EP1161571B1 - Method for machining a component surface - Google Patents

Method for machining a component surface Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1161571B1
EP1161571B1 EP00903632A EP00903632A EP1161571B1 EP 1161571 B1 EP1161571 B1 EP 1161571B1 EP 00903632 A EP00903632 A EP 00903632A EP 00903632 A EP00903632 A EP 00903632A EP 1161571 B1 EP1161571 B1 EP 1161571B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
piston
component
processed
cylinder
crankcase
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Revoked
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EP00903632A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1161571A1 (en
Inventor
Rolf Heinemann
Klaus Färber
Thomas Heider
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Volkswagen AG
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Volkswagen AG
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Priority claimed from DE19941564A external-priority patent/DE19941564A1/en
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/02Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/01Selective coating, e.g. pattern coating, without pre-treatment of the material to be coated
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/18After-treatment

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for processing a surface of a component by means of a plasma jet in a processing zone, according to the preamble of Claim 1.
  • hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloys mainly used for cylinder crankcases are unsuitable for the tribological loading of the piston-piston ring-cylinder raceway system due to the low proportion of the wear-resistant silicon phase.
  • Hypereutectic alloys such as the AlSil 7 Cu 4 Mg alloy, have a sufficient proportion of silicon crystallites.
  • This hard, wear-resistant structural component is highlighted by chemical and / or mechanical processing stages compared to the matrix consisting of the aluminum mixed crystal and forms a required wing portion.
  • the castability, the poor machinability and the high cost of this alloy are disadvantageous compared to the hypoeutectic and nearutectic alloys.
  • sub- and near-eutectic alloys are made of galvanic Coatings applied directly to the raceways.
  • this is expensive and Insufficiently stable tribochemically.
  • thermal Spray layers which are also applied directly to the tread. The However, the adhesive strength of these layers is due to a sole micromechanical Insufficient brackets.
  • the present invention has for its object an improved method of To provide the above type, which has the aforementioned disadvantages eliminated and rapid production achieved in a short process time.
  • the Particle beam at least partially in the surface of the component to be machined sweeps a predetermined pattern.
  • Thermal spraying by means of flame spraying is expediently Plasma spraying carried out with a plasma jet or HV spraying.
  • the predetermined pattern comprises at least one, in particular two opposite or more spiral-like strokes of the surface to be processed with a predetermined slope with an angle ⁇ of, for example, 1 ° to 90 °.
  • the pattern comprises a linear, angular, crosswise and / or point-like painting of the surface to be processed. If here the surface to be machined is a cylinder running surface for a piston in is a cylinder of a crankcase of an internal combustion engine, then the Appropriately in a predetermined pattern in an area between an upper and lower dead center of the piston.
  • the plasma beam scans the surface of the component to be machined at least partially over the entire surface, in order to to achieve full-surface alloy.
  • the full area sweep is preferred in one Area of the top and / or bottom dead center of the piston is carried out.
  • the full-area sweep is at least at a height carried out, which corresponds to a width of a piston ring packet of the piston, wherein it is particularly preferred that the full sweep across the width of the Piston ring package overhangs by 12% of a piston stroke, for example by approx. 5 mm.
  • the surface of the component is additionally processed with a laser beam, especially remelted.
  • component is made of aluminum and is in particular a Crankcase of a reciprocating internal combustion engine, on its cylinder surfaces of cylinders the coating is carried out.
  • a cooling medium in particular gas, nitrogen or a coolant.
  • a powdery material in particular silicon or a silicon alloy, applied to the material of the component, this
  • the material of the component is preferably aluminum.
  • a wear-resistant surface in particular in the form of a thermal spray coating, on the surface of the component educated. It is particularly advantageous to the machining process Production of the wear-resistant surface post-processing by means of a honing process connect through which the hardened surface is smoothed.
  • the preferred embodiment of a device for Surface processing includes a plasma torch 10 and a laser 12, the Plasma torch 10 a plasma jet 14 with a coating material 16 and the Laser 12 emits a laser beam 18.
  • a component to be machined is not a here crankcase shown with corresponding cylinder bores 19, wherein a surface 20 of a cylinder wall 22 is to be machined.
  • the crankcase is For example, made of aluminum and the surface 20 is used for Form a wear-resistant surface in the area of a cylinder raceway on which a piston, not shown, moves up and down in the cylinder 19.
  • the Coating material 16, for example, powdered silicon, which as fused coating elements by means of the plasma beam 14 on the Surface 20 are applied.
  • the plasma jet 14 sweeps over the Surface 20 by inserting the plasma torch 10 into the cylinder 19 while doing so is rotated about its own axis, as indicated by arrows 24 (Fig. 1) and 25 (Fig. 2).
  • the area on which the plasma beam 14 currently strikes is hereinafter referred to as Processing area or coating zone 26 designated. Done in this area an entry of the coating material 16 into the material of the cylinder wall 22.
  • the laser 12 provided in addition to the plasma torch 10 is arranged such that it hits the surface 20 in the machining direction 25 in front of the plasma jet 14.
  • the energy of the laser 12 is chosen such that at the point of impact of the Laser beam 18 of the material of the cylinder wall 22 melts, so that immediately before the plasma jet 14 strikes, a melt or a melt bath 28 arises.
  • the plasma beam 14 lags behind the laser beam 18 and carries it the coating material 16 contained in the plasma onto the melt 28.
  • the coating material 16 is optimally incorporated into the material of the Cylinder wall 22 alloyed.
  • the distance between laser beam 18 and Plasma beam 14 includes a function of laser power, the desired one Melting depth, the melting length, the reflectance of the material Cylinder wall 22 and the diameter of the cylinder 19.
  • plasma jet 14 does not take place over the entire cylinder running surface over the entire area, but in a predetermined area according to a predetermined Template. 3 to 5 show examples of such patterns for a laser alloy and - order lane 29.
  • a sweep takes place in areas of an upper one Dead center 30 (OT) and a bottom dead center 32 (UT) one not shown Piston over the entire surface and at a height which corresponds to a height 34 of a Piston ring pack corresponds to plus, for example, 5 mm, corresponding to 12% of a stroke of the piston.
  • the Surface 20 helical or spiral with a pitch angle ⁇ 36 of for example 1 ° to 90 °.
  • the surface 20 is swept by two opposite helices.
  • Training also provided three or more coils.
  • the surface 20 is swept linearly, angularly, crosswise or punctiform.
  • the laser 12 is used to detect a silicon portion 16 in an edge layer of an underutectic or nearutectic aluminum alloy Increase cylinder wall 22. This is done in the one-step procedure shown during the laser process with a suitable supply of AlSi powder into the generated one Melt 28 introduced. Depending on the stress, you can Layer thicknesses of over 2 mm can be realized. This will only be a minor one Degree of mixing with the base material is sought.
  • the silicon content in the feed Powder ranges between 20% and 40%. Are considerably less Layer thicknesses with a high degree of mixing are required, powder 16 with Silicon shares between 40% and 60% used. Since the powder particles 16 are to dissolve completely in the melt 28, it is necessary via the Process parameters feed rate and laser power a minimal Ensure melt life. For an inexpensive machining is one suitable beam intensity distribution preferred. Furthermore, melting lenses are possible Rectangular cross-section and therefore little track overlap advantageous.
  • the layer structure consists of the substrate material, one thin alloyed zone with dissolved and partially only melted former powder particles 16 and a relatively thick spray layer.
  • the layer adhesion between spray and Increase alloy layer considerably. This saves an otherwise necessary, complex and expensive preparation of the surface 20 to be coated (cleaning and Blasting) in order to achieve sufficient layer adhesion of a spray layer. there can adhere to the described coating process for the surface of a component connect another honing process to smooth it.
  • An alternative and special preferred embodiment of the invention is thermal spraying and To combine laser surface treatment in such a way that when the entire surface is applied Coating material 16 by means of thermal spraying or with a full surface spray-coated raceway of a cylinder is only a partial tracking of the Lasers or laser beams takes place, the track analogous to that above with respect to Plasma coating explained pattern is formed.
  • the laser runs for this For example, constantly with the spray coating, but only partially switched on so that a desired pattern results.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Bearbeiten einer Oberfläche eines Bauteils mittels eines Plasmastrahles in einer Bearbeitungszone, gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a method for processing a surface of a component by means of a plasma jet in a processing zone, according to the preamble of Claim 1.

