body of the wearer.
• top sheet material also referred to as a cover sheet or liner
• absorbent core and a liquid impervious back sheet.
• Some may also have a surge layer or other specialized layers between the top sheet and absorbent core.
• Such materials can leak, staining garments and causing constant concern for the wearer.
• Consumer testing has shown that leakage is the number one concern within the feminine care category.
• Global consumer market research testing has shown this to be the case in all major regions around the globe.
• a personal care product having an intake/retention/transfer material.
• Such materials may be manufactured by a variety of processes traditionally used to prepare stabilized nonwoven webs including coforming, carding, airlaying, needlepunching, wetlaying, hydroentangling etc.
• the web may be prepared from a variety of fibers and mixtures of fibers including but not limited to synthetic fibers, natural fibers including hydroentangled pulp, mechanically and chemically softened pulp, staple fibers, slivers, meltblown and spunbond fibers, and the like.
• Airlaying is the preferred manufacturing process and airlaid nonwoven composites are the preferred intake/retention/transfer material.
• the intake/retention/transfer material is a heterogeneous composite containing between 5 and 25 weight percent of a superabsorbent or gelling material and having a density from a positive amount to less than 0.17 g/cc.
• a more particular embodiment contains less than 20 weight percent and a still more particular embodiment contains 15 weight percent or less of a superabsorbent or gelling material.
• Another aspect of this invention relates to absorbent articles which contain the class of intake/transfer/retention materials mentioned above along with additional absorbent layers such that the absorption of a menses simulant provides fluid partitioning of from a positive amount to less than 72% of fluid in the intake/transfer/retention composite. Additionally said composite should have retention capacity values greater than 2.7 g/g.
• a more preferred embodiment has a fluid partitioning of less than 66% in the intake/transfer/retention composite and a retention capacity value greater than 3 g/g.
• Figures 1-5 show various configurations of intake/retention/transfer materials of the invention.
• Figures 6 and 7 show arrangements of materials for feminine hygiene pads incorporating the intake/retention/transfer materials of the invention.
• Disposable includes being disposed of after a single use and not intended to be washed and reused.
• the term “comprising” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional unrecited elements, compositional components, or method steps.
• nonwoven fabric or web means a web having a structure of individual fibers or threads which are interlaid, but not in an identifiable manner as in a knitted fabric.
• Nonwoven fabrics or webs have been formed from many processes such as for example, meltblowing processes, spunbonding processes, airlaying processes, and bonded carded web processes.
• the basis weight of nonwoven fabrics is usually expressed in ounces of material per square yard (osy) or grams per square meter (gsm) and the fiber diameters useful are usually expressed in microns. (Note that to convert from osy to gsm, multiply osy by 33.91).
• spunbonded fibers refers to small diameter fibers that are formed by extruding molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine capillaries of a spinneret. Such a process is disclosed in, for example, US Patent 4,340,563 to Appel et al. The fibers may also have shapes such as those described, for example, in US Patents 5,277,976 to Hogle et al. which describes fibers with unconventional shapes.
• “Bonded carded web” refers to webs that are made from staple fibers which are sent through a combing or carding unit, which separates or breaks apart and aligns the staple fibers in the machine direction to form a generally machine direction-oriented fibrous nonwoven web.
• Pattern bonding is a method wherein heated calender rolls or ultrasonic bonding equipment are used to bond fibers together, usually in a localized bond pattern, though the web can be bonded across its entire surface if so desired.
• One example of a pattern is the Hansen Pennings or "HP" pattern with about a 30% bond area with about 200 bonds/square inch as taught in U.S. Patent 3,855,046 to Hansen and Pennings.
• the HP pattern has square point or pin bonding areas wherein each pin has a side dimension of 0.038 inches (0.965 mm), a spacing of 0.070 inches (1.778 mm) between pins, and a depth of bonding of 0.023 inches (0.584 mm).
• the resulting pattern has a bonded area of about 29.5%.
• Another typical point bonding pattern is the expanded Hansen Pennings or "EHP" bond pattern, which produces a 15% bond area. Numerous other bonding patterns exist.
• Another suitable and well-known bonding method, particularly when using conjugate staple fibers, is through-air bonding, wherein hot air is passed through the web, at least partially melting a component of the web to create bonds.
• "Airlaying" is a well-known process by which a fibrous nonwoven layer can be formed. In the airlaying process, bundles of small fibers having typical lengths ranging from about 3 to about 19 millimeters (mm) are separated and entrained in an air supply and then deposited onto a forming screen, usually with the assistance of a vacuum supply. The randomly deposited fibers may be then bonded to one another using, for example, hot air or a spray adhesive. Airlaying is taught in, for example, US Patent 4,640,810 to Laursen et al.
