EP1205727A1 - Pyrotechnic delay initiator - Google Patents

Pyrotechnic delay initiator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1205727A1
EP1205727A1 EP01402863A EP01402863A EP1205727A1 EP 1205727 A1 EP1205727 A1 EP 1205727A1 EP 01402863 A EP01402863 A EP 01402863A EP 01402863 A EP01402863 A EP 01402863A EP 1205727 A1 EP1205727 A1 EP 1205727A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
delay
pyrotechnic
means according
explosive charge
initiation means
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP01402863A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1205727B1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Louis Boyer
André Gilson
Raymond Rion
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JASON ENGINEERING SA
Direction General pour lArmement DGA
Etat Francais
Original Assignee
JASON ENGINEERING SA
Direction General pour lArmement DGA
Etat Francais
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Publication of EP1205727A1 publication Critical patent/EP1205727A1/en
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Publication of EP1205727B1 publication Critical patent/EP1205727B1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
    • F42B3/10—Initiators therefor
    • F42B3/16—Pyrotechnic delay initiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C15/00—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges
    • F42C15/28—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges operated by flow of fluent material, e.g. shot, fluids
    • F42C15/31—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges operated by flow of fluent material, e.g. shot, fluids generated by the combustion of a pyrotechnic or explosive charge within the fuze

Definitions

  • the technical sector of the present invention is that of the firing devices of a charge pyrotechnics especially for hand grenade, and more particularly the means of initiation pyrotechnic retarders of a pyrotechnic chain.
  • Retardant pyrotechnic elements are used for many years in different fields like detonators for firing in mines and quarries, all types of rockets (artillery, infantry mines, grenades, mortars ). They are also numerous only essential and can be defined as elements of a pyrotechnic chain in which they ensure a time interval between a priming action and a specific response.
  • pyrotechnic initiation retarders however remain fairly similar in their general concept: it is a percussion primer intended to be struck by any striker for then allow the ignition of a retarding composition which it aims to consume and ignite in turn another element of the pyrotechnic chain.
  • Another similar technique is to replace the explosive or reinforcing charge by a detonator which will ensure the continued lighting of the chain pyrotechnic. This is notably the technique used in documents FR 2,465,189 and FR 2,458,790.
  • the ignition of the explosive charge or the activation of the detonator by the retarding composition directly leads to propagation of fire in the pyrotechnic chain and the explosion of the pyrotechnic charge of the grenade type hand through the igniter plug in which finds the firing device.
  • the document FR 2.721.394 offered to insert a striker between the charge reinforcing agent ignited by the retarding composition and the continuation of the pyrotechnic chain including in particular a detonator and another explosive charge.
  • This striker is provided with an explosive charge allowing it using gases released by the reaction of the explosive charge to rotate around its axis and thus being able to strike another percussion primer to continue lighting the chain pyrotechnic.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to remedy the disadvantages mentioned above by proposing means pyrotechnic initiation retardants improving the safety during handling before launching igniter plugs especially for hand grenade.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide means initiation pyrotechnic retarders for decreasing pyrotechnic charge firing devices the danger of explosion when transported or worn on potential fighters.
  • Another goal is the possibility of storage grenades with their igniter plug unlike conventional igniters which must be stored away from grenades.
  • the invention will aim to reduce the costs of pyrotechnic charge firing devices using pyrotechnic initiation means retarders allowing direct cost reduction linked to the retardant load compactness analyzes.
  • the invention relates to means pyrotechnic initiation retarders intended in particular to cooperate with a device for igniting a charge igniter plug type pyrotechnics especially for hand grenade, comprising a retarding composition located inside a delay column, the latter having a lower end and an upper end, a percussion primer being able to cooperate with the upper part of the delay column, and a piston striker held firmly under the lower end of the delay column and able to move axially in the direction of the element to strike under the action of a load explosive cooperating with the lower end of the delay column.
  • the delay column communicates with the explosive charge through a cavity comprising sealing means authorizing or preventing movement of the striker piston under the effect of the explosive charge.
  • the means for closing the cavity are consisting of rigid slag resulting from the reaction of combustion of the retarding composition.
  • the striker piston preferably includes a cavity internal in which the load is able to lodge explosive to significantly deform the walls of this internal cavity during the explosion of said charge explosive.
  • the percussion primer used is preferably boxer type and is set in a primer holder itself set in a delay holder including the delay column previously loaded with retarding composition.
  • the expansion chamber can be inside delay holder and be between the composition retarder and percussion primer.
  • the delay holder is screwed onto a body including in particular a through bore capable of guiding the striker piston which is held under the end bottom of the delay column via a collar.
  • the explosive charge used to move the piston striker may be in an internal cavity in the piston and consists of lead azide, dinitro-resorcinate lead or lead styphnate.
  • these means can be combined with a detonator capable of being struck by the striker piston, the detonator being confined in a rotor or lock can be pivoted through a stress exterior.
  • pyrotechnic initiation retarders intended in particular to cooperate with a device for igniting a charge pyrotechnic (not shown). These means can register in a firing device for a charge igniter plug type pyrotechnics, in particular for hand grenades (as described in document FR 2,272,394), rifle grenades, mines, rockets artillery or mortar or any other application pyrotechnics requiring such delay.