Die für Zylinderkurbelgehäuse vorwiegend eingesetzten untereutektischen Aluminium-Silizium-Legierungen sind aufgrund des zu geringen Anteils der verschleißfesten Siliziumphase für die tribologische Beanspruchung des Systems Kolben-Kolbenring-Zylinderlaufbahn ungeeignet. Übereutektische Legierungen, z.B. die Legierung AlSil7Cu4Mg besitzen einen ausreichenden Anteil an Siliziumkristalliten. Dieser harte, verschleißbeständige Gefügebestandteil wird durch chemische und/oder mechanische Bearbeitungsstufen gegenüber der aus dem Aluminiummischkristall bestehenden Matrix hervorgehoben und bildet einen erforderlichen Tragflächenanteil. Nachteilig wirkt sich jedoch die gegenüber den untereutektischen und naheutektischen Legierungen mangelhafte Vergießbarkeit, die schlechte Bearbeitbarkeit und die hohen Kosten für diese Legierung aus.The hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloys mainly used for cylinder crankcases are unsuitable for the tribological loading of the piston-piston ring-cylinder raceway system due to the low proportion of the wear-resistant silicon phase. Hypereutectic alloys, such as the AlSil 7 Cu 4 Mg alloy, have a sufficient proportion of silicon crystallites. This hard, wear-resistant structural component is highlighted by chemical and / or mechanical processing stages compared to the matrix consisting of the aluminum mixed crystal and forms a required wing portion. However, the castability, the poor machinability and the high cost of this alloy are disadvantageous compared to the hypoeutectic and nearutectic alloys.

Eine Möglichkeit zur Umgehung dieses Nachteils ist das Eingießen von Laufbuchsen aus verschleißbeständigem Material wie z.B. Grauguß- und übereutektischen Aluminiumlegierungen. Problematisch ist hier jedoch die Verbindung zwischen Buchse und Umguß, welcher alleine durch eine mechanische Verzahnung gewährleistet wird. Durch Einsatz eines porösen keramischen Buchsenwerkstoffs ist es möglich, beim Gießprozeß diesen zu infiltrieren und zu einer stofflichen Verbindung zu gelangen. Dazu ist eine langsame Formfüllung sowie die Anwendung von hohem Druck erforderlich, was die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Verfahrens erheblich herabsetzt.One way to circumvent this disadvantage is to cast bushings from wear-resistant material such as Cast iron and hypereutectic Aluminum alloys. However, the connection between the socket is problematic here and casting, which is guaranteed solely by a mechanical toothing. By using a porous ceramic bushing material, it is possible to Casting process to infiltrate this and to reach a material connection. To slow mold filling as well as the application of high pressure is required significantly reduces the economics of the process.