• Personal care product means diapers, training pants, absorbent underpants, adult incontinence products, feminine hygiene products, wound care items like bandages, and other articles.
• “Feminine hygiene products” means sanitary napkins or pads, tampons and panty- • liners.
• Target area refers to the area or position on a personal care product where an insult is normally delivered by a wearer.
• Composite is defined as consisting of one or more layers. These may be either similar homogeneous or heterogeneous. It also includes multiple composites which are essentially the same based on structure and surface chemistry.
• Layer is defined as a smaller sub-set of a composite which may be self- consistent within normal process variation or which may differ in structure or surface chemistry. Alternatively a layer may contain patterns within itself, such as stripes or waves of components. “Layer” when used in the singular may have the dual meaning of singular or plural elements.
• Material caliper (thickness) The caliper of a material is a measure of thickness and is measured at 0.05 psi (3.5 g/cm 2 ) with a Starret-type bulk tester, in units of millimeters. Density: The density of the materials is calculated by dividing the weight per unit area of a sample in grams per square meter (gsm) by the material caliper in millimeters (mm) at 0.05 psi (3.5 g/cm 2 ) and multiplying the result by 0.001 to convert the value to grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). A total of three samples would be evaluated and averaged for the density values.
• Capacity was measured using the dunk, drip and centrifuge capacity test method. Menses simulant was used as the test fluid. Materials were cut using dies into 2.5 inch (6.4 cm) circles. The dry weight and bulk of each sample was then recorded. These were immersed in an isolated bath of excess volume containing simulant for a time of 30 minutes. These materials were then placed on a series of wire screens to allow drainage of excess fluid. Samples were weighed again after the excess fluid was allowed to drip off. The amount of fluid absorbed could be calculated by subtracting these two values. The capacity (in g/g) could be calculated by dividing the amount absorbed by the dry weight of the sample.
• the sample was then placed on a 7/8 inch (2.2 cm) tall platform having a 2.5 inch (6.4 cm) diameter wire screen upper surface. This platform was then placed in a Sorvall Centrifuge Model RT6000D with arm length radius of 4.5 inches (11.4 cm) and spun at 1200 rpm for 3 minutes. The sample was then weighed. The amount of fluid retained after spinning was calculated by subtracting the dry sample weight from the spun weight. The retention capacity value in g/g was calculated by dividing the amount of fluid retained after spinning by the dry sample weight. Higher values denote better retention while lower values denote less retention.
• Cut components to desired shape (currently 1.5 inch (38.1 cm) by 8.0 inch (203.2 cm) for intake/distribution composite; 2.0 inch (50.8 cm) by 8.0 inch (203.2 cm) for transfer delay composite; 2.0 inch (50.8 cm) by 8.0 inch (203.2 cm) for perimeter composite).
• the appropriate intake/retention/transfer material should be placed over a transfer delay (TDL) composite and these composites placed over a 90% pulp/10% binder, 175gsm, 0.08g/cc perimeter composite. 2. The appropriate intake/retention/transfer material should be placed over a 90% pulp/10% binder, 175gsm, 0.08g/cc perimeter composite. 3. The appropriate intake/retention/transfer material should be placed over a 90% pulp/10% binder, 175gsm, 0.17g/cc perimeter composite. 4. The appropriate intake/retention/transfer material should be placed over a TDL composite and these composites placed over a 80% pulp/10% binder/10% superabsorbent; 175gsm 0.08g/cc perimeter composite. NOTE: In systems with intake/distribution/transfer materials containing a monolayer (we need to define this) of SAP, the monolayer should be oriented away from the acrylic plate and toward the TDL unless otherwise noted.
• TDL transfer delay
• the artificial menses fluid used in the testing was made according to US Patent 5,883,231 from blood and egg white by separating the blood into plasma and red cells and separating the white into thick and thin portions, where "thick” means it has a viscosity after homogenization above about 20 centipoise at 150 sec "1 , combining the thick egg white with the plasma and thoroughly mixing, and finally adding the red cells and again thoroughly mixing.
• Thick means it has a viscosity after homogenization above about 20 centipoise at 150 sec "1 , combining the thick egg white with the plasma and thoroughly mixing, and finally adding the red cells and again thoroughly mixing.
• Blood in this Example defibrinated swine blood, is separated by centrifuging at 3000 rpm for 30 minutes, though other methods or speeds and times may be used if effective.
• the plasma is separated and stored separately, the buffy coat removed and discarded and the packed red blood cells stored separately as well.
