EP1206277A1 - Verfahren und materialien zur behandlung von prostata-krebs - Google Patents

Verfahren und materialien zur behandlung von prostata-krebs

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Publication number
EP1206277A1
EP1206277A1 EP00917886A EP00917886A EP1206277A1 EP 1206277 A1 EP1206277 A1 EP 1206277A1 EP 00917886 A EP00917886 A EP 00917886A EP 00917886 A EP00917886 A EP 00917886A EP 1206277 A1 EP1206277 A1 EP 1206277A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
prostate
chitosan
antigen
composition
group
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00917886A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Christopher Allen Seid
Gurpreet Singh
Joseph S. Podolski
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Repros Therapeutics Inc
Original Assignee
Zonagen Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Zonagen Inc filed Critical Zonagen Inc
Publication of EP1206277A1 publication Critical patent/EP1206277A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/001193—Prostate associated antigens e.g. Prostate stem cell antigen [PSCA]; Prostate carcinoma tumor antigen [PCTA]; PAP or PSGR
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/001102—Receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/001193—Prostate associated antigens e.g. Prostate stem cell antigen [PSCA]; Prostate carcinoma tumor antigen [PCTA]; PAP or PSGR
    • A61K39/001194—Prostate specific antigen [PSA]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/001193—Prostate associated antigens e.g. Prostate stem cell antigen [PSCA]; Prostate carcinoma tumor antigen [PCTA]; PAP or PSGR
    • A61K39/001195—Prostate specific membrane antigen [PSMA]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55566—Emulsions, e.g. Freund's adjuvant, MF59
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55583—Polysaccharides

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to methods for the treatment of neoplastic diseases and, more specifically, to an immunotherapeutic agent comprising a prostate- associated-antigen in conjunction with a chitosan-based adjuvant and its use in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma.
  • Prostatic carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies of men and a leading cause of death in this population.
  • prostate cancer is potentially curable. Its relatively slow growth and androgen dependence distinguish it from most other carcinomas.
  • the disease exhibits an improved prognosis when detected in an early stage, although a majority of cases are diagnosed at later stages, where metastasis of the primary tumor has already occurred.
  • Five year survival rates for patients with prostate cancer range from 88 % for those with localized disease to 29 % for those with metastatic disease.
  • prostatic carcinoma Present treatments for prostatic carcinoma include simply monitoring the disease, to radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, or hormonal therapy. Simple monitoring of the disease is advocated as a reasonable approach for some patients with prostate cancer. Although untreated prostate cancer continues to grow, it may do so quite slowly. Specifically, the growth of the cancer may be slow enough that it causes no problems in a particular individuals lifetime, even if left untreated. While no one can predict exactly how long it will take for a specific cancer to spread or how long a particular individual's lifespan would be, unless an individual is expected to live at least 10 years, simply monitoring with no immediate treatment may be appropriate when the cancer is small and of low grade. If the prostatic cancer is of a higher grade and thus more aggressive then the cancer may be a significant threat to life or health within 10 years and therefore a more aggressive approach to management would be warranted.
  • a radical prostatectomy Surgery performed for treatment of localized prostate cancer is referred to as a radical prostatectomy.
  • a radical prostatectomy Through an incision in the lower abdomen or below the scrotum, the entire prostate and seminal vesicles are removed.
  • a radical prostatectomy completely alleviates localized prostate cancer.
  • Such surgery is of little therapeutic value once the cancer has metastasized to the areas surrounding the prostate as well as distant areas of the body. Further, such surgery may leave the individual permanently impotent.
  • radiation therapy may be indicated. Specifically, radiation is recommended for men in whom the disease has spread outside of the prostate capsule (and thus making surgery more difficult) but is still localized within the tissues surrounding the prostate capsule. Side effects such as hair loss and lethargy after irradiation have been well documented.
  • Another form of treatment for prostatic carcinoma involves hormone therapy.
  • hormone therapy Specifically and as prostate cancer has been shown to be under the trophic influence of androgen hormones, androgen deprivation may often produce a regression of the disease and improvement of symptoms.
  • the goal of androgen deprivation is to achieve castration levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. This goal is usually attained by one of four methods: (1) surgical castration (orchiectomy); (2) administration of exogenous estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol (DES); (3) use of analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) that inhibit the release of pituitary gonadotropins; or (4) the use of anti-androgens, such as flutamide, that block the action of androgens at target tissues.
  • surgical castration orchiectomy
  • DES diethylstilbestrol
  • LHRH luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
  • anti-androgens such as flutamide
  • Hormonal therapy is usually used when there is evidence that the cancer has spread beyond the prostate. It is important to note that hormonal therapy is not considered curative. Specifically, the cancer eventually becomes resistant to hormone deprivation and continues to grow. Further, it has been noted in most patients receiving anti-androgen therapy, such therapy will result in the disease becoming hormone independent.
  • the present invention is directed to compositions comprising one or more prostate-associated antigens and a chitosan-metal chelate adjuvant.
  • the compositions may be used in methods for producing antibodies against prostate- associated antigens and/or may be used as agents immunotherapeutic agent.
  • the invention is directed to methods for producing compositions comprising one or more prostate-associated antigens and a chitosan-metal chelate adjuvant as well methods for inhibiting the growth or alleviating prostate cancer or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic origin.
  • the invention is also directed to immunotherapeutic agents comprising one or more prostate-associated antigens in combination with a chitosan- metal chelate adjuvant.
  • the present invention is directed to antibody substances (that specifically binds a prostate-associated antigen) produced by the process of administering the one or more specific prostate-associated antigens in combination with the chitosan-metal chelate adjuvant.
  • the invention is further directed to methods for the production of such antibody substances.
  • the present invention is also directed to compositions comprising one or more prostate-associated antigens and a chitosan/ sodium hydroxide/oil/ surfactant adjuvant.
  • the compositions may be used in methods for producing antibodies against prostate-associated antigens and/or may be used as immunotherapeutic agents.