Alternativ werden unter- und naheutektischen Legierungen der galvanische Beschichtungen direkt auf die Laufbahnen aufgebracht. Dies ist jedoch teuer und tribochemisch nur ungenügend beständig. Eine weitere Alternative bilden thermische Spritzschichten, welche ebenfalls direkt auf die Laufflächen appliziert werden. Die Haftfestigkeit dieser Schichten ist jedoch aufgrund einer alleinigen mikromechanischen Verklammerung nur ungenügend. Alternatively, sub- and near-eutectic alloys are made of galvanic Coatings applied directly to the raceways. However, this is expensive and Insufficiently stable tribochemically. Another alternative is thermal Spray layers, which are also applied directly to the tread. The However, the adhesive strength of these layers is due to a sole micromechanical Insufficient brackets.

Es wurde daher bereits vorgeschlagen, die Oberflächenmodifikationen Umschmelzen, Einlegieren, Dispergieren und Beschichten durch den Einsatz eines Lasers auszuführen, wie beispielsweise aus der DE 196 43 029 A1 bekannt. Hierbei ergibt sich jedoch der Nachteil, daß die so erstellten Beschichtungen der Zylinderlaufbahn zu Porös sind und eine relativ geringe Eindringtiefe aufweisen. In der Folge kommt es zu einer geringeren Anhaftung der aufgebrachten Schicht als wünschenswert ist. Femer sind entsprechende Prozeßzeiten der Oberflächenbearbeitung sehr hoch, so daß sich dementsprechend hohe Fertigungskosten ergeben.It has therefore already been proposed to remelt the surface modifications, Alloying, dispersing and coating using a laser, as known for example from DE 196 43 029 A1. However, this results in the Disadvantage that the coatings of the cylinder race are too porous and have a relatively shallow depth of penetration. As a result, there is less Adhesion of the applied layer is desirable. Corresponding are also Process times of surface processing very high, so that accordingly result in high manufacturing costs.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein verbessertes Verfahren der obengenannten Art Verfügung zu stellen, welches die zuvor erwähnten Nachteile beseitigt und eine schnelle Fertigung in kurzer Prozeßzeit erzielt.The present invention has for its object an improved method of To provide the above type, which has the aforementioned disadvantages eliminated and rapid production achieved in a short process time.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch ein Verfahren der o.g. Art mit den in Anspruch 1 gekennzeichneten Merkmalen gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind in den abhängigen Ansprüchen angegeben.This object is achieved by a method of the above. Kind of with the in Characteristics characterized claim 1 solved. Advantageous embodiments of the Invention are specified in the dependent claims.

Bei einem Verfahren der o.g. Art ist es erfindungsgemäß vorgesehen, daß der Teilchenstrahl die zu bearbeitende Oberfläche des Bauteiles wenigstens teilweise in einem vorbestimmten Muster überstreicht.In a procedure of the above Art is provided according to the invention that the Particle beam at least partially in the surface of the component to be machined sweeps a predetermined pattern.

Dies hat den Vorteil, daß eine Verkürzung einer Prozeßzeit dadurch erzielt wird, daß in beispielsweise weniger belasteten Bereichen eine lediglich partielle Bearbeitung erfolgt.This has the advantage that a shortening of a process time is achieved in that for example, less stressed areas are only partially processed.

Zweckmäßigerweise wird das thermische Spritzen mittels Flammspritzen, Plasmaspritzen mit einem Plasmastrahl oder HV-Spritzen durchgeführt.Thermal spraying by means of flame spraying is expediently Plasma spraying carried out with a plasma jet or HV spraying.

Beispielsweise umfaßt das vorbestimmte Muster wenigstens eine, insbesondere zwei gegensinnige oder mehr spiralartige Überstreichungen der zu bearbeitenden Oberfläche mit einer vorbestimmten Steigung mit einem Winkel α von beispielsweise 1° bis 90°. Alternativ oder zusätzlich umfaßt das Muster eine linienförmige, winkelförmige, kreuzweise und/oder punktförmige Überstreichung der zu bearbeitenden Oberfläche. Wenn hierbei die zu bearbeitende Oberfläche eine Zylinderlauffläche für einen Kolben in einem Zylinder eines Kurbelgehäuses einer Brennkraftmaschine ist, dann erfolgt die Überstreichung zweckmäßigerweise in einem vorbestimmten Muster in einem Bereich zwischen einem oberen und unteren Totpunkt des Kolbens. For example, the predetermined pattern comprises at least one, in particular two opposite or more spiral-like strokes of the surface to be processed with a predetermined slope with an angle α of, for example, 1 ° to 90 °. Alternatively or additionally, the pattern comprises a linear, angular, crosswise and / or point-like painting of the surface to be processed. If here the surface to be machined is a cylinder running surface for a piston in is a cylinder of a crankcase of an internal combustion engine, then the Appropriately in a predetermined pattern in an area between an upper and lower dead center of the piston.