• the blood must be treated in some manner so that it may be processed without coagulating.
• Various methods are known to those skilled in the art, such as defibrinating the blood to remove the clotting fibrous materials, the addition or anti-coagulant chemicals and others.
• the blood must be non-coagulating in order to be useful and any method which accomplishes this without damaging the plasma and red cells is acceptable.
• Jumbo chicken eggs are separated, the yolk and chalazae discarded and the egg white retained.
• the egg white is separated into thick and thin portions by straining the white through a 1000 micron nylon mesh for about 3 minutes, and the thinner portion discarded.
• the thick portion of egg white, which is retained on the mesh, is collected and drawn into a 60 cc syringe, which is then placed on a programmable syringe pump and homogenized by expelling and refilling the contents five times.
• the amount of homogenization is controlled by the syringe pump rate of about 100 ml/min, and the tubing inside diameter of about 0.12 inches.
• the thick egg white After homogenizing the thick egg white has a viscosity of about 20 centipoise at 150 sec "1 and is then placed in the centrifuge and spun to remove debris and air bubbles at about 3000 rpm for about 10 minutes After cent fuging, the thick, homogenized egg white, which contains ovamucin, is added to a 300 cc FENWAL® Transfer pack container using a syringe. Then 60 cc of the swine plasma is added to the FENWAL® Transfer pack container. The FENWAL® Transfer pack container is clamped, all air bubbles removed, and placed in a Stomacher lab blender where it is blended at normal (or medium) speed for about 2 minutes.
• the FENWAL® transfer pack container is then removed from the blender, 60 cc of swine red blood cells are added, and the contents mixed by hand kneading for about 2 minutes or until the contents appeared homogenous.
• a hematocrit of the final mixture should show a red blood cell content of about 30 weight percent and generally should be at least within a range of 28-32 weight percent for artificial menses made according to this Example.
• the amount of egg white is about 40 weight percent .
• Fenwal® Transfer pack container 300 ml, with coupler, code 4R2014: Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Fenwal Division, Deerfield, IL 60015.
• CMN-1000-B Small Parts, Inc., PO Box 4650, Miami Lakes, FL 33014-0650, 1-800-220-4242.
• Hemata Stat-ll device to measure hemocrits serial no. 1194Z03127: Separation Technology, Inc., 1096 Rainer Drive, Altamont Springs, FL 32714.
• a leak is defined as menstrual discharge which stains, contacts or discolors the underwear. All leakage is categorized by three key causes: fluid does not absorb into the product, fluid is absorbed into the product but expelled, or fluid never contacts the product. The specific reasons for this leakage may be expressed further in terms of definitive mechanisms. For instance, fluid may not absorb into the product because it prefers the body. Alternatively, it may not have suitable space for absorption due to localized saturation or low contact area of the product. It may not have a suitable driving force for absorption because the pores do not have the right balance of permeability and capillarity. The interfiber spaces may be partially full of fluid. Fluid may contact the pad and run-off. The fluid may be too viscous for the pores or interfiber spaces are not large enough to allow fluid to pass.
• leakage is a function of materials shaping and conformability as well as intake, distribution, retention and transfer.
• bunching Another cause of leakage is severe deformation of the product, which is also referred to as bunching.
• bunching When a product loses it shape and bunches, the probability of side leakage is greatly increased. As a product becomes saturated with fluid, material resiliency is reduced thus increasing the probability of bunching and so the probability of leakage.
• One way to reduce this method of leakage is to control the fluid and allocate it within the product in a way that minimizes the probability of bunching, which causes leakage.
• bunching and leakage may be reduced by keeping fluid in the center of the pad and in the upper zones above the centerline of the pad. Alternatively, stiffer materials may be incorporated in the center of the pad to reduce bunching.
• stiffness of composites increases upon saturation, the overall fluid saturation of stiffer composites may be reduced and fluid transferred to lower layers of the material. It should be noted, however, that stiffness and resiliency of materials are generally inversely related.
• the invention designs described herein provide control of the fluid in a way that allows higher fluid transfer than conventional systems such as KOTEX® feminine products, and still presumably permits bunching to be minimized. Taught herein is a material which should increase retention of fluid in the absorbent in the upper composites next to the liner and for specified structures can transfer fluid into sub- absorbent layers potentially reducing leakage, improving dryness and comfort while still minimizing bunching and twisting.
• This invention focuses on the development of composites that control the intake/retention and transfer of fluid within a system of composites using superabsorbent containing materials both homogeneous and heterogeneous comprised of specific ranges of composition bulk, density, basis weight and superabsorbent placement.