  • the invention is directed to methods for producing compositions comprising one or more prostate-associated antigens and a chitosan/sodium hydroxide/oil/surfactant adjuvant as well methods for inhibiting the growth or alleviating prostate cancer or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic in origin.
  • the invention is also directed to immunotherapeutic agents comprising one or more prostate- associated antigens and a chitosan/sodium hydroxide/oil/surfactant adjuvant.
  • the present invention provides antibody substances (that specifically binds a prostate-associated antigen) produced by the process of administering the specific prostate-associated antigen in combination with the chitosan/sodium hydroxide/oil/surfactant based adjuvant.
  • the invention is further directed to methods for the production of such antibody substances.
  • the present invention is further directed to a composition comprising one or more prostate-associated antigens and a phosphate buffer/chitosan-based adjuvant.
  • the composition may be used in methods for producing antibodies against prostate-associated-antigens and/or may be used as immunotherapeutic agents.
  • the invention is directed to methods for producing compositions comprising one or more prostate-associated antigens in combination with a phosphate buffer/chitosan-based adjuvant as well methods for inhibiting the growth or alleviating prostate cancer or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic in origin.
  • the invention is also directed to an immunotherapeutic agent comprising one or more prostate-associated antigens and a phosphate buffer/chitosan-based adjuvant.
  • the present invention is directed to antibody substances (that specifically binds a prostate-associated antigen) produced by the process of administering the one or more prostate-associated antigens in combination with the phosphate buffer/chitosan-based adjuvant.
  • the invention is further directed to methods for the production of such antibody substances.
  • the invention is also directed to compositions comprising one or more prostate-associated antigens, a chitosan-based adjuvant, and at least one pharmacological agent having anti-androgenic activity, methods for producing such compositions, as well as methods for inhibiting the growth or alleviating prostate cancer or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic in origin via the administration of such compounds.
  • the invention is directed to methods for inhibiting the growth or alleviating prostate cancer or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic in origin via the concomitant admimstration of one or more prostate-associated antigens in conjunction with a chitosan-based adjuvant, and at least one pharmacological agent having anti-androgenic activity.
  • Figure 1 illustrates the antibody titers obtained from rats immunized with recombinant PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate as well as the titer of the antisera obtained with native PSA.
  • Figures 2 and 3 demonstrate the effect of rat anti-recombinant PSA antibodies on prostatic carcinoma cell lines LnCap and Dul45, respectively, to incorporate 3 H-thymidine.
  • Figure 4 sets forth the titers in the serum of monkeys to the recombinant PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate as well as native PSA subsequent to immunization
  • Figure 5 sets forth the prostate organ weight of the monkeys immunized with either recombinant PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate or native PSA/chitosan-oil emulsion
  • Figure 6 shows the effect of monkey antisera, from animals immunized with either recombinant PSA chitosan-zinc chelate or native PSA, on the growth of LnCap prostatic carcinoma cells in the presence and absence of guinea pig complement.
  • Figure 7 illustrates the effect of monkey antisera, from animals immunized with either recombinant PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate or native PSA, on the growth of Dul45 prostatic carcinoma cells in the presence and absence of guinea pig complement.
  • Figure 8 demonstrates the growth of the tumors in animals receiving adjuvant only versus animals receiving either partially purified anti-recombinant PSA antibodies or partially purified anti-native PSA antibodies in terms of tumor diameter over time.
  • Figure 9 illustrates the vector map for expression vector pZ068, which was used in Example 1 for the expression of prostate-specific antigen.
  • the prostate is a gland of the male reproductive system. It is a walnut- sized organ, made up largely of muscular and glandular tissues, located between the bladder and the urethra. Its main function is to produce fluid for semen. Specifically, the prostate secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid containing citric acid, calcium, acid phosphate, a clotting factor, and a profibrinolysin. During emission, the capsule of the prostate gland contracts simultaneously with the contractions of the vas deferens so that the thin, milky fluid of the prostate gland adds to the bulk of the semen.
  • Adenocarcinoma Over 95 % of the prostatic carcinomas are adenocarcinomas that arise in the prostatic acini. Adenocarcinoma may begin anywhere in the prostate but has a predilection for the periphery. The tumors are frequently multifocal. Variability in cellular size, nuclear and nucleolar shape, glandular differentiation, and the content of acid phosphatase and mucin may occur within a single specimen, but the most poorly differentiated area of tumor (i. e. , its area with the highest histologic grade) appears to determine its biologic behavior.
  • prostatic cancers are divided among squamous cell and transitional cell carcinomas that arise in the prostatic ducts, carcinoma of the prostatic utricle, carcinosarcomas that arise in the mesenchymal elements of the gland, and occasional metastatic tumors (usually carcinoma of the lung, melanoma, or lymphoma).
  • cancer immunotherapy is based upon the recent and expanding identification of specific therapeutic targets: tumor antigens with various degrees of association with their normal counterparts.
  • targets can be grouped into four general categories: (1) the "cancer/testis” antigens, such as the MAGE gene family, whose expression is tumor specific except for spermatogonia and whose genes have been mapped to the X chromosome [van der Bruggen et al. , Science, 254:1643 (1991); Gaugler et al , J. Exp. Med., 179:921 (1994)]; (2) viraUy derived antigens, including he ⁇ esvirus [Ressing et al., J. Immunol.
  • T cell-defined tumor antigens are likely to be better candidates for use in immunotherapeutic methods than epitopes identified with tumor-specific antibodies, given the greater over-all importance of cells over antibodies in antitumor immunity.
  • Types of cancer immunotherapy include (1) whole cell vaccines, (2) viral oncolysates, (3) partially purified tumor antigen vaccines, and (4) highly purified or synthetic tumor antigen vaccines.
  • Whole tumor cells display not one but all of the potential antigens expressed by the cancer cells, as such they can function as antigen presenting cells. In addition they can be engineered to express tumor antigens or to produce cytotoxic cytokines.
