EP1151978A1 - Process for generating a gas - Google Patents

Process for generating a gas Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP1151978A1
EP1151978A1 EP00201612A EP00201612A EP1151978A1 EP 1151978 A1 EP1151978 A1 EP 1151978A1 EP 00201612 A EP00201612 A EP 00201612A EP 00201612 A EP00201612 A EP 00201612A EP 1151978 A1 EP1151978 A1 EP 1151978A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gas
process according
generating
generation
solid material
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00201612A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Ronald Peter Van Den Berg
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Original Assignee
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO filed Critical Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Priority to EP00201612A priority Critical patent/EP1151978A1/en
Priority to PCT/NL2001/000331 priority patent/WO2001083402A1/en
Priority to AU2001255100A priority patent/AU2001255100A1/en
Publication of EP1151978A1 publication Critical patent/EP1151978A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
    • C06B23/04—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents for cooling the explosion gases including antifouling and flash suppressing agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
    • C06B23/02—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents for neutralising poisonous gases from explosives produced during blasting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
    • C06D5/00—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets
    • C06D5/06—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets by reaction of two or more solids

Definitions

  • the invention relates to applied chemistry, more specifically to the generation of gases of low temperature for various purposes.
  • the weight and size of the system for providing the gas for power generation is also an important consideration.
  • gas generating processes based on the decomposition or burning of chemical propellants and other compositions are frequently being used for a number of purposes. It is known that gas for inflation can be generated by decomposition or burning of solid materials, such as azides. However, these materials have the disadvantage that they generate a very hot gas, which is often unwanted, because of the hazards thereof to the environment or the object to be inflated.
  • the present invention is based on the use of a generator of cold gas by using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material.
  • the invention accordingly provides for a process for generating a gas, comprising providing a gas having a temperature of at most 100°C, by using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material.
  • the hot gas generated by the burning of a solid material passes through the porous material.
  • the heat of decomposition needed is given off by the hot gas, which cools as a consequence thereof.
  • the decomposition can consist of an endothermal reaction, or of a phase transition of the solid porous material.
  • phase transition are melting, evaporation and sublimation.
  • the present invention can be used especially for all kinds of systems, that are carried out at difficult locations, such as in unpopulated areas, on sea or under the water, for rescue and salvage operations, and the like.
  • Examples thereof are the provision of a specific gas or a gas of a specific temperature for blanketing or passivation purposes. This includes producing gases for welding, like aluminium or spot welding.
  • inventions for removing (flushing) unwanted gases, such as in gasoline or kerosene tanks, one may use the invention. Further embodiments include the cooling or heating of materials, by flushing them with the gas generated in accordance with the invention. Examples the heating of materials in extremely cold regions, for example in polar expeditions.
  • inventions include the generation of a specific gas or gas mixture for certain purposes.
  • gases are hydrogen, deuterium, oxygen, nitrogen and the like.
  • a method of generating cold gases is used, based on the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material.
  • the gas penetratable solid material comprises a nitrogen (or other gas) source and a heat absorbing mixture, whereby the gaseous reaction products are cooled by passing the hot gases through the porous body of the product in the moving direction of the reaction front.
  • the hot gases heat the porous body to a temperature necessary to support the endothermic chemical reaction taking place.
  • the heating of the porous body is necessary to enable the main reaction.
  • the decomposition of the cooling agent is also an endothermic chemical reaction.
  • the type of gas generating material can be freely selected among the suitable propellant or other gas generating materials.
  • the gas to be generated will be nitrogen, but it is also possible to use oxygen, hydrogen or a suitable mixture of gases.
  • the high temperature burning gases are passed through the layer of the cooling agent or the heat exchanger and the temperature of the gases decreases as a result of the endothermal decomposition process of, or heat absorption by the cooling agent.
  • the degree of cooling of the generated gas depends on the nature of the cooling agent, the mass of the cooling agent, which can sometimes exceeds the mass of the gas-generating composition. Generally the gas is cooled to a temperature below 100°C, but a value within the range of 25 to 75°C is preferred.
  • the decomposition reaction generally results in Na and the gas.
  • the formed gas is blown off and the slag remains.
  • This slag comprises of the remains of cementing agent and cooling agent and metallic sodium.
  • This highly chemically reactive sodium is thus generated.
  • This highly reactive material will accumulate in the condensed burning products and thus provides a potential hazard for persons involved. When moisture is present this can result in vigorous and dangerous reactions taking place in combination with the generation of the highly flammable and explosive hydrogen.
  • this problem can easily be overcome by the use of a gas generator comprising a first body, comprising means for the generation of gas, and a second body, comprising means for the generation of a neutralisation agent, wherein means are present for contacting the neutralisation agent with the reaction products formed in the generation of gas in the first body, and wherein means are present for operating the means in the second body at a temporal and/or spatial interval with the means in the first body.
  • the principle encompasses two gas generators in one housing.
  • a first gas generator with the primary task of generating gas of low temperature
  • a second gas generator with the primary task of generating neutralising compounds for the slag obtained from the first gas generator.
  • the first gas generator contains a composition from which gas of low temperature can be obtained by the decomposition of a gas generating composition in the form of a gas penetrable solid material wherein the generated gaseous products are passed through the porous body in the moving direction of the reaction front.
  • the second gas generator (the neutraliser) is another composition, comprising a gas generating composition together with an effective neutraliser compound, for instance sulphur.
  • an effective neutraliser compound for instance sulphur.
  • gas and vaporised sulphur is generated at a time and space interval with the first gas generator.
  • the gas and vaporised sulphur is generated at a rate and a manner that the effective neutralisation of slag is accomplished and the vaporised sulphur is not emitted.
  • the vaporised sulphur reacts with the reaction products from the first gas generator such that the products are effectively neutralised.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention is directed to a process for generating a gas, comprising providing a gas having a temperature of at most 100°C, by using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material.