• a particularly preferred embodiment of this invention is a heterogeneous composite wherein the superabsorbent is contained within the lowest layer, with a preference of less than 35% of thickness of the intake/retention/transfer composite. It is this lowest layer which is in contact with a second absorbent material subjacent to it. At composite densities less than 0.12 g/cc and superabsorbent loading less than 30%, the material is designed to quickly absorb and distribute in the upper layers. As the fluid moves down through the composite it interfaces with the lower superabsorbent-containing element of the core. Menses tends to distribute along the interface point between the zone containing superabsorbent and the zone not containing superabsorbent, initially slowing down the transfer in the Z direction and increasing distribution along the length of the product.
• the superabsorbent then begins to lock the fluid in the lower portion of the material. As the composite superabsorbent swells, it expands the lower structure decreasing the density and providing an increased driving force for transfer due to capillarity differences between the upper and lower absorbent. For composites of this type at densities less than 0.12 g/cc the superabsorbent will expand sufficiently such that the capillarity is decreased considerably.
• Alternative embodiments are also obvious, such as incorporating stiff and/or resilient fibers such as curly or crosslinked pulps and polyesters with superabsorbent. These stiff fibers will allow for increased SAP swelling thus promoting increased capacity utilization of the superabsorbent as well as increasing capillary gradient and thus opportunities for fluid transfer.
• Another preferred embodiment of this invention is a heterogeneous structure wherein the superabsorbent is contained within the lowest layer of the intake/retention/transfer composite wherein the composite density is greater than 0.12 g/cc and superabsorbent loading less than 30%.
• These types of composites perform similarly to those of lower density with the exception that the superabsorbent does not tend to swell as much at these higher densities due to increased resistance against swelling. This increased resistance is presumably related to an increase in inter-fiber bonding at higher densities. Therefore composites of this type tend to increase wicking and distribution and decrease transfer (partitioning more fluid in the upper absorbent) compared to lower density composites of similar composition in similar absorbent systems.
• Homogeneous composites containing superabsorbent tend to have similar transfer and retention properties as their heterogeneous counterparts but tend to distribute the fluid less.
• the intake/retention/transfer material is a homogeneous or heterogeneous composite containing between 5 and 25 weight percent of a superabsorbent or gelling material and having a density from a positive amount to less than 0.17 g/cc.
• a more particular embodiment contains less than 20 weight percent and a still more particular embodiment contains 15 weight percent or less of a superabsorbent or gelling material.
• Another aspect of this invention relates to absorbent articles which contain the class of intake/transfer materials mentioned above along with additional absorbent layers such that the absorption of a menses simulant provides fluid partitioning of essentially less than 72% of fluid in the intake/transfer/retention composite. Additionally the composite should have retention capacity values greater than 2.7 g/g.
• a more preferred embodiment has a fluid partitioning of less than 66% in the intake/transfer/retention composite and a retention capacity value greater than 3 g/g.
• the intake/retention/transfer materials of this invention may be made from a variety of processes traditionally used to prepare stabilized nonwoven webs including coforming, carding, airlaying, needlepunching, wetlaying, hydroentagling etc., though the airlaying process is preferred.
• the nonwoven web may be prepared from a variety of fibers and mixtures of fibers including but not limited to synthetic fibers, natural fibers including hydroentangled pulp, mechanically and chemically softened pulp, staple fibers, slivers, meltblown and spunbond fibers, and the like.
• the intake/retention/transfer material is an airlaid structure containing less than 25 weight percent of superabsorbent or gelling material.
• a more particular embodiment contains less than 20 weight percent and a still more particular embodiment contains 15 weight percent or less of superabsorbent or gelling material.
• Superabsorbents that are useful in the present inventions can be chosen from classes based on chemical structure as well as physical form. These include superabsorbents with low gel strength, high gel strength, surface cross-linked superabsorbents, uniformly cross-linked superabsorbents, or superabsorbents with varied cross-link density throughout the structure.
• Superabsorbents may be based on chemistries that include poly(acrylic acid), poly(iso-butylene-co-maleic anhydride), poly(ethylene oxide), carboxy-methyl cellulose, poly(-vinyl pyrrollidone), and poly(-vinyl alcohol).
• the superabsorbents may range in swelling rate from slow to fast.
• the superabsorbents may be in the form of foams, macroporous or microporous particles or fibers, particles or fibers with fibrous or particulate coatings or morphology.
• the superabsorbents may be in the shape of ribbons, particles, fibers, sheets or films.
• Superabsorbents may be in various length and diameter sizes and distributions.
• the superabsorbents may be in various degrees of neutralization.