  • Viral oncolysates, used as cancer vaccines are virus augmented tumor cell lysates. Tumor cells are infected with an appropriate virus utilizing modern cell culture techniques.
  • Partially purified tumor antigen vaccines are prepared from material shed into a culture medium from multiple cell, which express tumor antigens. In excluding much of the cellular material the vaccine is said to be partially purified. While the foregoing approaches to cancer immunotherapy have been evaluated for a number of different cancer types, none have resulted in success in clinical trials.
  • vaccine design should be directed toward enhancing the host's immune response to purified or synthetic antigens.
  • a novel antigen-adjuvant composition i.e. , an immunotherapeutic agent
  • an adjuvant system comprising a prostate-associated antigen in conjunction with an adjuvant system, which results in the inhibition of growth and incidence of prostate carcinoma.
  • Prostate-specific antigen is a 240 amino acid glycoprotein produced by normal prostate tissue. It is a serine protease and belongs to the glandular kallikrien gene family [Lundwall et al, Biochem. Biophys Res. Comm., 161:1151-1159 (1988)]. PSA's absolute tissue specificity makes it a valuable as a tumor marker for prostate cancer.
  • prostatic acid phosphatase was used to aid in the diagnosis of prostate cancer as well as to monitor the efficacy of therapy for prostate cancer.
  • PAP has now been replaced by PSA for use in the diagnosis of prostate cancer because of PSA's greater sensitivity.
  • PSA is useful for monitoring therapy, particularly surgical prostectomey, because complete removal of the prostate gland should result in undetectable levels of
  • a primary concern involving the development of an immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer is whether an active immune response can be generated to a self-polypeptide such as PSA.
  • Controlled immunization for the pu ⁇ ose of stimulating antibody production by B cells is dependent upon a myriad of factors inherent to both the antigen itself and the immunized individual.
  • the farther removed in evolutionary terms the antigen, or its source, is from the invaded host the more effective the immune response elicited by the antigen.
  • Antigens derived from closely related species are less competent in eliciting antibody production due to the fact that the host immune system is unable to clearly distinguish the foreign antigen from endogenous, or self antigens.
  • the dosage of the antigen, the purity of the antigen, and the frequency with which the antigen is administered are also factors which significantly contribute to the resulting antibody titer and specificity of the resulting antibodies. Still other factors include the form, or complexity, of the antigen, and how the antigen is administered. Finally, both the genetic makeup and overall physiological state of the immunized animal contribute to the extent to which an immune response is mounted. Of these factors, the form or complexity of the antigen is directly affected by immunization with an adjuvant.
  • an adjuvant should potentiate long-lasting expression of functionally active antibodies, elicit cell-mediated immunity (CMI), and enhance production of memory T- and B-lymphocytes with highly specific immunoreactivity against an invading antigen. More important is the ability of an adjuvant to augment the immune response with a minimum of toxic side effects. Therefore, efficacy of an adjuvant is described in terms of how it balances positive (potentiated immunity) and negative (toxicity) effects.
  • CMI cell-mediated immunity
  • the adjuvant acts to augment the immune response by a variety of different mechanisms.
  • the adjuvant directly stimulates one of either CD4 + helper T-cell subpopulations designated T H 1 or T H 2 [Mos ann and Coffman, Ann. Rev. Immunol 7:145-173 (1989)].
  • Helper T cells are required for B-cell antibody responses to most antigens.
  • Alum an aluminum salt adjuvant approved for clinical use in humans, has been reported to selectively activate T H 2 cells in mice [Grun and Maurer, Cell Immunol 727:134-145 (1989)], while Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), an emulsion of mineral oil with killed mycobacteria [Freund, et al , Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med. 37:509 (1937)], preferentially activates murine T H 1 cells [Grun and Maurer, Cell.Immunol 727:134-
  • the nature of the cytokine production in activated T-cells may also be influenced in part by the choice of adjuvant.
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • Oil emulsions i.e. , Freund's complete adjuvant [FCA], Freund's incomplete adjuvant [FIA]
  • FCA Freund's complete adjuvant
  • FIA Freund's incomplete adjuvant
  • liposomes act through depot formation as does alum, thus allowing for slow release of antigen. Slow release of antigen permits extended exposure of the antigen to the immune system and also allows for initial immunization with a dosage of antigen that, if delivered at one time, would ordinarily be counte ⁇ roductive to antibody formation.
  • Alum not only acts through T H 2 cell activation, depot formation and slow release of antigen following immunization [Edelman, Rev.Infect.Dis. 2:370-383 (1980); Warren, et al, Ann.Rev. Immunol. 4:369- 388 (1986)], but also through granuloma formation by attracting immunocompetent cells [White, et al, J.Exp.Med. 702:73-82 (1955)] and activation of complement
  • alum is not without its negative side effects which include erythema, subcutaneous nodules, contact hypersensitivity, and granulomatous inflammation.
  • adjuvants which are widely employed outside of human application, are also the focus of continuing research to develop acceptable alternatives for use in humans. Included in this group are bacterial products (i.e. , LPS, cholera toxin, mycobacterial components and whole killed Corynebacterium parvum, Corynebacterium granulosum, and Bordetella pertussis , liposomes, immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs), and naturally occurring and derivatized polysaccharides from other than bacterial sources.
  • LPS bacterial products
  • cholera toxin mycobacterial components and whole killed Corynebacterium parvum, Corynebacterium granulosum, and Bordetella pertussis
  • liposomes immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs)
  • ISCOMs immunostimulating complexes
  • the immunopotentiating capacity of polysaccharides has been a focus of investigation over the past few years as these compounds are widespread in nature, e.g
  • LPS Lipopolysaccharide isolated from certain Gram-negative bacteria is one such polysaccharide even though the adjuvant properties of LPS are derived mainly from the lipid A region of the molecule, and not from the ⁇ -specific polysaccharide or core oligosaccharide regions of the molecule. LPS, which augments both humoral [Johnson, et al, J.Exp.Med.