In beispielsweise hoch belasteten Bereichen des Bauteiles überstreicht der Plasmastrahl die zu bearbeitende Oberfläche des Bauteiles wenigstens teilweise vollflächig, um eine vollflächige Legierung zu erzielen. Ist hierbei die zu bearbeitende Oberfläche eine Zylinderlauffläche für einen Kolben in einem Zylinder eines Kurbelgehäuses einer Brennkraftmaschine, dann wird die vollflächige Überstreichung bevorzugt in einem Bereich des oberen und/oder unteren Totpunktes des Kolbens durchgeführt wird. Dabei wird die vollflächige Überstreichung beispielsweise wenigstens in einer Höhe durchgeführt, welche einer Breite eines Kolbenringpaketes des Kolbens entspricht, wobei es besonders bevorzugt ist, daß die vollflächige Überstreichung die Breite des Kolbenringpaketes um 12% eines Kolbenhubes, beispielsweise um ca. 5 mm, überragt.In areas of the component that are subject to high loads, for example, the plasma beam scans the surface of the component to be machined at least partially over the entire surface, in order to to achieve full-surface alloy. Here is the surface to be machined Cylinder tread for a piston in a cylinder of a crankcase Internal combustion engine, then the full area sweep is preferred in one Area of the top and / or bottom dead center of the piston is carried out. there For example, the full-area sweep is at least at a height carried out, which corresponds to a width of a piston ring packet of the piston, wherein it is particularly preferred that the full sweep across the width of the Piston ring package overhangs by 12% of a piston stroke, for example by approx. 5 mm.

Dadurch, daß ein Werkstoff des Bauteiles unmittelbar vor dem Ort des Auftreffens, am Ort des Auftreffens und/oder nach dem Ort des Auftreffens des Teilchenstrahles mit einem Laserstrahl aufgeschmolzen wird, ergibt sich eine Bearbeitung mit höherer Eindringtiefe, besserem Werkstoffeintrag und besserer Ankopplung eines mit dem Plasmastrahl aufgetragenen Werkstoffes an dem Werkstoff des Bauteils.Characterized in that a material of the component immediately before the point of impact, on Place of impact and / or after the point of impact of the particle beam with is melted with a laser beam, processing with higher results Depth of penetration, better material input and better coupling of one with the Plasma jet of applied material on the material of the component.

Zum weiteren Verbessern von Eigenschaften der aufgebrachten Beschichtung wird nach der Bearbeitung die Oberfläche des Bauteils zusätzlich mit einem Laserstrahl bearbeitet, insbesondere umgeschmolzen.To further improve properties of the applied coating, the surface of the component is additionally processed with a laser beam, especially remelted.

Zweckmäßigerweise wird mit dem Aufschmelzen des Werkstoffes des Bauteiles in der Beschichtungszone ein Schmelzbad ausgebildet.Expediently, with the melting of the material of the component in the Coating zone formed a weld pool.

Beispielsweise ist Bauteil aus Aluminium gefertigt und ist insbesondere ein Kurbelgehäuse einer Hubkolben-Brennkraftmaschinen, an dessen Zylinderlaufflächen von Zylindern die Beschichtung durchgeführt wird. Hierbei wird in einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform während der Herstellung der verschleißfesten Oberfläche ein Wasserraum des Kurbelgehäuses mit einem Kühlmedium, insbesondere Gas, Stickstoff oder einer Kühlflüssigkeit, durchströmt.For example, component is made of aluminum and is in particular a Crankcase of a reciprocating internal combustion engine, on its cylinder surfaces of cylinders the coating is carried out. Here, one is preferred Embodiment during the manufacture of the wear-resistant surface Water space of the crankcase with a cooling medium, in particular gas, nitrogen or a coolant.

Zum Herstellen einer verschleißfesten Oberfläche wird in besonders bevorzugter Weise mittels des Teilchenstrahles ein pulverförmiger Werkstoff, Insbesondere Silizium oder eine Silizium-Legierung, auf den Werkstoff des Bauteils aufgetragen, wobei dieser Werkstoff des Bauteils bevorzugt Aluminium ist. In order to produce a wear-resistant surface, it is particularly preferred by means of the particle beam a powdery material, in particular silicon or a silicon alloy, applied to the material of the component, this The material of the component is preferably aluminum.

Beispielsweise wird mit der Bearbeitung der Oberfläche eine verschleißfeste Oberfläche, insbesondere in Form einer thermischen Spritzschicht, auf der Oberfläche des Bauteiles ausgebildet. Dabei ist es besonders vorteilhaft, an den Bearbeitungsvorgang zur Herstellung der verschleißfesten Oberfläche eine Nachbearbeitung mittels eines Hon-Verfahrens anzuschließen, durch die die gehärtete Oberfläche geglättet wird.For example, when the surface is machined, a wear-resistant surface in particular in the form of a thermal spray coating, on the surface of the component educated. It is particularly advantageous to the machining process Production of the wear-resistant surface post-processing by means of a honing process connect through which the hardened surface is smoothed.

Weitere Merkmale, Vorteile und vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den abhängigen Ansprüchen, sowie aus der nachstehenden Beschreibung der Erfindung anhand der beigefügten Zeichnungen. Diese zeigen in

Fig. 1
eine Vorrichtung zur Bearbeitung eines Bauteils mit einem Plasmastrahl und einem Laserstrahl in schematischer Schnittansicht,
Fig. 2
eine vergrößerte Darstellung einer Bearbeitungszone,
Fig. 3
eine schematische Darstellung einer ersten bevorzugten Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Bearbeitungsmusters,
Fig. 4
eine schematische Darstellung einer zweiten bevorzugten Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Bearbeitungsmusters,
Fig. 5
eine schematische Darstellung weiterer bevorzugter Ausführungsformen erfindungsgemäßer Bearbeitungsmuster.
Further features, advantages and advantageous embodiments of the invention result from the dependent claims and from the following description of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. These show in
Fig. 1
1 shows a device for processing a component with a plasma beam and a laser beam in a schematic sectional view,
Fig. 2
an enlarged view of a processing zone,
Fig. 3
1 shows a schematic representation of a first preferred embodiment of a processing pattern according to the invention,
Fig. 4
1 shows a schematic representation of a second preferred embodiment of a processing pattern according to the invention,
Fig. 5
a schematic representation of further preferred embodiments of machining patterns according to the invention.