• Counter-ions are typically Li, Na, K, Ca.
• Materials of this invention may include superabsorbents of the types mentioned above.
• An exemplary superabsorbent was obtained from The Dow Chemical Company and is recognized as AFA-173-60B.
• An Example of these types of superabsorbents may be obtained from Stockhausen, Inc and is designated FAVOR® SXM 880.
• An example of fibrous superabsorbents may be obtained from Camelot Technologies, Ltd., of High River, Alberta, Canada and is designated FIBERDRI® 1241.
• Another Example included in these types of superabsorbents is obtained from Chemtall Inc. or Riceboro, GA, and is designated FLOSORB 60 LADY®, also known as LADYSORB 60®.
• superabsorbents with fibrous or particulate coatings are microcrystalline cellulose coated on FAVOR® 880 and cellulose fiber coated FAVOR® 880. These are described in US Provisional Patent Application 60/129,774. Additional types of superabsorbents not listed here which are commonly available and known to those skilled in the art can also be useful in the present inventions.
• Binders typically used in these structures help provide mechanical integrity and stabilization.
• Binders include fiber, liquid or other binder means which may thermally activated.
• Preferred fibers for inclusion are those having a relative melting point such as polyolefin fibers.
• Lower melting point polymers provide the ability to bond the fabric together at fiber crossover points upon the application of heat.
• fibers having a lower melting polymer like conjugate and biconstituent fibers are suitable for practice of this invention. Fibers having a lower melting polymer are generally referred to as "fusible fibers”.
• By “lower melting polymers” what is meant are those having a glass transition temperature less than about 175 C.
• Exemplary binder fibers include conjugate fibers of polyolefins, polyamides and polyesters.
• Three suitable binder fibers are sheath core conjugate fibers available from KoSa Inc. (Charlotte, North Carolina) under the designation T-255 (Merge 34821 A) and T-256 or Copolyester designation, though many suitable binder fibers are known to those skilled in the art, and are available by many manufacturers such as Chisso and Fibervisions LLC of Wilmington, DE.
• KoSa has developed a suitable co-polyester binder fiber as a sheath core application and is known by designation T254 (low melt CoPET).
• a suitable liquid binder is KYMENE® 557LX available from Hercules Co. of Wilmington, DE.
• Other suitable liquid binders include ethylene vinyl acetate emulsion polymers sold by National Starch and Chemical Company (Bridgewater, New Jersey) under the tradename DUR-O-SET® ELITE® series (including ELITE® 33 and ELITE® 22).
• Air Products Polymers and Chemicals sells other suitable binder fibers under the name AIRFLEX®.
• Synthetic fibers include those made from polyamides, polyesters, rayon, acrylics, superabsorbents, TENCEL® regenerated cellulose and any other suitable synthetic fibers known to those skilled in the art. Synthetic fibers may also include kosmotropes for product degradation.
• polyethylenes such as Dow Chemical's ASPUN® 6811A liner low density polyethylene, 2553 LLDPE and 25355 and 12350 high density polyethylene are such suitable polymers.
• the polyethylenes have melt flow rates, respectively, of about 26, 40, 25 and 12.
• Fiber forming polypropylenes include Exxon Chemical Company's ESCORENE® PD 3445 polypropylene and Montell Chemical Co.'s PF304. Many other polyolefins are also available.
• polyesters which may range in size or denier from 3 to 25 denier, and having various cross-sections including round, pentalobal, helical crimped, etc.
• Such fibers have been developed by KoSa, Inc. with a durably wettable finish and are known by designation of fiber denier followed by polymer type and cross section. Examples would include 8 dpf, T-224 (High Void); 8 dpf , T-224 (trilobal); 15 dpf T-224 (round); 10 dpf T-224 (round); 6 dpf T-224 (round) and 3 dpf T-224 (round).
• Natural fibers include wool, cotton, flax, hemp and wood pulp.
• Wood pulps include standard softwood fluffing grade such as CR-1654 (US Alliance Pulp Mills, Coosa, Alabama). Pulp may be modified in order to enhance the inherent characteristics of the fibers and their processability.
• Curl may be imparted to the fibers by methods including chemical treatment or mechanical twisting. Curl is typically imparted before crosslinking or stiffening.
• Pulps may be stiffened by the use of crosslinking agents such as formaldehyde or its derivatives, glutaraldehyde, epichlorohydrin, methylolated compounds such as urea or urea derivatives, dialdehydes, maleic anhydride, non-methylolated urea derivatives, citric acid or other poiycarboxylic acids. Some of these agents are less preferable than others due to environmental and health concerns. Pulp may also be stiffened by the use of heat or caustic treatments such as mercerization. Examples of these types of fibers include NHB416 which is a chemically crosslinked southern softwood pulp fibers which enhances wet modulus, available from the Weyerhaeuser Corporation of Tacoma, WA.