  • Matuhashi, et al in U.S. Patent No. 4,372,883, disclosed conjugation of soluble polysaccharides, including chitosan, to normally toxic antigens, conjugation thereby detoxifying the antigen and permitting its use as an immunogen.
  • Matuhashi et al. did not address the use of insoluble polysaccharide forms of chitosan, nor did Matuhashi compare the resulting serum antibody titer with that obtained from immunization with other known adjuvants.
  • Suzuki, et al in U.S.
  • the '169 patent set forth non-ionic polysaccharides as the preferred saccharides, while chitosan is highly cationic. Nishimura et al.
  • an immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of prostatic carcinoma comprising a prostate-associated antigen and a chitosan-based adjuvant system, and in a preferred embodiment, PSA and a chitosan-zinc chelate- based adjuvant, PSA and a chitosan/sodium hydroxide/ squalene/poloxamer 401, or PSA and a phosphate buffer/chitosan-based adjuvant.
  • PSA and a chitosan-zinc chelate- based adjuvant PSA and a chitosan/sodium hydroxide/ squalene/poloxamer 401
  • PSA and a phosphate buffer/chitosan-based adjuvant PSA and a phosphate buffer/chitosan-based adjuvant.
  • the illustrative Examples also describe methods for reducing and/or alleviating prostatic carcinoma and prostatic-related carcinoma (metatastic in origin) via the administration of any of the foregoing immunotherapeutic agents
  • the invention is illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as recited in the claims.
  • Example 2 provides methods for the purification of the recombinant form of human PSA.
  • Example 3 describes the preparation of a chitosan-chelated metal based immunotherapeutic agent involving the use of prostate-related antigens (e.g. , PSA, PSMA).
  • prostate-related antigens e.g. , PSA, PSMA
  • Example 4 describes the preparation of a chitosan-iron chelated based immunotherapeutic agent involving the use of prostate-related antigens (e.g. , PSA,
  • Example 5 describes the preparation of an immunotherapeutic agent wherein the prostate-related antigen (e.g. , PSA, PSMA) is incorporated and lyophilized in phosphate buffer and reconstituted in a chitosan solution.
  • Example 6 describes the preparation of an immunotherapeutic agent wherein the prostate-associated antigen (e.g. , PSA, PSMA) is inco ⁇ orated into a chitosan-oil emulsion.
  • the prostate-associated antigen e.g. , PSA, PSMA
  • Example 7 describes the characterization of the immune response in rats to administration of either native human PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate or recombinant PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate.
  • Example 9 describes the ability of antibodies to PSA found in the sera of the rats of Example 7 to bind to human prostatic carcinoma cells.
  • Example 12 describes the effect of monkey anti-PSA antisera on the in vitro proliferation of human prostatic carcinoma cells.
  • Example 13 describes the effect of partially purified monkey anti- recombinant PSA or anti-native PSA antibodies on the in vivo growth of human prostatic carcinoma cells (passive immunization).
  • Example 14 describes the effect of early administration of purified monkey anti-recombinant PSA or anti-native PSA antibodies on Dul45 tumor incidence in athymic mice.
  • Example 15 describes administration of an immunotherapeutic agent of the present invention to humans to inhibit growth or alleviate prostate cancer or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic origin.
  • Example 16 describes the administration of a composition comprising an immunotherapeutic agent of the present invention and at least one pharmacological agent having anti-androgenic activity, or in the alternative concomitant administration of immunotherapeutic agent of the present invention and at least one pharmacological agent having anti-androgenic activity all in order to inhibit growth or alleviate prostate cancer or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic origin, treatment of prostate and EXAMPLE 1 CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF HUMAN PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA) Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • the human PSA gene (with signal sequence) was cloned from human prostate cDNA (Quickclone cDNA lot#6060116; Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) using the polymerase chain reaction [PCR; Mullis et al , The Polymerase Chain Reaction, Birkhauser, Boston (1994)].
  • the sequence of the primers used was determined based on a published sequence for human PSA [Riegman et al. , Biochem.
  • Both polymerase chain reaction primers were synthesized using an Applied Biosystems Model 391 DNA Synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and standard protocols for solid phase DNA synthesis.
  • the 5 ' primer contained 21 bases of 5 ' untranslated region with the addition of Smal and EcoRI restriction enzyme sites for subcloning into sequencing and/or expression vectors [all restrictions enzymes were obtained from New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA].
  • the 3' primer consisted of a 34 base pair ohgonucleotide containing 20 bases of 3' untranslated region 50 bases downstream of the stop codon. Similarly, Smal and EcoRI restriction enzyme sites were also included in this primer for subcloning pu ⁇ oses.
  • the sequence of both PCR primers are as follows:
  • the sequence obtained from the human PSA insert (approximately 200 base pairs at each end of the insert) was 100% identical to the known human PSA nucleotide sequence.
  • a Spel adaptor was ligated into the unique Mscl restriction enzyme site within the pBluescript/human PSA construct, 8 base pairs upstream of the stop codon.
  • the Spel adaptor was made palindromic to regenerate the 8 base pairs between the Mscl site and stop codon (now consisting of a Spel site).
  • the phosphorylated oligonucleotides used to make the Spel adaptor were purchased from Genosys (Woodlands, TX). The sequence of the Spel adaptor is as follows:
  • the PSA expression vector (5-10 ⁇ g; see directly above) was transfected into dihydrofolate reductase deficient (dhfr) Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA) using the following methodology.
  • the pz068 human PSA expression vector was linearized with the Sail restriction enzyme followed by phenol :choloroform
  • the function of the dialyzed serum (which lacks purines) is to select for the cells that contain the plasmid DNA (the expression vector) due to the presence of a DHFR gene cassette present on the vector which compliments the dhfr genotype of the cells (purine biosynthesis deficiency).
  • the dhfr " gene cassette is under control of the constitutive SV40 promoter and codes for dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, which allows for the recovery of purine biosynthesis in CHO dhfr cells. In the presence of medium that lacks purines (i.e.