Description

  • The invention relates to applied chemistry, more specifically to the generation of gases of low temperature for various purposes.
  • Under various circumstances there exist the need for providing a gas to a system, for example for blanketing purposes, passivation, medicinal, cooling, heating and the like. Usually these systems are either based on compressed gases stored in cylinders, or on compressors driven by external power, such as gasoline or electricity. The latter approach is not useful in case the power/energy has to be provided on locations where such facilities are not available. Examples thereof can be found in all kinds of emergency systems, rescue and salvage systems and the like. Also the use of compressed gas has disadvantages, as these systems require maintenance and cannot be relied on in situations where only occasionally need exists for its use. Further, the use of compressed gases may have the disadvantage of temperature decrease due to adiabatic expansion. Especially when relatively large amounts of gas are expanded to low pressure, temperatures may drop to -50°C, with the result of icing-up, or even blocking the opening by freezing.
  • The weight and size of the system for providing the gas for power generation is also an important consideration.
  • Gas generating processes based on the decomposition or burning of chemical propellants and other compositions are frequently being used for a number of purposes. It is known that gas for inflation can be generated by decomposition or burning of solid materials, such as azides. However, these materials have the disadvantage that they generate a very hot gas, which is often unwanted, because of the hazards thereof to the environment or the object to be inflated.
  • Accordingly there is a need for a system for generating a gas, which system is reliable, does not require maintenance, and which can be used in isolated situations, without the need for external supervision. Further, such a system should be generating gas of a relatively low temperature, which is preferably not harmful to the environment.
  • The present invention is based on the use of a generator of cold gas by using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material.
  • The invention accordingly provides for a process for generating a gas, comprising providing a gas having a temperature of at most 100°C, by using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material.
  • The hot gas generated by the burning of a solid material passes through the porous material. The heat of decomposition needed is given off by the hot gas, which cools as a consequence thereof.
  • The decomposition can consist of an endothermal reaction, or of a phase transition of the solid porous material. Examples of phase transition are melting, evaporation and sublimation.
  • The present invention can be used especially for all kinds of systems, that are carried out at difficult locations, such as in unpopulated areas, on sea or under the water, for rescue and salvage operations, and the like.
  • More in particular it is possible to use the invention for all kinds of applications where now compressed gas, air, nitrogen, oxygen, etc, are being used.
  • Examples thereof are the provision of a specific gas or a gas of a specific temperature for blanketing or passivation purposes. This includes producing gases for welding, like aluminium or spot welding. The provision of lasergas, using hydrogen or deuterium, is also a possibility.
  • Also for removing (flushing) unwanted gases, such as in gasoline or kerosene tanks, one may use the invention. Further embodiments include the cooling or heating of materials, by flushing them with the gas generated in accordance with the invention. Examples the heating of materials in extremely cold regions, for example in polar expeditions.
  • Other embodiments of the invention include the generation of a specific gas or gas mixture for certain purposes. Examples of these gases are hydrogen, deuterium, oxygen, nitrogen and the like. Some of the uses thereof have already been indicated here above, but others are the provision of oxygen in emergency oxygen masks in planes, shuttles and helicopters, generally in aerospace applications.
  • In this respect it is to be noted that the space and weight requirements of the systems used in the present invention for storing gases can compete with the standard cryogenic storage. For hydrogen there is the. further advantage that no problems arise with respect to hydrogen embrittling due to metal-hydride forming.