• crosslinking agents such as formaldehyde or its derivatives, glutaraldehyde, epichlorohydrin, methylolated compounds such as urea or urea derivatives, dialdehydes, maleic anhydride, non-
• Suitable pulps are 1.5 denier Merge 18453 fibers from Tencel Incorporated of Axis, Alabama.
• the superabsorbent is relatively homogeneously distributed within a nonwoven web.
• the remainder of the web may contain synthetics, pulps or binders as described above.
• the superabsorbent medium or gelling agents may be captured or contained within the web chemically, physically or mechanically.
• Mechanical means would involve tailoring the interfiber spacing or shape such that superabsorbent particles are primarily entrapped within the structure. This can be achieved by adjusting interfiber spacing, on the order of the size of the particles, or could include interfiber spacing larger than the superabsorbent wherein the tortuosity of the interfiber spacing is increased.
• Physical or chemical means could involve the use of adhesive such as emulsions of latex or others to retain the superabsorbent within the structure and conjugate binder fibers or bonding fibers may also be used.
• Other means of attachment may include a chemical reaction with the fibrous matrix or alternate media.
• electret treating has been used to modify the charges on superabsorbent type materials and the fibrous substrate, thereby permitting attachment.
• Particular embodiments of the application combine the use of synthetic fibers with superabsorbent to provide resiliency and enhance the fluid swelling capacity of the superabsorbent through reduction of localized resistance to swelling due to impedance by the fibrous matrix.
• a preferred embodiment consists of 5-25 weight percent superabsorbent particle or fiber, 5-15 weight percent binder fiber, 0-40 weight percent synthetic, and pulp.
• the superabsorbent may also be heterogeneously distributed within the rest of the nonwoven structure to obtain layered structures wherein a multi-layer, multifunctional composite is created.
• Superabsorbent may, for example, be distributed only in the bottom layer.
• One embodiment would be a structure having two layers, A and B, as shown in Figure 1 , wherein layer A would have 5-15 weight percent binder fiber, 0-40 weight percent synthetic fiber, and pulp.
• Layer B would consist of 5-15 weight percent binder fiber, 0-40 weight percent synthetic fiber and less than 60 weight percent superabsorbent or gelling material, and pulp. This yields a structure having less than 25 weight percent superabsorbent for the overall structure.
• Layers A and B can also be made over a range of basis weights and densities to provide for the optimum intake/retention/transfer of a specific viscoelastic fluid or for a viscoelastic fluid with a broad range of fluid characteristics.
• the overall composite basis weight can range from 40 gsm to 400 gsm while ranges of basis weight from 125 to 300 gsm are preferred. Density ranges for these materials typically span a range of 0.03 to 0.24 g/cc with a more preferred range of 0.06 to 0.14 g/cc. Furthermore, it is conceivable that the density could vary throughout the material such that the upper material has a lower density than the lower material.
• Superabsorbent may be distributed only in the top layers ( Figure 3) or may be distributed in the middle layers of the material.
• superabsorbent is primarily interspersed within or between layers of the material.
• Superabsorbent may also be layered or interspersed within the depth of the product as well as shown in Figure 4.
• Superabsorbent may also be distributed heterogeneously within layers. Superabsorbent may also be dispersed within the plane of a material as shown in Figure 5.
• the intake/retention/transfer material is a heterogeneous composite containing between 5 and 25 weight percent of a superabsorbent or gelling material and having a density less than 0.17 g/cc.
• a more particular embodiment contains less than 20 weight percent and a still more particular embodiment contains 15 weight percent or less of a superabsorbent or gelling material.
• Another aspect of this invention relates to absorbent articles which contain the class of intake/transfer materials mentioned above along with additional absorbent layers such that the absorption of a menses simulant provides fluid partitioning of less than 72% of fluid in the intake/transfer/retention composite. Additionally said composite should have retention capacity values essentially greater than 2.7 g/g. A more preferred embodiment has a fluid partitioning of less than 66% in the intake/transfer/retention composite and a retention capacity value greater than 3 g/g.
• Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 260 gsm with a density of 0.14 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot). Upper Layer - 195 gsm consisting of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Lower Layer - 65 gsm consisting of 50% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 40% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 2 Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 205 gsm with a density of 0.105g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Composite A is a homogeneous airlaid composite which has an overall basis weight of 269 gsm with a density of 0.14g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 4 Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 198 gsm with a density of 0.085g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent particle (SAP) - FAVOR® 880 (Stockhausen).