  • a percussion primer (1) of the boxer type inserted and set in a primer holder (2).
  • the device can naturally work with a primer electric instead of a percussion primer. All constituted by the primer (1) and the primer holder (2) is itself positioned and set in a delay holder (3), the crimps being sealed by a bead of varnish, epoxide or cyanoacrylate.
  • the delay holder (3) has been previously loaded with a retarding composition (4) to inside a delay column (4C) having two ends (4a, 4b).
  • This retarding composition (4) will be of the type "Millisecond” or "second” depending on the use that is made of the pyrotechnic train.
  • the nominal burning time will be between 3.5 and 5 seconds, whereas for a mortar rocket with launch safety, the time will be between 100 and 500 milliseconds.
  • These combustion times are governed by a multitude of parameters that will be important to integrate during the preparation of the retarding composition (4); these parameters are very well known to those skilled in the art. These include the nature of the ingredients, the nature of the binder, particle size and purity of components, hygroscopicity, compression ratio of the retarding composition in the delay column, of the gas pressure generated, the nature of the case or again of the diameter of the delay column.
  • the loading of this delay column (4c) is done by successive dosages of increments; it is also possible add an ignition charge to the top of the delay column (4c); this ignition composition will then compressed at the same pressure as the retard powder.
  • the delay holder (3) includes an expansion chamber (9) located between the percussion primer (1) and the end upper (4b) of the delay column (4c); this delay holder (3) is, in this preferred embodiment of the invention, screwed onto a body (7) provided with a bore (17) opening allowing the movement and guidance of a striker piston (5). The latter is fixed firmly between the body (7) and the delay holder (3), and this under the end lower (4a) of the delay column.
  • the striker piston is held firmly in its position by a flange (5a), but could also to be by means such as a spring, a cover frangible or an o-ring or a washer.
  • Nature metal of the striker piston (5) and the thickness of the flange (5a) will then define an explosive charge (10) to be administered to ensure the proper functioning of these means.
  • the explosive charge (10) is contained in an internal cavity (6) in the piston striker but could just as easily be at the outside of the striker piston (5) as in particular in the delay holder (3).
  • the advantage of this arrangement with the explosive charge (10) inside the striker piston (5) lies in providing additional security for means of pyrotechnic initiation which will be described in the operation of these means.
  • This explosive charge (10) communicates with the lower end (4a) of the delay column (4c) via a cavity (8) comprising sealing means (4d) and in which will come contain the gases generated by the charge explosion explosive (10).
  • the closure means (4d) of the cavity (8) consist of solid slag resulting from the combustion reaction of the retarding composition (4) in the delay column (4c).
  • initiation pyrotechnic retarders associated with another element of the pyrotechnic chain comprising a detonator (11), a relay (13) and a booster (14) ensuring the firing of the rest of the pyrotechnic chain.
  • the detonator (11) is located inside a rotor or latch (12) which is able to align with the piston striker and relay (13) after a request exterior.
  • the percussion primer (1) can be combined with a striker (15) and a spring (16) acting in compression.
  • the delay column (4c) When the delay column (4c) is correctly loaded over the entire height and at the right density, it has a large mass of rigid solid slag formed by the combustion of the retarding composition (4) and occupying substantially the same volume as that of this retarding composition (4) before combustion.
  • the flame reaches the bottom of this delay column it ignites the explosive charge (10) contained in the striker piston (5).
  • This explosion generates a significant amount of gas which then remains confined in the cavity (8) thanks to obturation of the lag column caused by slag solids (4d).
  • the purpose of this reaction is to shear the collar and project the striker piston down, the latter can then strike the detonator (11).
  • these means are arranged so that the charge explosive (10) is located in an internal cavity (6) of the striker piston (5).
  • These accidental departures may be due to multiple reasons influencing in particular the retarding composition (4) or on the load explosive (10), both of which are known to be very sensitive. These are among other conditions extreme environmental conditions such as high temperatures or still accidental conditions occurring during the storage, transport or handling before placing using such means. It should be noted that other factors may be involved in accidental release of the piston like the percussion of these means by a bullet or the detonation of the primary explosive by the influence from an outside explosion.
  • the detonator (11) is misaligned with the striker piston (5), it there is always a risk of spreading hot gases or flames generated by the explosion of the explosive charge (10) can then cause the combustion of the relay (13) as well as all the unfortunate consequences that the detonation could have. This is the reason why the explosive charge (10) is placed inside the piston striker (5) in this preferred embodiment. When the latter is released, the deformable walls of the internal cavity (6) of the piston (5) will deform following the explosion of the explosive charge (10) to come press against the bore (17) in which the piston (5) is able to translate.
  • the percussive primer (1) or the retarding composition (4) ignites the explosive charge (10) contained in the striker piston (5)
  • the trigger gas will be in a volume larger than that of the cavity (8); indeed, the quantity of rigid slag formed by the combustion of the retarding composition does not will not be large enough to withstand the pressure of gases generated by this combustion.
  • These gases will therefore pass through the slag cap to be distributed in a volume equal to that which contained the retarding composition (4) plus that of the expansion chamber (9). Therefore, the reaction will be insufficient to shear the flange and propel the striker piston down; there will be therefore no final effect on the pyrotechnic train, even in case of alignment of the detonator (11).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Automotive Seat Belt Assembly (AREA)
  • Fuses (AREA)
  • Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
  • Synchronizing For Television (AREA)
  • Thermally Insulated Containers For Foods (AREA)