  • All these applications have in common that they require a relatively cold and harmless gas to be generated at short notice at locations where no external power is available. Important in these applications is also that the equipment is relatively compact and remains reliable even after long periods of storage, without maintenance or testing. Especially the use of compressed gas requires continuous maintenance activities. For example in remote locations this may be difficult to arrange.
  • In the present invention a method of generating cold gases, specifically nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, or a gas-mixture, is used, based on the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material. The gas penetratable solid material comprises a nitrogen (or other gas) source and a heat absorbing mixture, whereby the gaseous reaction products are cooled by passing the hot gases through the porous body of the product in the moving direction of the reaction front. The hot gases heat the porous body to a temperature necessary to support the endothermic chemical reaction taking place. The heating of the porous body is necessary to enable the main reaction. The decomposition of the cooling agent is also an endothermic chemical reaction.
  • The type of gas generating material can be freely selected among the suitable propellant or other gas generating materials. Generally the gas to be generated will be nitrogen, but it is also possible to use oxygen, hydrogen or a suitable mixture of gases.
  • The high temperature burning gases are passed through the layer of the cooling agent or the heat exchanger and the temperature of the gases decreases as a result of the endothermal decomposition process of, or heat absorption by the cooling agent.
  • The degree of cooling of the generated gas depends on the nature of the cooling agent, the mass of the cooling agent, which can sometimes exceeds the mass of the gas-generating composition. Generally the gas is cooled to a temperature below 100°C, but a value within the range of 25 to 75°C is preferred.
  • When sodium compounds are used as the gas source for the low temperature gas production, the decomposition reaction generally results in Na and the gas. The formed gas is blown off and the slag remains. This slag comprises of the remains of cementing agent and cooling agent and metallic sodium. Under these conditions of gas generation the highly chemically reactive sodium is thus generated. This highly reactive material will accumulate in the condensed burning products and thus provides a potential hazard for persons involved. When moisture is present this can result in vigorous and dangerous reactions taking place in combination with the generation of the highly flammable and explosive hydrogen.
  • According to a preferred embodiment this problem can easily be overcome by the use of a gas generator comprising a first body, comprising means for the generation of gas, and a second body, comprising means for the generation of a neutralisation agent, wherein means are present for contacting the neutralisation agent with the reaction products formed in the generation of gas in the first body, and wherein means are present for operating the means in the second body at a temporal and/or spatial interval with the means in the first body.
  • The principle encompasses two gas generators in one housing. A first gas generator with the primary task of generating gas of low temperature, and a second gas generator with the primary task of generating neutralising compounds for the slag obtained from the first gas generator.
  • The first gas generator contains a composition from which gas of low temperature can be obtained by the decomposition of a gas generating composition in the form of a gas penetrable solid material wherein the generated gaseous products are passed through the porous body in the moving direction of the reaction front.
  • The second gas generator (the neutraliser) is another composition, comprising a gas generating composition together with an effective neutraliser compound, for instance sulphur. With the neutraliser composition gas and vaporised sulphur is generated at a time and space interval with the first gas generator. The gas and vaporised sulphur is generated at a rate and a manner that the effective neutralisation of slag is accomplished and the vaporised sulphur is not emitted. The vaporised sulphur reacts with the reaction products from the first gas generator such that the products are effectively neutralised.