• Lower Layer - 65 gsm consisting of 50% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 40% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 5 Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 247 gsm with a density of 0.15 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent particle (SAP) - FAVOR® 880 (Stockhausen). Upper Layer - 195 gsm consisting of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 258 gsm with a density of 0.185g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent particle (SAP) - FLOSORB 60 LADY®.
• Lower Layer - 65 gsm consisting of 50% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 40% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 186 gsm with a density of 0.11 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent particle (SAP) - Coated FAVOR® 880.
• Lower Layer - 65 gsm consisting of 50% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 40% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 8 Same as Composite 1 except evaluated using test sequence 2 for Flat Systems Testing Procedure.
• Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 260 gsm with a density of 0.14 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 9 Same as Composite 2 except evaluated using test sequence 2 for Flat Systems Testing Procedure.
• Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 205 gsm with a density of 0.105g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot). Upper Layer - 195 gsm consisting of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Lower Layer - 65 gsm consisting of 50% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 40% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 10 Same as Composite 1 except evaluated using test sequence 3 for Flat Systems Testing Procedure.
• Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 260 gsm with a density of 0.14 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot). Upper Layer - 195 gsm consisting of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 205 gsm with a density of 0.105g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot). Upper Layer - 195 gsm consisting of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Lower Layer - 65 gsm consisting of 50% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 40% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 12 Same as Composite 3 except evaluated using test sequence 3 for Flat Systems Testing Procedure.
• Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 260 gsm with a density of 0.14 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Lower Layer - 65 gsm consisting of 50% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 40% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 13 Same as Composite 3 except evaluated using test sequence 3 for Flat Systems Testing Procedure.
• Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 205 gsm with a density of 0.105g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot). Upper Layer - 195 gsm consisting of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Lower Layer - 65 gsm consisting of 50% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 40% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 14 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing: Liner or Topsheet 3.5 dpf, 0.6 osy (20.3 gsm) Polypropylene Spunbond (92% Union Carbide E5D47 PP + 8% AMPACET® 41438 TiO 2 (50% concentrate) and point bonded using Hansen & Pennings (HP) pattern. Web was topically treated to 0.3% AHCOVEL® Base N62 (ICI Surfactants, Delaware).
• Intake Composite Composite is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 260 gsm with a density of 0.14 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot). Upper Layer - 195 gsm consisting of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Example 15 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing: Liner or Topsheet 3.5 dpf, 0.6 osy (20.3 gsm) Polypropylene Spunbond (92%
• Intake Layer Composite is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 205 gsm with a density of 0.105g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Upper Layer - 195 gsm consisting of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Lower Layer - 65 gsm consisting of 50% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 40% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Transfer Delay composite 2.8 dpf, 0.8 osy (27.1 gsm) polypropylene spunbond topically treated with 0.3% AHCOVEL® Base N62 62 (ICI Chemicals, Delaware) Shaping Composite 175 gsm, 0.08 g/cc composed of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Example 16 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing: Liner or Topsheet 3.5 dpf, 0.6 osy (20.3 gsm) Polypropylene Spunbond (92%
• Intake Composite Composite is a homogeneous airlaid composite which has an overall basis weight of 269 gsm with a density of 0.14g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber
• Transfer Delay composite 2.8 dpf, 0.8 osy (27.1 gsm) polypropylene spunbond topically treated with 0.3% AHCOVEL® Base N62 62 (ICI Chemicals, Delaware)
• Shaping Composite 175 gsm, 0.08 g/cc composed of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Example 17 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing: Liner or Topsheet 3.5 dpf, 0.6 osy (20.3 gsm) Polypropylene Spunbond (92%
• Intake Composite Composite is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 198 gsm with a density of 0.085g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent particle (SAP) - FAVOR® 880 (Stockhausen).
• Example 18 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing: Liner or Topsheet 3.5 dpf, 0.6 osy (20.3 gsm) Polypropylene Spunbond (92%
• Intake Composite Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 247 gsm with a density of 0.15 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent particle (SAP) - FAVOR® 880 (Stockhausen).
• Transfer Delay composite 2.8 dpf, 0.8 osy (27.1 gsm) polypropylene spunbond topically treated with 0.3% AHCOVEL® Base N62 62 (ICI)
• Example 19 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing:
• Upper Layer - 195 gsm consisting of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Lower Layer - 65 gsm consisting of 50% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 40% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 20 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing: Liner or Topsheet 3.5 dpf, 0.6 osy (20.3 gsm) Polypropylene Spunbond (92% Union Carbide E5D47 PP + 8% AMPACET® 41438 TiO 2 (50% concentrate) and point bonded using Hansen & Pennings (HP) pattern. Web was topically treated to 0.3% AHCOVEL® Base N62 (ICI Surfactants, Delaware).