Abstract

A pyrotechnic initiation delay device intended in particular to cooperate with a device for firing a pyrotechnic charge of the fuze type, particularly for a hand grenade, having a delay composition located inside a delay column, the latter having a lower end and an upper end, a percussion primer being able to cooperate with the upper part of the delay column, and a striker piston held firmly under the lower end of the delay column and able to move axially in the direction of the element to be struck under the action of an explosive charge cooperating with the lower end of the delay column. The delay column communicates with the explosive charge through a cavity containing plugging means allowing or preventing movement of the striker piston under the effect of the explosive charge.

Description

Le secteur technique de la présente invention est celui des dispositifs de mise à feu d'une charge pyrotechnique notamment pour grenade à main, et plus particulièrement celui des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs d'une chaíne pyrotechnique.The technical sector of the present invention is that of the firing devices of a charge pyrotechnics especially for hand grenade, and more particularly the means of initiation pyrotechnic retarders of a pyrotechnic chain.

Les éléments pyrotechniques retardateurs sont utilisés depuis de nombreuses années dans différents domaines comme les détonateurs de mise à feu en mine et en carrière, les fusées de tout type (artillerie, infanterie mines, grenades, mortiers...). Ils sont aussi nombreux qu'indispensables et peuvent être définis comme étant des éléments d'une chaíne pyrotechnique dans laquelle ils assurent un intervalle de temps entre une action d'amorçage et une réponse spécifique.Retardant pyrotechnic elements are used for many years in different fields like detonators for firing in mines and quarries, all types of rockets (artillery, infantry mines, grenades, mortars ...). They are also numerous only essential and can be defined as elements of a pyrotechnic chain in which they ensure a time interval between a priming action and a specific response.

L'importance de ce temps n'est plus à démontrer ; que ce soit dans l'utilisation de détonateurs civils ou dans l'emploi de grenades à main ou à fusil, le mauvais fonctionnement de l'élément retardateur peut conduire à des conséquences catastrophiques.The importance of this time is no longer to be demonstrated; than either in the use of civilian detonators or in the use of hand or rifle grenades, the wrong operation of the delay element may lead to catastrophic consequences.

Il est donc important de mettre en oeuvre des dispositifs retardateurs parfaitement maítrisés, mais il faut également contrer l'ensemble des conséquences fâcheuses que pourrait avoir une erreur de construction ou d'assemblage.It is therefore important to implement fully mastered delay devices, but there must also counter all the consequences annoying that a construction error could have or assembly.

Dans ce domaine technique plusieurs réalisations ont été proposées.In this technical field, several achievements have been proposed.

Les différents moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs restent cependant assez similaires dans leur concept général : il s'agit d'une amorce à percussion destinée à être heurtée par un percuteur quelconque pour ensuite permettre l'allumage d'une composition retardatrice qui elle a pour but de se consumer et d'allumer à son tour un autre élément de la chaíne pyrotechnique.The different means of pyrotechnic initiation retarders however remain fairly similar in their general concept: it is a percussion primer intended to be struck by any striker for then allow the ignition of a retarding composition which it aims to consume and ignite in turn another element of the pyrotechnic chain.

C'est notamment ce que nous enseigne le document DE 1.428.401 où les moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs comportent une amorce à percussion étant en contact direct avec la composition retardatrice, qui une fois la combustion terminée, met à feu une charge explosive. Cette technique se retrouve également dans les documents US 3.823.669 et FR 2.353.041.This is what the DE document teaches us. 1.428.401 where the means of pyrotechnic initiation retarders include a percussion primer being in direct contact with the retarding composition, which when combustion is complete, ignites a charge explosive. This technique is also found in documents US 3,823,669 and FR 2,353,041.

Une autre technique similaire consiste à remplacer la charge explosive ou renforçatrice par un détonateur qui lui assurera la poursuite de l'allumage de la chaíne pyrotechnique. C'est notamment la technique utilisée dans les documents FR 2.465.189 et FR 2.458.790.Another similar technique is to replace the explosive or reinforcing charge by a detonator which will ensure the continued lighting of the chain pyrotechnic. This is notably the technique used in documents FR 2,465,189 and FR 2,458,790.

Dans l'ensemble des documents précités, l'allumage de la charge explosive ou l'activation du détonateur par la composition retardatrice entraíne directement la propagation du feu dans la chaíne pyrotechnique et l'explosion de la charge pyrotechnique du type grenade à main par l'intermédiaire du bouchon allumeur dans lequel se trouve le dispositif de mise à feu.In all of the above documents, the ignition of the explosive charge or the activation of the detonator by the retarding composition directly leads to propagation of fire in the pyrotechnic chain and the explosion of the pyrotechnic charge of the grenade type hand through the igniter plug in which finds the firing device.

Pour des raisons de sécurité, le document FR 2.721.394 s'est proposé d'intercaler un percuteur entre la charge renforçatrice allumée par la composition retardatrice et la suite de la chaíne pyrotechnique comprenant notamment un détonateur et une autre charge explosive. Ce percuteur est muni d'une charge explosive lui permettant à l'aide des gaz libérés par la réaction de la charge explosive de pivoter autour de son axe et ainsi de pouvoir percuter une autre amorce à percussion pour poursuivre l'allumage de la chaíne pyrotechnique.For security reasons, the document FR 2.721.394 offered to insert a striker between the charge reinforcing agent ignited by the retarding composition and the continuation of the pyrotechnic chain including in particular a detonator and another explosive charge. This striker is provided with an explosive charge allowing it using gases released by the reaction of the explosive charge to rotate around its axis and thus being able to strike another percussion primer to continue lighting the chain pyrotechnic.

L'ensemble de ces documents présente cependant un inconvénient non négligeable dans la mesure où lorsque la composition retardatrice est consumée, le feu se propage instantanément dans la suite de la chaíne pyrotechnique. Or lors de leur mise à feu, ces compositions brûlent normalement de façon régulière et suivant leur nature déterminent un temps de combustion qui est proportionnel à la hauteur de la colonne retard dans laquelle se trouve cette composition retardatrice ou à la quantité de poudre elle-même. Généralement, le chargement de cette composition se fait par dosage et compressions successifs d'incréments avec des efforts de compression élevés pour assurer une densité forte et constante de la composition retardatrice. Il est évident qu'une trop faible compression n'assurera pas une compacité suffisante de la colonne retard pour résister à des contraintes extérieures de chocs, vibrations, transports, mais conduira surtout à des temps de retard erratiques pouvant fortement nuire à l'utilisateur ou engendrant la destruction non commandée des dispositifs de mise à feu. Il est également à noter que ces inconvénients subsistent en cas d'absence du chargement de la composition retardatrice dans la colonne retard.All of these documents, however, present a significant disadvantage insofar as when the retardant composition consumed, fire spreads instantly in the rest of the pyrotechnic chain. However when ignited, these compositions burn normally on a regular basis and according to their nature determine a burning time which is proportional to the height of the delay column in which is located this retarding composition or the amount of powder herself. Generally, loading this composition is done by dosing and successive compressions of increments with high compression forces to ensure high and constant density of the retarding composition. It is obvious that too little compression will not ensure not a sufficient compactness of the delay column for withstand external stresses from shocks, vibrations, transport, but will especially lead to times erratic delays that can seriously affect the user or causing destruction not ordered firing devices. It should also be noted that these drawbacks remain in the absence of loading of the retarding composition in the delay column.