Die in Fig. 1 und 2 dargestellte bevorzugte Ausführungsform einer Vorrichtung zum Oberflächenbearbeiten umfaßt einen Plasmabrenner 10 und einen Laser 12, wobei der Plasmabrenner 10 einen Plasmastrahl 14 mit einem Beschichtungswerkstoff 16 und der Laser 12 einen Laserstrahl 18 abgibt. Ein zu bearbeitendes Bauteil ist hier ein nicht näher dargestelltes Kurbelgehäuse mit entsprechenden Zylinderbohrungen 19, wobei eine Oberfläche 20 einer Zylinderwand 22 zu bearbeiten ist. Das Kurbelgehäuse ist beispielsweise aus Aluminium gefertigt und die Bearbeitung der Oberfläche 20 dient zum Ausbilden einer verschleißfesten Oberfläche im Bereich einer Zylinderlaufbahn, auf der sich ein nicht dargestellter Kolben im Zylinder 19 auf- und abbewegt. Hierzu weist der Beschichtungswerkstoff 16 beispielsweise pulverförmiges Silizium auf, welches als angeschmolzene Beschichtungselemente mittels des Plasmastrahles 14 auf die Oberfläche 20 aufgetragen werden. Hierzu überstreicht der Plasmastrahl 14 die Oberfläche 20, indem der Plasmabrenner 10 in den Zylinder 19 hinein geführt und dabei um die eigene Achse gedreht wird, wie mit Pfeilen 24 (Fig. 1) und 25 (Fig. 2) angedeutet. Derjenige Bereich, auf den der Plasmastrahl 14 momentan auftrifft, wird nachfolgend als Bearbeitungsbereich oder Beschichtungszone 26 bezeichnet. In diesem Bereich erfolgt ein Eintrag des Beschichtungswerkstoffes 16 in den Werkstoff der Zylinderwand 22.The preferred embodiment of a device for Surface processing includes a plasma torch 10 and a laser 12, the Plasma torch 10 a plasma jet 14 with a coating material 16 and the Laser 12 emits a laser beam 18. A component to be machined is not a here crankcase shown with corresponding cylinder bores 19, wherein a surface 20 of a cylinder wall 22 is to be machined. The crankcase is For example, made of aluminum and the surface 20 is used for Form a wear-resistant surface in the area of a cylinder raceway on which a piston, not shown, moves up and down in the cylinder 19. The Coating material 16, for example, powdered silicon, which as fused coating elements by means of the plasma beam 14 on the Surface 20 are applied. For this purpose, the plasma jet 14 sweeps over the Surface 20 by inserting the plasma torch 10 into the cylinder 19 while doing so is rotated about its own axis, as indicated by arrows 24 (Fig. 1) and 25 (Fig. 2). The area on which the plasma beam 14 currently strikes is hereinafter referred to as Processing area or coating zone 26 designated. Done in this area an entry of the coating material 16 into the material of the cylinder wall 22.

Der zusätzlich zum Plasmabrenner 10 vorgesehene Laser 12 ist derart angeordnet, daß er in Bearbeitungsrichtung 25 vor dem Plasmastrahl 14 auf die Oberfläche 20 trifft. Hierbei ist die Energie des Lasers 12 derart gewählt, daß am Auftreffpunkt des Laserstrahles 18 der Werkstoff der Zylinderwandung 22 aufschmilzt, so daß unmittelbar vor dem Auftreffen des Plasmastrahles 14 eine Schmelze bzw. ein Schmelzbad 28 entsteht. Mit anderen Worten eilt der Plasmastrahl 14 dem Laserstrahl 18 nach und trägt den im Plasma enthaltenen Beschichtungswerkstoff 16 auf die Schmelze 28 auf. Auf diese Weise wird der Beschichtungswerkstoff 16 in optimaler Weise in den Werkstoff der Zylinderwand 22 einlegiert.The laser 12 provided in addition to the plasma torch 10 is arranged such that it hits the surface 20 in the machining direction 25 in front of the plasma jet 14. Here, the energy of the laser 12 is chosen such that at the point of impact of the Laser beam 18 of the material of the cylinder wall 22 melts, so that immediately before the plasma jet 14 strikes, a melt or a melt bath 28 arises. In other words, the plasma beam 14 lags behind the laser beam 18 and carries it the coating material 16 contained in the plasma onto the melt 28. On in this way the coating material 16 is optimally incorporated into the material of the Cylinder wall 22 alloyed.

Es wird somit eine Laserbeschichtung und eine Plasmabeschichtung und in einem einzigen Arbeitsschritt gekoppelt ausgeführt. Der Abstand zwischen Laserstrahl 18 und Plasmastrahl 14 ist dabei u.a. eine Funktion der Laserleistung, der gewünschten Anschmelztiefe, der Schmelzlänge, des Reflexionsgrades des Werkstoffes der Zylinderwand 22 und des Durchmessers des Zylinders 19.It becomes a laser coating and a plasma coating and in one single work step coupled. The distance between laser beam 18 and Plasma beam 14 includes a function of laser power, the desired one Melting depth, the melting length, the reflectance of the material Cylinder wall 22 and the diameter of the cylinder 19.