  • the blot was washed for 5 minutes (3 times) in PBST and subsequently incubated with mouse anti-rabbit secondary antibody at 1 :5000 dilution (Zymed, San Francisco, CA) for 30 minutes. After three 5 minute washes in PBST, the blot was incubated in PBST containing streptavidin-HRP conjugate at 1:5000 dilution for 20 minutes. The blot was washed three times in PBS for 5 minutes and color was developed using the chromogenic substrate 3-amino-9-ethyl carbazol and hydrogen peroxide.
  • the heterogeneous population of cells were then cloned by limiting dilution to identify and isolate individual clones that expressed and secreted high levels of recombinant human PSA protein. Once identified and isolated, the clones were scaled up for protein production as described below, as well as frozen for future use.
  • EXAMPLE 2 PURIFICATION OF RECOMBINANT PSA Individual clones of CHO cells secreting recombinant human PSA were grown to confluency in 150 ml Minimal Essential Media (MEM) (Gibco-BRL, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 5 % dialyzed fetal bovine serum (FBS) Hyclone, Logan, UT) and 2 mM L-glutamine in Triple Flasks (Nunc, Naperville, IL). Once confluent, cells were washed with PBS, and media was replaced with PFX-CHO medium (Hyclone). After 72 hours, the medium was removed and centrifuged for 5 min. at
  • media containing secreted PSA was passed through an IMAC column, prepared as follows. First, 5 ml of chelating Sepharose fast flow (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) was washed 5 times at room temperature with 50 ml of sterile deionized H 2 O (centrifuging at 1500 x g for 5 minutes between each wash).
  • the resin was allowed to settle into the column and an additional 50 ml of binding buffer was passed through the column. After equilibration of the column, the dialyzed media containing human PSA was passed through the column. The column was washed with 20 bed volumes (100 ml) of binding buffer, followed by elution of PSA in 2 bed volumes (10 ml) of PBS containing 200 mM imidazole. Imidazole was removed from the eluate by dialysis in PBS (pH 8.0) and the protein was concentrated to 0.5-2.0 mg/ml using a Centiprep concentrator (Amicon, Beverly, MA). The purified concentrated PSA was stored at -70°C. for use in the examples set forth below. In a typical small scale run 5-7 mg of purified recombinant protein could be obtained from 1 liter of medium. Media used for protein production was purchased from Hyclone (PFX-CHO).
  • the chitosan-chelated metal based adjuvant was prepared according to the following method. While the zinc is exemplified as the chelated-metal, those of skill in the art will recognize that other metals, such as zinc or copper may be used in the practice of the present invention. Further, while recombinant PSA is exemplified below as the prostate-related antigen, those of skill in the art will recognize that other prostate-related antigens, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen [PSMA; GenBank
  • prostate stem cell antigen [PSCA; Reiter et al , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 95:1735-1740 (1998); GenBank Accession No. AF043498], PTEN/MMACl [Kong, et al , Nature Genet. , 17:143-144 (1997); Sakurada et al. , Jpn. J. Cancer Res. , 88:1025-1028 (1997); GenBank Accession No. AB009903 or 2723418], prostate acid phosphatase [PAP; Sharief et al. , Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 160:79-86 (1989); GenBank Accession No. M24902], and the
  • LH (luteinizing hormone) receptor [Jia et al , Mol. Endocrinol , 5:759-768 (1991);
  • GenBank Accession No. S57793 may be used in the practice of the present invention
  • chitosan/metal complex adjuvants containing either zinc, copper or nickel a 2% chitosan solution was initially prepared by dissolving 2 g chitosan (SeaSanMer N-2000, CTC Organics, Atlanta, GA) in 100 ml 2% acetic acid, and the resulting solution was sterilized by autoclaving.
  • the chitosan solution can also be prepared by dissolving 2 g in 100 ml 0.5 M sodium acetate pH 4.5.
  • Solutions of either zinc acetate, nickel sulfate, or copper sulfate solution (although other salts of the metals may be used) were prepared in deionized water at a molarity between 0.001 to 0.2 M and filter sterilized.
  • the 2 % chitosan solution was diluted 1 : 1 using deionized water and 4 ml of the resulting 1 % chitosan solution was added to 10 ml of the desired metal salt solution (i.e., either the zinc, nickel, or copper solutions).
  • the resulting suspension was mixed on an end to end shaker for 2 to 4 hours at room temperature.
  • the mixture was then sonicated using a Branson Sonifier 250 for 3 to 5 minutes and the pH of the mixture adjusted to 12.0 - 12.5 with 10 N
  • the PSA (may or may not contain a poly-HIS tag), as produced in
  • Example 1 was associated with the metal/chitosan complex by the following method.
  • the chitosan-zinc chelate was equilibrated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 8.0).
  • Purified recombinant human PSA expressed in CHO cells was added to the chitosan-zinc chelate suspension and incubated at room temperature for 4 hours. Following incubation, the slurry was centrifuged at 1000 rpm the supernatant was collected and the amount of unbound protein was calculated using the Bradford protein assay (Pierce, Rockford IL).
  • a chitosan-iron chelate For preparation of a chitosan-iron chelate, 4 g of ferric ammonium citrate is dissolved in 10 ml distilled water with 100 ⁇ l 11.6 N HC1. Four ml of the 1 % chitosan solution prepared as described above (see Example 3) is sonicated and 200 ⁇ l of the ferric ammonium citrate solution is added during sonication. The resulting solution is centrifuged and the pellet containing chitosan-iron chelate is washed once in deionized water and recentrifuged. Recombinant prostate-associated antigen (which may or may not be modified to include six histidine residues) is coupled with the chitosan-iron chelate as above (see Example 3). As with the chitosan-zine chelate composition, the resulting chitosan-iron chelate composition agent may then be used to immunize individuals for the reduction or alleviation of prostatic carcinoma.
  • a 0.5 M phosphate buffer is prepared by diluting 15.6 ml of phosphoric acid (16 M; Mallinkrodt Chemical, Paris, KY) in 400 ml of deionized (18 mOhm: DI) water. The pH of the solution is adjusted to 7.3 with IO N sodium hydroxide (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). The total volume of the solution is adjusted to 500 ml by the addition of deionized water.