On peut néanmoins se prémunir de ces anomalies par des techniques du type mesure, examen aux rayons X ou encore par neutrinographie ; mais même à hauteur correcte, il est extrêmement difficile d'apprécier la densité de la colonne avec ce type de techniques qui sont par la même occasion très onéreuses.We can nevertheless guard against these anomalies by techniques such as measurement, X-ray examination or by neutrinography; but even at the correct height it is extremely difficult to assess the density of the column with this type of techniques which are at the same time very expensive.

Le but de l'invention est donc de remédier aux inconvénients cités ci-dessus en proposant des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs améliorant la sécurité lors des manipulations avant lancement des bouchons allumeurs notamment pour grenade à main. Un autre but de l'invention est de réaliser des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs pour des dispositifs de mise à feu de charge pyrotechnique diminuant les dangers d'explosion en cas de transport ou de port sur des combattants potentiels.The object of the invention is therefore to remedy the disadvantages mentioned above by proposing means pyrotechnic initiation retardants improving the safety during handling before launching igniter plugs especially for hand grenade. Another object of the invention is to provide means initiation pyrotechnic retarders for decreasing pyrotechnic charge firing devices the danger of explosion when transported or worn on potential fighters.

Un autre but consiste en la possibilité de stockage des grenades équipées de leur bouchon allumeur contrairement aux allumeurs classiques qui doivent être stockés à l'écart des grenades.Another goal is the possibility of storage grenades with their igniter plug unlike conventional igniters which must be stored away from grenades.

Enfin, l'invention aura pour but la diminution des coûts des dispositifs de mise à feu de charge pyrotechnique en employant des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs permettant une réduction des coûts directement liés aux analyses de compacité de la charge retardatrice. Pour ce faire, l'invention a pour objet des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs destinés notamment à coopérer avec un dispositif de mise à feu d'une charge pyrotechnique du type bouchon allumeur notamment pour grenade à main, comprenant une composition retardatrice située à l'intérieur d'une colonne retard, cette dernière ayant une extrémité inférieure et une extrémité supérieure, une amorce à percussion étant apte à coopérer avec la partie supérieure de la colonne retard, et un piston percuteur maintenu fermement sous l'extrémité inférieure de la colonne retard et pouvant se déplacer axialement dans le sens de l'élément à percuter sous l'action d'une charge explosive coopérant avec l'extrémité inférieure de la colonne retard. La colonne retard communique avec la charge explosive par l'intermédiaire d'une cavité comprenant des moyens d'obturation autorisant ou interdisant le déplacement du piston percuteur sous l'effet de la charge explosive.Finally, the invention will aim to reduce the costs of pyrotechnic charge firing devices using pyrotechnic initiation means retarders allowing direct cost reduction linked to the retardant load compactness analyzes. To do this, the invention relates to means pyrotechnic initiation retarders intended in particular to cooperate with a device for igniting a charge igniter plug type pyrotechnics especially for hand grenade, comprising a retarding composition located inside a delay column, the latter having a lower end and an upper end, a percussion primer being able to cooperate with the upper part of the delay column, and a piston striker held firmly under the lower end of the delay column and able to move axially in the direction of the element to strike under the action of a load explosive cooperating with the lower end of the delay column. The delay column communicates with the explosive charge through a cavity comprising sealing means authorizing or preventing movement of the striker piston under the effect of the explosive charge.

Selon un mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention, les moyens d'obturation de la cavité sont constitués de scories rigides résultant de la réaction de combustion de la composition retardatrice.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the means for closing the cavity are consisting of rigid slag resulting from the reaction of combustion of the retarding composition.

Le piston percuteur comprend de préférence une cavité interne dans laquelle est apte à venir se loger la charge explosive pour sensiblement déformer les parois de cette cavité interne lors de l'explosion de ladite charge explosive.The striker piston preferably includes a cavity internal in which the load is able to lodge explosive to significantly deform the walls of this internal cavity during the explosion of said charge explosive.

L'amorce à percussion utilisée est de préférence du type boxer et est sertie dans un porte-amorce lui-même serti dans un porte-retard comprenant la colonne retard préalablement chargée en composition retardatrice.The percussion primer used is preferably boxer type and is set in a primer holder itself set in a delay holder including the delay column previously loaded with retarding composition.

La chambre d'expansion peut se trouver à l'intérieur du porte-retard et se situer entre la composition retardatrice et l'amorce à percussion.The expansion chamber can be inside delay holder and be between the composition retarder and percussion primer.

Selon un mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention, le porte-retard est vissé sur un corps comprenant notamment un alésage débouchant apte à guider le piston percuteur qui est maintenu sous l'extrémité inférieure de la colonne retard par l'intermédiaire d'une collerette.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the delay holder is screwed onto a body including in particular a through bore capable of guiding the striker piston which is held under the end bottom of the delay column via a collar.

La charge explosive permettant de déplacer le piston percuteur peut se trouver dans une cavité interne au piston et se compose d'azoture de plomb, de dinitro-résorcinate de plomb ou encore de styphnate de plomb.The explosive charge used to move the piston striker may be in an internal cavity in the piston and consists of lead azide, dinitro-resorcinate lead or lead styphnate.

Enfin, ces moyens peuvent être associés à un détonateur apte à être percuté par le piston percuteur, le détonateur se trouvant confiné dans un rotor ou un verrou pouvant pivoter par l'intermédiaire d'une sollicitation extérieure.Finally, these means can be combined with a detonator capable of being struck by the striker piston, the detonator being confined in a rotor or lock can be pivoted through a stress exterior.