Die Überstreichung der Oberfläche 20 mit dem Doppelstrahl aus Laserstrahl 18 und Plasmastrahl 14 erfolgt dabei erfindungsgemäß nicht über die gesamte Zylinderlauffläche vollflächig, sondern in einem vorbestimmten Bereich gemäß einem vorbestimmten Muster. Die Fig. 3 bis 5 zeigen beispielhaft derartige Muster für eine Lasereinlegierungsund -auftragsspur 29.The coating of the surface 20 with the double beam from laser beam 18 and According to the invention, plasma jet 14 does not take place over the entire cylinder running surface over the entire area, but in a predetermined area according to a predetermined Template. 3 to 5 show examples of such patterns for a laser alloy and - order lane 29.

Wie aus Fig. 3 ersichtlich, erfolgt eine Überstreichung in Bereichen eines oberen Totpunktes 30 (OT) und eines unteren Totpunktes 32 (UT) eines nicht dargestellten Kolbens vollflächig und zwar in einer Höhe, welche einer Höhe 34 eines Kolbenringpaketes entspricht plus beispielsweise 5 mm, entsprechend 12% eines Hubes des Kolbens. In einem Bereich zwischen OT 30 und UT 32 erfolgt die Überstreichung der Oberfläche 20 wendelartig bzw. spiralartig mit einem Steigungswinkel α 36 von beispielsweise 1° bis 90°.As can be seen from FIG. 3, a sweep takes place in areas of an upper one Dead center 30 (OT) and a bottom dead center 32 (UT) one not shown Piston over the entire surface and at a height which corresponds to a height 34 of a Piston ring pack corresponds to plus, for example, 5 mm, corresponding to 12% of a stroke of the piston. In a range between OT 30 and UT 32, the Surface 20 helical or spiral with a pitch angle α 36 of for example 1 ° to 90 °.

Bei dem Muster gemäß Fig. 4 erfolgt eine Überstreichung der Oberfläche 20 mit zwei gegenläufigen Wendeln. Hierbei sind in einer bevorzugten, nicht dargestellten Weiterbildung auch drei oder mehr Wendeln vorgesehen. Gemäß der Ausführungsform von Fig. 5 erfolgt die Überstreichung der Oberfläche 20 linienförmig, winkelförmig, kreuzweise oder punktförmig.4, the surface 20 is swept by two opposite helices. Here are in a preferred, not shown Training also provided three or more coils. According to the embodiment 5, the surface 20 is swept linearly, angularly, crosswise or punctiform.

Die nur teilweise Überstreichung der Oberfläche 20 in weniger belasteten Bereichen stellt einerseits eine ausreichende verschleißfeste Oberfläche der Zylinderlaufbahn sicher und führt andererseits zu verkürzten Prozeßzeiten in der Fertigung und dementsprechend niedrigeren Kosten.The only partial sweep of the surface 20 in less stressed areas on the one hand, an adequate wear-resistant surface of the cylinder liner safely and on the other hand leads to shortened process times in production and accordingly lower cost.

Erfindungsgemäß wird zum einen der Laser 12 benutzt, um einen Siliziumanteil 16 in einer Randschicht einer unter- bzw. naheutektischen Aluminiumlegierung der Zylinderwand 22 zu erhöhen. Dazu wird in dem dargestellten einstufigen Verfahren während des Laserprozesses mit einer geeigneten Zuführung AlSi-Pulver in die erzeugte Schmelze 28 eingebracht. In Abhängigkeit von der Beanspruchung können dabei Schichtdicken von über 2 mm realisiert werden. Hierbei wird ein nur geringer Aufmischungsgrad mit dem Grundwerkstoff angestrebt. Der Siliziumanteil im zugeführten Pulver liegt in einem Bereich zwischen 20% und 40%. Sind erheblich geringere Schichtdicken mit einem hohen Aufmischungsgrad erforderlich, werden Pulver 16 mit Siliziumanteilen zwischen 40% und 60% eingesetzt. Da sich die Pulverteilchen 16 vollständig in der Schmelze 28 auflösen sollen, ist es notwendig über die Verfahrensparameter Vorschubrate und Laserleistung eine minimale Schmelzbadlebensdauer zu gewährleisten. Für eine kostengünstige Bearbeitung ist eine geeignete Strahlintensitätsverteilung bevorzugt. Ferner sind Schmelzlinsen mit möglichst rechteckigem Querschnitt und damit geringer Spurüberlappung vorteilhaft.According to the invention, on the one hand the laser 12 is used to detect a silicon portion 16 in an edge layer of an underutectic or nearutectic aluminum alloy Increase cylinder wall 22. This is done in the one-step procedure shown during the laser process with a suitable supply of AlSi powder into the generated one Melt 28 introduced. Depending on the stress, you can Layer thicknesses of over 2 mm can be realized. This will only be a minor one Degree of mixing with the base material is sought. The silicon content in the feed Powder ranges between 20% and 40%. Are considerably less Layer thicknesses with a high degree of mixing are required, powder 16 with Silicon shares between 40% and 60% used. Since the powder particles 16 are to dissolve completely in the melt 28, it is necessary via the Process parameters feed rate and laser power a minimal Ensure melt life. For an inexpensive machining is one suitable beam intensity distribution preferred. Furthermore, melting lenses are possible Rectangular cross-section and therefore little track overlap advantageous.