• Intake Composite Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 186 gsm with a density of 0.11 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent particle (SAP) - Coated FAVOR® 880.
• Example 21 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing:
• Intake Composite Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 260 gsm with a density of 0.14 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 22 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing:
• Intake Composite Composite A is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 260 gsm with a density of 0.14 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 23 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing: Liner or Topsheet 3.5 dpf, 0.6 osy (20.3 gsm) Polypropylene Spunbond (92% Union Carbide E5D47 PP + 8% AMPACET® 41438 TiO 2 (50% concentrate) and point bonded using Hansen & Pennings (HP) pattern. Web was topically treated to 0.3% AHCOVEL® Base N62 (ICI Surfactants, Delaware).
• Intake Composite Composite is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 260 gsm with a density of 0.14 g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot). Upper Layer - 195 gsm consisting of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Shaping Composite 175 gsm, 0.08 g/cc composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Example 24 is an absorbent article for managing viscoelastic fluids containing:
• Intake Composite Composite is a bilayer airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 205 gsm with a density of 0.105g/cc and is composed of 80% Southern Softwood (NB416), 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Transfer Delay composite 2.8 dpf, 0.8 osy (27.1 gsm) polypropylene spunbond topically treated with 0.3% AHCOVEL® Base N62 62 (ICI Chemicals, Delaware)
• NB416 10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255) and 10% superabsorbent fiber (SAF) - FIBERDRI® 1241 (Camelot).
• Composite A is a homogeneous airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 262 gsm with a density of 0.14 g/cc and is composed of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• Composite A is a homogeneous airlaid which has an overall basis weight of 252 gsm with a density of 0.09 g/cc and is composed of 90% Southern Softwood (NB416) and10% 2.1 dpf binder fiber (T-255).
• the Table summarizes the material Examples and Comparative Samples as well as the test results from the flat systems test and the absorbency under load tests.
• the Table also includes composite composition and density. Since absorbent sub-composites which are in liquid communication with the top (intake/retention/transfer) composite are required for the flat systems test, they're description is also included. In particular, the composition, basis weight, and density are described for the perimeter or shaping composite and it is noted whether or not a transfer delay composite is utilized.
• Examples 1 , 5, and 6 refer to heterogeneous composites which are approximately 250 gsm basis weight and densities between 0.14 and 0.185 g/cc. These composites contain different superabsorbents in the bottom layer. These superabsorbents include fiber forms such as FIBERDRI® 1241 (C1241) and particulate forms such as FAVOR® 880 and FLOSORB 60 LADY®.
• FIBERDRI® 1241 C1241
• FAVOR® 880 and FLOSORB 60 LADY® fiber forms
• the stain lengths in the top layer are also similar ranging from 92 to 98 mm.
• Comparing the fluid retention values one observes that the retention capacity for Comparative Sample 3 is 2.4 compared to the range of 3.60 to 3.95 for examples 1 ,5, and 6. Comparing Examplel to Example 3, one can compare the effect of superabsorbent placement within the structure: homogeneous versus heterogeneous. We observe that homogeneous composites have higher fluid transfer within a monolayer than heterogeneous composites and thus less fluid in the intake/transfer/retention composite. We also observe that the retention capacity values for homogeneous composites are higher than heterogeneous monolayer composites at equivalent superabsorbent concentrations. Comparing Example 1 to Example 8, one can observe the effect that a transfer delay composite has on fluid partitioning and stain length.
• Example 10 Comparing Example 10 with Example 1 , the impact of driving force or difference in capillary tension between upper and lower composites on fluid allocation and stain length and retention capacity values may be observed. One notes that larger positive driving forces improve transfer resulting in smaller stain lengths and less fluid in the top composite. Comparing Examples, 1 and 12, the effects of the presence of superabsorbent in the bottom or shaping composite may be observed. One notes that fluid allocation and stain length are very similar.
• CS1 and CS2 were placed in the study to illustrate how commercial materials behave.
• the upper composites for both materials have very low retention capacity values.
• the fluid allocation in the top composite is very different for these products with 84% for CS1 and about 23% for CS2.
• the stain lengths for these materials are much higher than the Examples herein.
• these materials offer the ability for fluid distribution with improved retention while demonstrating intermediate amounts of fluid transfer based on fluid partitioning values.

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