Ces moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs présentent l'avantage d'être parfaitement maítrisés et sont donc capables de contrer toutes les conséquences fâcheuses liées à une erreur de construction ou d'assemblage. Un autre avantage réside dans la prévention d'un départ prématuré ou instantané d'une charge pyrotechnique localisée sous la colonne retard, que ce soit lors de la manipulation avant lancement, lors du stockage ou encore lors du transport. Ces départs peuvent provenir d'une colonne retard incomplète ou non correctement chargée du type insuffisamment comprimée ou ayant une absence totale de composition retardatrice.These self-timer pyrotechnic initiation means have the advantage of being perfectly under control and are therefore capable of countering all the unfortunate consequences related to a construction or assembly error. Another advantage is the prevention of a departure premature or instantaneous pyrotechnic charge located under the delay column, either during the handling before launch, during storage or during transport. These departures may come from a delay column incomplete or not correctly loaded with type insufficiently compressed or having a total absence of retarding composition.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaítront dans la description détaillée, non limitative ci-dessous.Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear in the detailed, non-limiting description below.

Cette description sera faite au regard des dessins annexés parmi lesquels :

  • la figure 1 représente une vue en coupe longitudinale des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs avant la combustion de la composition retardatrice ;
  • la figure 2 représente une vue en coupe longitudinale des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs après la combustion de la composition retardatrice et avant l'explosion de la charge explosive ;
  • la figure 3 représente une vue en coupe longitudinale des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs avant la combustion de la composition retardatrice et associés à un autre élément de la chaíne pyrotechnique comprenant un détonateur et un renforçateur.
This description will be made with reference to the attached drawings, in which:
  • FIG. 1 represents a view in longitudinal section of the retarding pyrotechnic initiation means before the combustion of the retarding composition;
  • FIG. 2 represents a view in longitudinal section of the retarding pyrotechnic initiation means after the combustion of the retarding composition and before the explosion of the explosive charge;
  • 3 shows a longitudinal sectional view of the pyrotechnic initiation means delaying before the combustion of the retarding composition and associated with another element of the pyrotechnic chain comprising a detonator and a booster.

En référence aux figures 1 et 2, on voit des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs destinés notamment à coopérer avec un dispositif de mise à feu d'une charge pyrotechnique (non représenté). Ces moyens peuvent s'inscrire dans un dispositif de mise à feu d'une charge pyrotechnique du type bouchon allumeur pour notamment des grenades à main (comme décrit dans le document FR 2.272.394), des grenades à fusils, des mines, des fusées d'artillerie ou de mortier ou toute autre application pyrotechnique nécessitant un tel retard.Referring to Figures 1 and 2, we see means pyrotechnic initiation retarders intended in particular to cooperate with a device for igniting a charge pyrotechnic (not shown). These means can register in a firing device for a charge igniter plug type pyrotechnics, in particular for hand grenades (as described in document FR 2,272,394), rifle grenades, mines, rockets artillery or mortar or any other application pyrotechnics requiring such delay.

Ces moyens comprennent une amorce à percussion (1) du type boxer insérée et sertie dans un porte-amorce (2). Le dispositif peut naturellement fonctionner avec une amorce électrique à la place d'une amorce à percussion. L'ensemble constitué par l'amorce (1) et le porte-amorce (2) est lui-même positionné et serti dans un porte-retard (3), les sertissages étant étanchéifiés par un cordon de vernis, époxyde ou cyanoacrylate. Le porte-retard (3) a été préalablement chargé d'une composition retardatrice (4) à l'intérieur d'une colonne retard (4C) ayant deux extrémités (4a,4b). Cette composition retardatrice (4) sera du type « milliseconde » ou « seconde » suivant l'usage qui est fait du train pyrotechnique. Par exemple, pour une grenade à main, le temps de combustion nominal sera compris entre 3.5 et 5 secondes, alors que pour une fusée de mortier avec sécurité de lancement, le temps sera compris entre 100 et 500 millisecondes. Ces temps de combustion sont régis par une multitude de paramètres qu'il sera important d'intégrer lors de la préparation de la composition retardatrice (4) ; ces paramètres sont très bien connus de l'homme du métier. Il s'agit notamment de la nature des ingrédients, de la nature du liant, de la granulométrie et de la pureté des composants, de l'hygroscopicité, du taux de compression de la composition retardatrice dans la colonne retard, de la pression des gaz engendrée, de la nature de l'étui ou encore du diamètre de la colonne-retard.These means include a percussion primer (1) of the boxer type inserted and set in a primer holder (2). The device can naturally work with a primer electric instead of a percussion primer. All constituted by the primer (1) and the primer holder (2) is itself positioned and set in a delay holder (3), the crimps being sealed by a bead of varnish, epoxide or cyanoacrylate. The delay holder (3) has been previously loaded with a retarding composition (4) to inside a delay column (4C) having two ends (4a, 4b). This retarding composition (4) will be of the type "Millisecond" or "second" depending on the use that is made of the pyrotechnic train. For example, for a grenade by hand, the nominal burning time will be between 3.5 and 5 seconds, whereas for a mortar rocket with launch safety, the time will be between 100 and 500 milliseconds. These combustion times are governed by a multitude of parameters that will be important to integrate during the preparation of the retarding composition (4); these parameters are very well known to those skilled in the art. These include the nature of the ingredients, the nature of the binder, particle size and purity of components, hygroscopicity, compression ratio of the retarding composition in the delay column, of the gas pressure generated, the nature of the case or again of the diameter of the delay column.

Le chargement de cette colonne-retard (4c) se fait par dosages successifs d'incréments ; il est également possible d'adjoindre une charge d'allumage au sommet de la colonne-retard (4c) ; cette composition d'allumage sera alors comprimée à la même pression que la poudre retard. Le porte-retard (3) comprend une chambre d'expansion (9) située entre l'amorce à percussion (1) et l'extrémité supérieure (4b) de la colonne-retard (4c) ; ce porte-retard (3) est, dans ce mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, vissé sur un corps (7) muni d'un alésage (17) débouchant permettant le déplacement et le guidage d'un piston percuteur (5). Ce dernier est fixé fermement entre le corps (7) et le porte-retard (3), et ce sous l'extrémité inférieure (4a) de la colonne retard.The loading of this delay column (4c) is done by successive dosages of increments; it is also possible add an ignition charge to the top of the delay column (4c); this ignition composition will then compressed at the same pressure as the retard powder. The delay holder (3) includes an expansion chamber (9) located between the percussion primer (1) and the end upper (4b) of the delay column (4c); this delay holder (3) is, in this preferred embodiment of the invention, screwed onto a body (7) provided with a bore (17) opening allowing the movement and guidance of a striker piston (5). The latter is fixed firmly between the body (7) and the delay holder (3), and this under the end lower (4a) of the delay column.