Neben dem nach Bedarf vollflächigen Legieren der gesamten Zylinderlaufbahn ist vor allem eine partielle Bearbeitung vorgesehen. Die höher beanspruchten Bereiche des oberen und unteren Kolbenumkehrpunktes (obere Kolbentotpunkt OT 30 bzw. unterer Kolbentotpunkt UT 32) werden vollflächig umgeschmolzen, während in den weniger beanspruchten zwischenliegenden Bereichen nur vereinzelte Laserspuren 29 (z.B. Rautenmuster, vgl. Fig. 3 bis 5) gelegt werden, die dort einen ausreichenden Verschleißschutz gewährleisten. Dieses Vorgehen verkürzt die Prozeßzeiten erheblich, da nur ein geringer Teil der Laufbahnoberfläche bearbeitet werden muß. Sollte eine Laseroberflächenbehandlung der gesamten Laufbahnfläche bzw. des größten Teils notwendig sein, so ist eine Kühlung des Zylinderkurbelgehäuses notwendig, was beispielsweise mittels Hindurchleiten eines Kühlmediums durch das vorhandene Kühlwassersystem des Kurbelgehäuses erfolgt. Bei nur partieller Bearbeitung ist es ausreichend, die eingebrachte Energie ausschließlich von der Ober- und Unterseite beispielsweise durch Kontakt mit wassergekühlten Kupferplatten abzufahren.In addition to the full-surface alloying of the entire cylinder race as required partial processing provided. The areas of the upper and lower piston reversal point (upper piston dead center OT 30 or lower Piston dead center UT 32) are remelted over the entire surface, while in the less only isolated laser traces 29 (e.g. Diamond pattern, cf. Fig. 3 to 5) are placed, which there is sufficient Ensure wear protection. This procedure considerably shortens the process times, because only a small part of the raceway surface has to be processed. Should one Laser surface treatment of the entire raceway surface or most of it be necessary, cooling of the cylinder crankcase is necessary, which for example by passing a cooling medium through the existing one Cooling water system of the crankcase takes place. With only partial editing it is sufficient, the energy introduced only from the top and bottom for example by contacting water-cooled copper plates.

Es wird zusammenfassend eine Kombination des thermischen Spritzens (Plasmaspritzen) und der Laseroberflächenbearbeitung vorgeschlagen. Hierbei wird durch ein Umschmelzen einer vorherig aufgebrachten Spritzschicht die Porösität vermindert sowie bei genügend hoher Einschmelztiefe eine Verbindung mit dem Grundmetall hergestellt. Zweckmäßigerweise wird nur in den höher belasteten Bereichen vollflächig mit dem Laser 12 umgeschmolzen, während in den Restbereichen keine Umschmelzung oder nur eine Umschmelzung in einem musterartigen Bereich, wie beispielsweise Rauten, Schraffur oder Punkte, ausgeführt wird.In summary, it becomes a combination of thermal spraying (Plasma spraying) and laser surface processing are proposed. Here will by remelting a previously applied spray layer, the porosity reduced and, if the melting depth is sufficiently high, a connection with the Base metal made. It is only expedient in the more heavily used areas completely remelted with the laser 12, while none in the remaining areas Remelting or just remelting in a pattern-like area, such as for example diamonds, hatching or dots.

Es besteht nicht nur die Möglichkeit, nachträglich eine aufgebrachte Spritzschicht umzuschmelzen. Das direkt in Vorschubrichtung 25 vor der Plasmabeschichtungszone 26 von dem Laser 12 erzeugtes Schmelzbad 28 führt zu einer metallischen Bindung der im festen bzw. flüssigen Zustand auftreffenden Pulverteilchen 16 mit dem Substrat. Bei hohen Vorschubraten besteht der Schichtaufbau aus dem Substratwerkstoff, einer dünnen einlegierten Zone mit aufgelösten und teilweise nur angeschmolzenen ehemaligen Pulverteilchen 16 sowie einer dazu relativ dicken Spritzschicht. Durch diese Zwischenschicht läßt sich aufgrund verbesserter Mikroverzahnung bei entsprechend gewählten Verfahrensparametern die Schichthaftung zwischen Spritz- und Legierungsschicht erheblich steigern. Dies erspart eine sonst notwendige, aufwendige und kostenintensive Vorbereitung der zu beschichtenden Oberfläche 20 (Reinigen und Strahlen), um eine ausreichende Schichthaftung einer Spritzschicht zu erzielen. Dabei kann sich an das beschriebene Beschichtungsverfahren zur Oberfläche eines Bauteiles noch ein Hon-Verfahren zu dessen Glättung anschließen.There is not only the option of retrofitting an applied spray layer remelting. That directly in the feed direction 25 in front of the plasma coating zone 26 melt pool 28 generated by the laser 12 leads to a metallic bond of the powder particles 16 striking in the solid or liquid state with the substrate. at At high feed rates, the layer structure consists of the substrate material, one thin alloyed zone with dissolved and partially only melted former powder particles 16 and a relatively thick spray layer. Through this Intermediate layer can be improved due to improved micro-toothing selected process parameters the layer adhesion between spray and Increase alloy layer considerably. This saves an otherwise necessary, complex and expensive preparation of the surface 20 to be coated (cleaning and Blasting) in order to achieve sufficient layer adhesion of a spray layer. there can adhere to the described coating process for the surface of a component connect another honing process to smooth it.