  • a dilute chitosan solution is made by first preparing a 1 % chitosan in
  • 2% acetic acid solution 1 gm of chitosan (practical grade; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in 100 ml of 2% glacial acetic acid (Mallinkrodt Chemical, Paris, KY). The resulting 1 % chitosan in 2 % acetic acid solution is then diluted further by adding 7.4 ml of the solution to 2.6 ml of deionized water to obtain a working chitosan solution.
  • a desired amount of prostate-related antigen such as PSA, PAP,
  • PSMA, HK2, PCTA-1 , PTI-1, PSCA, PTEN/MMACl, or LH receptor is added to a 10 ml vial containing 5 ml of the
  • Lyophilized sample is reconstituted with 5 ml of the working chitosan solution, mixed by vortex to form a cloudy solution containing white particles, and used for immunization as described below.
  • the pH of the final solution is between 6 and 7.
  • a 2 % chitosan solution in 0.5 M sodium acetate is prepared by dissolving 4.1 g of sodium acetate (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in 50 ml of deionized (18 mOhm: DI) water with mixing. The pH of the solution is adjusted to 4.5 with approximately 7 ml of glacial acetic acid (Mallinkrodt Chemical, Paris, KY) and an additional 1.5 ml of glacial acetic acid is added to compensate for the effect of the addition of chitosan on the pH of the solution. The total volume of the solution is adjusted to 100 ml by the addition of deionized water. 2 grams of chitosan (Sigma Chemical Co., St.
  • the chitosan solution is then sterilized by autoclaving during a 25 minute cycle. The solution is cooled to room temperature in a biosafety cabinet. The chitosan solution is then clarified by centrifugation in an IEC clinical centrifuge (International Equipment
  • a 50 % sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 50 gm of sodium hydroxide (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in 100 ml of deionized water, with mixing.
  • a squalene/ surfactant solution is prepared by combining 1500 ⁇ L of squalene (2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexane; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) with 600 ⁇ L of the surfactant Pluronic ® LI 21 (BASF Co ⁇ ., Parsippany, NJ) and is vortexed until homogeneous.
  • a chitosan/squalene/surfactant/antigen emulsion is prepared by adding a desired amount of a prostate-related antigen, such as PSA, PAP, PSMA, HK2, PCTA-1, PT-1, PSCA, PTEN/MMACl, or LH receptor (with or without a poly-HIS tag) to approximately 370 ⁇ L of 2% chitosan in 0.5 M sodium acetate and vortexing.
  • the actual amount of antigen used may range from 1 ⁇ g to several milligrams. 10 ⁇ L of the 50% sodium hydroxide are then added to the antigen/chitosan and the sample is vortexed.
  • Sprague-Dawley male rats (Harlan, Houston, TX), weighing approximately 250g, were administered, via intramuscular injection, 25 ⁇ g of the recombinant human PSA /chitosan-zinc chelate (see Examples 1-3 above; 1.67 ⁇ g of recombinant PSA per mg wet weight of chitosan-zinc chelate) per animal.
  • a booster injection of recombinant PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate (25 ⁇ g/animal) was administered 5 weeks subsequent to the initial injection. Animals were bled by retro-orbital puncture and their serum was collected following centrifugation. The resulting antiserum was used in the experiments described below.
  • the antisera 50 ⁇ l well, was added to the wells in a serially-doubling dilution and incubated at 37° C for at least 3 hr.
  • the plates were washed 4 times with PBST and rabbit- anti-rat biotin conjugate (1: 1000 dilution; Zymed, San Francisco, CA) was added and further incubated for 3 hours at 37°C.
  • the plates were washed 4 times with PBST and strepavidin-horse radish peroxidase conjugate (1:1000 dilution; Zymed, San Francisco, CA) was added and incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C .
  • EXAMPLE S RAT ANTI-PSA SPECIFICITY In order to characterize the specificity and purity of the antibodies obtained from immunized rats, the rat sera (anti-recombinant PSA antisera) was used in Western immunoblot analysis, performed according to the method of Towbin et al , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:4350-4354 (1979). Specifically, purified human PSA from whole human seminal plasma and CHO expressed recombinant human PSA were run on 4-20% SDS-PAGE gel and blotted to a nitrocellulose membrane. The rat antiserum (containing anti-recombinant PSA antibodies) obtained in Example 7 was then used (at a dilution of 1:5000) in the Western analysis to determine its specificity (see Example 1, for actual methods for western analysis).
  • the antisera was used in immunofluorescence studies to determine the pattern of localization on human prostate tumor cell lines, Dul45 and LnCap, (ATCC HTB81 and ATCC CRL1640; American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA). LnCap and DU145 cells were grown on chamber slides (Nunc) for 48 hr 37°C. in a CO 2 incubator. The cells were washed 3 times with Cold HBSS (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution) and were subsequently fixed by treatment with cold (4°C.) 90% ethanol for 5 minutes at room temperature.
  • Cold HBSS Hank's Balanced Salt Solution
  • the fixed cells were then washed (twice) HBSS and immediately incubated with rat anti- recombinant PSA or rat anti-native PSA antisera at a dilution of 1:500.
  • the control cells were incubated with pre-immune sera at 1 :500 dilution.
  • the fixed cells were then incubated for 2 hours at 37°C. in a humidified chamber. Following incubation with the antisera, the cells were washed 4 times with HBSS.
  • Rabbit anti-rat IgG FITC conjugate was then added to the cells and further incubated for 1 hour at 37°C. Following incubation, the cells were washed with HBSS
  • Pre-immune sera served as the control.
  • the cells were allowed to incubate with the antibodies (contained in the antisera) for at least 72 hours. Following incubation with antibodies, 3 H-thymidine (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) was added and cells were further incubated for 24 hours. The cells were harvested and the inco ⁇ oration of 3 H-thymidine in cells was determined via scintillation counting.