Le piston percuteur est maintenu fermement dans sa position par une collerette (5a), mais pourrait également l'être par des moyens tels qu'un ressort, un opercule frangible ou encore un o-ring ou une rondelle. La nature métallique du piston percuteur (5) et l'épaisseur de la collerette (5a) définiront alors une charge explosive (10) à administrer pour assurer le bon fonctionnement de ces moyens. Dans ce mode de réalisation, la charge explosive (10) est contenue dans une cavité interne (6) au piston percuteur mais pourrait tout aussi bien se trouver à l'extérieur du piston percuteur (5) comme notamment dans le porte-retard (3). L'avantage de cette disposition avec la charge explosive (10) à l'intérieur du piston percuteur (5) réside dans l'apport d'une sécurité supplémentaire des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique qui sera décrite dans le fonctionnement de ces moyens. Cette charge explosive (10) communique avec l'extrémité inférieure (4a) de la colonne-retard (4c) par l'intermédiaire d'une cavité (8) comprenant des moyens d'obturation (4d) et dans laquelle viendront se confiner les gaz générés par l'explosion de la charge explosive (10). Selon un mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention, les moyens d'obturation (4d) de la cavité (8) sont constitués par des scories solides résultant de la réaction de combustion de la composition retardatrice (4) dans la colonne retard (4c).The striker piston is held firmly in its position by a flange (5a), but could also to be by means such as a spring, a cover frangible or an o-ring or a washer. Nature metal of the striker piston (5) and the thickness of the flange (5a) will then define an explosive charge (10) to be administered to ensure the proper functioning of these means. In this embodiment, the explosive charge (10) is contained in an internal cavity (6) in the piston striker but could just as easily be at the outside of the striker piston (5) as in particular in the delay holder (3). The advantage of this arrangement with the explosive charge (10) inside the striker piston (5) lies in providing additional security for means of pyrotechnic initiation which will be described in the operation of these means. This explosive charge (10) communicates with the lower end (4a) of the delay column (4c) via a cavity (8) comprising sealing means (4d) and in which will come contain the gases generated by the charge explosion explosive (10). According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the closure means (4d) of the cavity (8) consist of solid slag resulting from the combustion reaction of the retarding composition (4) in the delay column (4c).

En référence à la figure 3, on voit des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs associés à un autre élément de la chaíne pyrotechnique comprenant un détonateur (11), un relais (13) et un renforçateur (14) assurant la mise à feu de la suite de la chaíne pyrotechnique. Le détonateur (11) est situé à l'intérieur d'un rotor ou verrou (12) qui est apte à s'aligner avec le piston percuteur et le relais (13) après une sollicitation extérieure. Il est à noter que l'amorce à percussion (1) peut être associée à un percuteur (15) et un ressort (16) agissant en compression.Referring to Figure 3, we see means initiation pyrotechnic retarders associated with another element of the pyrotechnic chain comprising a detonator (11), a relay (13) and a booster (14) ensuring the firing of the rest of the pyrotechnic chain. The detonator (11) is located inside a rotor or latch (12) which is able to align with the piston striker and relay (13) after a request exterior. It should be noted that the percussion primer (1) can be combined with a striker (15) and a spring (16) acting in compression.

Le fonctionnement de ces moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs est le suivant.The functioning of these means of initiation pyrotechnic retarders is as follows.

Lorsque la colonne-retard (4c) est correctement chargée sur toute la hauteur et à la bonne densité, elle présente une masse importante de scories solides rigides formées par la combustion de la composition retardatrice (4) et occupant sensiblement le même volume que celui de cette composition retardatrice (4) avant la combustion. Le feu se propage dans un premier temps tout le long de la composition retardatrice (4) activée par l'amorce à percussion préalablement percutée. Lorsque la flamme atteint le bas de cette colonne-retard, elle met à feu la charge explosive (10) contenue dans le piston percuteur (5). Cette explosion génère une importante quantité de gaz qui reste alors confinée dans la cavité (8) grâce à l'obturation de la colonne-retard causée par les scories solides (4d). Cette réaction va avoir pour but de cisailler la collerette et projeter le piston percuteur vers le bas, ce dernier pouvant ensuite aller percuter le détonateur (11).When the delay column (4c) is correctly loaded over the entire height and at the right density, it has a large mass of rigid solid slag formed by the combustion of the retarding composition (4) and occupying substantially the same volume as that of this retarding composition (4) before combustion. The fire spreads initially throughout the retarder composition (4) activated by the primer percussion previously struck. When the flame reaches the bottom of this delay column it ignites the explosive charge (10) contained in the striker piston (5). This explosion generates a significant amount of gas which then remains confined in the cavity (8) thanks to obturation of the lag column caused by slag solids (4d). The purpose of this reaction is to shear the collar and project the striker piston down, the latter can then strike the detonator (11).