Claims (8)

  1. Process for generating a gas, comprising providing a gas having a temperature of at most 100°C, by using the endothermal decomposition of a product made of gas penetrable solid material.
  2. Process according to claim 1, wherein a combustible gas generating material is combusted and the generated hot gas is passed through the gas penetrable solid material.
  3. Process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a gas generator is used, comprising a first body, comprising means for the generation of gas, and a second body, comprising means for the generation of a neutralisation agent, wherein means are present for contacting the neutralisation agent with the reaction products formed in the generation of gas in the first body, and wherein means are present for operating the means in the second body at a temporal and/or spatial interval with the means in the first body.
  4. Process according to anyone of the claims 1-3, wherein the gas is selected from the group of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and gas-mixtures.
  5. Process according to claim 1-4, wherein the gas is used for blanketing or passivation purposes.
  6. Process according to claim 5, wherein the gas is used for welding of aluminium or for spot welding.
  7. Process according to claim 1-4, wherein the gas is used for cooling or heating of materials.
  8. Process according to claim 1-4, wherein the gas is used as lasergas.
EP00201612A 2000-05-02 2000-05-02 Process for generating a gas Withdrawn EP1151978A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP00201612A EP1151978A1 (en) 2000-05-02 2000-05-02 Process for generating a gas
PCT/NL2001/000331 WO2001083402A1 (en) 2000-05-02 2001-05-02 Process for generating a gas
AU2001255100A AU2001255100A1 (en) 2000-05-02 2001-05-02 Process for generating a gas

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP00201612A EP1151978A1 (en) 2000-05-02 2000-05-02 Process for generating a gas

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1151978A1 true EP1151978A1 (en) 2001-11-07

Family

ID=8171450

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00201612A Withdrawn EP1151978A1 (en) 2000-05-02 2000-05-02 Process for generating a gas

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1151978A1 (en)
AU (1) AU2001255100A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2001083402A1 (en)

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1099904A (en) * 1949-08-03 1955-09-14 Improvements to processes and devices for the production of pressurized gases
US2744816A (en) * 1947-10-10 1956-05-08 Ici Ltd Solid gas-generating charges
US4298412A (en) * 1979-05-04 1981-11-03 Thiokol Corporation Gas generator composition for producing cool effluent gases with reduced hydrogen cyanide content
US4758287A (en) * 1987-06-15 1988-07-19 Talley Industries, Inc. Porous propellant grain and method of making same
DE4318883A1 (en) * 1992-06-05 1993-12-09 Trw Inc Automotive airbag inflator - has layered materials contg. azide and oxidant igniting and burning at controlled rate to achieve optimum inflation and protection of vehicle occupants
WO1996040541A1 (en) * 1995-06-07 1996-12-19 Takata Moses Lake, Inc. Airbag inflator system
EP0767155A1 (en) * 1995-10-06 1997-04-09 Morton International, Inc. Heterogeneous gas generant charges
RU2108282C1 (en) * 1996-11-28 1998-04-10 Научно-производственное объединение "Алтай" Method and device for producing cold gases
WO2000006424A1 (en) * 1998-07-30 2000-02-10 Autoliv Asp, Inc. Treatment of airbag inflation gases

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999010093A1 (en) * 1997-08-21 1999-03-04 Nikolai Nikolaevich Sysoev Method for generating a low-temperature gas from solid fuel
RU2250800C2 (en) * 1999-09-30 2005-04-27 Тно Принс Мауритс Лаборатори Method of generation of gasses, preferably nitrogen with low temperature and a gas generator for its realization