Die vorgenannte Beschreibung einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist lediglich beispielhaft zur Erläuterung der Erfindung zu verstehen. Eine alternative und besonders bevorzugte Ausführungsform der Erfindung liegt darin, thermisches Spritzen und Laseroberflächenbehandlung derart zu kombinieren, daß bei vollflächigem Auftragen des Beschichtungswerkstoffes 16 mittels thermischem Spritzen bzw. bei einer vollflächig spritzbeschichteten Laufbahn eines Zylinders eine lediglich partielle Spurlegung des Lasers bzw. Laserstrahles erfolgt, wobei die Spur analog der oben bzgl. der Plasmabeschichtung erläuterten Muster ausgebildet ist. Hierzu läuft der Laser beispielsweise ständig bei der Spritzbeschichtung mit, wird jedoch nur partiell eingeschaltet, so daß sich ein gewünschtes Muster ergibt.The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment is merely to understand by way of example to explain the invention. An alternative and special preferred embodiment of the invention is thermal spraying and To combine laser surface treatment in such a way that when the entire surface is applied Coating material 16 by means of thermal spraying or with a full surface spray-coated raceway of a cylinder is only a partial tracking of the Lasers or laser beams takes place, the track analogous to that above with respect to Plasma coating explained pattern is formed. The laser runs for this For example, constantly with the spray coating, but only partially switched on so that a desired pattern results.

Claims (17)

  1. Method of processing a surface of a component with a particle jet produced by thermal spraying, characterized in that the particle jet sweeps the surface to be processed of the component at least partly in a predetermined pattern, the predetermined pattern comprising at least one, in particular two opposed or more spiral-like sweeps of the surface to be processed, with a predetermined pitch, a material of the component being fused with a laser beam directly upstream of the location of the impingement, at the location of the impingement and/or downstream of the location of the impingement of the particle jet.
  2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the thermal spraying is carried out by means of flame spraying, plasma spraying with a plasma jet, or HV spraying.
  3. Method according to either of Claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the pitch comprises an angle α within the range of 1° to 90°.
  4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface to be processed is a cylinder working surface for a piston in a cylinder of a crankcase of an internal combustion engine, and the sweep is carried out in a predetermined pattern in a region between a top dead centre and a bottom dead centre of the piston.
  5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pattern comprises a linear, angular, crosswise and/or point-like sweep of the surface to be processed.
  6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the plasma jet sweeps the surface to be processed of the component at least partly over the full surface area.
  7. Method according to Claim 6, characterized in that the surface to be processed is a cylinder working surface for a piston in a cylinder of a crankcase of an internal combustion engine, and the sweep over the full surface area is carried out in a region of the top dead centre and/or bottom dead centre of the piston.
  8. Method according to Claim 7, characterized in that the sweep over the full surface area is carried out at least at a height which corresponds to a width of a piston-ring stack of the piston.
  9. Method according to Claim 8, characterized in that the sweep over the full surface area projects beyond the width of the piston-ring stack by 12% of a piston stroke, for example by about 5 mm.
  10. Method according to Claim 9, characterized in that the fusing with the laser beam is effected in a predetermined pattern.
  11. Method according to Claim 9 or 10, characterized in that a molten pool is formed with the fusing of the material of the component.
  12. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the component is a crankcase of a reciprocating-piston internal combustion engine, on whose cylinder working surfaces of cylinders the coating is carried out.
  13. Method according to Claim 12, characterized in that a cooling medium, in particular gas, nitrogen or a cooling liquid, flows through a water space of the crankcase during the processing.
  14. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a powdery material, in particular silicon or a silicon alloy, is applied to the material of the component by means of the particle jet.
  15. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the component is produced from aluminium.
  16. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a wear-resistant surface, in particular in the form of a thermal spray coating, is formed on the surface of the component by the processing of the surface.
  17. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the thermal spraying operation is followed by honing of the coated surface.
EP00903632A 1999-02-19 2000-01-26 Method for machining a component surface Revoked EP1161571B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

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DE19907102 1999-02-19
DE19907102 1999-02-19
DE19941564 1999-09-01
DE19941564A DE19941564A1 (en) 1999-02-19 1999-09-01 Process for processing a surface of a component
PCT/EP2000/000572 WO2000049195A1 (en) 1999-02-19 2000-01-26 Method for machining a component surface

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EP1161571B1 true EP1161571B1 (en) 2004-06-16

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US7458358B2 (en) * 2006-05-10 2008-12-02 Federal Mogul World Wide, Inc. Thermal oxidation protective surface for steel pistons
CN104419883A (en) * 2013-09-09 2015-03-18 北京赛亿科技股份有限公司 Method for intensifying plasma beam on surface of combustion chamber of aluminum piston of internal combustion engine
CN104031280A (en) * 2014-06-16 2014-09-10 滁州市宏源喷涂有限公司 Treatment process for hardening plastic surface

Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DD242638A1 (en) * 1985-11-18 1987-02-04 Ibr Fuer Entwickl Techn U Rat METHOD FOR IMPROVING ADHESIVE STRENGTH OF METAL INJECTION LAYERS

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4897283A (en) * 1985-12-20 1990-01-30 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Process of producing aligned permanent magnets
US5079043A (en) * 1990-12-03 1992-01-07 The Perkin-Elmer Corporation Method for spraying a coating on a disk
US5271967A (en) * 1992-08-21 1993-12-21 General Motors Corporation Method and apparatus for application of thermal spray coatings to engine blocks

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DD242638A1 (en) * 1985-11-18 1987-02-04 Ibr Fuer Entwickl Techn U Rat METHOD FOR IMPROVING ADHESIVE STRENGTH OF METAL INJECTION LAYERS

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WO2000049195A1 (en) 2000-08-24
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CN1192123C (en) 2005-03-09

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