Cependant, pour renforcer la sécurité de ces moyens lors de la libération accidentelle du piston percuteur (5) malgré une composition retardatrice correctement chargée, ces moyens selon un mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention sont disposés de telle sorte que la charge explosive (10) se situe dans une cavité interne (6) du piston percuteur (5). Ces départs accidentels peuvent être dus à des raisons multiples influant notamment sur la composition retardatrice (4) ou encore sur la charge explosive (10), toutes deux étant réputées comme très sensibles. Il s'agit entre autre de conditions environnementales extrêmes comme des hautes températures ou encore des conditions accidentelles survenant lors du stockage, du transport ou de la manipulation avant la mise en oeuvre de tels moyens. Il est à noter que d'autres facteurs peuvent intervenir dans la libération accidentelle du piston comme la percussion de ces moyens par une balle ou la détonation de l'explosif primaire par l'influence d'une explosion extérieure. Malgré le fait que le détonateur (11) soit désaligné du piston percuteur (5), il existe toujours un risque de propagation des gaz chauds ou des flammes générés par l'explosion de la charge explosive (10) pouvant alors entraíner la combustion du relais (13) ainsi que toutes les conséquences fâcheuses que la détonation pourrait avoir. C'est la raison pour laquelle la charge explosive (10) est placée à l'intérieur du piston percuteur (5) dans ce mode de réalisation préférentiel. Lors de la libération de ce dernier, les parois déformables de la cavité interne (6) du piston (5) vont se déformer suite à l'explosion de la charge explosive (10) pour venir se plaquer contre l'alésage (17) dans lequel le piston (5) est apte à se translater. Cet effet de plaquage des parois déformables aura pour conséquences d'éviter aux gaz chauds ainsi qu'aux flammes de se propager entre l'alésage (17) et le piston percuteur (5) ainsi que dans les jeux des pièces mobiles des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique. Les flammes et les gaz générés resteront donc confinés dans la partie supérieure des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique suite à l'étanchéité créée par la déformation des parois de la cavité interne (6) qui pourra alors prévenir l'amorçage du détonateur (11) désaligné ou plus grave du relais (13).However, to enhance the security of these means during the accidental release of the striker piston (5) despite a correctly loaded retarding composition, these means according to a preferred embodiment of the invention are arranged so that the charge explosive (10) is located in an internal cavity (6) of the striker piston (5). These accidental departures may be due to multiple reasons influencing in particular the retarding composition (4) or on the load explosive (10), both of which are known to be very sensitive. These are among other conditions extreme environmental conditions such as high temperatures or still accidental conditions occurring during the storage, transport or handling before placing using such means. It should be noted that other factors may be involved in accidental release of the piston like the percussion of these means by a bullet or the detonation of the primary explosive by the influence from an outside explosion. Despite the fact that the detonator (11) is misaligned with the striker piston (5), it there is always a risk of spreading hot gases or flames generated by the explosion of the explosive charge (10) can then cause the combustion of the relay (13) as well as all the unfortunate consequences that the detonation could have. This is the reason why the explosive charge (10) is placed inside the piston striker (5) in this preferred embodiment. When the latter is released, the deformable walls of the internal cavity (6) of the piston (5) will deform following the explosion of the explosive charge (10) to come press against the bore (17) in which the piston (5) is able to translate. This effect of plating the walls deformable will result in avoiding hot gases as well as the flames to propagate between the bore (17) and the striker piston (5) as well as in the sets of parts mobile pyrotechnic initiation means. Flames and the gases generated will therefore remain confined in the part superior of pyrotechnic initiation means following the seal created by the deformation of the walls of the internal cavity (6) which can then prevent the priming of the misaligned or more serious detonator (11) of the relay (13).

Toujours concernant le fonctionnement des moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique, si pour une raison quelconque comme l'absence de composition retardatrice (4) ou le chargement incomplet, non conforme ou non compact de la colonne-retard (4c), l'amorce percutante (1) ou la composition retardatrice (4) met feu à la charge explosive (10) contenue dans le piston percuteur (5), la détente des gaz se fera dans un volume plus grand que celui de la cavité (8) ; en effet, la quantité de scories rigides formées par la combustion de la composition retardatrice ne sera pas assez importante pour résister à la pression des gaz générés par cette combustion. Ces gaz traverseront donc le bouchon de scories pour aller se répartir dans un volume égal à celui qui contenait la composition retardatrice (4) plus celui de la chambre d'expansion (9). De ce fait, la réaction sera insuffisante pour cisailler la collerette et propulser le piston percuteur vers la bas ; il n'y aura donc aucun effet final sur le train pyrotechnique, même en cas d'alignement du détonateur (11).Always concerning the functioning of the means pyrotechnic initiation, if for any reason such as the absence of a retarding composition (4) or the incomplete, non-conforming or non-compact loading of the delay column (4c), the percussive primer (1) or the retarding composition (4) ignites the explosive charge (10) contained in the striker piston (5), the trigger gas will be in a volume larger than that of the cavity (8); indeed, the quantity of rigid slag formed by the combustion of the retarding composition does not will not be large enough to withstand the pressure of gases generated by this combustion. These gases will therefore pass through the slag cap to be distributed in a volume equal to that which contained the retarding composition (4) plus that of the expansion chamber (9). Therefore, the reaction will be insufficient to shear the flange and propel the striker piston down; there will be therefore no final effect on the pyrotechnic train, even in case of alignment of the detonator (11).

Nous pouvons donc voir dans ce principe toute la sécurité générée par cette invention. Les contrôles de présence de compositions retards peuvent être réduits et la simplicité du dispositif permet son adaptation à tous les engins qui comportent un retard pyrotechnique.So we can see in this principle the whole security generated by this invention. The controls of presence of delayed compositions can be reduced and the simplicity of the device allows its adaptation to all devices with a pyrotechnic delay.

Bien entendu, diverses modifications peuvent être apportées par l'homme du métier aux moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs qui viennent d'être décrits, uniquement à titre d'exemple non limitatif, sans sortir du cadre de protection défini par les revendications annexées.Of course, various modifications can be brought by a person skilled in the art to the initiation means pyrotechnic retarders which have just been described, only by way of nonlimiting example, without departing from the protective framework defined by the appended claims.