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2744816A (en) * 1947-10-10 1956-05-08 Ici Ltd Solid gas-generating charges
FR1099904A (en) * 1949-08-03 1955-09-14 Improvements to processes and devices for the production of pressurized gases
US4298412A (en) * 1979-05-04 1981-11-03 Thiokol Corporation Gas generator composition for producing cool effluent gases with reduced hydrogen cyanide content
US4758287A (en) * 1987-06-15 1988-07-19 Talley Industries, Inc. Porous propellant grain and method of making same
DE4318883A1 (en) * 1992-06-05 1993-12-09 Trw Inc Automotive airbag inflator - has layered materials contg. azide and oxidant igniting and burning at controlled rate to achieve optimum inflation and protection of vehicle occupants
WO1996040541A1 (en) * 1995-06-07 1996-12-19 Takata Moses Lake, Inc. Airbag inflator system
EP0767155A1 (en) * 1995-10-06 1997-04-09 Morton International, Inc. Heterogeneous gas generant charges
RU2108282C1 (en) * 1996-11-28 1998-04-10 Научно-производственное объединение "Алтай" Method and device for producing cold gases
WO2000006424A1 (en) * 1998-07-30 2000-02-10 Autoliv Asp, Inc. Treatment of airbag inflation gases

Non-Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 132, no. 1, 3 January 2000, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 4539z, A.M. TELENGATOR ET AL.: "Ignition analysis of a porous energetic material: II. Ignition at a closed heated end." page 525; XP002140539 *
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 132, no. 7, 12 February 2000, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 80495x, V.A. SHANDAKOV ET AL.: "Cold gas generators multiple use in hazardous situations" page 845; XP002140538 *
COMBUST. THEORY MODELL., vol. 3, no. 3, 1999, pages 433 - 445 *
DATABASE COMPENDEX [online] ENGINEERING INFORMATION, INC., NEW YORK, NY, US; KOMAROV V F ET AL: "Propellants, their properties, and regions of application", XP002140540, Database accession no. EIX99464805134 *
DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 199847, Derwent World Patents Index; Class E36, AN 1998-554999, XP002140541 *
FIZ GORENIYA VZRYVA;FIZIKA GORENIYA I VZRYVA MAR-APR 1999 MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA, MOSCOW, RUSSIA, vol. 35, no. 2, March 1999 (1999-03-01), pages 30 - 34 *
NATO Sci. Ser., I 1999, 26(Prevention of Hazardous Fires and Explosions), 341-346 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2001255100A1 (en) 2001-11-12
WO2001083402A1 (en) 2001-11-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0705120B1 (en) Apparatus and method for suppressing a fire
US4066415A (en) Gas generator for inflatable life raft
US5449041A (en) Apparatus and method for suppressing a fire
US20050199325A1 (en) Gas generator and method for the generation of low-temperature gas
US3143445A (en) Generation of gaseous mixtures for inflatable devices
EP1093437A1 (en) Inflation method and apparatus of inflatable object
US5252308A (en) Transporting urea for quantitative conversion into ammonia
EP1318858B1 (en) Gas generating device
EP1151978A1 (en) Process for generating a gas
RU2108282C1 (en) Method and device for producing cold gases
WO2001083403A1 (en) Process for generating a gas for providing energy
WO2001083404A1 (en) Process for inflating an object
EP1153903A1 (en) Process for the generation of a gas
Bloom Jr et al. Hydrogen peroxide as a propellant
CA2501474C (en) Apparatus and method for suppressing a fire
RU2507149C1 (en) Method of producing cold inert of gaseous products of solid propellant charge combustion products in gas generator
RU2105750C1 (en) Gas-generation composition
RU2090229C1 (en) Spatial fire extinguishing apparatus
Machado et al. Selection of Nanocomposite Reactive Materials for Using in Oxygen and Hydrogen Generators
GB1011191A (en) Improvements in and relating to the production of gaseous mixtures for inflatable devices
Zubrin et al. Catalytic Generation of Lift Gases for Balloons
Neutz et al. Gas Generator Development for the Ejection of Particles, Generating Aerosol Clouds

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): DE

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI

AKX Designation fees paid

Free format text: DE

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN

18D Application deemed to be withdrawn

Effective date: 20020508