  • Figures 2 and 3 show the results obtained and indicate that the antisera (containing anti-recombinant PSA antibodies) alone were cytotoxic in a dose-dependent manner, as measured by the decreased ability of LnCap cells to inco ⁇ orate thymidine. This effect was more pronounced when complement was present. However, in the case of Dul45 cells, the ability of the cells to uptake thymidine was decreased by about 40% at 1: 10 dilution when antisera containing antibodies alone was added, whereas in presence of complement thymidine uptake was reduced by 95 % . At higher dilutions (1:20 and 1:40) less cytotoxic effects were observed.
  • PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate prepared as described above. Each animals received 250 ⁇ g equivalent of recombinant PSA as PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate once every month for first three months followed by another injection after 6 months, after the titers had started to decline. Two control monkeys received the chitosan-zinc chelate only. Another set of monkeys were immunized with native human PS A/chitosan-oil emulsion (adjuvant of Example 6) isolated from human semen, each receiving 250 ⁇ g per animal, once a month for three months, followed by final injection at the 6 months.
  • FIG 4 shows the antibody titers in the serum of the monkeys against recombinant PSA as well as against native PSA.
  • the titers to natural and recombinant PSA were similar, demonstrating that the recombinant human PSA was able to elicit an immune response not only against the administered antigen (i.e. recombinant PSA) but the antibodies also recognized native PSA as well.
  • the immunotherapeutic agent comprising the recombinant PSA /chitosan-zinc chelate was found to be immunogenic in rhesus, even though human and rhesus monkey PSAs are approximately 89% homologous at the protein level [Gauthier et al Biochim Biophys.
  • EXAMPLE 12 EFFECT OF MONKEY ANTI-PSA ANTISERA ON IN VITRO PROLIFERATION OF HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER CELLS Human prostate cell lines, LnCap and Du 145, were plated (10 4 per ml) in 96 well tissue culture plates and allowed to attach and grow for 24 hours at 37°C in a CO 2 incubator. Monkey antisera (see Example 14), at various dilutions (final dilutions: 1:10,1:20,1:40), was added to the cells followed by addition of 5 % guinea pig complement (Colorado Serum Co. , Denver, CO). Pre-immune sera served as the control.
  • the cells were allowed to incubate with the antisera containing the anti- recombinant PSA antibodies for at least 72 hours. Following the incubation with the antisera, 3 H-thymidine (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) was added and the cells were further incubated for 24 hours. The cells were harvested and the inco ⁇ oration of 3 H-thymidine in cells determined by scintillation counting.
  • Results indicate that the monkey antisera alone was effective in inducing cellular cytotoxicity, as noted by the decreased inco ⁇ oration of thymidine by the LnCap cells. The cytotoxic effect was enhanced in the presence of complement. Results with respect to Dul45 cells (see Figure 7) indicated that the monkey antisera alone was also capable of inducing a cytotoxic effect and also was more effective in presence of complement, though the cytotoxic effect was less than that seen with LnCap cells.
  • mice OF HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER CELLS Dul45 prostatic tumor cells (2.5X10 6 suspended in 0.1 ml Hanks balanced salt solution) were injected subcutaneously in the shoulder at two sites in the athymic nude mice (20-25g Harlan, Houston, TX). Following the appearance of visible tumors (appeared during Week 2), the mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 ml of partially purified monkey anti-recombinant PSA or anti-native PSA antibodies (having a titer of 1 : 10 6 ) twice a week for 8 weeks.
  • Partially purified antibodies were prepared by using ammonium sulfate precipitation. Specifically, a 10 ml aliquot of each sera was obtained from the monkeys (receiving either adjuvant alone, recombinant PSA or native PSA) and treated with a saturated solution of ammonium sulfate, pH 7.0. Ammonium sulfate was added drop wise to the serum sample, with continuous vortexing to allow uniform mixing. The mixture was then left overnight at 4°C. After overnight incubation, the sample was centrifuged at 2,000 x g and the resulting pellet was resuspended in 2 ml of PBS.
  • Figure 8 which sets forth the results of a passive immunization study, indicates that the tumors in control animals grew faster as compared to the tumors in animals that received partially purified anti-PSA antibodies from monkeys that were immunized with recombinant PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate or that were immunized with the native PSA.
  • the weights of the tumors from the experimental animals was found to be much lower than that of the control animals (data not shown).
  • the tumors in the experimental group receiving anti recombinant or native PSA antibodies were fluid filled as compared to the solid tumor mass in the control group.
  • EXAMPLE 14 EFFECT OF EARLY ANTIBODY INJECTION ON DU145 TUMOR INCIDENCE IN ATHYMIC MICE This experiment was carried out in a manner similar to Example 13, except that the partially purified monkey anti-recombinant PSA or anti-native PSA antibodies were injected on day 10 following injection of Dul45 cells into athymic nude mice.
  • Dul45 cells were injected in nude mice at two sites on the shoulders of the animals.
  • the mice were divided into three groups of five animals each [as in Example 13, tumors appeared during Week 2].
  • the mice were injected intraperitoneally with partially purified monkey anti-recombinant PSA or anti-native PSA antibodies twice a week for 10 weeks.
  • the control group received antibodies from monkeys that were injected with adjuvant only.
  • the tumor incidence was monitored during weeks 8-12.
  • the animals were euthanized after the study and the tumors were excised.
  • results indicate that during week 12 a single tumor was observed across the five animals that received anti-recombinant PSA antibodies, while in the group of five animals that received anti-native PSA antibodies two tumors were observed. In the control group all five animals developed tumors.
  • mice To determine the relative immune response against the recombinant PSA, plus or minus the chitosan-zinc chelate adjuvant, preliminary studies have been conducted in mice. Specifically, 4 to 5 male mice (25g) were immunized (approximately 10 ⁇ g of the antigen) with either the recombinant PSA (produced as in Example 1) alone or with the recombinant PSA/chitosan-zinc chelate of the present invention. Animals received a booster injection at day 30 following the initial administration.