Claims (11)

Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs destinés notamment à coopérer avec un dispositif de mise à feu d'une charge pyrotechnique du type bouchon allumeur notamment pour grenade à main, comprenant une composition retardatrice (4) située à l'intérieur d'une colonne retard (4c), cette dernière ayant une extrémité inférieure (4a) et une extrémité supérieure (4b), une amorce à percussion (1) étant apte à coopérer avec la partie supérieure (4b) de la colonne retard (4c), et un piston percuteur (5) maintenu fermement sous l'extrémité inférieure (4a) de la colonne retard (4c) et pouvant se déplacer axialement dans le sens de l'élément à percuter sous l'action d'une charge explosive (10) coopérant avec l'extrémité inférieure (4a) de la colonne retard (4c), caractérisés en ce que l'extrémité inférieure (4a) de la colonne retard (4c) communique avec la charge explosive (10) par l'intermédiaire d'une cavité (8) comprenant des moyens d'obturation (4d) autorisant ou interdisant le déplacement du piston percuteur (5) sous l'effet de la charge explosive (10) ;Means for initiating pyrotechnic retarders intended in particular to cooperate with a device for igniting a pyrotechnic charge of the igniter plug type, in particular for hand grenade, comprising a retarding composition (4) located inside a delay column ( 4c), the latter having a lower end (4a) and an upper end (4b), a percussion primer (1) being able to cooperate with the upper part (4b) of the delay column (4c), and a striker piston (5) held firmly under the lower end (4a) of the delay column (4c) and able to move axially in the direction of the element to be struck under the action of an explosive charge (10) cooperating with the lower end (4a) of the delay column (4c), characterized in that the lower end (4a) of the delay column (4c) communicates with the explosive charge (10) via a cavity (8) comprising sealing means (4d) a allowing or prohibiting the movement of the striker piston (5) under the effect of the explosive charge (10); Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs selon la revendication 1, caractérisés en ce que les moyens d'obturation (4d) sont constitués de scories rigides (4d) résultant de la réaction de combustion de la composition retardatrice (4) ;Retardant pyrotechnic initiation means according to claim 1, characterized in that the sealing means (4d) consist of rigid slag (4d) resulting from the combustion reaction of the retarding composition (4); Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, caractérisés en ce que le piston percuteur (5) comprend une cavité interne (6) dans laquelle est apte à venir se loger la charge explosive (10) pour déformer sensiblement les parois de cette cavité interne (6) lors de l'explosion de ladite charge explosive (10) ; Self-timer pyrotechnic initiation means according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the striker piston (5) comprises an internal cavity (6) in which is capable of accommodating the explosive charge (10) to substantially deform the walls of this internal cavity (6) when said explosive charge (10) explodes; Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce que l'amorce à percussion (1) est du type boxer et sertie dans un porte-amorce (2), ces deux éléments étant tous deux sertis dans un porte-retard (3) ;Self-timer pyrotechnic initiation means according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the percussion primer (1) is of the boxer type and set in a primer holder (2), these two elements being both set in a delay holder (3); Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs selon la revendication 4, caractérisés en ce que le porte-retard (3) comprend la colonne retard (4c) préalablement chargée de la composition retardatrice (4) ;Retarder pyrotechnic initiation means according to claim 4, characterized in that the delay holder (3) comprises the delay column (4c) previously loaded with the retarder composition (4); Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs selon la revendication 4 ou la revendication 5, caractérisés en ce que le porte-retard (3) comprend la chambre d'expansion (9), cette dernière étant située entre l'amorce à percussion (1) et la composition retardatrice (4) ;Retardant pyrotechnic initiation means according to claim 4 or claim 5, characterized in that the delay holder (3) comprises the expansion chamber (9), the latter being situated between the percussion primer (1) and the retarding composition (4); Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4, 5 ou 6, caractérisés en ce que le porte-retard (3) est vissé sur un corps (7) muni d'un alésage (17) débouchant apte à guider le piston percuteur (5) ;Retardant pyrotechnic initiation means according to any one of claims 4, 5 or 6, characterized in that the delay holder (3) is screwed onto a body (7) provided with a through bore (17) capable of guiding the striker piston (5); Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs selon la revendication 7, caractérisés en ce que le piston percuteur (5) est placé fermement entre le porte-retard (3) et le corps (7) par l'intermédiaire de moyens du type collerette ;Retarder pyrotechnic initiation means according to claim 7, characterized in that the striker piston (5) is placed firmly between the delay holder (3) and the body (7) by means of collar type; Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce que la charge explosive (10) est du type azoture de plomb, dinitro-résorcinate de plomb ou styphnate de plomb ;Retardant pyrotechnic initiation means according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the explosive charge (10) is of the lead azide, lead dinitro-resorcinate or lead styphnate type; Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce que le piston percuteur (5) est propulsé sur un détonateur (11) confiné dans un rotor ou un verrou (12) pouvant pivoter par une sollicitation extérieure pour s'aligner avec le piston percuteur (5) et un relais (13) conduisant à une charge renforçatrice (14) ;Self-timer pyrotechnic initiation means according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the striker piston (5) is propelled on a detonator (11) confined in a rotor or a lock (12) which can pivot by an external stress for align with the striker piston (5) and a relay (13) leading to a reinforcing load (14); Moyens d'initiation pyrotechnique retardateurs selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce que l'amorce percutante (1) est apte à coopérer avec un percuteur (15).Retarding pyrotechnic initiation means according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the percussion primer (1) is able to cooperate with a striker (15).
EP01402863A 2000-11-09 2001-11-08 Pyrotechnic delay initiator Expired - Lifetime EP1205727B1 (en)

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FR0014390 2000-11-09
FR0014390A FR2816401B1 (en) 2000-11-09 2000-11-09 MEANS OF INITIATION PYROTECHNIQUE DELAYERS

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EP (1) EP1205727B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE286237T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2363293A1 (en)
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DE60108055D1 (en) 2005-02-03
DE60108055T2 (en) 2005-12-15
NO20015467L (en) 2002-05-10
US20020046673A1 (en) 2002-04-25
FR2816401B1 (en) 2002-12-20
US6578489B2 (en) 2003-06-17
EP1205727B1 (en) 2004-12-29
ATE286237T1 (en) 2005-01-15
ES2234791T3 (en) 2005-07-01
FR2816401A1 (en) 2002-05-10
NO20015467D0 (en) 2001-11-08
CA2363293A1 (en) 2002-05-09

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