  • this example is directed to the treatment of human prostate-associated tumors (actual tumors of the prostate as well as metastatic tumors of prostatic origin) via the administration of the immunotherapeutic agents set forth above (i.e., a prostate-associated antigen in conjunction with a chitosan- based adjuvant).
  • PSA prostate-related antigen
  • HK2 PCTA-1
  • PTi-1 PTi-1
  • PSCA PAP
  • LH receptor PTEN/MMACl
  • chitosan-metal chelate adjuvant is exemplified below, those of skill in the art will readily understand that other chitosan-based adjuvants (see Examples 5 and 6) may be used in the practice of the invention.
  • an individual diagnosed with prostate carcinoma or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic origin is administered an immunotherapeutic agent containing recombinant PSA (and/or other prostate associated antigens) chitosan-zinc chelate(produced as set forth in Example 3), in an amount effective to stimulate the individual's own immune system to produce antibodies directed to the prostate associated antigens.
  • the admimstration may take place by any suitable route of admimstration, including oral, subcutaneous, and parenteral administration. Examples of parenteral administration include intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal.
  • serum titers against the prostate-associate antigens are monitored over time to determine if booster administrations of the therapeutic agent are required.
  • the specific dose may be calculated according to such factors as body weight or body surface. Further refinement of the calculations necessary to determine the appropriate dosage for treatment of prostatic carcinoma is routinely made by those of ordinary skill in the art without undue experimentation. Appropriate dosages may be ascertained through use of established assays for determining dosages (i.e. , correlating serum titers against the prostate associated antigen with reduction in tumor burden). Based upon data gathered from animals (see above), the amount of antigen (single-dose) for administration to a human ranges from about 1 pg to about 1 mg, and more preferably 1 ⁇ g to about 800 ⁇ g, although it may vary. After the initial dosing, it is possible that booster doses of the immunotherapeutic agents may be required to obtain optimal anti-tumor effects.
  • effects of the immunotherapeutic agent i.e. , reduction in tumor size and/or reduction in the number of tumors
  • effects of the immunotherapeutic agent are evaluated by rectal ultrasound or other non-invasive technique.
  • effects of the immunotherapeutic agent are evaluated by use of such techniques as computed- tomography scanning or magnetic resonance imaging, Further, determination of serum levels of prostate-associated antigens are also appropriate to evaluate the effectiveness of the agent.
  • this example is directed to the treatment of human prostate-associated tumors (actual tumors of the prostate as well as metastatic tumors of prostatic origin) via the administration of compositions comprising the immunotherapeutic agents set forth above (i.e., a prostate-associated antigen in conjunction with a chitosan- based adjuvant) and at least one pharmacological agent having anti-androgen activity.
  • a prostate-associated antigen in conjunction with a chitosan- based adjuvant
  • at least one pharmacological agent having anti-androgen activity i.e., a prostate-associated antigen in conjunction with a chitosan- based adjuvant
  • PSA is exemplified below as the prostate- related antigen
  • those of skill in the art will readily recognize that other prostate-related antigens such as PSMA, HK2, PCTA-1, PTI-1, PSCA, PAP, LH receptor, and
  • PTEN/MMACl may be used in the practice of the present invention.
  • chitosan-metal chelate adjuvant is exemplified below, those of skill in the art will readily understand that other chitosan-based adjuvants (see Examples 5 and 6) may be used in the practice of the invention.
  • flutamide is exemplified below as a pharmacological agent having anti-androgen activity, those of skill in the art will readily recognize that other agents (for example, but not limited to cyproterone acetate, f ⁇ nasteride, bicalutamide) having anti-androgenic activity may be used to practice the invention.
  • an individual diagnosed with prostate carcinoma or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic origin is administered a composition
  • a composition comprising (1) an immunotherapeutic agent containing recombinant PSA [and/or other prostate associated antigens] (2) chitosan-zinc chelate (produced as set forth in Example 3), in an amount effective to stimulate the individual's own immune system to produce antibodies directed to the prostate associated antigens, and (3) at least one pharmacological agent having anti-androgenic activity.
  • the administration may take place by any suitable route of administration, including oral, subcutaneous, and parenteral administration. Examples of parenteral administration include intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal.
  • serum titers against the prostate-associate antigens are monitored over time to determine if booster administrations of the therapeutic agent are required.
  • the specific dose may be calculated according to such factors as body weight or body surface. Further refinement of the calculations necessary to determine the appropriate dosage for treatment of prostatic carcinoma is routinely made by those of ordinary skill in the art without undue experimentation. Appropriate dosages may be ascertained through use of established assays for dete ⁇ rii ing dosages (i.e. , correlating serum titers against the prostate associated antigen with reduction in tumor burden). Based upon data gathered from animals (see above), the amount of antigen (single-dose) for administration to a human ranges from about 1 pg to about 1 mg, and more preferably 1 ⁇ g to about 800 ⁇ g, although it may vary. After the initial dosing, it is possible that booster doses of the immunotherapeutic agents may be required to obtain optimal anti-tumor effects.
  • effects of the administered composition i.e. , reduction in tumor size and/or reduction in the number of tumors
  • effects of the immunotherapeutic agent are evaluated by use of such techniques as computed- tomography scanning or magnetic resonance imaging, Further, determination of serum levels of prostate-associated antigens are also appropriate to evaluate the effectiveness of the agent.
  • an individual diagnosed with prostate carcinoma or metastatic carcinoma of prostatic origin is administered an immunotherapeutic agent containing recombinant PSA [and/or other prostate associated antigens] and chitosan-zinc chelate (produced as set forth in Example 3), in an amount effective to stimulate the individual's own immune system to produce antibodies directed to the prostate associated antigens, concomitantly with at least one pharmacological agent having anti-androgenic activity.
  • an immunotherapeutic agent containing recombinant PSA [and/or other prostate associated antigens] and chitosan-zinc chelate produced as set forth in Example 3

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